英语学术论文常用句型

第一篇：英语学术论文常用句型

英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper。

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx

4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第二篇：英语学术论文常用句型

英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx

strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

4.The scope of this research lies in

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with

xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in

analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第三篇：英文学术论文写作常用句型

学术英语常用句式Joseph Li

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的...）

例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.全世界都知道救死扶伤是医生的天职。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫无疑问的...）

例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.毫无疑问因特网比书面文字更方便、快捷。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）

例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of-1-

responsibility.孩子参加有偿劳动的一个优点是这种实践可以培养小孩的独立性、自主性和责任感。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.多数旧风俗习惯都产生了巨大的改变的原因是它们大多与封建迷信有关，与现代社会格格不入。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）

例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them.广告是如此盛行，每个人都难免不受它们的影响。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然...）

例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然宠物很可爱，但市民在家中饲养是丝毫不妥的。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.越鼓励孩子接触社会的各个方面，他们学习的知识会更全面。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借着...，..能够..）

例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.借着将这种职责放在政府手中，市民在质量上能够享有更高程度的保障。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（..使..能够..）

例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.社区服务计划有助于减轻政府财政负担。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~（我们绝对不能...）

例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education.我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式（该是...的时候了）

例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.该是我们从更加公正和客观的角度来评价现代科技在我们的生活中所发挥的作用的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）

例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.那些持反对意见的人争论到电脑是由人设计和编程的，因此只能是较机械地进行语言翻译。

十七、There is no one but ~~~（没有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others.没有人不渴望展现最好的自我以给他人留下深刻印象。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）

例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events.The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..只有在和平的环境里，人们才有精力去重视体育赛事。奥运会就是一个很有说服力的例子，因为在历史上它由于战争而数次被迫取消。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）

It is obvious that + 句子（明显的）

It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）

例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.可想而知，随着社会经济的发展，竞争将更加剧烈。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）

例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.把如此多的罪犯关押起来需要耗费大量资金，那就是为什么监禁已经大大增加了国家负担的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.过去十年来，实用性课程诸如电脑和商科在大学中普遍盛行。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the cityscape.自从现代城市化的进程开始之后，人们一直面临着这样一种两难的境地：他们是否应该拆除那些是否有损市容的旧房屋和建筑物。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.创造一个让男女平等合作竞争的良好环境是值得的。

二十四、be based on（以...为基础）

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遗余力的）

Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.发达国家应该不遗余力地资助贫国。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（让...明白...事）

例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research.我们应该让人们明白太空研究的重要性所在。

二十七、be closely related to ~~（与...息息相关）

例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem.人口激增与外来民工大量涌入与交通问题息息相关。

二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving(存在...的可能性)

There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person

有可能冤枉无辜的人。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因为...）

例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.由于男女共校的教育体制，异性同学间的良性竞争和友好合作精神得到了发扬。

三

十、Only...can（只有...才能）

例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.只有在城市里孩子们才能为他们未来的生活作好准备并与世界趋势同步。三

十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三

十二、Have(exert, impose)a great influence on ~~~（对...有很大的影响）例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.国民的素质对于国家的繁荣有重大的影响。

三

十三、do good to（对...有益），do harm to（对...有害）

例句：Reading does good to our minds.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三

十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（对...造成一大威胁）

例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health.堕胎对于妇女的身心健康都会造成巨大威胁。

三

十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best（尽全力去...）

例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth.学校应尽全力去确保学生的健康成长

第四篇：英语常用经典句型

英语学术论文常用经典句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

Summary

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a comple

第五篇：英语句型

句型1 would rather that somebody did…“宁愿……；更愿意……”(表示现在或将来的愿望)would rather that somebody had done…“宁愿……；更愿意……”（表示过去的愿望）[例句] I’d rather you posted the letter right now.我想让你现在去寄信。

I’d rather you were not a celebrated actor.In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是个知名演员，这样我们可以有更多的时间在一起。I’d rather that I hadn’t seen her yesterday.我情愿昨天没有看到她。句型2 as if/though+主语+did/had done…好像……（表示现在或将来的情况用过去时；表示过去的情况用过去完成时）[参考句型4] [例句] Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.Alan谈起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。句型3 “wish +宾语从句”，表示不大可能实现的愿望表示现在的愿望：主语+过去时；表示过去的愿望：主语+had done；表示将来的愿望：主语+would/could do [例句] How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves!我们学生多么希望有更多的自由时间放松自己！

I failed in the maths exam.How I wish I hadn’t wasted so much time playing!

What a pity you can’t go to the party.How I wish I could dance with you at the party!句型4 It’s high/about time that somebody did(should do)(should通常不省略)…早就该……

[例句] It’s time that you went to school.= It’s time that you should go to school.It’s high time that we did something to improve our environment.该是我们为环保做些事情了。I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.我想她该拿定主意了。句型5 情态动词+动词不定式完成结构的用法

could have done “本来可以……”（表示过去没有实现的可能）。

might have done “本来可能……；本来应该或可以做某事”（实际没有发生；含有轻微的责备语气。

should/ought to have done “本来该做某事”（而实际未做）

should not/ought not to have done “本来不该做”（实际却做过了，含有责备语气）needn’t have done “本来不必做”（但是已经做过了）

would rather have done “当时宁愿做了某事”（实际没有做过）；否定式would rather not have done表达相反意思，两者都有表示“后悔”之意。句型6 as, though, although引导的让步状语从句。

[注意]although位于句首；though位于句首或句中；as位于句中=though。它的词序是把句中强调的形容词、副词、动词或名词放在连词前。[参考倒装结构] 请注意下列句式的变化： [例句] 1.Although/Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.→Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.我虽然年轻，但我已经明白我应该追随什么样的事业。

2.Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.→Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea.虽然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的观点。

3.Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.→Child（省略冠词）as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.他虽然还是个孩子，却认识了许多汉字。

4.Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.→Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.尽管他努力了，但是他没有解决问题。5.Although it is raining, I’m going out for a walk.→Raining as it is, I’m going out for a walk.天虽然在下雨，我还是要出去散步。

6.Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得不可思议，却没有人受伤。

7.Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do.虽然我很想帮助你，但是我有很多事要做。8.Object as you may, I will go.纵使你反对，我也要去。句型7 …before…特殊用法（1）“没来得及……就……”

[例句] The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.他还没有来得及冲进房间救孩子，房顶就塌了。

He ran off before I could stop him.我还没有来得及阻止，他已经跑了。

To my great disappointment, my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with her.让我非常失望的是，我还没有来得及和我最喜欢的歌手打招呼，她就已经离开了。句型8 …before…特殊用法（2）“过了多久才……”或“动作进行到什么程度才……”

[例句] They walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.他们西行50英里才看到一个村庄。

The workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.工人们连续工作3天才使一切恢复正常。

He almost knocked me down before he knew it.他几乎撞到我了才意识到。

We had walked a long way before we found some water.我们走了很长的路才找到一点水。

Five years went by before I knew it.不知不觉，五年过去了。句型9 It was + 时间段+before….“过了多久才（怎么样）……” It was not long before….“不久，就……”

It will(not)be +时间段+before….“要过多久（不久）……才……”(before从句谓语动词要用一般时态)[例句] It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境的危险。It was five days before he came back.五天后他才回来。

It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.再过半年你才能毕业。It will not be long before they understand each other.他们大概不久就会互相了解。句型10 in case of…(+n.)“以防；万一”；

in case that…“以防，万一……”（谓语动词用一般现在时态或should+动词原形）[例句] In case of fire, what should we do? Please remind me about it in case I forget/should forget.万一我忘了，请提醒我。In case(that)John comes/should come, please tell him to wait.Please take your umbrella in case(that it rains/should rain).带上雨伞，以防下雨。

句型11 It强调句型

强调句的基本构成：It is/was + 被强调的部分 + who（主要指人时）/that + 其余部分 [注意1] 这种结构可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语（包括时间，地点，方式，原因等），但是不能强调谓语动词（参考句型15）。

原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态，用It is…that/who….；原句的谓语动词如果是过去时态，用It was…that/who….；

强调时间、地点、原因或方式时不要用when, where或how, 必须用that。[例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.（强调主语）→It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon.（强调地点状语）→It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.（强调时间状语）→It was him that/who I saw in the street yesterday afternoon.（强调宾语）

[例句2] He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.He didn’t do his homework until his father came back from work.→It wasn’t until his father came back from work that he did his homework.[例句3] Only when you nearly lose someone do you fully realize how much you value him.→It is only when you nearly lose someone that you fully realize how much you value him.只有你快要失去某个人时，你才意识到你是多么尊重他。

[例句4] I was late again because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour.→It was because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour that I was late again.（强调句中只能强调由because引导的原因状语从句，because不能换成since, as, for, now that等）

[注意2]强调句的疑问结构

一般疑问句 Is / Was it +被强调部分 +who / that …?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+is /was +it +who / that…?

What is/was it that…? Who is/was it that…? When is/was it that…? Where is/was it that…? Why is/was it that…? How is/was it that…? [例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→When was it that you saw him in the street?

→Who was it that you saw in the street yesterday afternoon? →Where was it that you saw him yesterday afternoon? [例句2] I don’t know when he will come back.→I don’t know when it is that he will come back.（宾语从句疑问词后用陈述句语序）–How was it that you got in touch with Mr.Smith? 你是怎么和Smith先生联系上的？ –Trough a friend of mine.通过一个朋友。句型12（1）、祈使句（表条件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表结果）… “否则…，要不然…”（2）、祈使句（表条件）+ and +主句（表结果）

[例句] Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class.Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.你来之前打个电话，否则，我们也许会出去。Think it over and you will find the answer.Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸进尺。

Work hard and you will make progress every day.好好学习，天天向上。句型13 …until….“直到……时候”；not…until…“直到……才……” [例句] You are to stay until/till your mother comes back.你得等到你妈妈回来。

The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.会议推迟到十点钟。

The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（倒装句）

等到湖里的鱼全死光了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.（强调句）

Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.Not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.句型14 unless…“除非，如果不……”(=if…not)[例句] I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。–Shall Tom go and play football? –Not unless he has finished his homework.除非他完成作业，否则不能出去。I won’t go unless he comes to invite me himself.除非他本人来邀请我，不然我是不会去的。

I won’t attend his birthday party unless invited(=unless I am invited).除非被邀请，否则我不去参加的生日晚会。句型15 when引导的从句

when除了用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、时间状语从句、表语从句和定语从句，还有一种用法值得关注，那就是when引导并列分句，意思是“这时突然；就在那时”，强调另一个动作的突然发生。常用于以下句型中：（1）、主语 + be doing… when…意思是“正在做某事这时……”；（2）、主语 + be about to do…when…；（3）、主语+be on the point of(doing)…when…意思是“正要去做某事这时……” [例句] One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed.有一天，Chuck正在太平洋上飞行，这时他的飞机突然爆炸了。I don’t know when he will arrive.我不晓得他什么时候到达。

I thought of the happy days when I was in Beijing.我想起了在北京时的那段快乐日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上没有武器的日子不久就会到来。

I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.我正在河边行走，这时我突然听到一个落水男孩求救。

I was about to leave when it began to rain.我刚要离开，这时下雨了。

I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, announcing the class was over.我刚做完作业，下课铃响了。

I thought of the happy days when I was in France.我想到了在法国时那段快乐日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上没有武器的日子不久就会来临。[比较] I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我正在街上走，这时我看见一家裁缝店。

I was walking along the streets.Just at the moment I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我在街上走。就在那时我看见一家裁缝店。句型16 while引导的从句

while除了有“当/在……时候”的意思外（注意：引导的句子谓语动词只能是延续性动词！），另外的两层意思也是考查的重点：（1）while = although “尽管”、“虽然”，引导让步状语从句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用来表达对比关系。

[例句] While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don’t think that they can’t be solved.尽管我承认这个问题很难，但是我并不认为无法解决。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.虽然我承认他的优点，我也能看出他的缺点。

While I was angry with her, I didn’t lose my temper.虽然我很生气，但我当时没有对她发脾气。

While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.虽然我了解你的见解，我还是不能同意（你）。

I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars.我一星期只赚120美元，她却赚180美元。句型17 where…（地点从句）

[注意]where引导地点从句时，可以引导定语从句或是逻辑地点状语从句。当它在定语从句中作地点状语，指代地点时，这时可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等结构代替。但是它引导逻辑地点状语从句时，没有这样用法。[例句] You should put the book where it was.把书放回原处。

Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.不屈不挠者从他人失败的地方获取成功。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。

Where men are greedy, there is never peace.人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望。Go where you should, keep on studying.无论你到哪里，你都应该继续学习。That is the building where my father works.那是我父亲工作的大楼。

Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher.昨天我去百货公司，就在那儿遇见了我的老师。

That’s where a change is needed.那就是需要变更的地方。

We could see the runners very well from where we stood.从我们所站的地方能很清楚地看到赛跑的选手。

You should let your children play where you can see them.你应该让小孩在你的视线所及的地方玩耍。

Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.=Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引导定语从句）有些地方太冷不能种水稻，但可以种马铃薯。[请比较下面的句子结构的不同] Potatoes can be grown where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引导地点状语从句）句型18 what引导的从句

what在英语中非常活跃,它可以用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，但是不用来引导定语从句。在句子里可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，既可以指人，也可以指物。[例句] What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？ What did you pay for this picture? 这幅画你付了多少钱？

What is most important in life isn’t money.人生最重要的并非是金钱。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所买的东西给我看一下吗？ Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.Mary已经不是10年前的她了。句型19 as引导的非限制性定语从句

在as引导的非限制性定语从句中，连接代词as在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语等，可以指人或物。其在定语从句中的位置比较灵活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中间或句子末尾。常用的结构有：as we all know;as is well known to…;as is often the case;as is said/mentioned above;as has been said before;as I told you before;as is evident;as often happens;as can be seen;as is/was expected;as we expect;as I can remember等。[注意1]as通常只指整个句子的内容，不表示部分内容。

[注意2]as引导的非限制性定语从句通常指“事先可以预料到的”“料想到的”，表达“好”的方面。[注意3]as引导限制性定语从句时，常构成the same…as…;such…as…;so/as …as…等结构。在从句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整个句子。[例句] This is also part of your work, as I told you before.我曾告诉过你，这也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.从那人说话的样子可明显看出，他是个老师。

Such ideas as he hits on are worthless.像他那样偶然想起的主意是无用的。It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday.这故事跟我从她那儿听到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.他要尽可能找漂亮的女孩结婚。

Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人们应该受到极大的尊重。句型20 which引导的非限制性定语从句（也引导限制性定语从句）

which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指整个句子内容，也可以指句子的部分内容（如单词或词组等），在句子中可以作主语、宾语（动词或介词的）、定语等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表达的内容是“不好的”、“事先没有预料到的”等时，常用which，只指物。

[例句] Yellowstone National Park, which is in Wyoming, is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州，是世界上最美丽的国家公园之一。

The clock, which my grandfather bought, is still in good order.这时钟是我祖父买的，现在还走时很准。

The picture, for which he paid an enormous amount of money, was a forgery.那幅画他花了一大笔钱购买，却是幅赝品。

She changed her mind again, which made us all angry.她又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。

I lived three years in Paris, during which time I learned French.我在巴黎住了三年，在那期间我学了法语。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天气结果转晴，这是我们没有预料到的。句型21（1）、疑问词+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用来引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how连用。

[例句] Whatever(=No matter what)may happen, we shall not lose hope.无论发生什么事，我们都不能失去希望。

Whatever reasons you(may)have, you should carry out a promise.无论你有什么理由，你都应该遵守诺言。

Whoever(=No matter who)comes, he will be warmly welcome.无论谁来，都会受到热烈欢迎。Whenever(=No matter when)it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.此事无论发生在何时，但绝不是昨天。

Whenever you(may)call, you will find her sitting by the window.无论什么时候你去找她，你都会看到她坐在窗边。

Wherever(=No matter where)he went, he made friends with people.Whichever(=No matter which)of them you many choose, the quality will be the same.他们当中不论你选哪一个，品质都一样。

However(=No matter how)hard I have tried, I can’t find the answer.（2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引导名词性从句，这时不能用no matter+疑问词替换。[例句] Take whichever you want.你要哪个就拿哪个。

We will do whatever we can to help him out.我们要尽力帮助他摆脱困境。I’ll show you whatever you want to see.你想看什么我就给你看什么。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.无论谁做这件事都要得到报酬。

Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在这种大雨中行走都会患感冒。

You may invite whomever（口语中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.你可以邀请你喜欢的人来参加晚会。

Take whatever magazines you want to read.你可以取阅任何你想读的杂志。倒装结构

句型22全倒装句型

（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副词放在句首，句子需要全部倒装 [例句] There goes the bell!= The bell is ringing.铃响了！Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.汽车来了。

Now comes your turn to make a short speech.该轮到你发言了。Away went the thief when he saw the police.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我们期盼的时候到了。[注意]（1）在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词，像go, come, rush, live, stand, lie等。（2）主语是人称代词时不要倒装。如：Away he went.他走远了。句型23全倒装句型

（二）表示方位的状语放在句首，句子全倒装；谓语动词多为be, lie, stand, sit, come, walk, run, stop etc.不及物动词。[例句] On a hill in front of them stands a great castle.在他们面前的山上矗立着一座巨大的城堡。In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的全面停着一辆警车。Around the corner walks a young policeman.拐角处有个年轻的警察在行走。Under the tree sat a boy of about ten.在树下坐着一个大约10岁的男孩。句型24全倒装句型

（三）（表语）adj./ v-ing / v-ed +（地点状语）+ be（或其他动词形式）…

So adj./adv…that…如此……以至于……(so引导的句子倒装，而that引导的句子不倒装！)(这种结构是半倒装句。)[例句] Present at the meeting were the manager, all the designers and the writer.出席会议的有经理，设计师和词作者。

Fastened to the pole is the National flag.旗杆上有一面国旗。

Hidden behind the door were some naughty children.有几个顽皮的孩子藏在门后面。

Sitting at the back of the classroom were several old teachers, listening attentively to the new teacher.坐在教室后面的是几位老教师，他们在认真地听新教师的课。Gone are the days when farmers lived in the poor houses.农民住在破旧房子里的日子过去了。

Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.相声是中国典型的喜剧，两个演员通过玩弄词藻来逗乐观众。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他说英语非常清晰，别人都能听懂他的话。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光运行非常快，我们几乎无法想象它的速度。

句型25 半倒装句

（一）否定意义的副词或短语放在句首，句子半倒装。这样的副词主要有：little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never, not at all, by no means（决不）, at no time（在任何时候都不），nowhere, in no case(无论如何都不)；not in the least(=not at all), on no condition（决不）等。

[例句] Never shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.那个人根本没有注意到发生的情况。Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.我那时几乎没有明白他给我说的话。It’s beyond description.Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place.那真是用语言难以形容。世界上没有其他地方会有这么安静、美丽的地方了。Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.他在考试中没有犯一个错误。By no means are these works of art satisfactory.这些艺术品根本不能令人满意。On no condition should you visit that place.你决不能去那个地方。句型26 半倒装句

（二）not only…, but also…（前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装）[例句] Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away.不仅他拥有的一切被那走了，就连他的德国国籍也被取消了。

They suggested not only should we attend the party but also give a performance.他们建议我们不仅要参加晚会，还要进行表演。

Not only should we students study hard, we also should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time.我们学生不仅要学习好，还应该知道在课余时间怎样享受生活。句型27半倒装句

（三）neither, nor放在句首 [例句] If you don’t go to see the movie, neither will I.如果你不去看电影，我也不去。--Why didn’t you buy the jacket?

--Neither was the price satisfactory, nor did the color agree with me.价格不能令人满意，颜色也不太适合我。

I don’t like him, nor do I care about him.我不喜欢他，也不关心他。句型28 半倒装句

（四）“only + 状语”放在句首，句子半倒装 [例句] Only when the war was over did he return to work.直到战争结束他才回去工作。

Only after you have reached eighteen can you join the army.你只有到了18岁才能参军。Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.只有这样，我们对生活中的机遇和挑战才会有充分的准备。

Only by changing the way we live will we be able to save the earth.只有改变生活方式，我们才能拯救地球。

[注意]这种结构的倒装只在only引导状语的时候使用，only引导主语的时候不用倒装。Only in this way can you work out the problem.你只有用这种方法才能做出题目。Only this way can help you work out the problem.只有这种方法才能帮你做出题目。句型29 半倒装句

（五）so + be动词/助动词/情态动词等 + 主语 “……也……”（表示肯定意思）neither/nor +动词/助动词/情态动词等 + 主语 “……也……”（表示否定意思）[例句] She is interested in the story, so am I.He enjoys playing the guitar, so do I.I saw the film last night, so did he.In the past 20 years, our society has changed a lot, so have our eating habits.近20年来。我们的社会发生了很大的变化，我们的饮食习惯也变了。

Tom didn’t attend the meeting last night;nor did Mary.Tom没来参加昨晚的会议，Mary也没来。

I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has Tom.[比较1] “so + 主语 + 助动词” 表示肯定已有的观点或事实 [例句] –We have all worked hard these days.–So we have.（的确如此）

I promised to help him, and so I did.（我确实帮助他了）[比较2] “主语 + 助动词 + so” 表示按照别人的要求去做 [例句] The wounded little boy asked me to lift him up and I did so.The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply and he did so.句型30 so it is with somebody = it’s the same with somebody前者怎么样，后者也怎么样

[注意]前面既有否定句又有肯定句，或有多个谓语动词或助动词难以选择时，用此句型。[例句] John likes English but he doesn’t like maths, so it is with me(so it is the same with me).Tom is a student and he studies hard, so it is with me.–He was really manly enough to be responsible for what he had done.他像个男子汉，敢于对自己的所作所为负责。

–So he was, and so it was with you.他的确如此，你当时也一样。虚拟语气句型31（从句）If + were/did（动词的过去式），（主句）主语 + would/might/should/could + do（表示对现在情况的假设）[例句] If I were you, I would not be so proud.如果我是你，我不会如此自负。

I don’t have a cellphone.If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.If I were in your position, I would think better of it.如果我处在你的位置，我会好好考虑它。句型32（从句）If + had done,（主句）主语+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示对过去或已经发生事情的虚拟假设）

[例句] What a pity it is that you didn’t attend the concert yesterday!If you had attended the concert, you would have seen the famous singer.真遗憾昨天你没有去听音乐会。如果你去了，就能见到那位著名歌手。Anyone in his position would have done the same.=If anyone had been in his position, he would have done the same.任何处在他位置的人都会这样做的。句型33（从句）If + were/did（动词过去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主语+ would/might/should/could + do（表示对将来的假设）[例句] If he should refuse(= If he were to refuse=If he refused), it didn’t matter at all.万一他拒绝了，那也没关系。

If you shouldn’t pass the college entrance examination, what would you do? 万一高考不中，你该怎么办？句型34虚拟语气条件句的倒装

在虚拟条件句中，如果出现有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把这些词放在句子前面，构成虚拟倒装句。[例句] Should he act like that again, he would be fined.如果他还这样做，就要受罚。

Had the doctor come in time last night(=If the doctor had come in time last time), the boy would have been saved.昨天晚上要是医生及时到达，小孩就会得救。Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Had I enough money(= If I had enough money), I would buy a larger house.句型35 if only引起的感叹句，相当于 “How I wish + 宾语从句”，意思是“但愿……；要是……就好了” [例句] If only he could come!他要是能来就好了！

If only we students didn’t have so much homework！要是没有这么多的作业该多好！If only I hadn’t been so careless in the exam!我当时没有那么粗心就好了！句型36 if it were not for…(= were it not for…)

if it hadn’t been for…(= had it not been for…)“要不是因为有……；如果不是……” [注意]这种结构中不能用否定结构的缩写形式，即不能用weren’t it for…）

[例句] If it hadn’t been for(= Had it not been for)the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn’t have been saved.要不是船长一直坚强，船上的旅客就不会得救。

If it were not for your rich parents, you couldn’t live so easy a life.要不是你父母有钱，你的生活不会如此安逸。

If it were not for the expense, I would go abroad now.如果不是因为经费问题，我现在就出国了。句型37 “but for + 名词”和“but that +从句”，意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虚拟语气

[例句] But for air and water, nothing could live.(= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)如果没有空气和水，什么东西都难以生存。

But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.= If it hadn’t been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果不是暴风雨，我们早就到了。

But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.要不是你的话，我们无法实施那项计划。She could not have believed it but that she saw it.若非亲眼所见，她是不会相信的。句型38 在动词insist（1坚持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建议做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建议、命令、要求的名词性从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。基本句型：主语+(should)+ 动词原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+动词原形结构。[例句] Mother insists that Tom(should)go to bed at nine o’clock.（宾语从句）We suggested that the meeting(should)be held at once.It was required that the crops(should)be harvested at once.（主语从句）The suggestion that he(should)be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）That is their demand that their wages(should)be increased.（表语从句）[注意1] advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名词引导的同位语从句或表语从句，谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。[注意2] It’s suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。

[注意3]suggest意思是“表明，暗示；说明”时；insist意思是“坚持观点，坚持看法”时，句子不能用虚拟语气。[例句] He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence.他坚持说自己是无辜的。He insisted that he had never done wrong.他坚持说没有做错事情。

Are you suggesting that I’m not suited for the job? 你是在暗示说我不适合做那项工作？ The look on his face suggested that the teacher was quite satisfied with the result.脸上的表情说明老师对结果感到满意。句型39 It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即主语+(should)+动词原形 [例句] It’s necessary that Tom take the exam first.Tom有必要先参加考试。

With the society developing very fast, it’s quite necessary/important that we(should)have a good knowledge of English and computer.随着社会的快速发展，我们有必要精通英语和电脑。句型40 It’s strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise(that)… should do…should表示“竟然” [例句] It’s a pity that she should miss the chance.很遗憾她错过了机会。

It’s really surprising that a prophecy（预言）should coincide with the fact so exactly.令人惊讶的是，预言和事实竟然如此巧合。

It’s strange that he shouldn’t pass the exam.奇怪的是他竟然没有通过考试。句型41 prefer(1)prefer to do sth 例：I prefer to stay at home.我宁愿呆在家里。(2)prefer doing sth 例：I prefer playing in defence.我喜欢打防守。(3)prefer sb to do sth 例：Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下来吗？(4)prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……宁愿…...而不愿.…“.例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out 我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.(5)prefer doing sth to doing sth 例：I prefer watching football to playing it.我喜欢看篮球，不喜欢打篮球。(6)prefer sth to sth 例：I prefer tea to coffee.我要茶不要咖啡。句型42 seem(1)It +seems + that从句

例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.看来好像每个人都很满意。(2)It seems to sb that---例：It seems to me that she is right.我看她是对的，(3)There seems to be----例：There seems to be a heavy rain.看上去要有一场大雨。(4)It seems as if----例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看样子她不能来上课了。句型43 表示“相差……；增加了……；增加到……”句型：(1)She is taller than I by three inches.她比我高三英寸(2)There is one year between us.我们之间相差一岁。(3)She is three years old than I 她比我大三岁。

(4)They have increased the price by 50%.他们把价格上涨了50% 句型44 too句型：

(1)too．．．to do sth．

例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians．

（＝Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians．）政治太重要了，不能由政治家来决定。(2)only too---to do sth 例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.我要回到家里就非常高兴。(3)too + adj + for sth 例：These shoes are much too small for me.我穿这双鞋太小了。(4)too + adj + a + n.例：This is too difficult a text for me.这篇课文对我来说太难了。(5)can't … too +形容词无论……也不为过

例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。句型45 before 句型：

(1)before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……

例：Before I could get in a word，he had measured me．我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸(2)It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……

例：It will be 4 years before he graduates.他还有四年时间变毕业了。(3)had done some time before（才……）

例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。(4)had not done---before---不到……就…… 例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。

(5)It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就…… 例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.还没到两年他们离开了那国家。句型46 用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型：

(1)should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.例：You should like to have written to your mother.你本应当给你母亲写信。

(2)was / were going to do sth.（用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么）例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。

(3)was / were going to have done sth.表示未完成原来的计划和安排例：Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.Lily 原打算清理她的卧室，但她没时间。

(4)expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish ．．．

常用过去完成时态,在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式；或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望例：She had supposed him to be very rich.她原以为他很有钱。(5)wish that …had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望．

例：I wish he had been here yesterday.要是他昨天在这儿就好了。(6)情态动词should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成时，表示过去本该做，打算做，想做而未做的事情． should have done =ought to have done 本应该做而没做 would have done = 本来就会去做某事而没做 could have done = 本可以做某事而没做 might have done 本可以做而没做

例：They ought to have apologized.他们本该道歉的。句型47 倍数句型：

(1)倍数＋比较级＋than．．．，例：The room is twice larger than that one．这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。

There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.(2)倍数＋as＋原级＋as．．．，例：The room is three times as large as that one．这个房间是那个房间的三倍。

(3)倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight ／width of．．．例：The room is three times the size of that one．这个房间是那个房间的3倍大。

句型48 比较句型：(1)原级比较：

例：English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.英语不是和像俄语一样难的科目。

Their bones are not as thick as adults’.他们的骨头和成年人的不一样厚。(2)一方超过另一方：

例：The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.今年的气候比上一年的气候要热得多。(3)一方不如另一方：

例：The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.修复工作是如此的糟，以致于它使得一些建筑没有以前安全了。(4)The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

例：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。(5)more….than…与其说…倒不如说例：Smith is more diligent than intelligent.与其说Smith聪明倒不如说他勤奋。

(6)no +形容词比较级+ than = as +形容词的反义词+ as 例：I am no better at English than you.我的英语不比你好。(7)that 在前后比较中代替不可数名词和特指的单数可数名词例：The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that of Father Christmas.(8)one 在前后比较中代替泛指的单数可数名词。

例：I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near my Mom's.与南京相比我更喜欢在北京有一套公寓，因为我想跟我妈妈住一起。(9)those 在前后比较中代替特指的复数可数名词。例：Salaries are higher here than those in my country.这儿的工资比我们国家的高。

(10)ones 在前后比较中代替泛指的复数可数名词

例：Cars do cause us some health problems---in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do.汽车确实给我们的身体健康带来问题，事实上比手机造成的问题更严重。句型49 感叹句型：

(1)What a + Adj + N + S + V!例：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

信守我们的诺言是多么的重要啊！(2)How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

例：How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！(3)How + S + V!

例句：How I want to go to Beijing.我多么想去北京啊！句型50 表法猜测的句型：

(1)must have done sth 一定做过某事否定形式：can't have done 例：She must have come here last night.她一定是昨晚来的。She can't have gone there 她不可能到那儿去。

(2)may have done sth 可能做过某事否定形式：may not have done 例：Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip 可能在这次车祸中伤得很严重。

(3)might have done sth 或许做过某事否定形式: might not have done 例：She might have known what the bottle contained.她或许知道这个瓶子里装的是什么。(4)should have done sth 估计已经做了某事否定形式：should not have done 例：She should have arrived in her office by now.她此刻估计已经到达办公室了。句型51 动词不定式常用句型：

(1)It takes / took / will take sb.some time / money to do sth.某人花/花了/将花多长时间/多少钱做某事.例句：It took me years of hard work to speak good English.为了讲一口流利的英语,我花了多年时间刻苦操练.(2)It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth 例：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。It was careless of Tom to break the cup.(3)Sb.have / has / had no choice but to do...某人除了做……别无选择.例句：We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.由于错过了最后一班公共汽车,除了乘坐的士,我们别无选择.(4)It's not /just like sb.to do sth.……的行为不/正像某人的一贯作风.例：lt's not like Jim to be late for class.He regards time as the most important thing in life.上课迟到不像吉姆的一贯作风,他把时间看作是生命中最重要的.(5)．．．．形容词／副词＋enough to do sth．例：I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa.．(6)It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to help others.帮助别人是值得的。

(7)It cost sb some time/money to do sth 例：It must cost a good deal to live here.住这儿一定会花很多钱的。(8)do all he could to do sth do what he could to do sth do everything he could to do sth 例：They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.他们在尽最大努力去帮助祖国。

(9)It is hard to imagine/ say … 很难想象/说……

例：It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。句型52 动名词常用句型：

(1)...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time(in)doing sth.(有困难做某事)例：People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.来自那两个国家的人们在相互理解上是没有困难的。(2)upon/on doing sth, 一……就……

例：Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't say a word.一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。(3)There is no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.例：There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.解决这个社会问题毫无困难。

(4)There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in sending such expensive present.没有必要送这样贵重的礼物。

(5)spend some time/money(in)doing sth 例：They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.他们说孩子们花太多的时间在闲聊和玩游戏上，而不是集中在学习上。(6)It's no use / good/ worth doing sth 例：It’s no use talking with him.He won’t listen to you.跟他谈没用，他不会听你的。

(7)It's a waste of time/money/energy doing 例：It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.句型53 Not---until 句型

(1)陈述句 not---until---直到……才

例：Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock.昨晚我11点钟才睡觉。(2)强调句 It wasn't until…that...直到……才…….例：It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.我直到昨天才收到你的来信.(3)倒装句 Not until...did...直到……才…….例：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我开始工作,我才意识到我已蹉跎了很多岁月.句型54 since 句型：

(1)Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

(2)It is +---+ since S +持续性谓语动词（表否定）

例：It is three years since she lived here.她已三年不住这儿了。(3)It is +---+ since S + 瞬间谓语动词（表肯定）

例：It is years since I stopped smoking）．我戒烟已经数年了。句型55 让步状语从句：

(1)Adj./n./adv.+ as/ though+ Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。(2)No matter what等特殊疑问词...…无论什么…….例句：No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.不论发生什么事,我都永远支持你.(3)However + adj/adv + S + V, 尽管……

例：You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.不论你多努力，你一个人也做不来。

(4)whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V，无论什么/哪里…… 例：Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。(5)whether … or not

例：Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it.不管你喜欢不喜欢，你必须做这件事。(6)even if/though 例：Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.即使那练习很难，你都必须做。句型56 违反常规的冠词位置句型：

(1)so/as/that/too/how +adj.+ a/an + n.例：He is as good a student as you.他和你一样是个好学生。This is too difficult a problem for me.对我来说这是一个太难的问题。You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.你几乎想象不到那孩子有多聪明。

(2)quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj)+n 例：She sang quite a beautiful song.她的歌唱得很漂亮。He was such a fool as to believe what she said.他是这样的一个笨蛋以致于相信了她说的话。(3)all/both/half/twice the + n 例：All the students in her class like her very much.她班上所有的学生都喜欢她。句型57 表示最高级的句型：

(1)Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

(2)no one(nobody, nothing)+so/as+原级＋as 例：Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.没有人像那些视而不见的人如此的瞎了。(3)比较级＋than+any other +名词单数比较级＋than +anything(anyone)else 比较级＋than + any of the others 例：Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.(4)否定词 +比较级

例：It can’t be worse.这是最糟的

I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。(5)be the last----例：This is the last thing I want to do.这是我最不想干的事。句型58 more---than 句型：

(1)more---than 与其……不如…… 例：He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.在工作上与其说他慢不如说他懒。(2)more than 超过；不仅仅是；非常

例：These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together.这些旗子不只是不同颜色的布料和丝线逢在一起。(3)not more than 最多，不超过

例：They finished the project in not more than one year.在不超过一年的时间内，他们完成了那项工程。(4)no more than 仅仅

例：The officials could see no more than the Emperor.那些官员能看到的仅仅是皇帝。句型59 形式宾语与宾语补语句型：(1)形式宾语代动词不定式例：I think it necessary to explore the space.我认为探索太空是有必要的。(2)形式宾语代从句

例：They found it strange that no one would take the money.他们感到很奇怪谁也不要这一笔钱。

(3)过去分词做宾语补语表示宾语被动的动作：例：I had my pen stolen.我的笔被偷了。

(4)现在分词做宾语补语表示宾语正在进行的动作。例：They found her lying in bed reading a novel.他们发现她躺在床上看小说。

(5)以名词（间或可用代词）作宾语补足语：

例：In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.1849年他到了英国，并且把伦敦作为他的革命工作的基地。I think him an honest man.我认为他是一个诚实的人。(6)介词短语做宾语补语：如：

例：I can't find him in the office.我在办公室外没有发现他。(7)What do you find the hardest in...你觉得……最大的困难是什么例句：What do you find the hardest in learning English 你觉得学英语最大的困难是什么句型60 特殊的条件句：

(1)Suppose/ Supposing---, 假如……

例：Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do? 假如他缺席，我们怎么办？

(2)On condition that只要……；如果…… 例：I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.如果约翰也被邀请，我就来。

(3)provided(that)/ providing-----只要……

I will come provided(that)I am well enough.只要我身体好，我一定来。You may go out providing you do your homework first.只要你先做作业，你便可以外出。(4)so/as long as 例：As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.只要你好好干，终究会成功的。(5)祈使句+and + 陈述句(表肯定）例：Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.(= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile.)他会得寸进尺的。(6)祈使句+ or/otherwise +陈述句(表否定）

例：Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.(= If you don’t start at once, …)

(= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)立即动身，否则你会错过那班火车的。(7)…won't...unless...除非……否则我不会…….例句：I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.我不会写信给他的,除非他先写给我.句型61 特殊的比较句型：

(1)A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)例：She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.她眼睛的颜色跟她姐姐不同。

(2)...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)例：The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.对这个问题的看法是因人而异的。(3)A is superior(inferior)to B.A 优越于B 例：The modal is technically superior to its competitors.这一款式在技术上优越于与之竞争的产品。

Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.(4)be different from 例：Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components.它的意思有时候跟它的合成的意思完全不一样。(5)be inferior to 例：Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.现代音乐常被人认为不如过去的。

(6)A and B have sth in common.A 和B 有共同点。

例：The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.日本与中国的文化具有许多相同点。句型62 必须背诵的There be 句型：

(1)There is no immediate solution to the problem.对于这个问题没有立即的解决的方案。

(2)There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的...）

例：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。(3)There is no doubt that...毫无疑问,…….例句：There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.毫无疑问,健康胜于财富.(4)There's no point in...……是无意义的.例句：There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.对已发生的事生气是没有意义的.(5)There's no way...……绝不可能.例句：There's no way one could succeed without hard work.一个人不努力绝不可能成功.(6)There is no one but ~~~（没有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。

(7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.没有必要花钱去修理那破车了。

There is no use in regretting when time passed by.时间过去了再后悔就没有用了。

There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.用环保产品是没有害处的。

There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.没有必要匆匆忙忙上学校，因为时间还充足呢。(8)There no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth 例：There is no trouble in selling our car.我们毫不费力地卖了我们的车。句型63 time 句型：

(1)the first time 引导的状语从句

例：I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.第一次我见到她时，觉得她很诚实。(2)(the)next time 引导的状语从句

例：The harvest will have been got in(the)next time you come.你下次来时，庄稼已收好了。(3)the last time 引导的状语从句

例：What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in the last time he was in Cairo? 他上次来开罗时往的那家旅馆叫什么来着？(4)each time/every time 引导的状语从句

例：Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.每次夜间回来，你总是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。

(5)It is ／was the first／last／second ／third time ＋从句（完成时态）例：This is the first time I have been here 这是我第一次到这儿。(6)It is high time that sb did(should do)sth 该……的时候了。例句：It is high time that we went to the classroom.该我们进教室的时候了。

(7)by the time + 从句就在……时候；到……时候为止例：We'll be ready by the time you get back.你回来的时候，我们将准备好了。(8)It's time for sb to do sth 例：It’s time for me to log off.我该关机/下线了。(9)It's time for sth 例：It's time for lunch.午餐的时间到了。句型64 几种重要的表语从句句型：

(1)The point is that...重点/关键是…….例句：The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with her English.关键是你得遵守诺言,帮她学习英语.(2)The chance is that … 有可能……

例：The chance is that he will succeed.他很有可能成功。(3)The fact is that … 事实是……

例：The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.事实是他还没有康复呢。

(4)The problem/question is that … 问题是……

例：The question is whether we should ask them for help.问题是我们是否应该向他请求帮助。(5)That is---例：That is where Lu Xun used to live.这是鲁迅过去住过的地方。句型65 so/such that句型

(1)so that（引导结果状语从句）结果…… 例：We were late so that the teacher was angry.我们迟到，使得教师生气了。

(2)so that = in order that（目的状语从句）以便，为了例：I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class．

为了上课不迟到，我匆忙起来。

In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.为了使他不致迟到，他母亲在6点钟叫醒了他。

(3)so +形容词+（或a/an+ 名词）+that 如此……以致于…… 例：I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for collecting new stamps.我近来一直很忙，没时间搜集新邮票。(4)such +名词（或an/a+形容词 + 名词）+---that 例：It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it 这是一个异乎寻常的艺术作品，人人都想看一看。句型70 表示“也、同样”的句型(1)too 用于肯定

例：I like the book, too.我也喜欢这本书。(2)also 用于陈述句

例：She also speaks a little Italian.她也会说一点意大利语。(3)either 用于否定句

例：Peter can't go and I can't either.Peter 不能去，我也不能。(4)so 用于肯定的倒装句

例：You speak English well, so does he.你的英语讲得很好，他讲得也不错。.(5)neither/nor 用于否定的倒装句

例：I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.我从来没有听说这件事，她也没有。

Tom didn’t finish his homework.Nor did Jane.汤姆没有完成作业，Jane 也没有。(6)as well 用于句末

例：He knows German as well.他也懂德语。

(7)so it is/was with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同种类的动词例：Jack is a student and studies in China.So it is with Green.Jack是一个学生，在中国学习，Green也是如此。(8)The same is true of……，例：The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.那音乐单调，缺少激情；那表演也是如此。(9)The same can be said of……(……也是如此).例：The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.我们的国家也是如此，一个发展中国家。句型71 几种重要的同位语从句：(1)由where 引导

例：The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered.那个我们应该在哪儿建造厂房的建议应该给予考虑。(2)由what引导

例：I have no idea what he did.我不知道他做了什么。(3)由whether 引导

例：The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.他是否会参加会议这个问题还没决定。(4)由who引导。

例：The question who will go abroad needs considering.谁将去国外这个问题需要考虑。(5)由when 引导

例：I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。(6)由that 引导

例：The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good.学生应该有很多练习，这个建议不错。(7)由how 引导

例：He can’t answer the question how he got the money.他是怎样得到那钱的，他不能回答这个问题。(8)由why 引导

例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我搞不懂这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。句型72 with复合宾语句型(1)with + n + adj.例：He stared at me with his mouth open.他张着嘴凝视着我。(2)with + n + adv 例：The boy stood there, with his head down.这男孩低着头站在那。(3)with + n + 介词短语

例：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站着，一手插在衣袋里。(4)with + n + 动词不定式

例：With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.由于没有可谈话的人，John觉得很悲伤。(5)with + n + 现在分词

例：With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.由于物价迅猛上涨，我们买不起高当商品。(6)with + n + 过去分词

例：With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer immediately.她的眼睛盯着对面的墙壁，她没有立即回答。句型73 have 复合宾语句型：(1)have sb do sth 例：I won't have you say such things.我绝不会让你说这样的话。(2)have sb doing 例：She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.如果你再不小心的话，她就让你做全部家务。(3)have sth done 例：I have my hair cut every six weeks.我每六个星期剪一次头。句型74 几个重要的目的状语从句句型：(1)in case 例：He left early in case he should miss the last train.他动身得早，以免误了最后一班火车。(2)for fear(that)例：He handled the instrument with care for fear(that)it should be damaged.他小心翼翼地摆弄那仪器，以防把它弄坏。(3)so that 例：Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.让我们坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。(4)in order that 例：He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the early bus.为了赶上早班车，他起了个大早。句型75 几个难掌握的主语从句和宾语从句

(1)You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。

(2)You may take whichever(=any)seat you like.你想坐哪个位置就坐哪个位置。(3)Whoever(=Anyone who)cuts the trees down must be punished.任何一个砍树的人都必须受到惩罚。

(4)You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom)you meet at the office.你可以把条子给你在办公室看到的任何一个人。句型76 使用现在完成时和过去完成时的常用句型：(1)since句型：主句用完成时

例：My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.从1949年，我婶婶就一直在一家诊所工作。(2)since when +完成时

例：Since when have you planted so many young trees? 从什么时候你种植了这么多小树的？

(3)This/it is the first(third...)time sb have done sth 例：This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次到这儿。(4)by…（到……为止）到过去某个时候为止用过去完成时，到现在为止用现在完成时，到将来某个时候为止用将来完成时。例：She will have finished the book by my next birthday.到我下一个生日为止，我将完成那本书。

By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.到昨天十一点止我们就已经到达机场了。

但比较：By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.就在主讲者进入大厅的时候，所有的听众都坐好了。(5)in the past time(two days/years...)+完成时

例：In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.在过去的十年里，我们的家庭生活发生了很大的变化。(6)hardly...when....(no sooner...than)句型用过去完成时例：Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.我一到学校，铃子就响了。

No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.我们刚坐到桌子旁边电话就响了。(7)未实现的愿望打算等等用过去完成时

例：I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.句型77 几种特殊的状语从句句型：(1)everywhere 引导

例：Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.他们每到一处就收到热烈的欢迎。(2)anywhere 引导

例：We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.党指向哪我们就去哪。(3)the way 引导

例：She is doing her work the way I like it done.她在用她喜欢的方法做她的工作。(4)like 引导

例：The landlord was watching him like(= just as)a cat watches a mouse.那地主监视着他就像猫监视老鼠一样。(5)immediately引导

例：I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.我一刻也没停留，你一打电话我就来的。句型78 有关it的几个特殊句型：

(1)owe it to sb.that…把…归功于…

例：I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.亏你帮忙，我才及时完成了工作。(2)take it for granted that …想当然

例：I take it for granted that they will support this idea.我认为他们会支持这个提议是理所当然的。(3)keep it in mind that…

例：It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

(4)It can be seen from the statistics that...从这个统计可看出…… 例句：It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.从这个统计可以看出，练习对我们是有好处的。

(5).It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to, appreciate, stand 宾语从句紧跟it之后例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.我妒嫉你游泳那么好，而我不能。

I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.如果你晚上给我回电话,我会非常感激.I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.我无法忍受别人说话的时候满嘴食物.(6).It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例：I'm for it that you will follow their advice.我赞成你采纳他们的意见。

(7)It must be pointed out that 必须指出的是

例句：It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

(8)It has been proved that… 有人已经证实…… 例：It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。句型79 列举、说明句型：

(1)on the one hand---;on the other hand(2)For one thing---;for another thing---例：For one thing, these shoes don't suit you.For another, they are too expensive.一方面,这双鞋子并不适合你;另一方面,这太贵了.(3)It is one thing to...;it is another to...做这件事是一回事；做那件事是另一回事

(4)what's more---;morever---;furthermore---(5)Firstly---;secondly---;finally---(6)In the first place---;in the second place---(7)First of all/to begin with---;in addition/besides---句型80 总结句型：

(1)Through the above analysis(分析)例：Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.通过以上分析，我认为积极因素大于消极因素。(2)To sum up,总而言之, …

例：To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.决而言之，解决这个问题的方法有三条。(3)In short...总之……

例：In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.总之，学生们还没有达成一致的意见。

(4)In a word , it is clear that… 总之，很明显……

例：In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.总之，很明显，抽烟对我们健康有害。

(5)On account of this we can find that … 由此我们可以知道…

例：On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.由此我们可以发现中学生持有手机是不合适的。(6)In conclusion … 结论之, …

例：In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.结论之，我们必须理性地考虑这个问题，对农民的生活应给予更多的重视。(7)All in all, it is obvious that …..总之，很明显……

例：All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.总之，很明显，政府应该建立多种不同的学校去满足不同孩子的需要。(8)From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that...从以上所讨论的东西来看/考虑到所有这些因素，我们完全可以得出这样的结论……

例：From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.从以上所讨论的东西来看/考虑到所有这些因素，我们完全可以得出这样的结论，随着现代社会的进步，闲暇的生活方式正在减少，这未必是一件坏事。

1.随着经济的繁荣 with the booming of the economy 2.随着人民生活水平的显著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard 3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 4.为我们日常生活增添了情趣 add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed that…

6.我同意前者(后者)观点 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了广泛的公众关注 Sth.has aroused wide public concern./ Sth has drawn great public attention.8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion / debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 12.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 13.双方的论点 argument on both sides 14.发挥日益重要作用 play an increasingly important role in… 15.对…必不可少 be indispensable to … 16.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 17.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive / negative effects on… 18.利远远大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.19.导致，引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in 20.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 21.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / achievement 22.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 23.开阔眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 24.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 25.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 26.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into consideration 27.从另一个角度 from another perspective 28.做出共同努力 make joint efforts 29.对…有益 be beneficial to / be conducive to… 30.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 31.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for… 32.综合素质 comprehensive quality 33.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 34.应当承认 Admittedly, 35.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 36.满足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of...37.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 38.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources 39.因特网 the Internet(一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)40.方便快捷 convenient and efficient 41.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 42.环保的材料 environmentally friendly materials 43.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress 44.大大方便了人们的生活 Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.45.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 46.在一定程度上 to some extent 47.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 48.…必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

49.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly keen social competition 50.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 51.长远利益 long-tem interest 52.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 53.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 54.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 55.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 56.…的健康发展 the healthy development of… 57.重视 attach great importance to… 58.社会地位 social status 59.把时间和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 60.扩大知识面 expand one's scope of knowledge 61.身心两方面 both physically and mentally 62.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to… 63.导致很多问题 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 64.可以替代think的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 65.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress / burden 66.优先考虑/发展… give(top)priority to sth.67.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

68.可降解的/可分解的材料 degradable / decomposable material 69.代替 replace / substitute / take the place of 70.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities 71.反映了社会进步的 mirror the social progress/advance 72.增进相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding 73.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of 74.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure 75.保障社会稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 76.更多地强调 put more emphasis on… 77.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the social development 78.实现梦想 realize one's dream 79.主要理由列举如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows: 80.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.1.不用说?…

It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句

= It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。

There is not denying that successfulbusiness lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…

I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句

例︰我深信预防是于治疗。

I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各种…之中?…

Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …

例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易证明的。

It can be easily proved(that)子句

例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。

It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized

例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。

The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法?…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句

例︰就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

In my opinion, playing video gamesnot only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每个人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句

(B)就我所知?…

As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知?下列方法对我帮助很大。

As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫无疑问地?…

There is no doubt(that)子句

例︰毫无疑问地?近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。

There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根据我个人经验?…

According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …

例︰根据我个人经验?微笑已带给我许多好处。

According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …

例︰在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求学过程中?我忘不了…

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget …

例︰在我的求学过程中?我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)随着人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology,…

例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展?许多社会问题产生了。

With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在这信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。

In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工业社会中?…是生命不可或缺的。

In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在这信息的年代?计算机扮演非常重要的角色。

In this age of information and communication, the computer playsan extremely important role.15.在讨论…?一个人不得不承认…。

In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句

例︰在讨论未来的职业?一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。

In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是适当的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。

It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每当我听到…?我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot butfeel sad.每当我想到…?我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲伤。

Whenever I think of the clean brooknear my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.据说… It is said(that)子句一般认为… It is thought(that)子句大家都知道… It is known(that)子句据报导… It is reported(that)子句一般预料… It is expected(that)子句一般估计… It is estimated(that)子句一般相信… It is believed(that)子句

例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。

It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是…

The main reason why …..is(that)子句

例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。

The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗语说得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, ”…“

= As an old saying goes(runs, says),”…“ = An old saying goes, ”…“ = It's an old saying(that)子句

例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。

As an old saying goes, ”Honesty is the best policy." 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三个主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…?至少我们可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。

I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人们学外语有三个理由。

People learn a foreign language forthree major reasons.(C)为了维护健康?我们每天至少可做三件事。

To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承转句 23.那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …

例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说?早睡早起?戒除烟酒。

We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于这个理由?… For this reason, …(B)为了这个目的?… For this purpose, …

例︰基于这个理由?我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。

For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我们有理由相信…

We have reasons to believe(that)子句

例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。

We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事实上?…

As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …

例︰事实上?健康才是最重要。

As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如?… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如?我们盲目地提高生活水准?却降低生活品质。

For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外?我们不应忽视…

Besides(In addition), we should notneglect …

例︰此外?我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。

In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地?…

on the contrary, … = by contrast, …

例︰相反地?少数学生似乎还在鬼混。

On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面?…

on the other hand, …

例︰政府应严格执法?另一方面?大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。

The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, thepublic also should develop the goodhabit of reducing pollution.31.然而?很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句

例︰然而?很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。

However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.换言之?… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之?我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。

In other words, I will try my best toattain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为…

It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句例︰别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.从此之后?我已发现…

Ever since then, I have found that子句

例︰从此之后?我已发现…

Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.这样说来?假如...?当然毫无疑问地…。

In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句

例︰这样说来?假如我们能善用时间?当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。

In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更严重的是?…。

What is more serious is(that)子句

例︰更严重的是?我们不珍惜野生动物。

What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鉴于社会的实际需要?…。

In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鉴于社会的实际需要?愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。

In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章结论句

38.如果能实践这三点?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做这些简单之事?我们一定可以…。

By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做这些简单之事?我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。

By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此?我相信…。

In this way, I believe(that)子句

例︰如此?我相信大家能够像我一样?享受乘坐公车的乐趣。

In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.实践这些?…。

By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰实践这些?在智育方面我一直能不断进步。

By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三项要求?我们才能…。

Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作?我们才能…。

Only with combined efforts, can we….例︰唯有通力合作?我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。

Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后?但并非最不重要?…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。

Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。

This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。

This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于这些理由?我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于这些理由?我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。

For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.总而言之?…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …

例︰总而言之?好国民应该遵守交通规则。

In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此?我们能下个结论?那就是…。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句

例︰因此?我们能下个结论?那就是世上自由罪珍贵。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?…。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句

例︰如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?我们就能精通英语。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此?这就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此?这就是我重感冒的原因。

Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以?我们应该了解…。

Therefore, we should realize(that)子句

例︰所以?我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。

Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion(that)子句

例︰因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.从～观点来看?…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根据～的看法?…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰从政治的观点来看?这是一个很复杂的问题。From the political point

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