新编大学英语 Book I Unit 7 教案（合集5篇）

第一篇：新编大学英语 Book I Unit 7 教案

UnitSevenChoices in Life

Useful Information

Each day we all make many choices;most of these choices are small---what to wear, what to eat, what to do with any leisure time we might happen to have, to name just a few, still, there are many important choices that we make in life---which university to attend, what to study, what type of job to seek, whom to marry, etc.Sometimes we may become tired of making choices, but we always know that we will continue to make them as long as we live, because that is better than having them made for us.We may sometimes ask for advice about a choice we must make, but ultimately most of the decisions as to which choices are best will be made by ourselves, both important an unimportant.We also know that we will undoubtedly have to suffer the consequences of making poor choices and that we will often rejoice in the many fortunate choices we make.It is not surprising that one of the most common old sayings in English is, “you pay your money and make your choices”, meaning that you can do what you want to when it comes to making a choice but then you will have to live with the outcome.Many writers have written about the important of choices throughout our lives.One of the most popular and beloved poems in the English language has “choice” as its subject matter.In this poem, “The Read Not Taken”, Robert Frost describes walking along a path through the woods and coming to a fork in the path.He must choose which fork to take, that is, which way to go, knowing that he will probably never be able to come back and try the other way.He ends his poems by saying, “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” This poem is seen as a metaphor for the important choices in life which do, indeed, make “all the difference” for us.In Frost’s case, the choice is often interpreted as his choice of career, to take the risk of becoming a poet, knowing that thousands of poets never really succeed.Some choices bring risk with them.“Risk” may be defined as “the possibility of loss or injury”.In this sense, we may want to avoid taking a risk, but sometimes it is necessary to do so if we are to move forward and develop ourselves to our full potential.As Boris Pasternak the 20th century Russian Nobel prize-winning writer stated, “Art is unthinkable without risk.” Also, the American psychologist William James wrote, “It is only by risking our persons from one hour to another that we live at all”, stressing that in order to have to have a full life we must take risks.He stated further that “There if no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but indecision”, stressing that we must constantly make decisions which, of necessity, involve choice and risk if we are to lead full and happy lives.We may all think of the term “risk” in different ways, but it can be interesting to come to a decision as to what we mean by “risk” and then think about the important choices and/or risks that have thus far been involved in our lives.Part One Preparation

1.Decision Making

Many decisions:

(1)choose a good wife/ husband.(2)Find a well-paid and suitable job.(3)Choose a good university and appropriate major.(4)Choose what kind of people to make friends with.(5)Choose what to eat on a day-to-day basis.(6)Should I skip the English class since I’m not feeling well today?

(7)Should I go to school by bike or on foot.(8)Where should I study tonight, in the dorm or classroom?

2.Some phrases and expressions

range from…to…from…to…plan to do sth.manage to do sthpick…upget ready for

complain aboutbreak downyell at

stop…from…have a mealpay for

ask…to do sthsoap operaturn up

in a…voiceleave forturn off

take outinsist onday and night

report…to…plead with(恳求)…not to do sth

offer to do sthget admission to some place

dream aboutin this waygive up

have more trust in sbsacrifice…for…pull through(度过难关)

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

New words and expressions

1.expression

1)verbalization;articulation(表示，表达)

e.g.The scenery was beautiful beyond expression.2)appearance(神色，表情)

e.g.“I don’t understand,” he said, with an expression of complete surprise on his face.3)meaning, feeling(感情)

e.g.She puts great expression into her violin playing.4)statement(陈述)

e.g.“shut up” is not a polite expression.2.used to和be used to

used to意思为：过去常常……,后跟原形动词.e.g.I used to live in London.People used to burn candles in order to get light.人们在过去常点蜡烛用来照明。

It used to be said that…常言道…

Be used to 意思为：习惯于… 后跟动名词或名词

e.g.He is used to working hard/hard work.I am not used to being spoken to like that.像那样的态度对我说话，我是看不惯的。

Get used to…弄惯become used to习惯于

e.g.You will soon get/become used to our ways.你不久会习惯于我们的方式。

3.instead of, instead

两者的区别：instead of后跟名词或动名词，instead是副词，后面跟词语。e.g.We should do something instead of just talking about it.Could I have tea instead of coffee?

If Tom can’t attend the meeting, I could instead.I don’t want to go home.Let’s go to a movie instead.4.suggest 表示“建议”时，有下列常见用法：

e.g.Mary suggested that we order pizza for lunch.“I suggest buying the green bag,” said Linda.I suggest a tour of the museum.Whom would you suggest for the job?

What did you suggest to the manager?

Other phrases and expressions

Take risksinstead oftake caretake…as a jokegrow upfall to pieces

color: affect, influenceinhibit: hold backfalse alarm(虚惊)Be likely to do sthconfuse…with…in front of

By the thought ofat the thought ofon thinking

Instead ofthrow…at sbdevelop into

Tear one’s fleshbe faced withseparate…from… Tell…from…think aboutput…into practice Be certain abouttake actiontake steps/measures As soon asin some waystay away from(避开)

Be about to dowalk away frommistake…for… Be mixed upone thing at a timeend in

Inhibit…from…prevent…from…stay in bed

In relation toeven ifget angry

Get injuredtake the riskput in danger(使遭受危险)Take the chance of(冒…的危险)be faced with

Cross sb’s mind(突然想起，掠过脑际)deal with: handle [take action about 处理，对付]

Be eager to do sthblow up: explodecolor vt.influence Earn one’s livingswitch ontear one’s flesh(肉体受到严重伤害)Free of/frommatch…with…be willing to do Lead to(success)prevent…from…laugh at sb

Be ready to do sthdeal withagree with sb

Share with sbfire into sb(向…开枪)confuse…with…

Throw a brick at…develop into…make out(理解，证明)On the top ofcarry off(夺去抢走，获得奖品等)

At sunriseadvise sb to doin the first place In the second placein the third placetake…away from Instead ofsucceed in doingmake an effort Most important of allno sooner…than…on the other side Arrive attell ofa great deal of Rejoice to do sth(高兴/欣喜做…)for nothing(徒劳无功)For no purpose(徒劳无功，没有好结果)wage against(向…开战)in jest as a joke(开玩笑地，不严肃地)agree to sth

succeed in doing sthlater on(以后，后来)break into

be fond ofadd up(加在一起)allow sb to doshare withrun out ofin return for(换得/来)meet face to faceat the end ofend with

decline to do sth(拒绝做…)pay back(偿还)belong to sb/sth at the age ofstrike a deal(达成协议)go through

talk…over(商议/量)invite sb to…

第二篇：新编大学英语 2 Unit 12 教案

Unit 12

Time Teaching Aims:

In this unit students are required to : 1)get to know some useful information concerning the topic of the reading passages in this unit and to know more about English culture;2)do some preparation activities such as discussion, group work, etc.to practice their spoken skill and communicative skills;3)grasp some new words and try to use these words which help them to enrich their vocabulary;4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the in-class reading passage to improve their reading comprehension;5)do some post-reading exercises and some after-class reading to practice what they have got to know in class to improve their English comprehensive skills.;6)translate some typical sentences into Chinese or English by using some expressions learned in the reading passages to acquire some translating skills and better their translating abilities.I.Preparation 1．Proverb about time •Time is money.•Time is life.•Time and tide wait for no man.•To idle away one’s time amounts to killing oneself.•Everything can be bought except time.•Money lost, little lost;time lost, everything lost.Idioms •arrange one’s time

kill time •have a good time •afford the time •make up time •run out of time •save time •spare time •take one’s time •waste time •value time •make up lost time •at a time •ahead of time •behind time •for the time being •from time to time •in no time •against time(争分夺秒，尽快地）

2.Discuss the following questions 1.Are you often late for an appointment or for class? If so, for what reasons? •(No.I am always on time for appointments.I think it shows respect for other people.It’s rude to be late.If I am going to be late, I will try to let other person know.)•(Yes.But I am only a few minutes late.The reason may be that I don’t like to wait for someone else.Sometimes I’m late for class.That’s because I find getting up early in the morning really difficult.)2.Have you any suggestions for people who are always late? •(For people who are always late.I think first they should realize that it is impolite to keep others waiting.You are wasting other people’s time and you are giving them a bad impression.You should always pretend that the appointment is five or ten minutes earlier than it actually is.You can find someone such as a roommate to remind you of the appointment or class so that you won’t forget the time.If you find it difficult to get up in the morning, you should have an alarm clock.You might also get into the habit of getting up early to do morning exercises.II.Passage-Reading Activities 1.Finishing reading the passage within 16 minutes, and point out the main idea of the passage.2.Filling the blanks in the reading comprehension exercises.3．Language Points 1)to interact with sb/sth: to act on each other;to have an effect on each other or sth else •相互影响/作用/交流

•a scientist studying the complex way in which people interact with each other at parties(研究人们在聚会中互相交往的复杂方式的社会学家）

•All things are interrelated(相互关联的)and interacted with each other.•Help parents interact with their babies •（帮助父母与幼儿一起活动和沟通）

2)to insist on: to declare firmly(when opposed)坚持说，强调

•I insisted to everyone that he was wrong.•I insisted on my correctness.•to insist on: to order(sth.to happen)坚持要求，一定要 •I insisted on him going.•He insisted on her staying in London.•Then she insisted on John keeping silence.•to insist that…(should)do/be… •I insisted that he go with us.3)synchonize with(cause to)happen at the same time, speeds etc.使…同步

•The sound on a film must synchronize with the action.影片中的声音必须与动作配合一致。•The voyages of discovery synchronized with the emergence of capitalist economy.发现新大陆的航海与资本主义经济的出现同时发生。

4)in unison with sb/sth;in the same pitch •acting together in close agreement齐奏，齐唱，一致，协调

•The banks have acted in unison with the building societies in lowering interest rates.银行降低利率来配合房屋建筑协会的行动。

•The feet of marching soldiers move in unison.•When people sing in unison they sing the same tune at the same time---ie.They don’t sing in pairs.5)to bring back  return or cause to return •All the library books must be brought back before June 20.•Bring us back our books.[same as return]  obtain and return with 带回来

•When you go to the post office, will you please bring me some stamps back? •You bring something back from somewhere. cause to return to the mind使回想起

•Something brings back memories if it reminds you of past times.•The place brought back memories of happier times. cause to return(to health, existence etc)使恢复

•to bring back to life/health使复生/恢复健康

•And anyway he was dead, I couldn’t bring him back to life.If you say that a dead person cannot be brought back you mean they cannot be made to live again.6)to differ from…(in): to be unlike

• Things or people differ if they are unlike each other.• The twins look alike ,but differ in personality.• Wisdom differs from cunning.• John differs from his brothers in any ways.• to differ: disagree(持不同意见，有分歧）• People differ about something when they disagree.• He differed with his brother about/on a political question.7)to frown on/upon sth.: disapprove of sth不赞同，不同意，不许可

• People frown on or upon something if they disapprove of it.Smoking is frowned on at most public gatherings.• Gambling is frowned on by some church authorities.• My parents always frown on late nights out.to frown at sb./sth.: bring the eyebrows together皱眉

• You frown when you draw your eyebrows together in worry, disapproval or deep thought.• He frowned angrily at me.• She read through the letter, frowning at its contents.她把信看完一遍，从头到尾双眉紧锁。

• She was frowning with concentration.8)priority(over):right to do/have sth.before others优先（地位），更大重要性 • This project has priority over all others.• Military personnel often have priority over civilians.• The badly wounded take priority for medical attention over those slightly hurt.• One person or thing has priority when they have the right to be dealt with or be put first to get your priorities right: to understand what is most important and should be dealt with first • The health service should get its priorities right and concentrate on making people better, rather than trying to save money.9)to summon up • If you summon up your courage, your strength or the energy to do sth, you make a great effort to be courageous or have enough strength or energy to it.• I couldn’t summon up the courage to tell him.• to summon up: to gather /call together召唤，召集

• The shareholders were summoned to a general meeting.已召集股东开全体大会.10)in harmony with sb/sth.: in agreement with 和…一致，协调一致，相配 • His tastes are in harmony with mine.• He lives in harmony with his neighbors.他与邻居和谐相处。

• We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.• My cat and dog never fight---they live together in perfect harmony.• [the opposite out of harmony]

III.Post-Reading Activities 1． Finish the reading comprehension exercises on page 2000 and 2001.2． Finish the vocabulary exercises on page 2002 and 2003.3． Translation • He insists/insisted on driving her home.• I am also aware of the importance of completing the task on schedule.• All things are interrelated and interact with each other.• I think of him as someone who will always help me.• The twins look alike, but differ in personality • We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.• I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.• Does it never occur to you that I might like to be on my own occasionally? 4.Writing Write a description of an event when time seemed to pass extremely fast or slow.Try to focus on your perceptions of time.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.Sample

Time Flies

There is nobody but realizes the value of time.An old Chinese proverb says,” Every second counts.” Indeed when time is lost, we can not get it back.From this we know that time is a thing of immeasurable value.Many young men and women waste their time in indulging themselves in gambling, smoking, drinking, and dancing.They do not know the value of time, but idle it away carelessly.To be sure, such people will suffer the consequences.Life is short and art is long.We must devote our time and energy to our studies, so that we may be of service to our country.We regret being unable to acquire enough knowledge on the grounds that time is limited.We have to develop a habit of saving time, instead of spending time uselessly.If it is necessary for us to do our work today, let us do it today, and not leave it till tomorrow.Laziness is the thief of time.It not only brings us failure, but does us harm as well.Remember that if a man in youth does not do his best, he will feel sorry when he is old.Time Is Money The old saying “Time is money” means that time is a very valuable thing.Many things we can obtain more than once, but wasted time can never be gained again.Thus we may say that value of time exceeds that of money.Nothing can be done without time just as no one can live without air.But time is often neglected by men, since time is invisible thing.They often waste their time unconsciously.Without anything to do, they gossip from morning till night.This is a great loss to themselves as well as to the community.Man can only live one hundred years at most.It is a very short time , and time and tide wait for no man.Hence we should use our valuable time properly to do our tasks.Never waste a bit of it!6

第三篇：新编大学英语说课教案3（精选）

《新编大学英语》说课教案（课文）

各位评委老师，大家好！今天我要说课的内容是：《New College English》(Book Two)Unit One。本课的主题是Food and Culture（饮食与文化）。

一、教材分析

1、教材的地位和作用

这套由浙江大学编著的《新编大学英语》可以称之为我国第一套合理兼顾学生技能训练和应试能力的教材。整套教材采用了“以学生为中心的主题教学模式”。“以学生为中心”旨在理解和体现学生在知识、智力、情感、个性等方面的需求。所谓的“主题教学”即每个单元围绕一个主题展开听、说、读、写、译等活动，旨在培养学生的语言综合应用能力。我今天说课这一单元的教学主题是“Food and Culture（饮食与文化）”。通过对这个话题的学习，使学生能够了解各国不同的饮食文化和习俗，养成合理和开放的跨文化意识，为日后的学习做好铺垫，进一步提高学生运用英语的综合能力。本单元共需6课时完成：Preparation 和Listening-Centered Activities 2 课时，Reading-Centered Activities 2 课时，Further Development2 课时。今天我抽取的是第四课时所讲授的内容Reading-Centered Activities（课文）。

2、教学目标

a）知识目标

① 根据教学大纲的要求，使学生能够分析文章的写作结构和特点，并弄懂课文中出现的一些较长、难懂的定语从句。② 根据教学大纲的要求，使学生对不同国家和地区的饮食文化、习俗和禁忌有一定的了解。

b）能力目标

① 通过对课文的学习，使学生获取大量的可理解的语言输入，提高语言能力。

② 通过对饮食文化的学习，增强学生的跨文化交际意识与能力。

c）文化渗透目标

通过对饮食文化的学习，让学生了解不同地区和国家的饮食文化习俗及禁忌，在以后的跨文化交际中应大方的接受并予以足够的重视，以免造成交际上的障碍。

3、重点和难点

① 重点：根据教学大纲要求及教材的特点，我把分析文章的写作结构和特点作为本节的重点。

② 难点：根据学生的认知水平，我把理解课文中出现的一些较长、难懂的定语从句作为本节教学的难点。

二、学生情况分析

所教授的学生为全日制大学本科一年级学生。根据学生的年龄特点，他们对于具有时代性、知识性、趣味性、可思性的新鲜事物有着浓厚的兴趣，本课教学的内容选材新颖，趣味性强，可以激起学生的学习兴趣，会主动地参与到课堂活动之中。但由于学生知识基础差别较大，我采取了分级教学，开设快、慢两个班级，并对讲授内容进行相应的增加和删减。在对慢班的本课教学中，可以增加一些定语从句等语法内容的知识，使其基础知识更加地扎实。

三、教学方法

根据语言知识的教学特点，为了更好地突出重点，突破难点，提高学生的语言综合运用能力，按照学生的认识规律，我将采用的教法是启发式和讲授式的教学方法，以技能训练教学为主，语言讲授为辅，提高学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。并运用多媒体等教学手段，以达到最佳教学效果。

四、学生学法

因为《新编大学英语》提倡以学生为主体，让学生在教师引导下，通过体验、合作、参与学习过程来感受成功；又根据本课的主题是“饮食文化”，并且学生已具备一定的知识储备、搜集资料和运用学习工具的能力，我确定本课采用提倡的以学生为中心、以小组为形式的“合作学习，自主探究”的学习方法。

五、教学过程

1、课堂导入（5分钟）

在本节课中，我会采用交互式的方法，以教师提问、学生自由讨论回答的方式引入。我提出的问题是：如果你看到有人吃你不喜欢的食物时你有何反应？对于不同国家和地区的饮食文化禁忌，你都知道哪些？这样引入可以使学生结合自身经历有感而发，一下子激发起学生学习本课的学习热情和兴趣。

2、新课讲授（30分钟）

① 首先我会利用多媒体幻灯片给学生展现两篇简短的与饮食有关的文章，一篇为说明文，一篇为议论文。采用启发式的教学方法给学生讲解这两种不同文体的写作特点，以及在同样的主题下如何区分这两种文体。然后让学生打开课本，阅读课文内容，分析课文的文体特点并划出文章的结构，限时10分钟。这样让学生在规定的时间内带着任务有意识地阅读文章，可以提高其阅读的速度和理解能力。接下来，找学生说明自己分析的文章结构和文体特点，其他同学提出不同意见，予以更正。

② 在掌握文章的写作特点和结构之后，找学生分段朗读课文，老师可以在中间校正发音，这一遍的目的就是让学生能读准单词的发音并注意语调。在同学朗读的同时，让学生划出自己认为不容易理解和掌握的词汇和语言点。

③ 接着老师将这些问题呈现到黑板上，让学生四人一小组合作讨论解决，互相帮助，哪些解决不了的再由老师帮助解决，这样不仅能注意到个体差异，而且能充分调动每个人学习的主观能动性，以及充分发挥小组合作的力量。

3、课堂练习（10分钟）

在学生弄清文章的结构及语言上的难点之后，让学生做书中课后的翻译练习，复习巩固课文中出现的一些句型和表达法，达到了检测学生学习效果的目的。

4、归纳总结（3分钟）

根据本节课知识内容进行小节，并对学生的表现进行评估（以鼓励表扬为主）。总结学生学习知识的情况，强调练习中易出现的问题，并对学生下一步学习提出更高要求。5.布置作业（2分钟）

六、板书设计

Unit One Food and Culture 左板：Structure

1.Para.1~3: Introduction: People from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating.2.Para.4~6: The food taboos

India: cow

United States: dog

Ancient Egypt & Israel: pork 3.Para.7: Conclusion: Most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people.右板：Key points:

1.be sick, vomit, nauseate

2.make: be good enough to be or become…

3.twice as many…as /twice as much…as

4.sacred cow

七、小结

总之，本节课我会充分发挥以学生为主体，注重全员参与，同时包括老师，给学生创造一个民主、平等、信任的空间，充分与学生互动，一块儿进行新知识的探索、情感交流与体验，使学生从书上学，从老师身上学，从同学之间学，通过各种渠道学，达到资源共享。在合作学习中形成互动、交流、协作的良好人际氛围和团队协作精神。同时，在新知识的不断学习中，增强跨文化交际的意识与能力，学会与来自不同文化背景的各国人民友好相处。

第四篇：新编大学英语期末考试试卷

新编大学英语A2期末考试试卷

Part I Listening Comprehension(20%)Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Section A.A.An advertisement B.A newspaper C.Their work D.A dream A.On foot B.By car C.By bus D.By bike A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six A.The restaurant provides good food B.She enjoys her part-time job C.The restaurant offers cheap food D.There are several cooks in the restaurant.A.The movie was disappointing B.The movie was expensive to see.C.He wants to see the movie again.D.He should have seen the movie at home.A.$ 64 B.$ 86 C.$96 D.$140 A.To stay at home B.To go to bed immediately C.To see a movie D.To go to a party.A.Tom is unable to hear well.B.Tom didn’t say anything at the meeting.C.Tom doesn’t listen to him.D.Tom went out before the meeting was over.A.She bought something for her aunt.B.She was there only briefly.C.She missed it.D.She went to it on her way to the hospital.A.One hour and a half.B.Half an hour.C.45 minutes.D.40 minutes.Section B.Compound Dictation.Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times.During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage.Then listen to the passage again.When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank.After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard.Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.In many ___11___ of the world people clap hands to show that they like or __12___ of something.In the theater, at a concert, or at a football game, people ____13____ hands after they see something they like.In Russia the actors, ___14___, and athletes clap ____15_________ the audience.In most countries, however, the performers are happy to receive the applause.They don’t clap back to their fan.A very long time ago clapping meant the ___16____of what it means now.When people did not like an actor or a performer they clapped.They were trying to make as much noise as possible.They continued to clap until the actor left the ___17_____.At some time in history the ___18___of clapping changed.It became a compliment instead of an insult.Now when an audience wants to show great admiration for a performer, they not only clap but they ____19____.That is called a standing ovation.A standing ovation is the dream of every performer._________________20___________________________!Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)(40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum，professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker(黑客)and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer.The hackers are so involved with designing their programs, making it more and more complex and bending it to their hill, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.They rarely keep recorders of their programs for the benefit of others, and they take rarely time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be.Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t about the shape of things to come.“ That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multi-millionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT Professor Michael Dertouzos.“ And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”

When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all.If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments.Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “ intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are.She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.21.The Passage tells about_____.what has caused the emergence of computer hackers the strange behavior of the computer hackers the importance of bringing up computer hackers different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenon 22.Professor Weizenbaum believes the hackers’ strange behavior is caused by_____.their deliberate attempts to make their problems complex and impracticable their incompetence in making new computer programmes their ignorance of the responsibility they should assume their strong desire to control the computer 23.In Professor Bertouzos’ opinion, which of the following is true?___ The hackers are likely to be very successful business man.Only a few hackers will be successful in their later life.The hackers probably have better insight into the future than other people.The computer industry will certainly make the hackers millionaires.24.The phrase“to develop an identity”(Line7, Para.4)probably means_________.to cultivate creativity to seek an answer to become distinguished to form a habit 25.The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that______.perhaps the hacker phenomenon is a welcome development the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry.The computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidance The hackers may prove indispensable to the computer industry.Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Within about 50 million years, one of the mammals that lives in a marine environment, the whale, has developed into the largest of all animals forms.However, at least for the last 150 years, trouble has closed in on whales from humans.Whales have been hunted since about the eleventh century.Certain types of whales have been hunted too much.Recently, their number has been reduced so greatly that they are in danger of becoming extinct.People are worried about the fact that the number of whales is getting smaller and smaller.They are working to save them.There are reasons why people want to protect the whales.One reason is that whales help to keep a balance between plants and animals.People have been throwing their wastes into the oceans and seas, and these wastes increase the amount of salt in ocean and seawater.The increased salt helps some plants and some very small creatures to grow but these plants and small creatures are harmful to fish.However, whales are eating large numbers of plants and animals that grow in very salty water.In this way, whales are doing a good job as they keep the ocean water clean enough for the fish.In addition, because fish supply necessary food for many people, whales become our good friends which we want to save.Some people are now working to save whales by using the law.They hold meeting to ask fishermen to reduce the number of whales which can be killed in a year.They also work within countries to persuade law makers to make whaling against the law and to make the use of whale products against the law too.Now this struggle to save whales is going on in many places in the world.Some governments will not let people sell whale products in their countries.Other governments have changed the law about whaling.Many people believe that since the number of whales is regarded as a serious world problem, the remaining whales will be saved.26.The passage mainly discussed ________.the protection of whales the strange behaviors of whales the mysterious life of whales the advantages of too many whales 27.From the passage we know that during the last 150 years humans have______.returned to nature learned how to swim threatened the existence of some marine mammals begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food 28.According to the passage, certain kinds of whales will soon _______.kill most of the plants and small creatures find some other places to live in die out die from pollution 29.Salt in the oceans usually ______.decreases the plants which are harmful to fish gets rid of harmful plants and creatures removes the wastes thrown into them increases the plants and small creatures that do harm to fish 30.Whales are helpful to humans because______.they eat a large quantity of plants and creatures harmful to fish they make the oceans more and more salty they often save sailors lost in a storm they can communicate with humans Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others.These may show strengths that you can use in your work.A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career.A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work.So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school.On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard.Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details.This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work.You may be good at mental work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it.If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers.You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example.Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job.Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself.You may be all thumbs when you handle tools, perhaps you are a poor speller of cannot add up a column of figures.It is better to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist.Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background.You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.31.Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph? The importance of doing well at school.Using school performance to help to choose a career.The importance of being good at all subjects.The indirect value of school work.32.The writer thinks that for a student to have a part-time job is probably______.a waste of time that could have been spent on study useful for his future work a good way to earn extra money a good way to find out his weak points 33.According to the passage, if a student’s school record is not good, he______.will be a complete failure in his future work will not be able to find a suitable job will regret not having worked harder at school may do well in his future work 34.Which subject is supposed to have no direct value for job hunting? Mathematics English

Technical Drawing History 35.The whole passage centers on _____.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in acquiring knowledge by working hard at school finding one’s strong and weak points developing one’s abilities useful in school work Part III Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C.and D..Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.36.The general strike is a means of _______________ the total authority of the government.A.incorporating

B.reinforcing

C.challenging

D.transforming 37.They work hard to ________ a barren landscape into an area of beautiful pastureland.A.transform

B.transition

C.transit

D.transport 38.George took _________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.A.chance

B.interest

C.advantage

D.charge 39.I’d rather you ________ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A.don’t

B.wouldn’t

C.didn’t

D.shouldn’t 40.The new shopping center will not be ________ until next year.A.useful

B.available

C.avail

D.using

41.Shall we _______ girl ________ roses?

compare … for

B.compare … like

C.compare … with

D.compare … to 42.Please _____________ me if you feel sick.A.turn down

B.turn to

C.turn up

D.turn toward 43.____________ the teacher last night, I would have asked him about.A.Had I seen

B.I had seen

C.If I saw

D.If I have seen 44.Stop making so much noise, for you are _______ me from my work.A.attracting

B.distracting

C.contracting

D.contacting 45.The forest was ________ to few trees by the great fire.A.reduced

B.lessened

C.decreased

D.restricted 46.Let’s think of a situation _________ this idiom can be used.A.where

B.which

C.that

D.what 47.People will not believe those who always ________.A.argue

B.exaggerate

C.quarrel

D.tell truth 48.When _________ the evidence of his guilt, he confessed at once.A.faced up with

B.met with

C.opposed by

D.confronted with 49.His plan was rejected, ______ of its merits.A.regardless

B.countless

C.because

D.involving 50.Any country in the world should always be _______ with other countries.A.on peace

B.at peace

C.at ease

D.in case 51.________ it’s raining heavily, we’ll have to put off the picnic.A.Now that

B.Unless

C.If

D.If only 52.He looks _______ young, in fact he is in his fifties.A.apparently

B.evidently

C.plainly

D.clearly 53.The failure in the experiment _______ the carelessness of the young assistant.A.results in

B.results from

C.leads to

D.as a result 54.His younger brother is _______________________ he.A.ten centimeters tall than

B.ten centimeters taller than C.ten centimeters as taller than

D.ten centimeters taller as 55.He __________ works in that University.A.no longer

B.no more

C.longer than

D.no more than 56.Speech difficulties may sometimes be ________ if a person is shown where to place the tongue and teeth to make sounds.A.overpaid

B.overstated

C.overturned

D.overcome 57.His position is _______ to hers.A.inferior

B.high

C.low

D.good 58.He seems to __________ criminals.associated into

B.associated in C.associated with

D.associated to 59.I’m sure Harry will remember, but why not give him a ring _______ he forgets? A.in the case

B.in case of C.in case

D.in the case of 60.Only under special circumstances __________ to take make-up tests.A.freshmen are permitted

B.are freshmen permitted C.permitted are freshmen

D.are permitted freshmen 61.He is a very ________ secretary.So the boss wants to promote him.A.unless

B.effective

C.adequate

D.efficient 62.Generally, most of the people in world are not willing to __________ force to solve the dispute.A.ask for

B.like

C.resort to

D.get 63.The new arrival was ______ the famous scientist.A.none but

B.nothing but C.none other than

D.nothing other than 64.Human beings have _______ themselves to very diverse environments with the help of fire, agriculture and machines.A.adapted

B.adopted

C.adepted

D.addicted 65.It’s necessary ___________ the dictionary immediately.A.that he returned

B.that he return C.that he will return

D.that he has to return Part V Cloze(10%)Directions: For each of the following blanks four choices are given, choose the most appropriate one.The first man who cooked his food, instead of eating it raw, lived so long ago that we have no idea who he was or where he lived.We do know, however, that(66)thousands of years, food was always eaten cold and(67).Perhaps the cooked food was heated accidentally by a(68)fire or by the melted lava from an erupting(69).When people first tasted food that had been cooked, they found it tasted better.However,(70)after this discovery, cooked food must have remained a rarity(71)man learned how to make and light(72).Primitive men who lived in hot regions could depend on the heat of the sun(73)their food.For example, in the desert(74)of the southwestern United States, the Indians cooked their food by(75)it on a flat(76)in the hot sum.They cooked piece of meat and thin cakes of corn meal in this 77).We surmise that the earliest kitchen(78)was a stick(79)which a piece of meat could be attached and held over a fire.Later this stick was(80)by an iron rod or spit which could be turned frequently to cook the meat(81)all sides.Cooking food in water was(82)before man learned to make water containers that could not be(83)by fire.The(84)cooking pots were reed or grass baskets in which soups and stews could be cooked.As early as 166 B.C., the Egyptians had learned to make(85)permanent cooking pots out of sandstone.Many years later, the Eskimos learned to make similar pans.66.A)in

B)on

C)through

D)of 67.A)raw

B)crude

C)man-made

D)fresh 68.A)forest

B)cooked

C)kitchen

D)lightning 69.A)volcano

B)cave

C)mountain

D)valley 70.A)through

B)since

C)soon

D)even 71.A)when

B)which

C)until

D)as 72.A)food

B)a fire

C)himself

D)it 73.A)to cook

B)cooking

C)cooked

D)cook 74.A)places

B)realms

C)areas

D)domains 75.A)beating

B)frying

C)drying

D)placing 76.A)stone

B)board

C)table

D)plate 77.A)zone

B)sector

C)method

D)fashion 78.A)utensil

B)instrument

C)tool

D)equipment 79.A)by

B)over

C)on

D)to 80.A)supported

B)replaced

C)changed

D)switched 81.A)by

B)on

C)over

D)at 82.A)incapable

B)unavoidable

C)impossible

D)unpopular 83.A)broken

B)destroyed

C)spoiled

D)pierced 84.A)newest

B)latest

C)first

D)worst 85.A)stronger

B)better

C)more

D)longer Part V Writing(15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic “A Job-Applying Letter ” You should write at least 100 words and your composition should be based on the following : 1)Reason for writing(including how you found out about the job)2)Relevant information about yourself 3)How to contact you 4)Closing Keys: 听力答案：

１－５ ＡＣＣＡＡ

６－１０ ＣＡＣＣＤ

11.parts 12.approve

13.clap

14.performers 15.together with 16.opposite

17.stage 18.meaning 19.not only clap but they stand up and clap 20.Many actors say that is what they work so hard for----Applause!Applause!21-25 D D C B A

26-30 ACCDA

31-35 BBDDA 36~ 40 CACCB

41~45 DBABA 46~ 50 ABD A B

51~55 A ABB A 56~60 D A CCB

61~ 65 DCCA B 66----70.DAAAD

71---75.CBACD

76---80.ACADB

81-85.BCBCC

第五篇：新编大学英语4翻译

新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双

关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Unit 2

便笺的力量 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。” 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” “太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。16 当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17 那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。

Unit 3

从文化角度看性别角色 在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整

洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。

Unit 4

关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品 了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。5 创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。8 在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。

Unit 6

风险与你 在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑

虑就无休止地增加。对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？ 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。