第一篇：四级英语写作中使用次数最高的100个词语搭配
四六级英语写作中使用次数最高的100个词语搭配
1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that„6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8．不可否认 It is undeniable that„/ There is no denying that„
9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument12．一些人 „而另外一些人 „ Some people„ while others„
13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14．就„达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on„
15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons16．双方的论点 arguments on both sides
17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in„18．对„必不可少 be indispensable to „
19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:20．„也不例外 „be no exception
21．对„产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on„22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31.从另一个角度 from another perspective32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33.对„有益 be beneficial / conducive to„34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for„36．综合素质 comprehensive quality
37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to„
40.应当承认 Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of„43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources45．因特网 the Internet（一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）
46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion
53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way55.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56.„必然趋势 an irresistible trend of„57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest59．长远利益.interest in the long run
60．„有其自身的优缺点 „ has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62．取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对„有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65．跟上„的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of „
66．采取有效措施来„ take effective measures to do sth.67．„的健康发展 the healthy development of „
68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．对„观点因人而异 Views on „vary from person to person.70．重视 attach great importance to„
71．社会地位 social status72．把时间和精力放在„上 focus time and energy on„
73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to„76.提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77.可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden79．优先考虑/发展„ give(top)priority to sth.80．与„比较 compared with„/ in comparison with81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water1
84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities85.社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that„87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on„92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true94.主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95.首先 First，Firstly，In the first place, To begin with96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97.再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore98.最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,99.总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,100．我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.八.原因结果
1„.(结果)„, owing to(原因)[owing to 为分词结构]
2„.(结果)„, attributable to(原因)[attributable to为形容词短语]
3„.(结果)the sharp depreciation of RMB lies in the fact that(原因)[ 同位语从句 ]
4„.(结果)result from(原因)[句型一般] years of plus depression bad moodsmall minor technical error slight contractor changed size of nails
5.It is precisely because(原因)„that(导致结果)„ [强调结构]
6.„, as a result, „(导致结果)„ [as a result做插入语]
7.(原因)be responsible for(结果)[常见句型]8.(原因)，which in turn(结果)eg.They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic.九.采取措施，提出建议
1.My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows.In the first place,„.Secondly,„.Finally,„ [常见句型]
2.If we let the situation go as it is, „.By that time, „.如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么„„。到那个时候，„„。[比较好的句型]
3.More and more people are realizing the importance of„[进行时态，more and more比many好]
4.Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do „[ 被动语态，due attention 和be paid to 搭配]
5.If„„, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果(我们怎么怎么做)，那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。[条件句，反问句]
6.It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable(希望)/advisable(明智)for sb.to do sth.[It is „for „to do„句型]
7.enhance the awareness of people that„
8.The first nut for us to crack is„ 我们首先要解决的是„„。[比The first thing we should do is „ 句型 高级的多，精彩的多，生动的多]
9.„„as soon as possible [常见句型]
10.sth.be of the utmost importance [ be of n.结构，比sth.be much important好]
十.方式，比较1.(Just)as „, so„ 正如„ [ 比较句型 ]eg.Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.2.in much the same way/manner that„ 正如„, 和„一样十一.让步1.now that „„ 既然„„ [让步从句]eg.Now that the decision has been made, we must try our best to carry it out.2.unless„not„ [ 让步从句]eg.The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do.eg.It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social, economic and environmental problems in one context, you are not serious about meeting the challenges.[注意例句中的consider sth.in one context句型:把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑]
十三.强调句
1.only [既是强调句,又是倒装句]
eg.Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation.2.It is „that„
eg.It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.3.nothing but 只不过；只有„
eg.If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(这里nothing but 可以去掉,不影响句意,但有了nothing but,就强调了后面的名词)
十四.假设
1.Supposing„„, it is likely that„.假设„, 那么很可能„ [假设, 虚拟语态]
eg.Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc.from an advertisement.十五.反问
1.What else can „? „„..还能做什么呢?
eg.What else can the poor parents do but obey? 这些可怜的家长除了听从外还能做什么呢?
2.How could „„? 怎能„.eg.How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books?十六.比较1.A is to B what X is to Y.A对于B 就象X对于Y
eg.Food is to man what oil is to machines.2.„„more„, less„
eg.The closer to Christmas, the crazier they get;they become more agitated, less patient.十七.否定
1.双重否定
not uncommon = common平常的,普通的,not unusual = usual平常的，通常的,not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的, not---without---(尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定, 为文章多增加亮点)
2.by no means 并没有;当然不
3.no longer/more 不再
eg.I am no longer that ignorant girl.十八.程度
1.all the more 更加
eg.That makes London all the more fascinating, doesn’t it?
eg.It is all the more surprising therefore that„
2.more than 做副词, 意为 “多过„”, “比„以上”, “比„更”
eg.I am more than happy to hear from you.3.more than you can„ 远超过你„eg.The situation is very abominable more than you can stand.环境非常恶劣,你无法忍受.十九.论相互关系1.A have much(nothing)to do with B3.A be directly bound up with B4.a definite link between „and„二十一.直陈观点1.more than„can 简直不,无法,难以„2.A be closely related to B
eg.The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.2.beyond description 无法描述
eg.The beauty of the city is beyond description.3.There is no point(use)in doing„ „是没有任何意义的.4.The first nut for us to crack is „ 我们首先要解决的问题是„
5.short-sighted policy 眼光短浅的政策
6.while „„with one hand, „„with the other.当(我们)一方面„., 而另一方面„
eg.While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.7.far from 远离,远远不,非但不
eg.Far from taking exception(take exception:反对), no one is even mildly surprised.8.be bound to
eg.Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education.9.(or)vice-versa 反之亦然
10.sth.be measured in terms of „ sth.用„来衡量
eg.“success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity.11„.(现象)„, upon which views vary from person to person.12.A be more essential to B.对B来说, A是尤为关键重要的.13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.(很优美的句子,值得借鉴)
14.from the „point of view 从„角度来看eg.From the health point of view 从健康的角度来看15.„„must be rooted out in order to „.„必须根除以„eg.Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state.为了使国家健康发展,必须根除腐败.16.„represent only the tip of the iceberg.„„.只是冰山一角
eg.The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.17.The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity.科技的快速发展带给世界生产力和人类经济和社会的发展一个强劲的推动力.18.„.stand tall and aim far, broaden one’s vision and give full play to one’s intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of reform, opening-up and the modernization drive.站的高看的远,开扩自己的视野,在改革开放和现代化建设的大舞台上充分发挥个人才智.19„.demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times.证实自己的人生价值,努力的工作取得成就,而不辜负人民和时代的期望.20.When asked about„, the overwhelming majority of people say that „.But other people think of „ as„./ But I think quite differently.(对报刊上某一问题(已有不同的人发表了不同的观点)发表自己的观点)
21.It is generally believed/accepted/held that„ 通常认为„.It is no denying the fact that„.无可否认„
23„.., so„that„
eg.The river is very clear, so clear that you can see the fishes coming and going in it.eg.Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust, so poisonous that all the grass, trees, vegetables and flowers gradually die.二十二.辨证分析
1.Just as the popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”.From one side,„.from the other side,„.正如一个谚语所说的, “每个硬币都有两面(事物都是一分为二的)”.从一方面看„..从另一方面来看„..二二十三.比喻,拟人
1.They are taken prisoners by fame and their achievements turn into a bar to further advance.2.True and deep love of life is the spring from which flow courage, confidence and power.二十四.副词
1.admittedly 应当承认:Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures.2.simply 简而言之:The answer is simply money.3.discreetly 小心谨慎地:point out discreetly that„
4.conceivably 可以想象地:Smoking may, conceivably, be harmful.5.surely 肯定地:This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.6.eagerly 渴望地
7.increasingly 不断增长地
While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.8.honestly: 诚实地:
the government is honestly concerned about the welfare of its people政府真心实意地关心它的人民的福利
9.certainly: 当然地
As individuals we are certainly weak, but if „作为个人,我们当然是弱小的,但是如果„开头段常用核心句型
The arguer may be right about„, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that„
Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that„
It is true that„, but this is not to say that„
The main/obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that„
It would be natural/reasonable to think that„, but it would be absurd to claim that„
There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that„ At first thought, it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that„ The problem/fact is that„ As far as I am concerned, I believe that„
Those who object to„argue that„But people who favor„, on the other hand, argue that„
中间段的常用核心句型
The change in„mainly results from„
The increase in„is due to the fact that„
Many people would claim that„
One of the reasons given for is that„
There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in„ First„ Second„ Finally„
Why are(is/do/did)„? For one thing„ For another„
History is filled with the examples of„
As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that„
There is(no)good evidence to„
We must admit the undeniable fact that„
No one can deny the fact that„
Experience(Evidence)suggests that„
The same is true of„
结尾段的常用核心句型
It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the improvement of„ It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation(tendency/phenomenon)of„ There is no easy solution to the problem of„, but„ might be useful.Unless there is a common realization of„, it is very likely that„ It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of„ It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding(developing/improving)„ Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of„ To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards„It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation.To put all into a nutshell, I„
第二篇：英语写作中100个高频使用词语搭配
英语写作中100个高频使用词语搭配-B 42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of„
43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources 45．因特网 the Internet（一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient 47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress 50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56.„必然趋势 an irresistible trend of„
57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59．长远利益.interest in the long run
60．„有其自身的优缺点 „ has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62．取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对„有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65．跟上„的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with
the latest development of „
66．采取有效措施来„ take effective measures to do sth.67．„的健康发展 the healthy development of „
68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．对„观点因人而异 Views on „vary from person to person.70．重视 attach great importance to„
71．社会地位 social status
72．把时间和精力放在„上 focus time and energy on„
73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to„ 76.提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77.可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden
79．优先考虑/发展„ give(top)priority to sth.80．与„比较 compared with„/ in comparison with
81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85.社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that„
87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on„
92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true
94.主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95.首先 First，Firstly，In the first place, To begin with
96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97.再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98.最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly，99.总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word，100．我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.
第三篇：【写作】英语写作中词语的选择
【写作】英语写作中词语的选择
1．词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.“
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2．词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话： Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3．词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug．)为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同： He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和”引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A．在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，accomplish)，用end／finish a letter(不用terminate，conclude)。
B．多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back)from abroad，etc．
3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风，这是应当避免的。
第四篇：英语写作中词语的选择
英语写作中词语的选择.txt你出生的时候，你哭着，周围的人笑着；你逝去的时候，你笑着，而周围的人在哭！喜欢某些人需要一小时,爱上某些人只需要一天,而忘记一个人得用一生1．词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：
it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.“
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2．词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3．词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug．)
为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和”引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A．在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，accomplish)，用end／finish a letter(不用terminate，conclude)。
B．多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back)from abroad，etc．
3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风，这是应当避免的。
第五篇：合作教学在英语词语搭配教学中的应用
合作教学在英语词语搭配教学中的应用
[摘要]词语搭配知识是词汇知识的一个重要方面，但研究表明搭配知识匮乏始终是外语学习者的一个标志性特征。本研究将合作学习模式引入词语搭配教学，对非英语专业大一学生进行了为期一学年的合作词汇搭配教学干预，并采用搭配测试量表对实验班学生和对照班学生进行了3次测试、对比，同时采用词汇元认知量表对学习者词汇学习主体认知、任务认知和策略认知水平变化进行了3次调查。研究表明，合作教学较传统词汇教学更有助于词语搭配的习得与延时记忆，是更为有效的一种词汇教学模式。它能够更好地促进学习者词汇元认知水平的发展，尤其是任务认知水平和主体认知水平的发展，进而改变词语搭配学习结果。
[关键词]合作学习合作输出 语法搭配 实词搭配
[中图分类号]G642.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2016）10-0206-02
一、引言
自从20世纪90年代Lewis（1993： 94）提出语块教学法以来，词语搭配（collocation）作为语块的一种主要形式，受到越来越多外语教育研究者的关注。这种介于传统的词汇和句法之间的多词语言现象是形式和功能的综合体，兼具句法和词汇的特征（Nattingr & DeCarrico 2000），是语言教学的理想单位（Natting r& DeCarrico1992；Lewis 1993）。然而研究表明，中国大学英语课堂上普遍采取的以教师选择目的搭配、例句示范，学生造句为主的“语法-翻译”词汇教学模式无法有效地提高外语学习者的搭配能力。搭配知识匮乏始终是外语学习者的一个标志性特征（McArthur 1992；Bahns and Eldaw 1993），也是本族语使用者和外语学习者的一个重要区分因素（Aston 1995； Gass& Selinker 2001）。
合作学习模式于20世纪70年代在美国兴起，并被引入一直以来以竞争学习和个体学习模式为主导的传统课堂。到了20世纪90年代初期，合作学习已经发展成为欧美教育领域的一种主流教育模式，深刻地影响着课程设计、课堂管理等许多方面。笔者将合作教学模式创造性地运用于大学英语词汇教学，对一年级非英语专业学生进行了为期一学年的合作词汇教学干预。本研究在输入和输出的教学两端都进行了合作教学干预，目的在于比较此种教学法与传统搭配教学法对外语学习者搭配知识水平的影响。
二、概念界定
合作学习模式的产生深受瑞士心理学家皮亚杰、苏联心理学家维果斯基、美国当代著名教育心理学家威特罗克及社会学习理论中相关认知发展理论的影响。合作学习是通过小组活动让组内成员之间进行有组织的交际式的信息交换，每个成员不仅要对自己的学习负责，同时要为促进其他成员的学习而做出努力。Matchett（2009，P.27）进一步强调指出，合作学习绝不是简单地以团队形式完成某一学习任务，它是经过精心设计，富有高度组织性的交互式活动。每个参与者都为一个更大、更复杂的学习目标贡献力量，同时整合每个组员的学习资源。加拿大社会学家、心理学家班杜拉（Bandura，1971）在《社会学习理论》这部代表作中强调榜样作用的重要性，他认为在社会情境中个体可以通过观察和模仿他人的行为而习得新的反应，从而在行为、认知和环境不断的相互作用中，通过示范进行学习――观察学习。高层面的合作学习不仅给学习者提供了相互学习、提高认知能力的机会，也能够促进学习者社交技能的发展。
词语搭配是词语的“横组合”，是词语在同一序列中的“共现”。共现的词语之间存在着一种“相互期待”。英国语言学家词语搭配研究之父J.R.Firth（1975，p.183）把搭配定义为结伴同现的词的组合。Benson et al（1986）认为有两种主要的搭配类型，即语法搭配和实词搭配。语法搭配是一个名词、动词或形容词与一个介词或一个语法结构的组合，主要结构类型有动词+介词，、名词+介词，、形容词+介词等。而实词搭配则不包含任何语法成分，是由名词、形容词、动词、副词组成，主要有六种结构类型：动词+名词、形容词+名词、名词+动词、名词+of+名词、副词+形容词、动词+副词。
三、研究设计
（一）研究对象
在参研的120名非英语专业大一学生中，实验班64人接受一学年合作词语搭配教学，比照班56人接受同样时间的词语搭配传统教学。研究目的在于比较两种教学法对参研者词汇元认知知识水平的影响及对他们英语词语搭配能力的影响。
（二）研究工具
1.词语搭配能力测试试卷
笔者利用词语搭配能力测试试卷在本学年的第一周、第十六周和第三十二周对学生进行了三次词语搭配能力测试，以此来衡量学生在一个学年内词语搭配知识水平的变化。每份试卷由50道填空题构成，并用汉语标明目的搭配的意思。搭配皆选自学生精读课所使用的大学英语综合教程，包括3种语法搭配结构类型、6种实词搭配结构类型。
2.词汇元认知知识水平量表
为了了解学生在不同阶段词汇元认知知识水平的状况，并跟踪水平变化的趋势及特征，笔者以Flavell对元认知的构成要素的分类以及元认知相关理论为依据，通过一系列信度和效度分析，设计了包含25个项目，代表3个变量类型的词汇元认知知识水平调查问卷（问卷结构见表1），并采用5点利克特（Likert Scale）方法统计调查结果。笔者对参与本研究的120名学生进行了三次内容相同的课堂问卷调查，调查进行的时间为每次词语搭配能力测试之后。
3.合作词语搭配教学法
合作搭配学习主要在如下几个层面进行：
（1）学生结对共同学习精读课文里的词语搭配。教师要求学生按照搭配类型列出所有搭配，利用词典学习其用法，并利用COCA语料库查找并学习与核心词搭配最为频繁的词汇。
（2）教师提供关键词，学生结对利用关键词共同书写或口头讲述所学课文内容概要。组员彼此监督、更正、探讨对方语言输出中的搭配使用，并填写如下搭配使用情况统计表。
（3）学生结对，把用错的搭配形式按照类别分类整理成错误笔记。
（4）学生每两周写一次词语搭配学习报告，反思对词语搭配学习的体会。
4.传统词语搭配教学法
老师在讲解课文时，以明示的方式指出需要学生注意的词语及其搭配形式，用英语或汉语讲明其含义，说明搭配形式的用法。给出一两个例句或让学生用目的搭配形式造一两个句子。
四、数据采集与分析
笔者将从三次搭配试卷中采集的数据输入SPSS17.0软件进行分析，得到的结果如下表所示：
实验之初，实验班级（组别1）与对照班级（组别2）的学生的词语搭配整体水平均不是很高，且两班无显著差异，平均成绩差仅为1.51。两种教学干预都在一定程度上提高了学生后两次测试的平均成绩，但合作教学干预对学生平均成绩的促进作用更为显著，且更具持续性，表现为实验班长期的促进效果（T3-T1=6.69）明显大于中期的促进效果（T2-T1=16.75），而对照班长期效果（T3-T1=4.63）与中期效果（T2-T1=2.86）差别不大。此外，在实验班学生平均成绩显著提高的同时，标准差有明显降低（Std.3-Std.1 = 5.97），这表明合作教学干预下，大多数学生的成绩都在稳步提高，且个体成绩差异在减小。而对照班的平均成绩差与标准差变化的幅度均不大，可见传统词汇教学干预下，学生整体搭配水平提高幅度不大且个体差异显著。
在每一次搭配知识测试结束后，笔者采取词汇元认知水平量表对实验班和对照班学生进行调查。
由于现实局限，本研究把实验参与者的自我反思判断作为衡量他们词汇元认知水平的指标，对比了两个教学模式对词汇认知水平的影响。从上表可以看出，两种教学干预法均促进了学生词汇认知知识水平的提高，但合作教学干预法的促进作用比传统教学法要显著的多。在合作教学模式中，任务认知水平提高的最为显著（S3-Survey2=17.94%），主体词汇认知水平虽也有显著提高（Survey3-survey2=10.38%），但却低于任务认识水平的提高。虽然策略知识水平的提高并不显著（Survey3-survey2=6.28%），但也表现出稳步上升的趋势。实验班学生通过合作学习，更加了解词汇学习目的，能够预期任务难度和困难所在，知道完成任务的最好方式。也能从词汇学习中汲取经验，了解自身的词汇认知特点，通过观察与模仿修正自己已有的词汇学习策略，形成新的认识。相比之下，传统教学模式在这三个层面均未引起积极的改变，学习者运用几乎相同的词汇学习策略进行词汇学习。
五、讨论
实验证明，与传统词汇教学相比，合作教学为学习者对词汇进行深度认知加工提供了更为丰富的机会，有助于词语搭配的习得与延时记忆。具体而言，从语言输入的角度看，在合作学习过程中，词汇知识不再以被动的方式呈现给学习者，而是学习者积极参与对课文的解码分析，在其中发现并决定自己需要学习的目的搭配。从输出的角度看，学习者在利用关键词结对进行语言输出的过程中，合作法不仅让学习者关注自己的搭配使用特点，同时也为他们提供了观察、了解同伴搭配使用的机会。此外，组间讨论这种交互行为有助于加深学习者对词汇学习的认知、学习目标的定位及学习策略的调整，从而提高搭配使用能力。此外，学习者对语言学习的认识对学习结果影响巨大，因此合作教学模式的设计更要着眼于外语学习者词汇知识水平的提高。
【参考文献】
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