第一篇：听众分析的角度分析奥巴马习主席演讲
“听众分析”角度分析两位领导人的演讲 演讲是指在公众场所，以有声语言为主要手段，以体态语言为辅助手段，针对某个具体问题，鲜明、完整地发表自己的观点，阐明事理或抒发情感，进行宣传鼓动的语言交际活动。
（一）我的听众是谁？
听众分为主要听众和次要听众，而两位领导人的主要听众都是两个国家的公民，因为两位领导人的就职，都和国家公民的利益息息相关，所以两国公民都对领导人的讲话非常的关心，领导人的讲话也需要他们的支持和拥护。奥巴马演讲的开场很有气势，隐隐表达了对投自己选票选民的赞扬，整个演讲很有激情，也具有较强的煽动性，并且很好的安慰了一些持观望态度的民众。习主席的讲话显得很官方正式，一上来介绍新一届中央领导的构成，为国民解答了心中的疑惑，整篇演讲着重强调的是“责任”二字，让国民对新一届领导班子更加的信任，能使国民万众一心、共同努力。两位领导人的次要听众都是国内外的媒体以及世界各地的人民，奥巴马的演讲向世界宣告美国会在自己的领导下度过难关，更上一层楼。习主席的演讲则表明我党还将继续全心全意为人服务，团结力量建设更好的中国。
（二）我与听众之间的关系怎样？
奥巴马与听众的关系略显复杂，听众大都持三种态度，一是支持，二是中立，三是反对，奥巴马再一次提高自己的形象，提高自己的政府形象，并且提高了全国人民共同应对挑战的信心，而且将这种信心传递给持观望态度的民众，试图并且得到了他们的支持，也要反对者暂时放心了敌对的态度，鼓舞他们共同建设美国。习主席和听众的关系比较简单，大都是支持拥护的习主席和新一届领导班子的，习主席也做出承诺要建设好国家，要对广大的人民群众负责，也确实得到了广大国民更加坚定的拥护和支持，是国民欢欣鼓舞。
（三）听众态度如何？
奥巴马的听众态度也是比较复杂，支持者希望奥巴马领导的政府能把国家建设的更好，幻想着美好的未来，中立者则是持观望态度，既不盲目轻信也不枉意反对，反对者的敌对态度是一时间难以完全消除的，因此奥巴马则是以一种宽容的姿态来包容这些反对的态度，尽量降低这些分歧的影响。习主席的听众态度都以支持拥护为主，因此在演讲过程中得到了广大听众更加坚定的支持和拥护，这些积极听众，希望习主席能带领中国走向美好的未来。
（四）听众已知道多少？
奥巴马在演讲之前曾经在各州做过不少演讲，对自己继任后的前景也做过多次的宣传和描绘，因此听众大致能知道奥巴马的演讲内容，奥巴马最后的演讲也是从听众的态度出发，再次鼓励他们，激发大家的信心。习主席演讲之前也多次强调自己以及新一届领导班子肩负的责任和使命，演讲中再次着重强调责任，也坚定了国民的信心，相信在主席的领导下能够建设一个更加美好的未来。
（五）我的建议是为了听众的利益吗？
奥巴马的演讲突出了要改善美国现在的不良现状，试图为美国国民的发展创造更加好的机会和条件，也构建了一个美好美国的未来构想，满足了美国国民的利益需求，因而能够得到美国国民的认可。习主席的演讲强调责任重于泰山，他以及新一届的领导班子会肩负着发展国民经济的伟大使命，因而习主席的演讲也是迎合了广大国人的需要，帮助国家度过难关，实现发展，为了听众的利益。
（六）如何围绕听众演讲？
奥巴马在演讲的时候顾及到了不同立场的听众，以一种宽容的姿态来包容那些反对的态度，尽量降低不同看法和立场的影响，并且充分抓住听众的感兴趣的要点，调动现场的气氛，极具煽动的鼓舞听众，抓住了听众的需求。习主席则是从一个大的方面抓住听众的需要，建设一个负责任的领导班子，对全国人民负责，对中华民族负责，全心全意为人服务，将负责这个要点灌输给听众，也是围绕听众进行演说。
第二篇：习主席和奥巴马讲话
习近平主席与奥巴马总统在会谈后发表讲话
PRESIDENT OBAMA： Everybody ready？ Well，I know we’re a little behind，but that’s mainly because President Xi and I had a very constructive conversation on a whole range of strategic issues，from North Korea to cyberspace to international institutions.And I’m very much looking forward to continuing the conversation，not only tonight at dinner but also tomorrow.奥巴马总统：大家准备好了吗？我知道我们有点晚了，这主要是因为习主席和我就一长系列战略问题进行了非常有建设性的会谈，包括北韩，网络安全和国际机构。我非常期待继续进行这个谈话，不仅仅是在今天的晚宴上，而且在明天。
But I thought we’d take a quick break just to take a question from both the U.S.and Chinese press.So what I’ll do is I’ll start with Julie Pace and then President Xi can call on a Chinese counterpart.但我想要我们有个简短的暂停，回答美国新闻界和中国新闻界的问题。那么，先让我从朱莉？佩斯（Julie Pace）开始，然后习主席可以请一位中国记者提问。
Q： Thank you，Mr.President.How damaging has Chinese cyber-hacking been to the U.S.？ And did you warn your counterpart about any specific consequences if those actions continue？ And also，while there are obviously differences between China’s alleged actions and your government’s surveillance programs，do you think that the new NSA revelations undermine your position on these issues at all during these talks？
问：谢谢你，总统先生。中国的网络黑客攻击对美国的损害有多严重？你是否就如果那些行为继续下去会产生的具体后果向中国主席提出警告？还有，虽然指称所说的中国这种行为和你政府的监视计划显然不同，但你是否认为新近披露的国家安全局（NSA）的做法有损于你在会谈中有关这些问题的立场？
And President Xi，did--
还有，习主席，你是否——
PRESIDENT OBAMA： Why don’t you let the interpreter--
奥巴马总统：请你让译员——
Q： And President Xi，did you acknowledge in your talks with President Obama that China has been launching cyber attacks against the U.S.？ Do you also believe that the U.S.is launching similar attacks against China？ And if so，can you tell us what any of the targets may have been？ Thank you.问：习主席，在和奥巴马总统的会谈中，你是否承认中国在向美国发动网络攻击？ 你是否也认为美国在向中国发起同样的攻击？如果是的话，你能否告诉我们攻击的目标可能是什么？谢谢。
PRESIDENT OBAMA： Well，Julie，first of all，we haven’t had，yet，in-depth discussions about the cybersecurity issue.We’re speaking at the 40，000-foot level，and we’ll have more intensive discussions during this evening’s dinner.奥巴马总统：朱莉，首先，我们尚未深入讨论到网络安全问题。我们现在只是泛泛而谈，今天晚宴期间我们将作较为深入的讨论。
What both President Xi and I recognize is that because of these incredible advances in technology，that the issue of cybersecurity and the need for rules and common approaches to cybersecurity are going to be increasingly important as part of bilateral relationships and multilateral relationships.习主席和我都认识到，由于突飞猛进的技术发展，网络安全问题和制定网络安全守则及共同的规范将会是双边和多边关系中日益重要的内容。
In some ways，these are uncharted waters and you don’t have the kinds of protocols that have governed military issues，for example，and arms issues，where nations have a lot of experience in trying to negotiate what’s acceptable and what’s not.And it’s critical，as two of the largest economies and military powers in the world，that China and the United States arrive at a firm understanding of how we work together on these issues.从某些意义上来说，这些是尚未探索的领域，例如不具有有像规范军事问题和军备问题那样的程式，在军事军备问题上，各国对于谈判协商什么可以接受、什么不可以接受有着大量经验。作为世界两个最大的经济和军事大国，中国和美国就我们如何在这些问题上共同努力达成明确认识，至关重要。
But I think it’s important，Julie，to get to the second part of your question，to distinguish between the deep concerns we have as a government around theft of intellectual property or hacking into systems that might disrupt those systems--whether it’s our financial systems，our critical infrastructure and so forth--versus some of the issues that have been raised around NSA programs.但是，朱莉，我认为回答你问题的第二部分很重要，即将两个情况区别开来，一个是作为政府，我们严重关切知识产权盗窃或对系统发起的黑客攻击，这种攻击给我们的系统——无论是我们的金融系统还是我们至关重要的基础设施等——造成干扰；另一个是，围绕国家安全局的计划提出的一些问题。
When it comes to those cybersecurity issues like hacking or theft，those are not issues that are unique to the U.S.-China relationship.Those are issues that are of international concern.Oftentimes it’s non-state actors who are engaging in these issues as well.And we’re going to have to work very hard to build a system of defenses and protections，both in the private sector and in the public sector，even as we negotiate with other countries around setting up common rules of the road.黑客攻击和盗版这类网络安全问题并非是美中关系中独有的问题。这些是国际关切的问题。一些非国家行为者往往也进行这类活动。即便我们在和其他国家就建立共同遵守的行为规则进行磋商的同时，我们也要以极大努力既在私营行业也在政府部门建立起防范和保护系统。
And as China continues in its development process and more of its economy is based on research and innovation and entrepreneurship，they’re going to have similar concerns，which is why I believe we can work together on this rather than at cross-purposes.随着中国继续发展，随着它的经济更多地要基于研究、创新和创业，他们将有相同的关切。这就是为什么我相信我们能够在这个问题上一道努力，而不是冲突。
Now，the NSA program，as I discussed this morning，is a very limited issue，but it does have broad implications for our society because you’ve got a lot of data out there，a lot of communications that are in cyberspace.And how we deal with both identifying potential terrorists or criminals，how the private sector deals with potential theft，and how the federal government，state governments，local governments and the private sector coordinate to keep out some of these malicious forces while still preserving the openness and the incredible power of the Internet and the web and these new telecommunications systems--that’s a complicated and important piece of business.But it’s different from these issues of theft and hacking.正如我今天上午所说，国家安全局的计划是一个非常有限的问题，但它对我们的社会确实有着广泛的含义，因为网络中有着大量的数据和大量的通讯交流。我们如何识别潜在的恐怖主义分子或罪犯，私营企业如何应对可能出现的盗版侵权行为，联邦政府、州政府、地方政府和私营行业如何协调防范那些邪恶势力，同时保护因特网、网络和这些新的电讯系统的开放性及其不可思议的威力——这是一项复杂而又重要的事务。但它不同于盗版和黑客攻击问题。
And every government is then inevitably going to be involved in these issues，just like big companies are going to be involved in these issues.I mean，you’ve got private companies that have a lot more data and a lot more details about people’s emails and telephone calls than the federal government does.And if we’re called upon not only to make sure that we’re anticipating terrorist communications but we’re also called upon to work with the private sector to prevent theft out of ATMs，et cetera，then we’re going to have to find ways to deal with this big data in ways that are consistent with our values； in ways that protect people’s privacy，that ensure oversight，and strike the right balance.每一个政府都不可避免地会涉及这些问题，如同各大公司会涉及这些问题一样。我的意思是，私营公司拥有远比联邦政府要多的有关人们的电子邮件和电话的数据和细节内容。如果我们需要不仅能做到预知恐怖主义分子的通讯往来，而且需要与私营企业一道防范对自动取款机的盗窃等等，那么，我们就必须要找到处理如此大量数据的方法，这种方法必须符合我们的价值观，必须能保护人民的隐私，必须确保得到监督，并做到恰如其分。
And as I indicated this morning，that’s a conversation that I welcome having.正如我今天上午表示的那样，我欢迎这样的对话。
习主席： 正如奥巴马总统所说，在今天下午的会谈中，我们只是简要地涉及网络安全问题。中国政府坚定地维护网络安全，我们严重关切网络安全问题。
PRESIDENT XI： As President Obama said，in our meeting this afternoon we just briefly touched upon the issue of cybersecurity.And the Chinese government is firm in upholding cybersecurity and we have major concerns about cybersecurity.在我和奥巴马总统今天会谈之前的几天中，我注意到媒体对网络安全的报道激增。这可能给人一种感觉，网络安全威胁主要来自中国，或者中美关系中最大的问题是网络安全问题。
In the few days before President Obama and I meet today，I note sharp increased media coverage of the issue of cybersecurity.This might give people the sense or feeling that cybersecurity as a threat mainly comes from China or that the issue of cybersecurity is the biggest problem in the China-U.S.relationship.新技术的应用是一把双刃剑，既推动了人类的物质文化生活进步，同时也带来了一些管理上的问题，可能对国家、企业、社会和个人的权利造成侵害。
The application of new technology is a double-edged sword.On the one hand，it will drive progress in ensuring better material and cultural life for the people.On the other hand，it might create some problems for regulators and it might infringe upon the rights of states，enterprises，societies and individuals.我们需要密切关注这个问题，研究有效解决的方法。这个问题实际上可以是中美以务实方式相互合作的领域。我高兴地了解到，在中美战略与经济对话的背景下，已经建立了一个工作小组讨论网络安全问题。因此，这是一个双方将继续探讨的问题。
We need to pay close attention to this issue and study ways to effectively resolve this issue.And this matter can actually be an area for China and the United States to work together with each other in a pragmatic way.And I'm happy to learn that within the context of the China-U.S.strategic and economic dialogue，a working group has been established to discuss cybersecurity issues.So this is an issue that the two sides will continue to discuss.通过真诚的合作我们可以消除疑虑，使信息安全和网络安全成为中美合作的一个积极领域。因为这是中国和美国双方的需要和双方共同的关切。中国是网络攻击的受害者，我们希望能采取认真的措施解决这个问题。
By conducting good-faith cooperation we can remove misgivings and make information security and cybersecurity a positive area of cooperation between China and the U.S.Because China and the United States both have a need and both share a concern，and China is a victim of cyber attacks and we hope that earnest measures can be taken to resolve this matter.谢谢。
Thank you.问：我是中央电视台（China Central Television）的记者，我想问习主席，今天下午的会谈比预期的时间长，你们讨论了哪些主要问题？会谈中达成了什么样的重要共识？去年你在访美期间提出了双方合作探讨你称为的新型大国关系概念，这种关系前无古人、后启来者。在这个概念提出之后，在中国和美国以及更广泛的世界范围内引发了大量的讨论和评论。那么今天下午你们在会谈中是否对此作了进一步的讨论？
Q： I’m with China Central Television and my question for President Xi is，what are the main issues that were discussed in the longer-than-expected meeting this afternoon？ And what are the major areas of consensus that have emerged from the discussion？ And last year，when you were visiting the United States，you raised the concept of the two sides working together to explore what you call a new model of major country relationship，something that is unprecedented in the relationship and that can inspire future generations.And after this concept was raised，there has been much discussion and comment on it，both in China and the United States and in the world more broadly.So did you have further discussion on this issue in your meeting this afternoon？
我提给奥巴马总统的问题是，美国方面将对促进建立中美之间新型大国关系有何举措？
And my question for President Obama is，what will the United States do to contribute to the building of a new model of major country relationship between China and the U.S.？
习主席： 在今天下午我和奥巴马总统的首次会谈中，我们就中美两国国内和对外政策，就共同努力建立新型大国关系，并且就共同关心的国际和地区问题，进行了深入坦诚的讨论。奥巴马总统和我就这些问题达成了重要共识。
PRESIDENT XI： In the first meeting that I’ve had with President Obama this afternoon，we had an in-depth，sincere and candid discussion on the domestic and foreign policies of China and the United States，on our joint work to build a new model of major country relationship，and our international and regional issues of mutual interest.And the President and I reached important consensus on these issues.我向奥巴马总统明确表示，中国将坚定不移走和平发展道路，将坚定不移深化改革，对世界更加开放。中国将努力实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，并努力促进人类和平与发展的崇高事业。
I stated very clearly to President Obama that China will be firmly committed to the path of peaceful development and China will be firm in deepening reform and opening up the country wider to the world.China will work hard to realize the Chinese dream of the great national renewal and will work hard to push forward the noble cause of peace and development for all mankind.中国梦要实现经济繁荣，民族复兴，人民幸福。中国梦是关系合作、发展、和平与共赢。中国梦与美国梦和其他国家人民的美好梦想相通。
By the Chinese dream，we seek to have economic prosperity，national renewal and people’s well-being.The Chinese dream is about cooperation，development，peace and win-win，and it is connected to the American Dream and the beautiful dreams people in other countries may have.我和奥巴马总统都认为，在经济全球化的时代，面对各国同舟共济的客观需要，中国和美国必须找到一条新路——一条不同于历史上大国必然发生对抗和冲突的新路。这就是说，双方必须携手合作，在相互尊重、合作共赢的基础上构建新型大国关系，造福于中美两国人民和全世界人民。
President Obama and I both believe that in the age of economic globalization and facing the objective need of countries sticking together in the face of difficulties，China and the United States must find a new path--one that is different from the inevitable confrontation and conflict between the major countries of the past.And that is to say the two sides must work together to build a new model of major country relationship based on mutual respect and win-win cooperation for the benefit of the Chinese and American peoples，and people elsewhere in the world.国际社会期待中国和美国做到这点。当中国和美国合作时，我们就可以做世界稳定的压舱石和世界和平的助推器。
The international community looks to China and the United States to deliver this.When China and the United States work together，we can be an anchor for world stability and the propeller of world peace.我随时准备和奥巴马总统合作，扩大双方各层交流。我和奥巴马总统将继续通过互访、会晤、通信、通话等方式保持密切联系。我邀请奥巴马总统适时来华举行类似这样的会晤。我们期待互访彼此的国家。
I stand ready to work with President Obama to expand on all levels of exchanges between the two sides.I look forward to maintaining close communication with the President through mutual visits，bilateral meetings，exchange of letters and phone calls.And I invited President Obama to come to China at an appropriate time for a similar meeting like this.And we look forward to visiting each other country.同时，双方将努力在各种双边机制中取得进展，例如战略经济对话和人文交流高层磋商。中国外交部长和中国国防部长也将在今年内访问美国。
At the same time，the two sides will work hard to make progress in the various bilateral mechanisms，such as the strategic and economic dialogue and the high-level consultation on people-to-people exchange.Also，the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Chinese Minister of National Defense will both make visits to the United States within the year.我们双方也应该在经济、贸易、能源、环境、人文和文化领域以及地方层次加强交流合作，以便深化两国共同利益，并将它们扩大到所有领域。
Our two sides should also step up exchanges and cooperation in economy and trade，energy，environment，people-to-people，and cultural fields，as well as at the sub-national level，so that we can deepen the shared interests of the two countries and expand them to all areas.我们也应该改善和加强两国军事关系，推进双方新型军事关系建设。双方也应改进经济政策协调，以便通过加强合作，我们能够推动各自国家的发展，并且促进亚太地区乃至全世界强劲、可持续、平衡的经济增长。
We should also improve and strengthen the military-to-military relationship between the two countries and promote the building of a new model of military relationship between the two sides.The two sides should also improve coordination microeconomic policies so that by strengthening cooperation，we can contribute to our respective development at home，and promote strong，sustainable and balanced economic growth in the Asia Pacific region and the world at large.我对我们共同努力建设新型大国关系充满信心。我相信事在人为。首先，双方都有建立这一大国关系的政治意愿。第二，以往40年的合作积累，使两国合作具有很好的基础。第三，中美之间有着90个政府间机制，为我们的努力提供了制度化保障。
And I’m confident in our joint effort to build a new model of major country relationship.I believe success hinges on the human effort.Firstly，both sides have the political will to build this relationship.Secondly，our cooperation in the last 40 years provides a good foundation for us to build on.Thirdly，between China and the United States，there are over 90 intergovernmental mechanisms which provide the institutional underpinning for our efforts.第四，这样的中美关系具有强大的民众支持。中美之间现有220对姊妹省州和城市。中国有19万学生在美留学，美国有2万学生在华留学。
Fourth，there is strong public support for this kind of relationship between China and the United States.There are 220 pairs of sister provinces，states and cities between China and the U.S.There are 190，000 Chinese students in the United States，and 20，000 American students in China.第五，两国有着未来合作的巨大空间。
And 5th，there is enormous scope for future cooperation between China and the U.S.当然，这是一项前无古人、后启来者的事业。因此我们需要加深相互理解，增强互信，进一步发展合作，管控彼此的分歧，从而避免走大国间必然发生对抗的传统道路，真正踏上一条新路。
Of course，this endeavor is unprecedented and one that will inspire future generations.So we need to deepen our mutual understanding，strengthen our mutual trust，further develop our cooperation and manage our differences so that we can avoid the traditional path of inevitable confrontation between major countries and really embark on a new path.中华民族和美利坚民族都是伟大的民族，中国人民和美国人民都是伟大的人民。只要我们高瞻远瞩，只要我们取得具体的进步，假以时日不断积累，只要我们保持信心和决心，只要我们具有智慧和耐心，我对我们将实现这个历史使命充满信心。
The Chinese nation and American nation are great nations，and the Chinese people and American people are great peoples.As long as we stand high and look far，as long as we make specific progress and accumulate them over time，as long as we maintain confidence and determination，as long as we have wisdom and patience，I'm confident that we will succeed in achieving this historical mission.对不起，我说的有点长。谢谢。
I'm sorry for going too long.Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA： Well，I think President Xi summarized very well the scope of our conversations.We spoke about some very specific issues--for example，President Xi mentioned the importance of military-to-military communications.In the past，we've had high-level diplomatic communications about economic and strategic issues，but we haven't always had as effective communications between our militaries.And at a time when there's so much activity around the world，it's very important that we each understand our strategic objectives at the military as well as the political levels.So that's an example of concrete progress that can advance this new model of relations between the United States and China.奥巴马总统：我认为习主席很好地概括了我们的谈话范围。我们谈到一些非常具体的问题——例如，习主席提到的军方与军方交流的重要性。过去，我们围绕经济和战略问题有高层外交联系，但我们并不是一向有同样有效的军方联系。当前世界各地动态很多，在这种时候，我们非常有必要不仅在政治层面而且也在军事层面理解我们的战略目标。这是推动美中新型关系具体进步的一个例子。
So we'll be taking steps to institutionalize and regularize such discussions.But more broadly，I think President Xi identified the essence of our discussions in which we shared our respective visions for our countries' futures and agreed that we're more likely to achieve our objectives of prosperity and security of our people if we are working together cooperatively，rather than engaged in conflict.因此，我们将采取步骤，使这样的磋商制度化和常规化。但从更广泛的意义上说，我认为习主席 指出了我们讨论的要点，我们展望了各自国家未来的愿景，并一致认为，通过合作而不是冲突，我们更可能实现两国人民繁荣安全的目标。
And I emphasized my firm belief to President Xi that it is very much in the interest of the United States for China to continue its peaceful rise，because if China is successful，that helps to drive the world economy and it puts China in the position to work with us as equal partners in dealing with many of the global challenges that no single nation can address by itself.我向习主席强调，我坚信中国继续和平崛起非常符合美国的利益，因为中国如果成功，将有助于推动世界经济，并使中国能够作为平等伙伴与我们共同处理许多任何一个国家都无法单独应对的全球性挑战。
So，for example，neither country by itself can deal with the challenge of climate change.That's an issue that we'll have to deal with together.China as the largest country，as it continues to develop，will be a larger and larger carbon emitter unless we find new mechanisms for green growth.The United States，we have the largest carbon footprint per capita in the world； we've got to bring down our carbon levels in order to accommodate continued growth.And so that will translate then into opportunities for specific work around green technologies and research and development，and interactions between our scientists so that we can，together，help advance the goal of a sustainable planet，even as we continue to grow and develop.例如，我们两国哪个国家都无法单独应对气候变化的挑战。在这个问题上我们必须合作。中国作为最大的国家，随着她的继续发展，将成为越来越大的碳排放国，除非我们能找到绿色发展的新机制。我们美国在全世界的人均碳足迹最大；为适应可持续的发展，我们必须降低碳排放水平。这将转化为绿色技术、研究和发展等领域的具体就业机会以及我们科学家之间的交流，从而使我们能够携手努力，在我们继续增长和发展的同时，推进实现让地球可持续的目标。
We've got a lot of work to do to take these broad understandings down to the level of specifics，and that will require further discussions not only today and tomorrow，but for weeks，months，years to come.But what I'm very encouraged about is that both President Xi and myself recognize we have a unique opportunity to take the U.S.-China relationship to a new level.And I am absolutely committed to making sure that we don't miss that opportunity.要将这些广泛的认识转化为具体行动，我们还要做大量的工作，而这将需要进一步的磋商，不仅在今明两天，而且在今后数周、数月和数年中。但让我备受鼓舞的是，习主席和我都认识到，我们有着将美中关系发展到一个新水平的独特机遇。我绝对致力于确保我们不坐失这一机遇。
Thank you very much，everybody.多谢各位。
第三篇：奥巴马就职演讲文体学分析
英语文体学论文
—对美国总统奥巴马就职演说英语文体学分析
Speech is an art form of verbal expression, developing as the human being and social.The American presidential candidate’s campaign speech is an important way to promote his political views to win the public support.Hundred years, from George Washington to George Bush, the presidents show their wishes and dreams through the inauguration speech.The words are usually made by a number of most famous and talented writers.The speech is filled with fancy sentences and fragment of a beauty appreciation.Obama's inauguration speech drew all attention in the world.This paper tries to analyze Obama's inauguration speech in the level of English stylistic.By the use of analysis methods of English stylistic, you can help the audience understand more of this speech.1.Words
Compare to daily conversations, the public speech expression’s choice is more precise.There are 2043 words in Obama's inauguration speech.Many emotional words are used to achieve the desired results.Speech language using is decided by its particular context, with both oral and written language characters.Therefore, it is found this inauguration
speech is full of spoken words, mostly simple, in order to let the whole country to understand.(Eg: I stand here today humbled by the task before us.)In the English public speech, we need the attribution of abstract when talk about concepts and quality.In the meantime, the uses of abstract and complicated word are more precise and serious.In this speech paper, they use the abstract words such as enormity, spirit, patriotism to show the political color of the Obama’s politic views.2.The sentence features
In informal speech, the speaker use short sentences to enhance the speaker’s power of persuasion.There are 2043 words or 107 sentences in the Obama’s speech.The average sentences length is 19.1 words per sentence, which is more than the average English sentences length 17.6 words per sentence.In this official inauguration speech, there are a variety of the lengths of sentences, with the maximum sentence up to 49 words, but if coming along with appropriate pause, a long sentence is not difficult to understand.On the contrary, the shortest sentence is “Yes, we can!”.And it gains the most powerful audience response and becomes one of the most popular slogans.Using appropriate sentence length interchangeably in the speech can arouse audience's feeling.In addition, Obama chooses different types of sentences, such as statements, imperative clauses and rhetorical questions, etc.Obama uses a strong
imperative clause “This is our chance to answer that call.This is our moment.This is our time” to show a tough will.Obama repeatedly used “let us” guiding imperative clauses.Effective usages of imperative clauses in a short time can cheer up the audience's feelings to support the speaker's policies.In contrast, a question sentence is few in his speech, but if with felicitous usages, it will bring tremendous effects.For examples, “If„, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?”He is piloting the audiences to get his inspiration while thinking of these two questions.3.Rhetorical usage
(1)Parallel construction
In the speech language, the parallel construction is a common rhetoric usage(formed by a group of similar structures of the words, phrases and sentences).The use of this structure can enhance audience's attention and impression.It can make the speech more accurate ,contagious.For example:
1)It’s the answer 2)…It can’t happen …
(2)Phonetic figures of speech
A phonetic figure of speech is a kind of rhetorical usage based on pronounces of the words.In the paragraph, it appears some words with the same consonant to make the speech more convincible.For example: us to make that way things were.2)It can’t happen without you, without a new a new(3)Metaphor
Metaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another.A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas;the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.1)I would not be standing here without the unyielding support of my life, the nation’s next first lady Michelle Obama.In this sentence, Obama says his wife is like the cornerstone of his family to indicate his wife’s important role in his family.In this sentence, Obama uses lighthouse to indicate the future of American is bright.4.Conclusion
Obama's inauguration speech has fully demonstrated the usage of combination of public speaking and writing styles with a highly contagious and conviction.We students can learn a lot from reading and anglicizing this kind of classical article to make our writing and feeling of English culture better.
第四篇：奥巴马2008就职演讲语言分析
obama inaugural speech language features 关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析_句子结构 时间：2011-06-18 08:52:51 来源：句子结构 作者：秩名
论文导读:：这也正是政治演说通常带有明显的宗教色彩的原因。关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析。论文关键词：就职演说修辞手段，宗教色彩，句子结构
总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位，其演说亦各具特色。二百多年来，从乔治.华盛顿到巴洛克.奥巴马，总统们通过就职演说表达其美好希望和英雄梦想，展示其雄才大略和施政纲领。因此，很多的就职演说词不仅仅是总统个人忠诚与热情、风度与智慧的生动写照，更是美国民族社会与历史、经济与文化的壮丽画卷，值得鉴赏和学习。
作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构，巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机，其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的作用。本文将从修辞手段的运用，句子类型以及宗教特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言特色进行分析。
一． 修辞特色
总统就职演说的主要目的是通过宣传本届政府的主要政策以唤起民众的热情，使民众认可新政府并加以支持。各类修辞手段的运用将会使得演说更加生动和具有说服力，以达到上述目的。
1.排比的运用 ? for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions „for us,they toiled in sweatshops„for us, they fought and died„ ?the capital was abandoned.the enemy was advancing.the snow wasstained with blood.2.反复的运用
在现代英语中，反复（repetition）通常被用来表达强烈的感受，展示压抑的情感或是强调某物的重要性（胡曙中，1993）。在奥巴马的就职演说词中，有多个词如“危机”等被反复使用。具体分析如下：
通过分析上表可以看出，总统在演说中多次提到我们以及表示危机、精神和奋斗等意义的词语。通过反复的强调，使整个国家的听众感受到总统战胜危机、继续推进国家发展的决心和信心。在演说词中，较之于对“threat”的轻蔑语气，奥巴马更青睐“work”一词，这也清楚而且强烈的表达出了他对于当前国家经济状况的政治态度和决心。与其他词相比，“we”是使用次数最多的一个单词。在这一个个的我们当中，听众感受到与演说者的一种强烈的亲密联系，整个国家仿佛一个紧密团结的整体，应当共同努力、共同奋斗以及共同前行。由此，演说的目的也就达到了。3.头韵的运用
有魅力的语言是一定是充满韵律的。头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.它指的是在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感（熊莉句子结构，2004）。
每种文体的写作都要考虑文字读起来是否流畅和有节奏，总统的演讲稿也不能例外。恰当的运用压头韵的修辞手段，将会是的演说词的语言抑扬顿挫、富有节奏感，从而起到感染气氛和增强效果的作用。
二．宗教特色
宗教是西方文化不可或缺的组成部分。在历次的就职演说中，总统们通常都会希望借助上帝的力量使得他们的演说更加充满吸引力和感染力。这也正是政治演说通常带有明显的宗教色彩的原因。奥巴马在他的就职演说中，多次直接引用圣经中的句子来表达其政治观点，目的在于使得本次演说更加具有说服力，鼓励民众树立对新政府迎战危机、重建更美好未来的信心。
the god-given promise that all are equal,all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure ofhappiness.? we are a nation of christians and muslims,jews and hindus-and non-believers...’ in this sentence, the presidents standis shown by mentioning most of the main religious believes in the usa , whichwould benefit the unity of the different religious believers and the lesseningof religious conflicts.?...with eyes fixed onthe horizon and god’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift offreedom and delivered it safely to future generations.在就职演说的最后，奥巴马总统祈求上帝的赐福，号召民众将上帝所赋予人类的自由之权世代相传，无所畏惧迎战一切困难。三．句式结构
与日常会话、广告词和新闻报道等不同，总统就职演说在句式结构上也有独特的要求中国论文下载中心。在演讲中，陈述句居多，而一般很少使用疑问句，原因是虽然疑问句会使得演讲的语言生动，但同时也会削弱演说的严肃性句子结构，因而降低演说的信服力（熊莉，2004）。
恰当的运用祈使句可以使得演说具有极强的号召力。巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际恰逢美国身处经济危机的关键时刻，为达到鼓励民众为经济复兴而努力奋战的目的，很显然对于当前形势轻描淡写的描述肯定是不够的。在这种情况下，他的就职演说必须具备足够的吸引力和号召力，才能够挽回濒临对政府失去信任边缘的民众的心。
巴拉克.奥巴马总统是一位十分具有演说才能的总统，他的就职演说更是取得了巨大的成功。这篇就职演说无论在阐述观点还是文字修饰方面都颇具功力，具有很高的政治价值和文学价值。由于演说词庄重严肃的独特语境,虽然这篇演说是通过口头方式进行表达的,却具有较强的书面语特征。本文通过对其就职演说在修辞手法、宗教色彩和句子结构特点等语言特色方面的分析，意在指出修辞手段的熟练运用，对演说词的文体特征的准确把握以及此演说富有的浓郁的宗教色彩都使它成为英文政治演说中的成功之作,不仅具有很高的欣赏价值,而且顺利地达到了总统就职演说的政治目的。
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胡曙中，英汉修辞比较研究[m]。上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1993。
胡曙中，英语修辞学[m]。上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001。
熊莉，从就职演说词看肯尼迪演说的文体风格[j]。西南民族大学学报:人文社科版, 2004,(6)。王佐良,丁旺道。英语文体学引论[m]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1987。
徐振忠，英语政治演说词的宗教色彩[j]。《现代外语》,1995,(3)。
姓名：段学雯
文章字数：3000图表：1个篇二：obamma奥巴马2008就职演说逐句翻译 my fellow citizens: 同胞们： i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.i thank president bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.我今天站在这里，深感面前使命的重大，深谢你们赋予的信任，并铭记我们前辈所付的代价。我感谢布什总统对国家的贡献以及他在整个过渡阶段给予的大度合作。forty-four americans have now taken the presidential oath.the words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.at these moments, america has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.至此，有四十四个美国人发出总统誓言。这些字词曾在蒸蒸日上的繁荣时期和宁静安详的和平年代诵读。但是间或，它们也响彻在阴云密布、风暴降临的时刻。美国能够历经这些时刻而勇往直前，不仅因为当政者具有才干或远见，而且也因为“我们人民”始终坚信我们先辈的理想，对我们的建国理念忠贞不渝。so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.这是过来之路。这是这一代美国的必由之路。that we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.our health care is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.我们处于危机之中，这一点已得到充分认识。我国在进行战争，打击分布广泛的暴力和仇恨势力。我们的经济严重衰弱，部分归咎于一些人的贪婪不轨，同时也因为我们作为一个整体，未能痛下决心，让国家作好面对新时代的准备。如今，住房不再，就业减少，商业破产。医疗保健费用过度昂贵；学校质量没有保障；而每一天都在不断显示，我们使用能源的方式在助长敌人的威风，威胁我们的星球.these are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land--a nagging fear that americas decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.这些是危机的迹象，数据统计将予以证明。不易于衡量然而同样严重的是全国各地受动摇的信心——一种挥之不去的恐惧感，认为美国将不可避免地走下坡路，下一代人不得不放低眼光。
today i say to you that the challenges we face are real.they are serious and they are many.they will not be met easily or in a short span of time.but know this, america: they will be met.今天，我告诉大家，我们面临的挑战真实存在，并且严重而多重。它们不可能在一个短时间内被轻易征服。但是，美国，请记住这句话——它们将被征服。on this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.我们今天聚集在这里是因为我们选择希望而不是恐惧，选择齐心协力而不是冲突对立。1 我们今天在这里宣告，让斤斤计较与虚假承诺就此结束，让窒息我国政治为时太久的相互指责和陈词滥调就此完结。我们仍是一个年轻的国家，但用圣经的话说，现在是抛弃幼稚的时侯了。现在应是我们让永恒的精神发扬光大的时侯，应是选择创造更佳历史业绩的时侯，应是将代代相传的宝贵财富、崇高理想向前发展的时侯：上帝赋予所有人平等、所有人自由和所有人充分追求幸福的机会。in reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.it must be earned.our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less.it has not been the path for the fainthearted--for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things--some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor--who have carried us up the long, rugged path toward prosperity and freedom.在重申我们国家伟大精神的同时，我们懂得，伟大从非天生，而是必须赢得。我们的历程从来不是走捷径或退而求其次的历程。它不是弱者的道路——它不属于好逸恶劳或只图名利享受的人；这条路属于冒险者，实干家，创造者——有些人享有盛名，但大多数是默默无闻耕耘劳作的男女志士，是他们带我们走向通往繁荣和自由的漫长崎岖之路。for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.为了我们，他们打点起贫寒的行装上路，远涉重洋，追求新生活 for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.为了我们，他们在血汗工厂劳作，在西部原野拓荒，忍着鞭笞之痛在坚硬的土地上耕耘。for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg;normandy and khe sahn.为了我们，他们奔赴疆场，英勇捐躯，长眠于康科德、葛底斯堡、诺曼底和溪山。time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.为了我们能够过上更好的生活，他们前赴后继，历尽艰辛，全力奉献，不辞劳苦，直至双手结起层层老茧。他们看到的美国超越了我们每一个人的雄心壮志，也超越了所有种族、财富或派系的差异。this is the journey we continue today.we remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on earth.our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.our capacity remains undiminished.but our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions--that time has surely passed.starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.今天，作为后来者，我们踏上了这一未竟的旅程。我们依然是地球上最繁荣、最强大的国家。我们的劳动者的创造力并没有因为眼前的这场危机而减弱。我们的头脑依然像以往那样善于发明创新。我们的产品与服务仍旧像上星期、上个月或去年一样受人欢迎。我们的能力丝毫无损。但是，维持现状、保 2 护狭隘的利益集团、推迟困难的抉择的时代无疑已成为过去。从今天起，我们必须振作起来，扫除我们身上的尘土，重新开启再造美国的事业。
无论我们把目光投向何处，都有工作在等待着我们。经济形势要求我们果敢而迅速地行动，我们将不辱使命——不仅要创造新的就业机会，而且要打下新的增长基础。我们将建造道路和桥梁，架设电网，铺设承载我们的商务和把我们紧密相连的电子通讯网络。我们将恢复尊重科学的传统，利用高新技术的超常潜力提高医疗保健质量并降低成本。我们将利用太阳能、风力和地热为车辆和工厂提供能源。我们将改造我们的中小学和高等院校，以应对新时代的挑战。这一切我们都能做到。这一切我们必将做到。现在，有人怀疑我们的雄心壮志——他们说我们的体制不能承受太多的宏伟规划。他们的记忆是短暂的，因为他们忘记了这个国家已经取得的成就，忘记了一旦共同的目标插上理想的翅膀、现实的要求鼓起勇气的风帆，自由的人民就会爆发出无穷的创造力。what the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them--that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.the question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works--whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, programs will end.and those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account--to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day--because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.那些冷眼旁观的人没有认识到他们脚下的大地已经移动——那些长期以来空耗我们的精力的陈腐政治观点已经过时。我们今天提出的问题不是我们的政府太大还是太小，而是它是否行之有效——它是否能够帮助人们找到报酬合理的就业机会，是否能够为他们提供费用适度的医疗保健服务，是否能够确保他们在退休后不失尊严。如果回答是肯定的，我们就要向前推进。如果回答是否定的，计划和项目必须终止。作为公共资金的管理者，我们必须承担责任——明智地使用资金，抛弃坏习惯，在阳光下履行职责——因为只有这样我们才能恢复人民对政府的至关重要的信任。
我们提出的问题也不在于市场力量是替天行道还是为虎作伥。市场在生成财富和传播自由方面具有无与伦比的力量，但这场危机提醒我们：没有严格的监督，市场就会失控——如果一个国家仅仅施惠于富裕者，其富裕便不能持久。我们的经济成功从来不是仅仅依赖国内总产值的规模，而是还依赖繁荣的普及，即为每一位愿意致富的人提供机会的能力——不是通过施舍——因为这才是最可靠的共同富裕之路。3 至于我们的共同防御，我们决不接受安全与理念不可两全的荒谬论点。建国先贤面对我们难以想见的险恶局面，起草了一部保障法治和人权的宪章，一部子孙后代以自己的鲜血使之更加完美的宪章。今天，这些理念仍然照耀着世界，我们不会为一时之利而弃之。因此，对于今天正在观看此情此景的其他各国人民和政府──从最繁华的首都到我父亲出生的小村庄──我们希望他们了解：凡追求和平与尊严的国家以及每一位男人、妇女和儿童，美国是你们的朋友。我们已经做好准备，再一次走在前面。回顾过去，几代人在战胜法西斯主义和共产主义时依靠的不仅仅是导弹和坦克，更是牢固的联盟和不渝的信念。他们懂得单凭实力无法保护我们的安全，实力也并不赋予我们随心所欲的权利。相反，他们知道审慎使用实力会使我们更强大；我们的安全源于事业的正义性、典范的感召力、以及谦卑和克制的平衡作用 we are the keepers of this legacy.guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort--even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.we will begin to responsibly leave iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in afghanistan.with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.we will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken;you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.我们是这一传统的继承者。我们只要从新以这些原则为指导，就能应对那些新威胁，为此必须付出更大的努力──推动国家间更多的合作与理解。我们将开始以负责任的方式把伊拉克移交给伊拉克人民，并在阿富汗巩固来之不易的和平。我们将与多年的朋友和昔日的对手一道不懈地努力，减轻核威胁，扭转全球变暖的厄运。我们不会在价值观念上退缩，也不会动摇捍卫它的决心，对于那些妄图以煽动恐怖和屠杀无辜的手段达到其目的的人，我们现在就告诉你们，我们的意志更加顽强、坚不可摧；你们无法拖垮我们，我们必将战胜你们。
因为我们知道，我们百衲而成的传统是一种优势，而不是劣势。我们是一个由基督教徒和穆斯林、犹太教徒和印度教徒、以及无宗教信仰者组成的国家。我们受惠于地球上四面八方每一种语言和文化的影响。由于我们饮过南北战争和种族隔离的苦水，走出了那个黑暗时代并变得更加坚强和团结，我们不能不相信昔日的仇恨终有一天会成为过去；部族之间的界线很快会消失；随着世界变得越来越小，我们共同的人性将得到彰显；美国必须为迎来一个和
平的新纪元发挥自己的作用。to the muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the west: know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.to those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history;but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.to the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow;to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.and to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders;nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect.for the world has changed, and we must change with it.对于贫困国家的人民，我们保证同你们并肩努力，为你们的农田带来丰收，让清洁的用水取之不竭；使饥饿的身体得以饱食，使饥渴的心灵受到滋润。对于那些象我们一样比较富裕的国家，我们要说我们再不能对他人的苦难无动于衷，也再不能肆意消耗世界的资源。世界已经改变，我们必须与时俱进。as we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.they have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in arlington whisper through the ages.we honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service;a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.and yet, at this moment--a moment that will define a generation--it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.在思索我们面前的道路时，我们怀着崇敬的心情感谢此刻正在偏远的沙漠和山区巡逻的英勇无畏的美国人。他们向我们述说着什么，正如在阿灵顿(arlington)公墓长眠的阵亡英雄在漫漫岁月中低浅的吟诵。我们崇敬他们，不仅因为他们捍卫着我们的自由，而且因为他们代表着献身精神，体现了超越个人，寻求远大理想的意愿。然而，在这个时刻，这个具有划时代意义的时刻，我们大家必须具备的正是这种精神。for as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the american people upon which this nation relies.it is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.it is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.虽然政府能有许多作为也必须有许多作为，但最终离不开美国人民的信仰和决心，这便是我国的立国之本。正是因为人们在大堤崩裂时接纳陌生人的关爱之情，正是因为工人们宁愿减少自己的工时而不愿看到朋友失去工作的无私精神，才使我们度过了最暗淡的时光。正是因为消防队员们有勇气冲进浓烟滚滚的楼道，也正是因为做父母的希望培养一个孩子，我们才能决定最后的命运。our challenges may be new.the instruments with which we meet them may be new.but those values upon which our success depends--hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism--these things are old.these things are true.they have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.what is demanded then is a return to these truths.what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility--a recognition, on the part of every american, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world;duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.5篇三：2008奥巴马就职演讲 hello, chicago.if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is aplace where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dreamof our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is youranswer.美国是一个一切皆有可能的地方，如果还有人对这一点心存怀疑，如果还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们时代是否还有活力，还有人怀疑我们民主制度的力量，那么，你们今晚正是对那些疑问作出了回答。it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation hasnever seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives,because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference.在学校和教堂周围所出现的前所未有的长队是答案，这个国家从未见过这么多的人前来投票，人们排三个、四个小时的队来进行有生以来的第一次投票，因为他们相信这一次将会不同，他们发出的声音可能就是那个差别。it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white,hispanic, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.americans who sent amessage to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of redstates and blue states.这是一个年轻人和年老人、富人和穷人、民主党人和共和党人、黑人、白人、西班牙裔人、亚裔、印第安人、同性恋和异性恋、残障人士和健全人士所作出的回答。美国人向世界发出一个信息：我们从不只是一些个人的累加或者“红色州”和“蓝色州”的累加。we are, and always will be, the united states of america.我们是，并且永远是美利坚合众国。it’s the answer that led those who’ve been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful anddoubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once moretoward the hope of a better day.这是一个引导人们的答案，太多的人在很长的时间内给他们说这个答案，以至于他们对此持愤世疾俗的态度，对我们是否可以再一次把握历史的希望感到担心和怀疑。
已经过去了很长时间，但是今晚，由于我们今天在这场选举所采取的行动，在这个决定性的时候，变革来到了美国。a little bit earlier this evening, i received an extraordinarily gracious call from sen.mccain.今晚早些时候，我接到来自参议员麦凯恩的一个极具风度的电话。sen.mccain fought long and hard in this campaign.and he’s fought even longer and harder for thecountry that he loves.he has endured sacrifices for america that most of us cannot begin to imagine.we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader.麦凯恩在这场选战中进行了长期和艰苦的努力，他为这个他所爱的国家战斗了更长的时间，作出了更艰苦的努力。他为美国承受了我们中的大多数人无法想像的牺牲。由于这位勇敢和无私领导人的服务，我们的生活变得更好。i congratulate him;i congratulate gov.palin for all that they’ve achieved.and i look forward toworking with them to renew this nation’s promise in the months ahead.我向他表示祝贺，我向佩林州长表示祝贺，向他们所取得的成果表示祝贺，我盼望与他们共事以继续这个国家在未来岁月的承诺。i want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart, and spoke for themen and women he grew up with on the streets of scranton and rode with on the train home todelaware, the vice president-elect of the united states, joe biden.我想感谢我在竞选旅程的伙伴，一位用心竞选的男士，一位为和他一起在斯克兰顿街头一同长大的男人和女子代言、经常坐火车回特拉华州的男士，美国当选副总统拜登。and i would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last16 years the rock of our family, the love of my life, the nation’s next first lady michelle obama.如果没有我过去16年最好的朋友、我们家庭的中坚、我生命中的挚爱，我今天晚上不可能站在这里，美国下一位第一夫人米歇尔·奥巴马。
萨沙和马莉娅，我爱你们，我对你们的爱超出了你们的想象。你们已赢得了新的宠物狗，它将和我们一起前往新的白宫。and while she’s no longer with us, i know my grandmother’s watching, along with the family thatmade me who i am.i miss them tonight.i know that my debt to them is beyond measure.尽管她没能和我们在一起，但我知道，我的祖母和养大我的家人在看着我，我今晚很想念他们，我知道我欠他们的东西是无法计量的。to my sister maya, my sister alma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all thesupport that you’ve given me.i am grateful to them.我的妹妹马娅、我的姐姐奥玛，我其他的兄弟和姐妹，非常感谢你们对我的支持，我感谢他们。and to my campaign manager, david plouffe, the unsung hero of this campaign, who built the best——the best political campaign, i think, in the history of the united states of america.我的竞选经理大卫·普劳夫，这位竞选活动的无名英雄，他进行了最好的政治竞选活动，我认为这是美国历史上最棒的。to my chief strategist david axelrod who’s been a partner with me every step of the way.to thebest campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics you made this happen, and i am forevergrateful for what you’ve sacrificed to get it done.我的首席策略师大卫·艾克斯罗德，他一直是追随我的伙伴。你们组建了政治史上最好的竞选团队，是你们成就了今天，我永远感谢你们为此所作出的牺牲。but above all, i will never forget who this victory truly belongs to.it belongs to you.it belongs toyou.但最重要的是，我永远不会忘记这场胜利真正属于谁，它属于你们，它属于你们。i was never the likeliest candidate for this office.we didn’t start with much money or manyendorsements.our campaign was not hatched in the halls of washington.it began in the backyardsof des moines and the living rooms of concord and the front porches of charleston.it was built byworking men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 tothe cause.我从来不是最有可能获得这一职务的候选人。我们刚开始并没有太多资金，也没有得到许多人的支持。我们的竞选活动并非始自华盛顿的大厅里，而是始于得梅因、康科德、查尔斯顿这些地方的普通民众家中。那些辛勤工作的人们从自己微薄的储蓄中捐出5美元、10美元、20美元。it grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy who lefttheir homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep.竞选活动因为年轻人的支持而越来越有声势，他们拒绝了他们那一代对政治不感兴趣的神话，他们离开家，从事那些薪水少而且辛苦的工作。it drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat toknock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of americans who volunteered andorganized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people,and for the people has not perished from the earth.竞选活动的声势也来自那些已不再年轻的人们，他们冒着严寒酷暑，敲开陌生人的家门进行竞选宣传；竞选声势也源自数百万的美国民众，他们充当志愿者和组织者，他们证明了在两百多年以后，民有、民治、民享的政府并未从地球上消失。这是你们的胜利。this is your victory.这是你们的胜利。and i know you didn’t do this just to win an election.and i know you didn’t do it for me.you didit because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead.for even as we celebrate tonight,we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime —— two wars, aplanet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century.我知道你们的所做的一切并不只是为了赢得选举，我也知道你们做这一切并不是为了我。你们这样做是因为你们明白前面的任务有多么艰巨。即便我们今晚欢呼庆祝，我们也知道明天将面临我们一生之中最艰难的挑战——两场战争、一个面临危险的星球，一个世纪以来最严重的金融危机。even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave americans waking up in the deserts of iraqand the mountains of afghanistan to risk their lives for us.there are mothers and fathers who will lieawake after the children fall asleep and wonder how they’ll make the mortgage or pay their doctors’bills or save enough for their child’s college education.就在我们今晚站在这里的时刻，我们知道勇敢的美国士兵在伊拉克的沙漠里和阿富汗的群山中醒来，他们冒着生命危险来保护着我们的生命。仍有在孩子熟睡后仍难以入眠的父母，他们担心如何偿还按揭月供、付医药费或是存够钱让孩子上大学。there’s new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to build, and threats to meet,alliances to repair.我们需要开发新的能源、创造新的工作岗位，我们需要修建新学校，应对众多威胁、修复与许多国家的盟友关系。the road ahead will be long.our climb will be steep.we may not get there in one year or even inone term.but, america, i have never been more hopeful than i am tonight that we will get there.前方的道路将很漫长，我们攀登的脚步会很艰辛。我们可能无法在一年甚至一个任期内实现这些目标，但我从未像今晚这样满怀希望，我们将实现我们的目标。i promise you, we as a people will get there.我向你们承诺——我们作为一个整体将会达成目标。there will be setbacks and false starts.there are many who won’t agree with every decision orpolicy i make as president.and we know the government can’t solve every problem.我们会遭遇挫折和不成功的起步。我作为总统所做的每项决定或政策，会有许多人持有异议，我们也知道，政府不能解决所有问题。but i will always be honest with you about the challenges we face.i will listen to you, especiallywhen we disagree.and, above all, i will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation, the onlyway it’s been done in america for 221 years —— block by block, brick by brick, calloused handby calloused hand.但我将总是会向你们坦陈我们所面临的挑战。我会听取你们的意见，尤其是存在不同意见的时候。最重要的是，我会请求你们参与重建这个国家，以美国221年来从未改变的唯一方式——一砖一瓦、同心协力。what began 21 months ago in the depths of winter cannot end on this autumn night.this victoryalone is not the change we seek.it is only the chance for us to make that change.and that cannothappen if we go back to the way things were.21个月前在寒冬所开始的一切不应当在今天这个秋夜结束。今天的选举胜利并不是我们所寻求的改变——这只是我们进行改变的机会。如果我们仍然按照过去的方式行事，我们所寻求的改变将不会发生。it can’t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice.没有你们，没有服务和牺牲的新精神，就不可能发生改变。so let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch inand work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.let us remember that, if thisfinancial crisis taught us anything, it’s that we cannot have a thriving wall street while main streetsuffers.因此，让我们发扬新的爱国和负责精神，所有的人都下定决心参与其中，更加努力地工作，不仅是为自己而是为彼此。让我们记住这一点，如果说这场金融危机教会了我们什么东西的话，那就是我们不可能在金融以外的领域处于困境的同时拥有繁荣兴旺的华尔街。in this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people.let’s resist the temptation to fall back onthe same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.在这个国家，我们患难与共。让我们抵制重走老路的诱惑，避免重新回到令美国政治长期深受毒害的党派纷争、小题大作、不成熟的表现。let’s remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the republican partyto the white house, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and nationalunity.让我们记住，是伊利诺伊州的一名男子首次将共和党的旗帜扛到了白宫。共和党是建立在自立、个人自由以及国家团结的价值观之上的。those are values that we all share.and while the democratic party has won a great victory tonight,we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back ourprogress.这也是我们所有人共同的价值观。虽然民主党今天晚上赢得了巨大的胜利，但我们是以谦卑的态度和弥合阻碍我们进步的分歧的决心赢得这场胜利的。as lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, we are not enemies but friends.thoughpassion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.篇四：奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术分析
一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体（或称语体）分为口头体和书面体两大类。但实践证明，这样的划分失之粗率。其弊病在于名实难符：口头体并不仅限于口语形式，而书面体也不仅限于书面形式。譬如，正式场合的演讲、报告，以及官方的谈话所用的文体就不能划入口语体，而应属于书面体。
演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。演讲者通过宣传某种思想，让听众理解和接受自己的观点和主张，进而号召听众采取一致的行动。演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。修辞是从表达方式，表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。
美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众，并且向国内外进行现场直播。美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待，总统的就职演说可谓是新政府向民众交出的第一份答卷。总统要在就职演说中抒发自己的治国理想，分析国家面临的困难和挑战，宣布自己的施政纲领以及如何实现民众的希望。各大媒体的调查表明，大多数美国民众对奥巴马的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。本文拟从语音、词汇和句法三个方面的修辞手段的使用情况对奥巴马的就职演说进行文体分析，探讨这篇演说词的语言艺术。
二、奥巴马演说词的修辞手段 1.音韵修辞格（1）头韵（alliteration）是语音修辞手段之一。它是指两个以上紧邻单词首音（通常是辅音）相同。头韵的修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感，使语言产生音乐般的美感。头韵多用于诗歌和散文中，但人们也经常在演讲中运用头韵来增加语言的美感，加深听众的印象。同样尾韵（end rhyme）也有类似的修辞作用。
奥巴马就职演说中运用头韵的句子有： 1）with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat?（对于老朋友和老对手，我们将不遗余力地继续削弱核威胁?）2）we are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this earth.（我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响，我们吸取了这个地球上任何一个角落的有益成分.）
运用尾韵的句子有： 1）homes have been lost;jobs shed;business shuttered.（我们的人民正失去家园，失去工作，企业要倒闭。）2）rather, it has been the risk–takers, the doers, the makers of things...(确实，这条路是勇于承担风险者之路，是实干家、创造者之路...）朗读上述句子，可以体会到使用头韵和尾韵给语言带来的节奏和韵律。2.词汇修辞格
在英语词汇中含有六个字母以上或三个音节以上的词通常被看成是大词。这些词往往来自于拉丁语，希腊语或法语，或者有着复杂的内部结构。大词在正式的书面体中出现频率较多。
在奥巴马的就职演说词中，总词汇量为2393个，其中六个字母以上的单词就有643个，占总数的26.8%，稍低于美国总统就职演说词中六个字母以上词的平均含词量：27.7%。从这一数据来看，奥氏的就职演说与往届的美国总统的就职演说一样，具有很明显的口语体特征。演讲者往往使用形容词来对某些言行进行绘声绘色的描述，以此表达自己的主观倾向，渲染感情色彩。在奥氏就职演说中有形容词137个，占总词数的5.7%，与小布什就职演说的5.6%相近，但远远少于美国总统就职演说词中形容词的平均含词量：7.4%。
在演说中大量使用第一人称复数是许多演讲者常用的语言技巧，目的是将听众拉到演讲者一边，将演讲者和听众放到同一立场上，让听众感受到“我们是相同”的认同感。奥氏在就职演说中使用“我们（we）”有55次，其变体“our”有61次，“us”有21次，三项合计有137次，而奥氏演讲全文中有129句，另加101 个从句和25个并列句，几乎是一开口必称“我们”。美国总统的就职演说为了使语言表达更为准确、具体、鲜明、生动、有力，常常会使用明喻、隐喻、拟人、夸张、借代等词汇修辞格帮助听众加深对事物的理解，加强演讲的现场气氛，提高演讲效果。
以下是奥巴马在就职演说中的使用情况。
（1）明喻（simile）：用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物，达到更形象、更深刻说明事物的目的，通常用like或as连接。1）for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khe sanh.（为了我们，他们奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡、诺曼底和克山这样的地方去征战并且牺牲。）2）they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions.（在他们看来，美国的强盛要比个人的雄心壮志重大得多.)（2）隐喻（metaphor）：不用like或as的隐藏的比喻。1）our journey has never been one of shortcuts or setting for less.(我们的民族之旅从未有过捷径或者妥协。)2）starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.(从今天开始，我们必须跌倒后自己爬起来，拍拍身上的泥土，然后重新开始工作，重塑美国。)（3）拟人（personification）：把事、物、观念拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想、感情与行为方式。
2）in the year of america’s birth?(在美国诞生的年代?)（4）夸张（hyperbole）：在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。
1）time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.（一次又一次，我们的先辈们奋斗着、牺牲着、操劳着，直至磨破双手，只是为了我们可以生活得更好。）2）the snow was stained with blood.(冬天的雪被鲜血染成了红色。)（5）借代或称转喻（metonymy）：不相类似的甲乙之间有着不可分离的关系，利用这种关系以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物。1）those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account——to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day.(掌管纳税人税金的人应当承担起责任，合理支出，摒弃陋习，在阳光下做事。用“阳光”代表“公开”、“透明”。)3.句法修辞格
句法修辞格是通过对句子结构的特定安排达到特别的修辞效果。
比如奥巴马在其就职演说中使用了下列句法修辞手段：
（1）排比（parallelism）：由三项或以上的词语或句子构成，其并列的结构相同或类似，意义相关，语气连贯。1）our nation is at war,?our economy is badly weakened,?our health care is too costly.（我们的国家正处在战争状态?我们的国家经济也受到严重的削弱，?我们的社会医疗过于昂贵。）2）for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of anew life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, th ey fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khesanh.(为了我们，先辈们带着微薄的家当，横渡大洋，寻找新生活；为了我们，先辈们在血汗工厂劳作，忍受皮鞭的抽打；为了我们，先辈们定居西部，在荒芜的土地辛勤耕作；为了我们，先辈们奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡，诺曼底和克山这样的地方去征战并且牺牲。)（2）反复（repetition）：不止一次地使用同一词语或句子。与排比的区别在于，反复着重于词语，排比着重于结构。1）so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.(前辈们如此。我们这一代美国人也要如此。)2）?these things are old.these things are true.(?这些东西历久弥新。这些东西真实可靠。)（3）对偶（antithesis）：工整匀称的并列结构，常把字数、结构相同或相近，意义彼此相关的两个词或并列结构对称地排列在一起，是表示对比关系的有效手段。1）where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, program will end.（哪个方案的答案是肯定的，我们就推进哪个方案。哪个方案的答案是否定的，我们就选择终止。）（4）倒装（inversion）：谓语置于主语之前，词序不同于正常语序的语法修辞手段，达到强调句子中某一成分的目的。1）they understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please（.他们明白单凭自己的力量我们无法保护自己，也无权做到随心所欲。）篇五：奥巴马就职演讲
奥巴马演讲分析
——排比在英语演讲中的修辞作用
美国大选前许多人都评价：奥巴马的政见并不新颖甚至有点平庸；拥有的个人财富只有对手的几十分之一；相貌远逊于前辈肯尼迪和克林顿，而且还是非美国本土的外来黑哥......奥巴马唯一让人嫉妒的是他拥有最能鼓动人心的好口才，这是上帝给他最好的礼物和恩赐！不可否认，他超凡脱俗的演讲，为他竞选赢得胜利起到了至关重要的作用。奥巴马的演讲，无论是文稿的整体布局，还是演讲言辞的融情达意，或是激情澎湃的演讲表达，都可谓精深独到，不得不令人拍手称快。．据cnn报道。，有语言学家称，“总统当选人巴拉克·奥巴马当晚发表的获胜演说可与很多史上著名演讲相比．”奥巴马称得上是一位杰出的演说家，在多次演讲中，他都娴熟地运用了各种修辞技巧，可以说，“奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，排比在奥巴马演讲中效果最为突出。鉴于排比在英语演讲中的重要性，我们试图以美国新当选总统奥巴马的获胜演讲为例，来探讨排比在这篇演讲中的修辞效果．本研究目的在于给英语演讲和修辞教学一些启示．同时也让学者通过领悟奥巴马的演讲技艺，学习、借鉴，来提高自身的演讲水平。
一，排比概念及其作用
“排比”在英语中的对应词为parallelism，是指为了达到修辞效果而循环出现的、句法相似的结构—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(websters new collegiate dictionary,1977；831)．英语排比具有结构整齐，节奏鲜明，语言简练等特点．在英语演讲中运用排比旬，可以增加演讲词的节奏感和音韵美，突出演讲者雄辩口才和强烈感情，增强演讲语言的气势，提高演讲的说服力和欣赏性．
二，奥巴马获胜演讲个案排比分析
奥巴马于2008年11月4日当选为美国总统。并于当晚发表了获胜演讲．这次演讲富有很强的号召力和感染力，唤起了民众战胜金融危机的信心和勇气。现场的无数观众被感动得热泪盈眶．奥巴马在他的获胜演讲中熟练地运用了一系列的修辞方法，如捧比，对比，反复，对仗，引用等，其中排比的使用次数最多．下面我们就以排比结构在奥巴马获胜演讲(barak obama’s victory speech)中的置,选取了四个代表性的例子，来讨论其修辞效果。
（一）从句开头的排比 if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.这三个排比组合句是奥巴马获胜演讲的开场白。奥巴，美国民主制度的力量”的质疑．通过这三个排比旬，奥巴马言简意赅地表达了他获胜的意义：显示出“美国梦”的独特性和普遍价值，显示出他的能马用自己胜选的事实回答了某些人对“美国是否凡事都有可能，美国奠基者的梦想是否依然鲜活力，肯定了美国是一切皆有可能的地方，肯定他的获胜是对美国政治文化传统的继承而不是背离．开场耐人寻味的排比，便已打开了选民们的心声以及继续听下去的欲望。
（二）排比结构用在段首 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen；by people who waited three hours and four hour...it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican，black，white, hispanic，asian，native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...it’s the answer that led those who have been told...to put their hands off the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day．
首先，在前两个位于段首的排比句群中，奥巴马强调他是“设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队”，是“等了三四个小时的选民”，是“所有美国人民”共同选举出来的总统。他重申了自己当选总统是合法的，是由美国人民通过民主方式选举出来的．第三个排比句群在意义上是对前两个排比句群的总结和升华。奥巴马呼吁美国人民要对美国的未来有信心，同时暗示作为新一任的总统，他会继承美国的历史传统，让“美国梦”延续。这三个排比句群的使用，增强了演讲的气势，有力地回击了那些对奥巴马获胜原因存在质疑的人，同时向听众做出了有力的保证，调动了听众的积极性，激发了听众的自信心．
（三）介词短语的排比
（四）句型结构的排比 for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normand and khe sahn.奥巴马在该语段中抚今追昔，以排比的结构，按时间的顺序回顾了影响美国历史进程的重大事件：建国之前的跨洋移民，建国之后的西进运动，独立战争，南北战争，第二次世界大战等等，以此鼓励美国公民勇敢地面对金融危机给当今美国经济带来的种种困难的挑战。该段重复了主谓句式结构，“for us” 和主语“they”，这种排比句式不仅使得上下文的意义紧密连接，衔接自然，同时也会是语篇的整体意义在听众的头脑中留下深刻的印象，使听众与奥巴马产生共鸣。
（五）段尾的排比
and tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope；the struggle and the progress...yes we can． at a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.yes we can． when the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved.yes we can． she was there.yes we can． a man...and this year, in this election..., she knows how america can change.yes we can．
在这里奥巴马以一个106岁的老妇人参加投票为例，运用了一系列的排比来烘托现场气氛，具有很强的说服力和感染力。连续4个“她看到了···”(she’s seen，she lived to see，she saw, she was there to witness)和6个“是的，我们能”(yes we can)，强调美国能达成正义和平等，能获得机遇和繁荣能治愈这个国家，能补救这个世界，强调美国能发生变革!这种以具体的人物、事例和具体的生活场景为主体构成的排比语段，真正达到了提高语言表现力的目。这几段出现在演讲末尾的排比具有排山倒海的气势，具有强大的煽动性，把整个演讲再次推向了高潮。
在整个获胜演讲当中，通过捧比，奥巴马将有魅力的句子集中，演讲节奏分明，气氛被一次次的推向的高潮，演讲大为增色。这些排比的运用，创造了演讲中的个个亮点，气势磅礴，使听众的情感受到一次次的震。． 三 结语 演讲是一门劝说的艺术。演讲者要达到劝说的目的，就必须讲究演讲词的语言表达技巧，这种技巧在语言层面的体现之一就是修辞手法的运用。排比是英语演讲中最常见的修辞手法。国内学者对于排比的修辞效果给予了充分的肯定。“排比是英语所有修辞格中最常使用的修辞格之一。
第五篇：奥巴马演讲修辞学分析1
奥巴马演讲分析
——排比在英语演讲中的修辞作用
美国大选前许多人都评价：奥巴马的政见并不新颖甚至有点平庸；拥有的个人财富只有对手的几十分之一；相貌远逊于前辈肯尼迪和克林顿，而且还是非美国本土的外来黑哥......奥巴马唯一让人嫉妒的是他拥有最能鼓动人心的好口才，这是上帝给他最好的礼物和恩赐！不可否认，他超凡脱俗的演讲，为他竞选赢得胜利起到了至关重要的作用。奥巴马的演讲，无论是文稿的整体布局，还是演讲言辞的融情达意，或是激情澎湃的演讲表达，都可谓精深独到，不得不令人拍手称快。．据CNN报道。，有语言学家称，“总统当选人巴拉克·奥巴马当晚发表的获胜演说可与很多史上著名演讲相比．”奥巴马称得上是一位杰出的演说家，在多次演讲中，他都娴熟地运用了各种修辞技巧，可以说，“奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，排比在奥巴马演讲中效果最为突出。鉴于排比在英语演讲中的重要性，我们试图以美国新当选总统奥巴马的获胜演讲为例，来探讨排比在这篇演讲中的修辞效果．本研究目的在于给英语演讲和修辞教学一些启示．同时也让学者通过领悟奥巴马的演讲技艺，学习、借鉴，来提高自身的演讲水平。
一，排比概念及其作用
“排比”在英语中的对应词为parallelism，是指为了达到修辞效果而循环出现的、句法相似的结构—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary,1977；831)．英语排比具有结构整齐，节奏鲜明，语言简练等特点．在英语演讲中运用排比旬，可以增加演讲词的节奏感和音韵美，突出演讲者雄辩口才和强烈感情，增强演讲语言的气势，提高演讲的说服力和欣赏性．
二，奥巴马获胜演讲个案排比分析
奥巴马于2008年11月4日当选为美国总统。并于当晚发表了获胜演讲．这次演讲富有很强的号召力和感染力，唤起了民众战胜金融危机的信心和勇气。现场的无数观众被感动得热泪盈眶．奥巴马在他的获胜演讲中熟练地运用了一系列的修辞方法，如捧比，对比，反复，对仗，引用等，其中排比的使用次数最多．下面我们就以排比结构在奥巴马获胜演讲(Barak Obama’s Victory Speech)中的置,选取了四个代表性的例子，来讨论其修辞效果。
（一）从句开头的排比
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.这三个排比组合句是奥巴马获胜演讲的开场白。奥巴马用自己胜选的事实回答了某些人对“美国是否凡事都有可能，美国奠基者的梦想是否依然鲜活，美国民主制度的力量”的质疑．通过这三个排比旬，奥巴马言简意赅地表达了他获胜的意义：显示出“美国梦”的独特性和普遍价值，显示出他的能力，肯定了美国是一切皆有可能的地方，肯定他的获胜是对美国政治文化传统的继承而不是背离．开场耐人寻味的排比，便已打开了选民们的心声以及继续听下去的欲望。
（二）排比结构用在段首 It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen；By people who waited three hours and four hour...It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican，black，white, Hispanic，Asian，Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...It’s the answer that led those who have been told...to put their hands Off the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day．
首先，在前两个位于段首的排比句群中，奥巴马强调他是“设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队”，是“等了三四个小时的选民”，是“所有美国人民”共同选举出来的总统。他重申了自己当选总统是合法的，是由美国人民通过民主方式选举出来的．第三个排比句群在意义上是对前两个排比句群的总结和升华。奥巴马呼吁美国人民要对美国的未来有信心，同时暗示作为新一任的总统，他会继承美国的历史传统，让“美国梦”延续。这三个排比句群的使用，增强了演讲的气势，有力地回击了那些对奥巴马获胜原因存在质疑的人，同时向听众做出了有力的保证，调动了听众的积极性，激发了听众的自信心．
（三）介词短语的排比
To those who would tear this world down, we will defeat you.To those who seek peace and security, we support you．And to all those who have wondered if America’s beacon still burns as bright, tonight we proved once more that the strength of our nation comes...from the enduring power of our ideals :democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope．
介词短语To those的反复出现，明确了要击败和支持的对象，语气强烈，一针见血．这既是对恐怖分子敲警钟，又给予了爱好和平的人们奋斗的力量。同时，向那些怀疑美国能否继续照亮世界发展前景的人们证明。美国真正的力量来自于这个国家的理想：民主、自由、机会和不屈的希望。排比结构的出现突出了强调的内容，语言气势逼人，具有强大的震撼力。
（四）句型结构的排比
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg, Normand and Khe sahn.（五）段尾的排比
And tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope；the struggle and the progress...Yes we can．
At a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.Yes we can．
When there was...she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal，new jobs and a new sense of common purpose.Yes we can．
When the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved.Yes we can． She was there.Yes we Can．
A man...And this year, in this election..., she knows how America can change.Yes we can．
在这里奥巴马以一个106岁的老妇人参加投票为例，运用了一系列的排比来烘托现场气氛，具有很强的说服力和感染力。连续4个“她看到了···”(she’s seen，she lived to see，she saw, she was there to witness)和6个“是的，我们能”(Yes We can)，强调美国能达成正义和平等，能获得机遇和繁荣能治愈这个国家，能补救这个世界，强调美国能发生变革!这种以具体的人物、事例和具体的生活场景为主体构成的排比语段，真正达到了提高语言表现力的目。这几段出现在演讲末尾的排比具有排山倒海的气势，具有强大的煽动性，把整个演讲再次推向了高潮。
在整个获胜演讲当中，通过捧比，奥巴马将有魅力的句子集中，演讲节奏分明，气氛被一次次的推向的高潮，演讲大为增色。这些排比的运用，创造了演讲中的个个亮点，气势磅礴，使听众的情感受到一次次的震。．
三 结语
演讲是一门劝说的艺术。演讲者要达到劝说的目的，就必须讲究演讲词的语言表达技巧，这种技巧在语言层面的体现之一就是修辞手法的运用。排比是英语演讲中最常见的修辞手法。国内学者对于排比的修辞效果给予了充分的肯定。“排比是英语所有修辞格中最常使用的修辞格之一。任何学会使用并能驾驭排比及其变化的人都会发现排比可使演讲条理清楚，效果显著，具有难以衡量的价值”(张秀国．2005)奥巴马这篇获胜演讲中排比修辞手法的运用，成功的达到了说服听众的目的．
参考文献：（1）奥巴马获胜演讲英文原文网址：http://wenku.baidu.com/view/70d3d8d8d15abe23482f4d56.html（2）何晓勤 演讲·劝说·诉诸·语篇 外语与外语教学．2004．(11)（3）张秀田 《英语铬辞学》北京：青华大学出版杜．2005（4）梁文道 《奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利 》 南方周末，2008(5)徐鹏 《英语辞格 》北京：商务印书馆，1977
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