第一篇：研究生英语期末考试close总结
第一章
The web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writes across the global.There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in.there is even a piece from the Secretary General of United States, Kofi Annan.It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the Window won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 child net International and wireless awards.These are given annually for the best use of the internet by and for young people.And they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the virtual world.Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps there is because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children simply accept it as natural.Whatever the reason, children can be found building web and E-mailing friends across the world while adults are still asking: Tell me again –where exactly is cyberspace?
Of course there is growing concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace.In response, many parents have installed software packages which prevent access to violent or pornographic web.Children are taking a more positive line.The web is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided between the “information rich” and “information poor”.For child net it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.第五章
It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-how the word works.We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon.To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe.It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order.But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable.Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world.When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition turn out to be highly unreliable guides.It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light, our mass increases indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness in the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like.Many people think that this is silly, and every week or two I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it.But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein‟s brilliant analysis of space and time called the Theory of Relatively.It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us.We are not in the habit of traveling close to the speed of light.The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on what humans might do is frustrating.Why shouldn‟t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can‟t we travel faster than the speed of light? But so far as we can tell, this is the way the universe is constructed.Such prohibitions not only press us toward a little humility;they also make the world more knowable.When 1988 began,East Africa should have been at its most beautiful:normally the short rainy season ends in December , the rivers subside , and the country sparkles;farmers raise crops , animals graze , tourists go on safaris.But this year was different.The rains were heavy and long.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia , cutting off village and forcing herders to ctowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land.Things quickly turned ugly.Camels , cows , sheep , and goats all started dying of violent fevers.Some people , too，began to get sick.Some went temporarily blind ；others began bleeding uncontrollably.The disease was Rift Valley fever，caused by an obscure mosquito borne virus.It pops up every few years in Africa when standing water encourages mosquito eggs to hatch--this year‟s huge floods brought a spectacular outbreak.According to official estimates , at least 89，000 people caught the disease.Two hundred died，but then the disease is not usually fatal to humans.Animal losses，however，were almost certainly vast--owners reported losing up to 90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic as the East African floods were，they had to jostle for the world„s attention with other cases of strange weather---with unusual occurrences of droughts，fires，rains，cold snaps，and heat waves.Every year brings its own grab bag of such anomalies，but this year many of them could be linked to a phenomenon in the empty expanses of the equatorial Pacific--a change in the ocean currents and winds that began in the early months of 1997 and that altered weather patterns around the world.The change in the weather was , of course , the work of E1 Nino.By the end of 1997 , E1 Nino had already become a celebrity of sorts.In 1998, however , E1 Nino's effects on the world came into full flower.It helped make the year the hottest ever recorded.In addition to Rift Valley fever , E1 Nino has been linked to an upsurge in diseases ranging from choler to malaria to dengue fever ,in Kenya , Cambodia , Peru ,and other countries scattered around the globe.第七章
I have always disliked being a man, The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, a little like having to wear an ill-fitting coat for one‟s entire life.Even the expression “Be a man!” strikes me as insulting and abusive.It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient and soldierly, and stop thinking.Man means“manly”-how can one think“about men”without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man‟s life.It is a hideous and crippling lie;it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority,It is also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are, into believing in the masculine ideal is effectively separated from women –it is the most savage tribal logic and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance.Of course, there is a female version of this male affliction.It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say(to other adults), “ Doyou like my new dress?” In a sense, Girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other.The-9-year-old coquette proceeds to become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man‟s sense of inadequacy.Femininity-being ladylike –implies needing a man as witness and seducer;but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men.That is why it is so grotesque;and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy –because it denies men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early.At an age when I wanted to meet girls –let‟s say the treacherous years of 13 to 16-I was told to take up a sport , get more fresh air, join the Boy Scouts, and I was urged not to read so much
Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC,these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages.Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic ,beige BUBs(big ugly boxes),suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance ,when manufacturers finally started to get it :This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple‟s groundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks.Nearly every major PC maker now has innovative desktop designs on the way to market,from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base.Among industrial designers,who still think the PC has a long way before you‟ll want to display it on your mantle ,the only question is ,what took so long? “The PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,”says Hartmut Esslinger ,founder of Frog Design.“They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”
PC makers are finally catching on-and it‟s partly out of desperation.Manufacturers used to sell computer by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles,like processor speed and memory.But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possibly use, computer makers have been competing on price-a strategy that has dropped most units below $1000 and slashed profits.Last week IBM limped from the battlefield ,announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the web.Competing only on price “made an industry shakeout inevitable”, says Nick Donatiello,president of the marketing-research firm Odyssey.第九章
A symbol is not the same thing as a sign;that is a fact that psychologists and philosophers often overlook.All intelligent animals use signs,So do we.To them as well as to us sounds and smells and motions are signs of good ,danger ,the presence of other beings,or of rain or storm..Furthermore some animals not only attend to signs but also produce them for the benefits of others.Dogs bark at the door to be let in;rabbits thump to call each other;the cooing of doves and the growl of wolf are unequivocal signs of feelings and intention to be reckoned with by other creatures.We use signs just as animals do,though with considerably more elaboration.We stop at red lights and go on green;we answer calls and bells,watch the sky for coming storms,read trouble or promise or anger in each other’s eyes.That is animal intelligence raised to the human level.Those of us who are dog lovers can probably all tell wonderful stories of how high our dogs have sometimes risen in the scale of clever sign interpretation and sign using.A sign is anything that announces the existence or the imminence of some events,the presence of a thing or a person ,or a changes in the state of affairs.There are signs of the weather ,signs of danger,signs of danger ,signs of future good or evil,signs of what the past expected in experience.It is always a part of the situation to which it refers ,though the reference may be remote in space and time.A symbol differs from a sign in that it dose not announce the presence of the object,the being ,condition,but merely brings this thing to mind.A sign cause us to or act in face of the signified,whereas a symbol causes us to think about the thing symbolized.A sign is always embedded in reality,but a symbol may be divorced from reality althogether.It may refer to a mere idea,or a dream.
第二篇：研究生英语课后close翻译
第一章
《视窗》这个网站杂志包含世界著名作家的诗歌和文学作品，其中不乏有解释这个世界的发人深思的文章。甚至还有来自联合国秘书长科菲·安南的文章。令我们吃惊的是这个杂志的编辑是一个12岁的小女孩，乔治·南丁格尔。
她因为《视窗》这个杂志而获得1999年有线和无线儿童网络奖项的一等奖，这些奖每年由年轻人颁发给最善于应用网络的年轻人。他们强调虚拟世界是网络最受欢迎的一个方面。孩子们进入到网络空间仿佛他们天生都会使用网络。
或许因为孩子们接受这些技术很自然，而大人不得不需要费一番脑筋才能理解。无论什么原因，但孩子们已经建立起网站并向世界各地的朋友发邮件时，而大人仍在询问“请告诉我一边，网络空间究竟在哪”。
当然，孩子们在网络空间中可以远离父母的监管，这个问题日益受到关注。很多父母为了应对这件事已经安装了可以组织孩子们进入暴力和色情网站的软件。儿童网站采取了更积极的策略，它是一扇通往教育世界和娱乐世界的大门。
网络文化的迅猛发展已经引起分析家的推测：社会很快就会分成两个阵营——信息丰富阵营和信息贫乏阵营。为此儿童网站将尤为重要，为那些因为贫困或者残疾而处在社会边缘的孩子们能在虚拟网络中有机会像一个正常公民一样享受同等权利。
第二章
当你舒服地坐在花园里给你的同时发邮件时，你不需要经历一个难受的旅行去和他们交谈。如果你需要一份重要文件，你可以通过卫星传真到你的手机上，并且可以在笔记本电脑上观看。即是来自其它大洲的文件，你也可以立即接收到它。
随着科技成本的日益降低，生产所有权变成了现实。由于拥有电脑﹑手机﹑传真机﹑打印机作为远程工作者的物质工具，他们变成了真正的电子农民。
像传统农民一样，在同一环境里生活和工作。他们不仅亲手耕耘“土地”，而且收获丰富的脑力资源成果。
然而，没有在第25层楼上的豪华办公室，微型企业家无法证明他们的信誉。无论对和错，人们认为在漂亮的大办公室办公是身份地位的象征。人们想：“如果一个公司能够提供这些，那么，这个公司经营的一定很好”。但是，面对一个人在家中的一间房子里办公时，顾客们倾向于这样想：与他们的接触毕竟不会长远。难道一个在黄金地段拥有一间大办公室的工人才是好的工人么？
事实上，研究表明：家庭工作者一般更加认真地完成任务，并且比在办公室里德同事工作的时间更长。像拥有土地的传统农民一样，他们感觉再为自己工作。
更重要的是，他们不拘泥于计划，当什么时候合适了他们就开始工作。那就意味着他们花一个或者两个小时来陪孩子玩耍，然后熬夜来完成演讲稿，其结果他是一个更加愉快的工作者。
第三章
在1998年年初时，东非本应是最美丽的时候：一般短暂的雨季在十二月份已经结束，水位下降，乡村充满活力；农民种植庄稼，牧民在草地上放牧，游客到处旅游。但今年是不同的，雨季长而且降雨量比较大。在肯尼亚和索马里大部分地区，水蔓延几英里，切断了村庄的联系，迫使牧民将他们的牲畜转移到少数干地上。事情很快变得更糟糕。骆驼、奶牛、绵羊、山羊都开始死于高烧。人也开始得病，一些人暂时性失明，而另一些人流血不止。这种疾病被叫作裂谷热，有蚊子所携带的病毒所致。在非洲，这种疾病每隔几年就会爆发一次——当死水使蚊子大量繁殖时就会爆发，今年裂谷热的爆发也是由于洪水不退引起的。据官方报道至少有89000人得病，其中死亡200人，但是这种病通常不致命。然而牲畜的损失巨大，据牧主称他们损失90%的牲畜。
虽然东非灾难性的洪水已引起世人的关注，但于此同时，别的一些奇怪天气也令人们关注，如不正常的干旱，火灾，暴雨，寒流和热浪。每年都会出现大量反常现象，但今年他们中许多都与太平洋赤道附近的洋面上发生的情况有关，即在1997年的头几个月里洋流和季风开始改变，并且改变了全世界的天气类型。当然，这种天气的改变是厄尔尼诺作用的结果。到1997年底，厄尔尼诺已经众所周知。然而在1988年，厄尔尼诺对全世界的影响达到鼎盛期，它创造了有史以来的最热的天气记录。，除裂谷热外，厄尔尼诺还引起了伤寒、疟疾、登革热等一系列疾病在肯尼亚、柬埔寨、秘鲁和世界其他国家的爆发。
第五章
令人震惊的是宇宙有其自然规律及其法则，这种规律不仅能够定性的而且能够定量概括出其运行规则我们可以想象这样一个宇宙，没有任何规则像我们宇宙一样大由1018基本粒子构成，完全在一种无序的混乱状态下运行，为了了解这个宇宙，我们将需要像这个像宇宙那么大容量的大脑。这样的宇宙似乎也不太可能有生命和智能生物。因为人类和大脑都需要一个稳定且有序的内部结构。但即使在这个非常混乱无序的宇宙中存在比我们高级的智能生物，他们也将不会有太多的知识、激情和喜悦。
幸运的是，我们生活在至少它的重要组成部分是可知的宇宙中。我们常识性的经验和进化史已经让我们去了解到这个世界一些平凡的事情。然而当我们进入其它领域时，常识性的经验和直觉却变得高度不可靠。这是令人震惊的，当我们接近光速时，我们的质量在无限增大，我们的厚度却朝着运动方向零厚度收缩，时间也像我们希望的那样几乎停止。许多人认为这些想法是非常愚蠢的，每一到两星期，我都会收到一封向我质疑的信。但这些确定的事实不仅是实验的结果，也是阿尔伯特爱因斯坦在《相对论》中关于时间和空间的精辟分析的结果。这些影响对于似乎我们不太合理，但这些不重要。我们并没有接近于光速旅行的习惯，在这样的高速运行下，我们的常识也值得怀疑。
这种认为宇宙限制着人类做任何可做的事情的想法是令人沮丧的，为什么我们不能处在中间旋转的位置呢?为什么我们不能超光速旅行呢？但是据我们所知，这就是宇宙的所构筑方式。这种限制不仅使我们在浩瀚的宇宙面前更加渺小，也使整个宇宙更为可知。
第七章
我一直不喜欢作为一个男人。在美国男子气概是可悲的，就像一生穿一件不合体的外套度过一生。甚至 “成为一个男人汉”这样的表述都让我感到侮辱和辱骂。它的意味是：愚蠢，冷漠，顺从，好斗，无思想。男人意味着有男子气概，当考虑男人的时候，怎能不想到男人可怕的勃勃野心呢？然而这时每个男人生命力的一部分。这是一个骇人听闻和极其可怕的谎言。它不仅强调与女人的不同，而且纵容其优越性。从本质上讲，它具有破坏性，既伤害了人与人之间的感情，有危害整个社会。
如果一个年轻人（大部分年轻人都是如此）受到这种概念误导，认为具有男子气概的理想是截然与女人分开，如同野蛮部落的逻辑一样，他终其一生对女人都不了解，认为女人是讨厌的。当然，也有男性所遭受的痛苦折磨的女性版本。它始于一个母亲鼓励小女儿对大人说：“你喜欢我的新裙子吗？”就某种意思来说，女孩一般被教导用彬彬有礼的方式去讨好大人，而男孩则要求像猴子一样顽皮、淘气地面对彼此。一个九岁的俊俏小女孩在微妙的权力游戏中成长为成年女子，她学会依赖男人，打扮入时，并且对男性提出的缺点保持注意力。女人就要像个女人，这需要一个男人作为证明者和诱惑者，而男人气质崇尚独立，与男人为伍。这是荒诞之所在，这也是为什么男人有缺点的原因，因为它否认了男人和女人之间有自然的友谊关系。
很难想象有不轻视女人的男子气概的观念，并且这种观念很早就被灌输。在我到了想跟女孩约会的年纪，也就是13—16的反叛的年龄，我总是被告诉去参加运动，去户外活动，参加童子军，并且不需要读太多的书。
第三篇：研究生英语期末考试翻译总结
以前的功课也许有一大部分是为了这张毕业文凭，不得已而做的。You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma,that is,out of sheer necessity.对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。I love diverse aspects of mother nature,but I love the sea more than mountain.读书的问题嘛，我愿说几句。I would like to say a few words about reading.这几天心理颇不宁静。I have felt quite upset recently.至于实在的情形，我心里自然记得的。As for the true facts,of course,I can remember them.我们的城市在过去的十年里经历了翻天覆地的变化。The past decade saw great changes of out city.希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。It is hoped that shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.我突然想到一个主意。An idea suddenly struck me.我给你打国际长途就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to sister li downstairs.宗教不得干预政治。It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history.我们恢复和采取这些贸易方式的原因很简单：因为我们出口商品就是为了我们国外客户消费方面的需求。The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple.our export commodities are for the use and consumption of our foreign customers.笆，用竹子、柳条等变成的一种东西。Ba is something made of bamboo or willow branches.我没注意到这个错误。The mistake escaped me.我一时记不起他的名字。His name escapes me for a moment.五月一日会议开幕了。May Day saw the opening of the meeting.这场运动首先在天津开始。Tianjin first saw the rise of the movement.蹲在池塘边苇丛中的青蛙叫得更起劲了。The fogs that crouched among the reeds by the pond were croaking more vigorously than before.上海港不断更新设备，这个港口的生产已经面目一新。Now work at this port has taken on a new look,as the workers of Shanghai port has constantly replaced old equipment with new.她喜形于色。She beamed with joy.任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.他眼明手快。He is quick of eyes and deft of hand.这篇文章浅显易懂。This article is easy to read and understand.我对他敬而远之。I stand aloof from him.插上一条斜线便可以纠正此错误。Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.进口用于信息网络传播的音像制品，参照本版法第十四条规定办理。The import of the audio and video products used for information network dissemination shall be handled in reference to the provisions of Article 14 of these measures.由于集装箱公司的平均处理费及处理量均有增长，集装箱公司在此期间的业绩令人鼓舞。As a result of both increases in average handling fee and handling capacity,the Container Company has achieved an encouraging result in the period.电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像。Television is the transmission and reception of moving objects image by radio waves.他们片面地注重重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上的货物不够，货币不稳定。Their lop_sided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and a non_stable currency.希望你表现更多一点幽默。You are expected to show a little more good humour.许多老房子拆了，新房子就在原地盖起来了。Many old house were pulled down,and many new ones were built in their place.那年偏又多雨，淅淅沥沥，打窗飘瓦，常常扰乱我看书的情绪。As it happened to be a rainy year,I was often disturbed by the pitter_patter of rain beating down against the window and roof.为了能进行核物理方面的研究，要求这些青年教师读完两年研究生课程。In order to do research in nuclear physics,the young teachers are required to complete a two_year graduate course.自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可分裂，原子能可利用。Since the first test of the atomic bomb,the world has learnt the atom can be split and its power can be used.有关原子能电站反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了。Much has been said about the complication of the nuclear power station reactor.船舶的外壳通常涂一层特殊的漆以抗腐蚀。The hull of a ship is often protected against corrosion with a coat of special paint.这里有一个科学和技术革命影响人类历史进程的明显例子。Here is a clear case of human history being affected by the scientific and technological revolution.他们到达了旅行的目的地。They reached the goal of their journey.这些数据易于得到。These data are readily available.你可以给我粗略地估计一下费用吗？can you give me a rough estimate of the cost? 我们将会非常想念她。We shall miss her sorely.这咖啡太浓。The coffee is too strong.早饭吃饱，中午吃饭，晚饭吃少。At breakfast,eat like a king.At lunch,eat like a prince.At supper,eat like a pauper.1.他打开抽屉拿出词典来。He opened the drawer and took out a dictionary.2.他到车站发现火车已经开走了。Arriving at the station,he found that the train had left.3.去年他去北京看朋友。Last year he went to Beijing to visit his friends.4.他们跑过去欢迎众代表。They ran over to welcome the delegates.5.他回家去取钥匙。He went home for the key.6.她哼着曲子走进卧室去。Humming a tune she went into the bedroom.7.游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行进。The paraders marched in the street,carrying flowers and banners in their hands.8.我们应当起来捍卫和平。We should come forward in defence of peace.9.医生劝他好好休息。The doctor advised him to take a good rest.10.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.11.这会使孩子们高兴的。That will please the children.12.她责备孩子迟迟不回家。She reproached her child for staying out late.13.黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。Pitch dark,I don’t know whether it is day or night.14.裘人道：“一百年还记着呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma, “I’m not like you , letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.”
15.生于忧患，死于安乐。One prospers in worries and hardships and perishes in ease and comfort 16.你最好在月底之前把这台机器修好。You had better have this machine repaired by the end of this month.17.那一趟可把我累坏了。That trip tired me out.18.那年轻人把腰板一挺，不服输。The young man straightened himself up and refused to admit defeat.19.他们把我们当做贵宾来款待。They treated us as distinguished guest.20.真把他没办法。He’s really a tough person to cope with.21.把电源插头插入220V交流电源插座，将电源开关按下。Connect the main plug to AC 220V source socket and push power switch to turn on the receiver.22.她把她的自行车借给我了我。She lent me her bike.23.一本书就像一个大家庭，思想内容汇聚一堂。A book is like a big family—a family of ideas 24.看书就像走亲访友，认识圈子不断增强。Reading books,like visiting relatives and friends,can enlarge our ideological circle.25.每本书都是物与我的交融，每本书都是过去和未来的纽带。Generally,a book embodies a perfect blend of the objective and subjective worlds.It also forges a strong link between the past and the future.26.随着节目越来越娱乐化，电视屏蔽了严肃的思考。With more picture than point ,TV diverts to diverts ,screening out any real thinking.27.过去的人即便看书不多，也会修饰的不乏品味。People used to dress themselves in aesthetic costumes of a good reader.28.现在的人却常常对书籍不屑一顾。But now,many would easily turn up their noses at books.29.他抢了我的饭碗。He’s taken the bread out of my mouth.30.龙生龙，凤生凤。Like father ,like son.31.说曹操，曹操到。Talk of the devil, and he’s sure to appear 32.血浓于水，台湾同胞是我们的手足兄弟。Blood is thicker than water.People in Taiwan are our brothers and sisters sharing the same blood.33.原乡人的血，必须流返原乡，才会停止沸腾。Only when the blood of the native son flows back to his native place ,will it stop boiling.34.大陆和台湾同胞血脉相连，一条海峡不能把我们的骨肉隔断。The Chinese people ,no matter living on the mainland or living on Taiwan ,are linked together by flesh and blood.The strait that separates us can never cut off such bonds of flesh and blood.35.燕子去了，有再来的时候，杨柳枯了，有在青的时候，桃花谢了，有再开的时候。Swallows may have gone ,but there is a time of return,willow trees may have died back,but there is a time of regreening,peach blossoms may have fallen,but they will bloom again.36.然而朋友们把我救了。他们给了我家庭所不能给的东西。他们的友爱，他们的帮助，他们的鼓励，几次把我从深渊的边沿救回来。Friends are my saviours.They give me things which it is beyond my family to give me.Thanks to their fraternal love ,assistance and encouragement,I have time and again been saved from falling into an abyss while on its verge.37.于是——洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去，吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去，默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands,vanishes in the rice bowl when I have my meal;passes away quietly before the fixed gaze of my eyes when I am lost in reverie.38.学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短。Art is long ,but life is short.39.小火车在欢腾地疾驰。人们的心和火车一样，向家乡急奔。The little train and the hearts of all its passengers ,together ,sped merrily homeward..40.那日，正是黄梅时候，天气烦躁。王冕放牛倦了，在草地上坐着。One sultry day in early summer ,tired after leading the buffalo to graze ,Wang Mian sat down on the grassl
第四篇：研究生英语期末考试考后总结
动物营养与饲料2010江佳伟2011.01.02/2011.06.24考后整理
2010-2011学年第1学期
英语精读
1.阅读简答
2.词汇文章中10个单词的英语含义，汉语意思。
文章为Unit SixText: Two Truths to Live By
3.翻译
（1）英译汉下册Unit Three 课后翻译A
上册Unit Four Text课文第7段
（2）汉译英上册Unit Five 课后翻译B第6个
下册Unit Three 课后翻译B第6个
4.作文奥运口号 更高，更快，更强。拉丁文与英文三个词，那组更好？
听力课本Unit 11 Part Ⅱ 口语部分 Exercise 3 问题1
英语听力
1.Unit 14Part Ⅰ Section AExercise 1无选项，直接写句子。
2.Unit 15Part Ⅰ Section BExercise 1
3.Unit 04Part Ⅰ Section AExercise 1
4.Unit 12Part Ⅲ Talk One
5.VOA圣诞节
2010-2011学年第2学期
英语精读
1.阅读Unit Eleven Exercise A选择题
2.词汇文章中10个单词的英语含义，汉语意思。
文章为Unit Eleven Text: In Search of the Real Google
3.翻译
（1）英译汉
Unit Eleven课文第12段后半段
Here's how the system works.If you're a company selling sneakers, you can bid to have a
link to your website appear in the sponsored area whenever someone does a Google search for, say, tennis or Michael Jordan or sneakers or all of those and more.How prominently your ad will be displayed depends on how much you bid and how many people click on your ad.That means you can’t just buy your way to the top；your link also has to appeal to users.You pay Google for every click you receive.第14段后半段（删减了一句话）
The free food and laundry and the heavily subsidized massages and haircuts all help, but
there also has to be enough creative work to go around.Google came up with a formula to help
动物营养与饲料2010江佳伟2011.01.02/2011.06.24考后整理ensure this.The San Francisco wi-fi initiative resulted from someone's 10％ time；so did Google Talk, a free system for instant and voice messaging.If Google ever builds that space elevator, it will no doubt be during 10％ time.（2）汉译英下册Unit Four 课后翻译B第6个
下册Unit Six 课后翻译B第6个
4.作文比较中美不同的教育制度，你认为孰优孰劣？
听力课本Unit 23 Part Ⅱ 口语部分 Exercise 1 问题1
英语听力
1.Unit 26Part Ⅲ Passage One无选项，直接写句子。
Unit 29Part Ⅲ Talk Two
2.Unit 27Part Ⅰ Section CExercise 1
3.Unit 17Part Ⅰ Section CExercise 1
4.Unit 22Part Ⅲ Report One
5.VOA（是啥主题？我根本就没听，前面都没写完！）
总结：
精读试卷会选择上册课本中的一篇原文，题目为简答或选择，然后挑出10有难度的单
词（生词），要求写出英语含义，汉语意思。翻译为2道英译汉，2道汉译英（上下册各2道），是上册课文段落节选和上下册课后长翻译。作文为听力课本的口语部分问题，一般资老师班级听力课堂小作文也是写这个，不过课堂上写过的就不会出了，如想押作文题,可从15个单元中剔除写过的单元（可以找资老师班里的同学询问一下）。建议复习时可以将上册课文对照教师参考书上面的译文多看几遍，并看一下课后Exercise A。此外要将上册6个单元和下册3个单元以及Mini-Test的长翻译整理出来。
听力试卷就不要奢望会有选择题了！不过还是有规律可循的，试题中第1部分是听说
教程Part Ⅰ Section AExercise 1的短对话（如果Part Ⅲ的篇章很短，则也是出题来源）；第2部分是Part Ⅰ的表格类题；第3部分是Part Ⅰ中较长的，要书写的内容较多；第4部分是Part Ⅲ的长篇章。第5部分是VOA的文章，将文中句子补充完整，录音会放3遍，不过听力不是很好的同学建议放弃，此段时间用来弄前面几部分。注意考过的题也会再考，据我所知，美国节日的那题就已连续考过3届。听力试卷几乎全是简答，书写量大，一定要边听边写，因为全部录音放完后3-5分钟就交卷。注意听力考试时间只有一个小时！！
以下为废话，所谓的凑字数！呵呵。
精读的PPT,PDF和听力的PPT可以直接到出版社网上下载，也可以找我索要。qq 624202649
我就是资老师班上的，不过他的教学和出题模式令人不是很适应，俗称”很变态”。希
望我的这些总结对师弟师妹们的考试有些帮助，祝你们考试顺利通过！
第五篇：当代研究生英语下册课后Close原文1-4
Unit 1，There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of，intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John.When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes.Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities.John, however, was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college, This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were，given tests to measure their intelligence.Johns I.Q was 125,twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.Unit 2
Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries.Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs.The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity.Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry messages.In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind.About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest.Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness.They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies.They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain.They hold the secret to mood and emotion.Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain.Unit 3，By measuring the amount of HIVs genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fewer, is infected with HIV.This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that leads to AIDS.Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells.In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stopping the production of new cells, by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of cells directly.Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer , at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be needed.Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of California , San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviral drugsmight even fool the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immune responses at all.This might make individuals who stop taking the drugs even more vulnerable.He argues that immune-restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs.Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells.Unit 4what is Golbalization?
Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress.It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world , particularly through trade and financial flows.The term sometimes also refers to the movement of
people(labor)and knowledge(technology)across international borders.There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization.The term has come to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions –both trade an financial flows, It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries ,or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor-the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best.Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all.Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.
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