第一篇：翻译沃森和克里克于1953年发表在《科学杂志》关于DNA双螺旋模型的论文
分子生物学作业：翻译沃森和克里克于1953年发表在《科学杂志》上的关于DNA双螺旋模型的论文
Nature
科学杂志
Equipment,and to Dr.G.E.R.Deacon and the captain and officers of R.R.S.Discovery II for their part,in making the observations.Molecular structure of nucleic acids
核酸分子结构
A structure for Deoxyribose nucleic acid
脱氧核糖核酸的结构
We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid(D.N.A).This structure has novel features which are ofconsiderable biological interest.我们希望去提出一种结构是刺激性的脱氧核糖核酸即DNA。这个结构有一些新的特征对于生物学有很多重要的意义。
A structure for nucleic acid has already been proposed by Pauling and Corey2.鲍林和科瑞提出了核酸的结构。
they kindly made their manuscript available to us in advance of publication.在他们出版前，他们爽快的将对他们有用的手稿给我们。
Their model consists of three intertwined chains,with the phosphates near the fibre axis,and the bases on the outside.他们提出的模型由三个缠绕的链组成，以磷酸盐靠近纤维轴线并且盘绕在外部。In our opinion,this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons:
以我们的观点，这个架构是不满意的两个原因
(1)We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrams is the salt,not the free acid,without the acidic hydrogen atoms it is not clear what forces would hold the structure together,especially as the negatively charged phosphates near the axis will repel each other.(2)some of the wan der waals distances appear to be too small.（1）我们相信这种材料在X射线钠盐环境下，不是游离的酸，没有酸性氢原子，不清楚是什么力量将它们的结构结合在一起，尤其是靠近轴的负的带负电的磷酸盐互相排斥的现象。
（2）一些范德华力距离很小。
Another three-chain structure has also been suggested by Frase(in the press).IN his model the phosphates are on the outside and the bases on the inside ,linked together by hydrogen bonds.This structure as described is rather ill-defined,and for this reason we shall not comment on it.另一个三条链结构被费斯提出并即将出版。在他的提出的模型中磷酸盐在外部的与在内部的通过氧氢键共同连接组成。这个机构也被描述为有些不明确，因为这个原因我们没有对它提出意见。
We wish to put forward a radically different structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid.This structure has two helical chains each coiled round the same axis(see diagram).我们希望提出了一个结构与脱氧核糖核酸结构本质不同的结构。这个结构有两个螺旋形的链每一个盘绕着相同的轴（看图表）
We have made the usual chemical assumptions.namely,that each chain consists of phosphate diester groups joining β-D-depxuronpfirampse resodies wotj 3',5'linkages.我们做出了不同寻常的化学设想，换句话说也就是每一条链由β-D脱氧呋喃核糖的3',5'磷酸二脂键和碱基形成。
The two chains(but not their bases)are related by a dyad perpendicular to the fibre axis.这两条链（不是它们的碱基）是与它们有关联的一对垂直相交的纤维轴线。
Both chains follow righthanded helices,but owing to the dyad the sequences of the atoms in the two chains run in opposite directions.两条链根据右手螺旋，但是应该归功于一对原子序列两条相反方向的链。
Each chain loosely resembles Furberg's2 model No.1;that is , the bases are on the inside of the helix and the phosphates on the outside.每一条链大体上类似于富尔贝里提出的第一模型，也就是说，碱基螺旋在内部磷酸盐在外部 The configuration of the sugar and the atoms near it is close to Furberg's standard configuration',the sugar being roughly perpendicular to the attached base.糖的结构和靠近的原子与富尔贝里提出的模型标准结构相类似，糖大体上粗糙的垂直于附着的碱基上。
There is a residue on each chain every 3-4 A.in the z-direction.每一条链残留这3—4A在Z形方向上。
We have assumed an angle of 36º between adjacent residues in the same chain,我们假定同一条链中相邻核苷酸之间呈36度角。
so that the structure repeats after 10 residues on each chain,that is.after 34 A.The distance of a phosphorus atom from the fibre axis is 10 A.As the phosphates are on the outside,cations have easy access to them.因此这个结构重复每条链上10个核苷酸，之后是34A。距离是磷酸原子从纤维轴的10倍。作为磷酸在外面，阳离子很容易接触到它们。
The structure is an open none,and its water content is rather high.At lower water contents we would expect the bases to tilt so that the structure could become more compact.这是一个不很开放的结构，它的含水量很高。在低一点的含水量中我们希望碱基去倾斜以至于可以使这个结构能够更紧凑。
The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine an pyrimidine bases.The planes of the bases are perpendicular to the fibre axis.这新奇的结构特征是一种两条链通过嘌呤和嘧啶连接的碱基结合而成的。其中碱基垂直于纤维轴。
They are joined together in pairs,a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other chain,so that the two lie side by side with identical z-co-ordinates.One of the pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine for bonding to occur.The hydrogen bonds are made as follows:purine position 1 to pyrimidine position 1;purine position 6 to pyrimidine position 6.它们是成对出现的，一部分碱基在一条链中被氧化结合与另一个链上的碱基，两条链肩并肩联系在一起。其中之一必须是嘌呤另一个结合嘧啶才能发生一系列反映。这个氧化结合是：嘌呤位置1与嘧啶位置1；嘌呤位置6与嘧啶位置6
If it is assumed that the bases only occur in the structure in the most plausible tautomeric forms(that is ,with the keto rather than the enol configurations)it is found that only specific pairs of bases can bond together.These pairs are:adenine(purine)with thymine(pyrimidine), and
guanine(purine)with cytosine(pyrimidine).如果假设碱基仅仅在这个结构中发生了很多貌似真实的形成互变异构（也就是说，氧化超过烯醇配置）它是通过特殊的碱基对被结合在一起发现的。这一对是腺嘌呤（嘌呤）和胸腺嘧啶（嘧啶），同时还有鸟嘌呤（嘌呤）和胞嘧啶（嘧啶）。
IN other words ,if an adenine forms one member of a pair, on either chain, then on these assumptions the other member must be thymine;similarly for guanine and cytosine.换句话说，如果一个腺嘌呤作为一对中的成分，另一种设想是另一成分必须是胸腺嘧啶，同理，如果是鸟嘌呤则另一部分是胞嘧啶。
The sequence of bases on a single chain does not appear to be restricted in any way.一部分碱基序列在单链中不会被任何限制。
However ,if only specific pairs of bases can be formed , it follows that if the sequence of bases on one chain is given, then the sequence on the other chain is automatically determined.然而，如果一个特殊的碱基对被形成，它将遵循如果一个链被给，那么另一与其相对的不由自主的被决定。
It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine to thymine, and the ratio of guanine to cytosine, are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid.实验中被发现，腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶占很大的比例，另一方面是鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶，总是被脱氧核糖核酸结合。
It is probably impossible to build this structure with a ribose sugar in place of the deoxyribose,as the extra oxygen atom would make too close a van der waals contact.它不可能去建立一个结构以核糖代替脱氧核糖，作为一个额外的氧原子将以范德华力连接。The previously published X-ray data on deoxyribose nucleic acid are insufficient for a rigorous test of our structure.先前出版的X射线得到的数据关于脱氧核糖是不充足的对于一个严密的结构。
So fa as we can tell,it is roughly compatible with the experimental data,but it must be regarded as unproved until it has been checked against more exact results.Some of these are given in the following communications.所以我们讨论，它是一个粗略与其相配的实验数据，但是它必须被当做未被证明以至于它被很多其他结果所推翻。其中有一些是在下面的介绍中被给出。
We were not aware of the details of the results presented there when we devised out structure,which rests mainly though not entirely on published experimental data and stereo-chemical arguments.我们没有意识到出现的这个结果，当我们明确这个模型虽然不是完全地，但主要是根据已发表的资料和立体化学原则建立起来的。
It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanismforthe genetic material,它没有偏离我们重视的特殊配对，我们假定立即提出一个可能的复制机制对于这些基因材料。
Full details of the structure , including the conditions assumed in building it,together with a set of coordinates for the atoms, will be published elsewhere.很多结构细节，包括假设建立的情况，结合一系列原子的协调，将被发表在它处。
We are much indebted toDr.Jerry Dnonhue for constant advice and criticism ,especially on inter-atomic distances.我们感激杰瑞博士，他经常给予的建议和批评，尤其是提出原子间距方面。
We have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr.M.H.F.Wilkins,Dr.R.E.Franklin and their co-workers at King's College,London.One of us(J.D.W.)has been aided by a fellowshipfrom the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.我们也被威尔金斯博士和富兰克林博士及同事们一些没有发表的关于遗传本质的实验数据所激励，还有其中帮助我们的来自小儿麻痹国际基金的资助金。
J.D.Watson
F.H.C.crick
沃森
克里克
Medical Research Council Unit for the Study of the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems, Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge.April 2.医学调查委员会单位对生物系统分子结构模型结构的研究，卡文迪什实验室，剑桥大学，四月二日。
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