高考总复习英语课时作业40[精选]

第一篇：高考总复习英语课时作业40[精选]

(选修八·Unit 5)

Ⅰ.单项填空

1．—Why don't you do some shopping in the second-hand store?

—Well，the goods there are ________，but ________.A．more expensive;worse

B．more expensive;not as bad

C．cheaper;good enough

D．cheaper;not as good

答案与解析：D 考查形容词的用法。由语境结合常识可知，和新货比起来，二手店里的货物价格便宜，但是质量不如新货好。很显现这是把两种店里的货从价格和质量方面进行了比较，后面省略比较状语。

2．He has a terrible toothache.So his mother has to________all his food for him.A．cut outB．cut off

C．cut upD．cut away

答案与解析：C cut up 切碎。句意：因为他牙痛的要命，所以他母亲不得不为他将所有的食物切碎。cut out 切掉，停止；cut off 切断；cut away 切掉，砍掉，均不符合句意。

3．There is not much time left，but________we must get there in time.A．somehowB．somewhat

C．howeverD．anyway

答案与解析：D anyway“不管怎样”。句意：剩下的时间不多了，但是不管怎样，我们必须按时到达那里。somehow“不知怎么地”；somewhat“有点”；however“然而”。

4．As time goes by，the________between the various classes of society are not so sharply marked as they used to be.A．divisionsB．gaps

C．separationsD．intervals

答案与解析：A division“区分”。句意：随着时间的推移，现在社会上各阶层的区分不像过去那样明显了。gap“隔阂”；separation“分开；分离”；interval“间隔”。

5．It's reported that thousands of people are going back to school online for career________or just for fun.A．developmentB．advancement

C．promotionD．relief

答案与解析：B advancement“进步，提高”，此处表示为了改进工作，很多人上网校。development当“经济、社会等的发展”讲；promotion“晋升；推广”；relief“(痛苦，负担等的)缓和”。

6．To our________，computers，far from getting rid of jobs，can create employment.A．anxietyB．relief

C．viewD．judgment

答案与解析：B to one's relief使某人欣慰的是。根据句意，空白处应填入一个名词构成表示“使我们感到放心”之意的介词短语。anxiety意为“焦虑”；view意为“观点”；judgment意为“判断”。句意：使我们欣慰的是，电脑完全不是消除工作，而能创造工作。

7．Not having enough to eat，many died from________in the search for the new land.A．hungryB．thirst

C．strategyD．starvation

答案与解析：D 根据not having enough to eat可知许多人死于饥饿，可排除B、C项；A项hungry为形容词，所以选D项。

8．________his wife's strong objection，the husband insisted on putting all the money they had into the stock market，which almost drove her crazy.A．Regardless ofB．In relation to

C．On behalf ofD．In memory of

答案与解析：A regardless of“不管，不顾”。

9．She tried to explain what had happened but he________her several times.A．botheredB．spoiled

C．cutD．interrupted

答案与解析：D interrupt“打断；插话”。bother“麻烦”；spoil“宠坏”；cut“切”。

10．Let's________that there is a selection this month.What is the result likely to be，given the latest opinion polls?

A．assumeB．announce

C．assistD．approve

答案与解析：A assume“假定；设想”，符合题意。

11．He was________when customs officers found drugs in his bag.A．arguedB．fought

C．persuadedD．arrested

答案与解析：D arrest“逮捕”符合题意。argue“争论”；fight“打架”；persuade“说服”。

12．—I wonder if you are satisfied with my proposal.—But I prefer to see an________one before making a decision.A．alternativeB．another

C．otherD．others

答案与解析：A 根据句子意思可知回答者希望能有选择的余地再做决定，可与one搭配的只有alternative。another前不需要冠词。

13．The origin of Chinese culture________more than 5,000 years ago.A．is dated back toB．dates back to

C．is dated fromD．dates back

答案与解析：B more than 5,000 years ago是时间点而不是时间段，故排除D项。date back to还可以用date from来表示，它们都无进行时态和被动语态，故选B项。

14．Everyone should________and save a little money each year for when he retires.A．look forwardB．look up

C．look aheadD．look into

答案与解析：C look ahead“为将来打算”，符合题意。look forward“期望”；look up“向上看”；look into“调查”。

15．—I just hear the tickets for tonight's film had been sold out.—Oh，no！________.A．It's not at all interesting

B．It doesn't matter

C．I was looking forward to that

D．I know

答案与解析：C 题意：“今天晚上的电影票已经卖完了。”“哦，不！我一直盼着呢！”只有C项能表达说话者的迫切的心情。

Ⅱ.阅读理解

Starbucks coffee shops can be found all over America and in more than thirty countries around the would.Many people think they are great places to enjoy a cup of hot coffee or tea.But others dislike the company.If you are in any major city in America，the chances are great that you are not far from a Starbucks.In fact，you might be very close to several of these coffee shops.The company started in the West Coast city of Seattle，Washington，in 1971.Starbucks was named after a character in the famous American novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville.Today，there are more than 12 000 Starbucks around the world.Sales in 2008 were almost eight billion dollars.Starbucks sells more than just plain coffee.It started a whole coffee culture with its own special language and coffee workers called“baristas”．It sells many kinds of hot and cold coffee drinks；like White Chocolate Mocha and Frappuccino.It also sells music recorders，coffee makers，food，and even books.But most of all，it sells the idea of being a warm and friendly place for

people to sit，read or talk.Starbucks is a great successful story.Buiers are willing to pay as much as five dollars for coffee drink.Many people say they go to Starbucks because they can depend on it to have exactly what they want and it is nearby.Some say Starbucks has helped to educate people about coffee from many countries.However，some people do not like the company's expansion.Owners of independent coffee stores cannot compete with Starbucks.Some small coffee sellers even took the company to court，saying Starbucks controls the market and forces out competition.1.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?

A．Starbucks，the Coffee Giant(巨人)

B．The World's Starbucks

C．Starbucks，Selling Ideas

D．Starbucks，In or Out

答案与解析：A确立文章标题。文章主要介绍拥有众多连锁店的咖啡店巨无霸Starbucks，B、C、D三项都只是介绍Starbucks coffee shops的某一个侧面，较片面。

2.People will go to Starbucks for coffee drink because of________.A．the sense of satisfaction there

B．the highly educated baristas

C．the plain taste of the drink

D．the low price there

答案与解析：A 细节理解题。由第四段第三句“Many people say they go to Starbucks because they can depend on it to have exactly what they want”由此推断人们去Starbucks是由于一种满足感。

3.What do you think takes the most important role in Starbucks' success?

A．Selling their ideas.B．The coffee culture they have created.C．Their great economic power.D．All kinds of their coffee drinks.答案与解析：B 判断推理题。由第三段中“Starbucks sells more than just plain coffee.It started a whole coffee culture with its own special language...But most of all it sells the idea of being a warm and friendly place for people to sit，read or talk”可推断Starbucks成功之处在于他们创立的咖啡文化。

4.The writer's attitude towards Starbucks is________in writing the passage.A．supportiveB．critical(批评的)

C．objectiveD．doubtful

答案与解析：C 判断作者态度题。本文介绍Starbucks咖啡连锁店特有的文化经营理念，所以作者的态度是客观的。

Ⅲ.篇章结构

“__1__It all depends on your personality，”said British naturalist Richard Mabey.“Personality shapes your view of the season，”he said.“You may see it as a fading away，a packing up(结束)，or as a time of packing in another sense –the gathering of resources before a long journey.” __2__ About November，he wrote：

No warmth，no cheerfulness，no healthful ease

No shade，no shine，no butterflies，no bees

November!

On the other hand，another English poet John Keats，already sensing he was seriously ill，was inspired by a late September day to pen one of the most famous poems in the English language，According to Richard Mabey，Keats has the biological evidence on his For example，just at the moment that Keats's“gathering swallows”(in To Autumn)are departing for Africa，millions of creatures are fleeing from the frozen north like Iceland，Greenland and Russia

to winter along the east and south coasts of Britain.People might argue that it is the coloring of the leaves and their eventual fall that make people feel sad about autumn.But no one is sure why trees drop their leaves in the first place.It may be likely to rid the poisonous material trees collect over A century after Keats，the American poet Loren Eiseley wrote in his journal：“Suppose we saw ourselves burning like maples in a golden autumn.And suppose we could disintegrate(瓦解)like autumn leaves...Would not our attitude towards death be different？”

A.Autumn is not a time of slowing down，but a time of new beginnings and great movements of creatures.B．He wrote to a friend afterwards that there was something comforting and healing about autumn.C．Keats thought we should take a negative attitude towards death.D．Autumn means different to different people.E．If this is true，perhaps it tells us a little about，for instance，Thomas Hood，the 19th Century English poet.F．More likely，it is a way of reducing the loss of water，which tree roots find hard to take in from cold soil.G．The fall of tree leaves is more likely to make people sad.答案： 1.D 2.E 3.B 4.A 5.F

Ⅳ.短文改错

On a snowy winter night，a bus with 45 passenger had an accident because the slippery road.And all of them were trapping in the bus and what was worse，the bus ran out of gas and it is very cold in it.They could do nothing but to wait for help.A man who lived nearby saw what had happened.He and some villagers tried to open the door and helped all of whom out of the bus.He took them to his home but offered them food and water and even some warm clothes for children.They spent two days in his home and finally help came.All of them were thankfully for his kind help.答案：

On a snowy winter night，a bus with 45had an accident because ∧ the slippery of

road.And all of them were trapping in the bus and what was worse，the bus ran out of gas and itvery cold in it.They could do nothing but towait for help.A man who lived nearby saw

what had happened.He and some villagersto open the door and helped all ofout of the bus.He took them to his home but offered them food and water and even some warm clothes for ∧ children.They spent two days in his home and finally help came.All of them were the

for his kind help.

第二篇：高考英语从句总复习

从句

一． 定义

1.句子分为简单句和复合句。简单句是只有一个主谓宾结构。复合句是由两个或两个以上的主谓宾结构构成的句子。

2.复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是全句的主体，从句是主句的一个成分，它不能单独做句子，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的从句，如作主语的就叫主语从句，作宾语的就叫宾语从句，作表语的就叫表语从句，作定语的叫定语从句，作状语的就叫状语从句。3.复合句主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

二． 名词性从句

（一）主语从句

1.主语从句是指从句充当主语的句子。2.引导词;关系代词：（1)从句成分什么都不缺：thatwhetherif(whether一般跟or not 搭配使用，if不能)That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference(2)从句成分缺人：whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomever(3)从句成分缺物：whatwhatererwhichwhichever Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatever you did is right.关系副词：where:（什么地方），从句中缺地点状语 when:(什么时候)，从句中缺时间状语 why:(什么原因)，从句中缺原因状语 how:(如何，怎样)，从句中缺方式状语

Where he is from is the question nobody can answer She don’t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3.主语从句的特殊形式:it做形式主语的主语从句结构(1)It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact an honor that（2)it is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural obviouspossible that…(3)it is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems happened that…(4)it ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that… 据报道… It is said that…据说…

It has been proved that… 已证实…

4.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)

(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)

(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)5.注意：

（1）主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。

Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（2）主语从句中的引导词放在句首不能省略

（二）．宾语从句

1.从句在主句中充当宾语的句子是宾语从句 2.引导词

3.宾语从句的几种形式（1）做及物动词的宾语 I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.She told me that she would accept my invitation.(2)作介词的宾语

Our success depends upon how hard we work(3).作形容词的宾语

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.I am glad that you have made such progress(4)动词+it+that结构

It做形式宾语，代替that引导的宾语从句

He has made it clear that he won’t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out(5)宾语从句否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.4.注意：（1）宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序

（2）如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。He thought he was working for the people．

I heard she had been to the Great W all．

John hoped that he would find a job soon．

但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化：

The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun

（三）表语从句

从句在主句中充当表语成分的句子是表语从句。一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句” The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is why we can’t get the support of the people

But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.（四）同位语从句

1.同位语从句是修饰前面名词的从句。

The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general 2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

三．形容性从句（定语从句）

（一）含义：从句充当定语成分的句子叫做定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。

（二）限制性定语从句

1.限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后，没有逗号分开。2.引导词：分为关系代词和关系副词。（1）关系代词引导的定语从句：

that:指代人、事物，作主语、宾语，做宾语时可以省略 who:指代人，做主语

whom:指代人，做宾语，可以省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用who代替，可以省略 The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物，做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略 whose:指代人、物，做定语，其后直接加名词 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.指物时常用以下结构代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired（2）关系副词引导的定语从句：

where：指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 Shai hai is the city where I was born

The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意: 关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替 Shai hai is the city wherein which I was born I still remember the day whenon which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why for which you missed the plane 练习：

A letter------is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主语)Do you know the gentleman-----spoke just now? You can take anything----you like.（宾语）What is the question-----they are talking about? Here is the man-----you want to see.3.注意

(1)限制性定语从句中只能用that的几种情况：

A 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时，要用that Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.B 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰,如：firstlastnext等

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.C 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时

This is the best film that I have seen.D 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy，After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ E 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词宜用that。He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.（2）限制性定语从句中只能用who的情况：

A 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。如：

Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？

B 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who(whom)。如：

Those who want to go there come here please.那些想去那儿的人请来这边。

C 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)时，只能用who(whom)。如： Anyone who is against us is our enemy.任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。D 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who(whom)。如：

There are students in our class who / whom you have met.我们班有些学生你见过。

E 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：

The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。

(3)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising

（三）．非限制性定语从句

1.含义：先行词和从句用逗号隔开，对所修饰你名词或代词等起补充说明的作用。如果去掉从句，并不影响它所修饰的先行词的意义。

2.引导词（1）关系代词：

指人：who :做主语，不可省略 ；whom:做宾语，不可省略 指物：which:做主语或宾语，不可省略（2）关系副词：

when where why as等

Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he 答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3.as和which 引导的非限制性定语从句

（1）as和which都可在句子中做主语或宾语，它们指代的是整个句子 He married her,aswhich is natural He is honest,aswhich we can see(2)as引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之尾，还可分割整个主句，which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后;as有“正如，正想”之意 As is known to us，china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent

John ,as you know,is famous writer(3)作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语；而这时as 只可以做系动词be的主语。例如：

A)He married her, which was natural.（可用as代替which）他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。

B)He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious.(不可用as 代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。

It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which C.as D.it(4).在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am, is, are则这些系动词不能省略；而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。例如：

A)He is a teacher, as(is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)B)He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略)(5)当先行词有such,the same修饰时，常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last week 注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

（四）引导词+介词引导的定语从句

关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语时，从句常用介词+关系代词引: The school whichthat he once studied is vert famous ——the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book whichthat you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意：

A:含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用。如：look at, look for, look after, take care of等 This is watch whichthat I looking for B:当介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词指人是只能用whom,，关系代词指代物时，只能用which，关系代词是所有格时，用whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C:介词+定语从句，前面可有some any both each none neither 等代词或数词修饰 He love his parents deeply，both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,，most of whom are from cities 四．状语从句

一：时间状语从句

（一）when, while和as。

1.when引导从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作。引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词（一段时间），又可以是瞬时动词（一点时间）。when还含有“at that moment”的意思，引起的句子不能放在句首

When he heard the news，they were much surprised(从句的动作先于主句的动作)When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）

We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我们正在看电视，这时灯突然灭了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他们刚到家，这时天就开始下雨了。

2.while 从句的动作和主句同时发生，从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的。并且while有时还可以表示对比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 从句的动作和主句同时发生。从句的谓语动词可是瞬时性的，也可是延续性的。从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时，则多用as，可译为“一边......，一边......” She came up as I was cooking.(延续性)The runners started as the gun went off.(瞬时性)He looked behind from to time as he went.他一边走，一边不时地往后看。

As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer..随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。练习：

1.He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.(2006辽宁)

A.why B.where C.when D.while 2.— I’m going to the post office.— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(1999)

A.As B.While C.Because D.If 3.____ the days went on, the weather got worse.(1990)

A.With B.Since C.While D.As 4.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____.(1992)

A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked

C.slipped;had looked D.was slipping;looked 如果主句的动作发生于表示“当……时”的时间状语从句中的动作的进行过程中，从句常用进行时。如： The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show.女房东怀疑在她看电视时曾有人闯入屋

5.I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____.(2006安徽)

A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 6.It was some time ____ we realized the truth.(2005山东)

A.when B.until C.since D.before 7.— Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?

— He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word.(2006四川)

A.before B.until C.when D.after

（二）before 和after

before引导时间状语从句时表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，如主句是将来时，从句中现在时,从句是过去时,主句用过去完成时。after引导时间状语从句时表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。

It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home.重点：before 的用法

1.用于It + be + 时间段 + before...句型中，意思是“在……之后才……”，如果主句中用否定式，则表示“不多久……就”。

It will be five years before I come back.我五年后才能回来。

It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country.不久之后，敌人就被赶走了。

It won’t be long before they understand each other.他们不久就会互相了解的。

2.还有“趁……（还没有）”之意。例如：

They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.他们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来。

Do it before you forget it.趁早动手，以免忘了 3.短语before long与long before的区别

before long是“很快，不久”的意思, 可以用于各种时态。如：

Before long, he went to America.不久，他就去了美国。

I hope to see you before long.我希望不久后再见到你。

而 long before是“很久以前”的意思，一般用在过去时或过去完成时的句子里。如： She said she had read the novel long before.她说她很久以前就读过这部小说。

（三）till和until

①until和till都可表示“直到．．．为止”，与主句中持续性动词的肯定式连用。He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我们吃完饭。

②当until和till表示“直到．．．才．．．．”时，通常与主句中短暂动词的否定式连用，这时，until和till也可用before代替。

I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回来，我才离开的。③be动词的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till连用。

④until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。Until he told me, I knew nothing about it.他告诉我了我才知道。当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序： Not until she came back did I leave.= I didn’t leave until she came back.在强调句型中一般用until，不用till。如：

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a

1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.(2007天津)A.until B.after C.since D.when 2.They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.(1998)A.saw B.watched C.noticed D.observed 题干中的主句为肯定句，until需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延续性动作的谓语动词连用，因此本题应选表示延续性动作的watched(其他选项中的saw，noticed，observed所表示的动作都不能延续，意味着结果)。3.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.(2006 A because B.since C.when D.until

（四）since的用法 1.连词

（1）表示“自从……以来”：

A:主句+since+非延续性动词

一般主句用现在完成时，从句用过去时,翻译：“某某自从…以来已经…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延续性动词或表示状态的动词

主句用现在完成时，从句用过去时，翻译：“某某自从没有…以来已经…了”

He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale.他自从从耶鲁大学毕业以来已经做了好几份工作。We all have been missing her since she lived here 自从她从这里搬走，我们就再也没见过她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。C:主句+since +延续性动词

主句是现在完成时，从句是现在完成时，翻译：“某某自从…以来…了’

Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。

He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。

He has never been to see me since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。

D：It be(一般式或完成式)＋表示一段时间的词汇＋since引导的时间状语从句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我成为研究生已经有2年了。It was three years since we had been there.我们在那儿已呆了三年。

应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了：

It is a long time since he didn’t study English.It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.正确的说法为：

It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。

You haven’t come to see me for two months.你有两个月没来看我了。（2）既然；因为

He must have taken the book since it isn't here.他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。

Since it is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。

2.介词：表示“自从……以来”，其具体用法有两种情况：

(1)since＋表示过去某个时间点的词汇(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点)。

They have been friends since childhood.他们从幼时起一直是好朋友。I have been there many times since the war.自那次战争以来，我曾去该地多次。(2)since＋表示一段时间的词汇＋ago。

I have been here since five months ago.五个月以来我一直在这里。

They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.(1989)A.have made B.have become C.have been D.have turned

（五）表示“一…就…”：as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…；表示“当…时候”： the time, the moment；by the time（到…时候为止）, next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的时候), the last time(上次…的时候)，once（一旦…）

She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一听到声音就冲进房间 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他刚到达那里就生起病来。

He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.他还没说完就有人起来反驳他的论点 He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。注意：hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…

前面常用过去完成时，后面用一般过去时。同时它们还可以倒装: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他刚到达那里就生起病来。Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.（六）表示习惯性、经常性：every time（每次）, each time（每次）, whenever（每当）等。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每当我们遇上困难的时候他们就来帮我们 Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次进城，总要来看看我们的学校。Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家，他都出去了。

二．地点状语从句

地点状语从句一般由由where（在……的地方）, wherever（无论哪里），everywhere（每一个地方）引导的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三．原因状语从句

（一）because since as for 1.because 表示的原因语气最强；通常放在主句之后，有时也放在主句之前；直接回答why 提出的问题；在强调句中只能用because；被not所否定时只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed 2.since和as表示的原因是人们事先已经知道的，是对已知事实提供理由，而不表示直接原因；since比as语气稍强，且比as略为正式，两者通常都放在主句之前 3.for是并列连词(其作三者为从属连词)，它有时可表示因果关系(只能放在主句之后，且可与because换用)，有时不表示因果关系，而是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断(也只能放在主句之后，但不能与because换用)。

The ground is wet, for(或because)it rained last night.地面是湿的，因为昨晚下过雨。

It rained last night, for(不能用because)the ground is wet this morning.昨晚下过雨，今天早上地面都是湿的(二)由now that，seeing that，considering that（由于…，既然…）

Seeing that it’s raining，we’d better stay indoors.既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。Now that you are here, you’d better stay.你既然来了，最好还是留下吧

Considering that she has no experience, she has done well enough.考虑到她没有经验，她已经做得不错了

四．条件状语从句

（一）if，unless

1.if引导的条件状语从句时，主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时；if引导条件状语从句的虚拟；if引导条件状语从句的省略

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.unless = if……not

You will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hard

You will never make rapid progress unless you work hard

（二）1.as（so）long as “只要……”As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay 只要你需要我，我就留下。as（so）long as 还可表示一段时间

Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。

So long as he lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between you.在他死之前，我觉得我没有权利介入你们之间

2.only if 与 if only。only if 意为“只要”，只用于真实条件句中，是if 的强调式；if only 有两个意思，一是表示“只要”，此时通常与陈述语气连用，与 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”，此时多用于虚拟语气和感叹句中。

I will come only if you don’t promise to invite Mary.只要你答应不请玛丽，我就来。

If only it clears up, we’ll go.只要天晴，我们就去。

If only I hadn’t told him about it.要是我没有告诉他这事就好了 If only he will listen to you！他要是听你的话多好！3.as long as 与 only if 的区别

（1）从语气上看，only if 的语气要比as long as 强

（2）当主句和从句的谓语动词均为短暂性动词时，通常只用 only if，而不用 as long as。如：He will come only if you ask him.（3）两者均可引导从句置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，当only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时，其后的主句要用倒装语序，而且 as long as 引导的从句置于主句之前不用倒装。如：

As long as it doesn’t rain we can play.只要不下雨，我们就能玩。

Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.只有得到教师的允许，学生才可以进这间屋。

（三）provided（providing）(that)，on condition that，given that，in case，suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。

He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你给他钱，他就干活

I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付现金，这架相机就卖给你

Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the election.如果赢得人民的支持，他将取得竞选的胜利

Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失败，别灰心，再试试。

五． 让步状语从句

（一）although, though“虽然，尽管” 引导让步状语从句时，句中不能用but表示转折语气，但可跟yet，still表示转折

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

（二）ever if, even though.“虽然，尽管，即使”We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.（三）“no matter +疑问词” 或“疑问词+后缀ever” ：意为“无论…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.（1）“no matter +疑问词”不能引导名词性从句 Whatever you say is of no use now.Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么（2）注意however以下两类句型结构 ① however+主语+谓语：

However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走，至少要三天。② however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语：

However much he eats, he never gets fat.无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。③ 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略：

He was of some help, however small.他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。I refuse, however favorable the condition.不管条件多好，我都不接受。

（四）让步状语从句与倒装

引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although；as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。

（五）让步状语从句的虚拟语气

六．目的状语从句

（一）so that，in order that, so, that表示“以便；为了”，so that：如果主句是一般现在时，从句常与may，can，will连用；如果主句是一般过去时，从句常与could，should，would，might连用。

We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn’t wake up the baby

（二）least，in case，for fear that 表示“以防，以免”，从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气

七．结果状语从句

（一）so that，so...that，such...that 1.so…that与such…that的区别在于：

（1）A such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that…

He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.他非常聪明，大家都非常喜欢他。

B such＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋that…

They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。

C such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that…

He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.注意：如果such后边的名词前由many、much、few、little等词所修饰的话，则不用such而用so。如：

He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。（2）so…that也作“如此…以致”

so＋adj.／adv.＋that…clause（so的后面跟形容词或副词）

He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。

2.so that引导结果状语从句时，意思是“因此;所以”；在从句前常有逗号与主句分开；结果状语从句中没有情态动词；目的状语从句可移到句首，而结果状语从句不能。

Iohn went early, so that he got a good seat.约翰去的很早，得到了一个好位置。

Iohn went early so that he could get a good seat.约翰去的很早，为的是得到一个好位置。

The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day 八．方式状语从句

方式状态语从句常由as, as if/as though等。例如：

She acted as if/though nothing had happened.It looks as if it'll rain.as if/as though引导方式状语从句要用虚拟语气

第三篇：2018高考英语一轮复习构想Unit2Cloning课时作业

Unit 2 Cloning Ⅰ.阅读理解

A(2017·潍坊4月模拟)Every evening Sylvie left her grandmother's house at 530 to bring their cow home.The old animal spent her days out in the open country eating sweet grass.When the cow heard Sylvie's voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes, unwilling to go home.This evening it had taken Sylvie longer than usual to find her cow.The child hurried the cow through the dark forest, following a narrow path that led to her grandmother's home.“Hello, little girl，” a young man called out cheerfully.“I've been hunting for birds, but I've lost my way.” The young man explained he was a scientist, who searched for birds.“Do you put them in a cage？” Sylvie asked.“No，” he answered, “I shoot them and deal with them with special chemicals to preserve them.”

“I saw a white heron(苍鹭)not far from here two days ago.It's a very rare bird.Have you seen it, too？” he asked Sylvie.Sylvie's heart began to beat fast.She knew that strange white bird!The young man was staring at Sylvie.“I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.”

Sylvie had a plan that she would get the $ 10 for her grandmother and make the young man happy.Her plan was to climb to the top of a tall pine tree to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.The pine tree seemed to grow taller, the higher that Sylvie climbed.Suddenly a bird with broad white wings flew past Sylvie and landed on a pine branch below her.The white heron sat on its nest in a nearby tree.Sylvie gave a long sigh.She knew the wild bird's secret now.Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree.About an hour later Sylvie returned.Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen.The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come.But Sylvie was silent.She could not tell the heron's secret and give its life away.【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了小女孩Sylvie最终因为她的善良而没有把白苍鹭的栖息地告诉年轻的科学家的故事。

1．Where would Sylvie usually meet the cow every evening? A.In the open country.B.Among the forest.C.On a narrow path.D.In the bushes.答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据关键句可知，Sylvie是在灌木丛中遇到这头奶牛。故D项符合题意。

【关键句】When the cow heard Sylvie's voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes, unwilling to go home.(第一段最后一句)译文：当这头奶牛听见Sylvie叫她的声音时，她就会藏在灌木丛中，不愿意回家。2．What was the young scientist's job according to his introduction? A.Collecting birds.B.Raising birds.C.Observing birds.D.Protecting birds.答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据关键句可推知，这个年轻的科学家的工作可能是收集各种鸟类标本。故A项符合题意。

【关键句】．..I shoot them and deal with them with special chemicals to preserve them.(第三段最后一句)译文：„„我射杀它们，并用特殊的化学药剂来处理它们，目的是保存它们。3．What had Sylvie planned to do about the white bird? A.Make good friends with it.B.Prevent it from being caught.C.Find its nest but keep it secret.D.Find it for money and the man.答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据关键句可知，因为钱和这个年轻人，Sylvie想找到白苍鹭。故D项符合题意。

【关键句】Sylvie had a plan that she would get the $10 for her grandmother and make the young man happy.(第五段第一句)译文：Sylvie有了一个计划，她可以为她的祖母挣10美元并且还能使这个年轻人高兴。4．What saved the white bird's life at last? A.Grandmother's sympathy.B.The white bird's beauty.C.Sylvie's kindness.D.The young man's generosity.答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，当Sylvie找到白苍鹭的巢的位置，回到家之后，她决定不把这个秘密告诉这个年轻人，因为她不想白苍鹭丢掉性命。由此可推知，Sylvie是一个善良的小女孩。故C项符合题意。

【长难句分析】“I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.”(第四段最后一句)分析：本句是一个复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词the person，在从句中作主语；where引导宾语从句，作动词showed的宾语。

译文：“谁带我去找白苍鹭，我就给谁10美元。”

B(2017·福建省质量检查)When students read articles about scientific discovery, they learn what worked.Scientists present the methods that got the best result.They often show only the results that are significant and important.What they won't show are the mistakes or failures that came first.Yet sometimes those mistakes pointed the way to success.It can take a long time and many experiments to achieve scientific success.Robbin, 16, and Annabelle, 15, learned that while working this summer in a biochemistry lab at Stony Brook University in New York.What's more, they learned that failure is not necessarily something to fear.“I like the idea of scientific research，” says Robbin.It's the basis for “every lesson you learn in school and understanding everything you see in life”.This summer, Robbin has been working with Lauren, a chemistry student, who is making new drugs to fight harmful bacteria.At first, the tests made Robbin anxious.She worried that she might be making costly mistakes.But Lauren reassured her that finding out what doesn't work is“just part of the learning process”.With time, the teen got comfortable with the idea that every experiment wouldn't succeed.Annabelle also learned a lot about failure and success.She worked with graduate student Agnieszka Gil.“Sometimes I try something and it takes a while for the experiment to run.” This means that finding out whether Annabelle did something wrong can be a stressful waiting game, because “if you did something wrong you need to do it again”.But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success.In science, figuring out why something failed is what may just put them on the road to success.【解题导语】 在阅读科学发现的文章时，人们往往对科学成就过度关心，其实科学成就往往是建立在无数次失败的基础之上的。Robbin和Annabelle在实验室里体会到了坦然接受实验失败的价值。

5．What impresses students most in articles about scientific discovery? A.Scientists' achievements.B.The reasons for success.C.The cause of mistakes.D.Stressful process of research.答案与解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第一段的第一句“When students read articles about scientific discovery, they learn what worked”以及第二段的第一句“It can take a long time and many experiments to achieve scientific success”可知，学生在阅读科学发现的文章时，对科学成就的印象最为深刻，故A项正确。

6．What can we learn from the passage? A.Robbin is a graduate student.B.Lauren managed to make new drugs.C.Annabelle learns the value of patience.D.Agnieszka expected instant success.答案与解析：C 考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success”可知，Annabelle学会了耐心，不期望立即成功；据此可以判断，Annabelle知道了耐心的价值，故C项正确。

7．What did Robbin and Annabelle have in common in their experiments? A．They did their experiments independently.B．They realized not all experiments would succeed.C．They assisted graduate students to make new drugs.D．They made severe mistakes in the experiments.答案与解析：B 考查细节理解。根据第三段的最后一句“With time, the teen got comfortable with the idea that every experiment wouldn't succeed”可知，Robbin坦然接受了并不是每次实验都会成功的事实；根据第四段的最后一句“But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success”可知，Annabelle学会了耐心，不期望立即成功；据此可知，Robbin和Annabelle的共同点是她们都意识到了不是每次实验都会成功，故B项正确。

8．What does the writer intend to tell us? A.The cause of making errors in science.B.The significance of scientific discovery.C.The importance of doing experiments.D.The correct attitudes towards failures.答案与解析：D 考查目的意图。通读全文可知，本文的主题句是文章最后一句“In science, figuring out why something failed is what may just put them on the road to success”；由此可知，探索科学世界，失败是成功之母；据此可以判断，本文旨在告诉人们对待失败的正确态度，故D项正确。

Ⅱ.七选五

(2017·河北石家庄考试)

How to Avoid an Internet Addiction

While it may seem like everyone surfs the web these days, there is a fine line between casually checking your social media pages and having a full­blown Internet addiction.If you fear that you may lose interest in other aspects of your life because you prefer to be on the Internet, you may be on your way to an Internet addiction.__1__ Admit you are at risk of an addiction.More and more people in the world are becoming addicted to the Internet.You are not the only one with this problem, and it is becoming more and more common and more and more well­known.__2__ Set aside limited time for computer use.Make sure not to turn it on too many times a week.If you have a laptop, make sure to put it somewhere that you can remember but not somewhere that you see every day.Try keeping the lid closed when you are not using it.__3__ If you have a desktop PC, try not to go near it or put something over it like a sheet.Call people instead of sending instant messages or texts.If you are free on weekends, call friends and ask them to go outside.This will distract you from the computer.__4__ Use an alarm clock or timer.Before using your computer, decide on a time limit such as 30 minutes.Set the clock or timer and make sure that you get off the computer when the time is up.Alternatively create a shutdown timer on your desktop.__5__ A.Make a small list of what you want to do within that time.B.When the computer is not looking at you, you are less likely to use it.C.This can be programmed to shut down your computer after the set time.D.Luckily, there are ways to avoid living your life in front of the computer.E.This will stop you from using the Internet so often or going on to another page.F.If you have a problem on weekdays, phone your friends or ask for help in person.G.Do not be embarrassed;find others with the same problem and help each other beat it.答案与解析 【文章大意】 网瘾会给人们的生活带来很大的影响，本文就如何避免网瘾提出了建议。1．D 上文谈到网瘾会导致你对生活的其他方面失去兴趣，下文的几条建议则是有关如何避免网瘾的，D项对全文起着承上启下的作用。

2．G 本段的主旨是“Admit you are at risk of an addiction”，再结合本段讲述的“越来越多的人有网瘾，这是一个普遍现象”可知，选G项“不要觉得不好意思，找到和你一样有网瘾的人，互相帮助去战胜网瘾”。

3．B 根据空前的“Try keeping the lid closed when you are not using it”可知，作者建议你不用电脑时，把它合上，故选B项“看不到电脑时，你用它的可能性就小”。

4．F 本段的主题是“给朋友打电话而不是在网上发信息”，上文的“call friends and ask them to go outside”与F项中的“phone your friends or ask for help in person”，还有上文的“on weekends”与F项中的“on weekdays”前后呼应。

5．C 本段的主题是“Use an alarm clock or timer”，作者建议使用闹钟或定时器来限制上网的时间，空前的“shutdown timer”与C项中的“shut down your computer after the set time”相对应。

Ⅲ.语法填空

(2017·石家庄模拟考试)Dogs are __1__ very popular pet.Most of them just live with their families.But some dogs have very special jobs __2__(do).A group of dogs __3__(know)as “Therapy Dogs”.These dogs are family pets with special training, __4__ allows them to go into public buildings and comfort people __5__ need.The dogs are trained to be calm and quiet.Loud noises and unfamiliar places don't frighten them.They enjoy spending time with people.Some therapy dogs go into places, such as hospitals and nursing homes.When the dogs visit the patients, the patients are cheered up.They have fun __6__(pet)the dogs and look forward to their visits.The dogs help to brighten their day.Therapy dogs can improve people's health as well.Studies show that when people pet animals, their blood __7__(press)and heart rates go down.They are calmer and __8__(they)mood improves.Other therapy dogs work in schools and libraries.They serve as warm and caring __9__(friend)to children, but they also do __10__(much).In one town in California, therapy dogs have become children's reading buddies.The dogs make a great audience.The children look forward to reading to the dogs, and the dogs love the attention.答案与解析

【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了有着特殊用途的狗——治疗犬。它们能给病人带来心理上的安慰，能成为孩子的朋友。

1．a 考查冠词。依据本句中的“very popular pet”可知，此处应用不定冠词，表示泛指。

2．to do 考查固定用法。本句中应用不定式作后置定语，have sth.to do表示“要做某事”。

3．are known 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，本句话缺少谓语动词，“a group of＋名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数，dogs与know是动宾关系，此处描述的是一般情况，因此用一般现在时的被动语态。

4．which 考查定语从句。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为“special training”。

5．in 考查介词。由句意可知，这些治疗犬可以到公共场所安抚那些需要帮助的人。in need表示“在困难时，在危难之中”，为固定搭配。

6．petting 考查非谓语动词。have fun(in)doing sth.表示“做某事有乐趣”。7．pressure 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词，blood pressure表示“血压”。

8．their 考查代词。修饰名词mood要用形容词性物主代词，故用their。9．friends 考查名词的数。根据句子的主语They可知，此处用名词复数。

10．more 考查比较级。句中的but暗示这些狗对孩子来讲不仅仅是朋友，它们会做得更多。

第四篇：高考英语总复习测试题-18

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高考英语总复习测试题-18 选择填空

1.China is a country __________ the third world.a.belonged to b.which belongs to c.which is belonged to d.which is belonging to

2.Yesterday Retty didn‘t come here because of _____.And now she is _________ to play basketball.a.ill ,enough good b.illness, good enough c.sick, enough well d.illness, well enough

3.What do you think ________ in the pan over the fire? a.is there b.has there c.there is d.there has

4.It’s nice ________ her to help me _______ my physics.a.of, with b.for, study c.from, to study d.with ,studying

5.He was bron in the year ______ the Anti-Japaese War ________.a.which, broke out b.when ,broke out C.in which, was broken out d.on which ,was broken out

6.Doctors ______ him again and again to give up ___________.a.suggested/drink b.advised/drinking c.talked/to drink d.discussed/drinking

7.---Why are you late?---I ________ the meeting_________ at 10:00 ,so I caught the 9:00 train.a.think,would start b.thought,will start c.thought would start

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8.By the age of 26,he________ to speak 7 languages and write 4 of them.a.was learning b.has learned c.learned d.had learned

9.Tom talked to his classmates_____________.a.in a friendly way b.friendly c.like friend d.as friend

10.Have you considered ________ Betty a chance to go to college? a.giving b.to give c.give d.to have given

11.Did slave owners grow very rich ___________ the work of slavers? a.in b.by c.on d.with

12.Peope used _________ that China was poor_______ oil,while in fact,she is rich _______ oil.a.to think ,in ,in b.thinking,at ,at c.for thinking, in ,in d.to think, of ,of

13.Do you consider he __________ your best friend? a.as b.to be c.is d.being

14.I‘ll do __________ help you out of the trouble.Which of the following is wrong? a.what I can to b.that I can to c.my best to d.all I can to

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15.Many students have come into tne classroom.Look!___________ students are coming here.a.more two b.other two c.another two d.two ather

16.He can drink ________ eight bottles of beer each time.But I think he had better not drink_______ beer.a.as much as,as many b.as many as ,so much c.so,much as ,as many d.so many as ,as much

17.Next summer holidays,I will spend the ______________ days at my___________.a.first few,uncle’s b.first a few ,uncle‘s c.first a few,uncle’s d.first few,uncle

18.---Welcome to my house.Would you like a glass of milk and some hamburger?---Yes,________________.a.very well ,thanks b.that would be nice c.you are wonderful d.it certainly is

19.---Why not play football this afternoon?---____________.Who shall we ask? a.Good idea b.That‘s right c.We’d better not d.That‘s all right

20.---Oh,it’s six o‘clock already.I must be off now.---Can ’t you stay a little longer?---____________________.a.I hope not b.Thank you ever so much c.I‘m afraid not d.No,that ’s all

答案

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第五篇：2014高考历史总复习课时作业38 宗教改革和启蒙运动 新人教版

作业38宗教改革和启蒙运动

一、单项选择题

1.(2013·全国100所名校模拟题)1303年教皇博尼法斯八世就已死去，而他所发布的“十字军十一税”在40多年后还在收，圣战以告结束，当收税官被问及为何还要征收“十字军十一税”时，回答是：是为了圣战。后任教皇还要代为催索。由此可见，教皇的税收

()

A.是为十字军进行圣战而征收的B.征收对象是所有的天主教徒

C.反映了教皇及教会贪婪的本性

D.促进了天主教会的蓬勃发展

答案C

解析从题干材料看，天主教会征收的“十字军十一税”对广大教徒是一项沉重的负担，尤其到后来，其剥削性就越发明显了，暴露了教会贪婪的本性。故选C项。

2.(2013·金考卷系列)马丁·路德在《致德意志民族基督教贵族公开书》中说“应该规定，凡属世俗的事都不应该送到罗马判决，只应该由世俗当局处理。”这说明马丁·路德主张

()

A.信仰即可得救B.司法应实行政教分离

C.简化宗教仪式D.宗教事务由教皇处理

答案B

解析材料信息反映了马丁·路德主张世俗的司法权应该由世俗当局掌握，司法应当政教分离，故选B项。

3.(2013·山东兖州模拟题)马克思在评价马丁·路德的宗教改革时说：“他打破了对权威的信仰，是因为他树立了信仰的权威。他把僧侣(神职人员)变成了俗人，是因为他把俗人变成了僧侣。”下列对宗教改革的相关评述，不正确的是()

A.打破了罗马天主教会神圣不可侵犯的地位

B.树立信仰本身为权威，只要虔诚信仰，灵魂即可得救

C.改变了过去通过神职人员与上帝沟通的惯例，人人可以同上帝直接对话

D.试图清除宗教对个人生活的影响，开启了人类理性的光芒

答案D

解析本题考查马丁·路德宗教改革的影响。结合所学知识可知，A、B、C项均符合所学知识；D项错误，因为马丁·路德不反对人们信仰宗教，只是反对天主教会的仪式和教义，且“开启了人类理性的光芒”是对启蒙运动的描述。

4．(2013·河南省模拟题)马克思说：“的确，路德战胜了虔信造成的奴役制，是因为他用信念造成的奴役制代替了它。他破除了对权威的信仰，是因为他恢复了信仰的权威„„他把人从外在的宗教笃诚解放出来，是因为他把宗教笃诚变成了人的内在世界。”对材料理解最恰当的是()

A．说明了路德使人摆脱了教会束缚

B．肯定了虔诚信仰灵魂便获救的主张

C．批判了路德背离人文主义精神

D．指出了路德思想的双重作用

答案D

解析马克思揭示了路德改革破除了对天主教的信仰，但又用对圣经的信仰代替了它，也就是路德改革有双重作用。故选D项。

5.(2013·金考卷系列)马丁·路德曾提出：“上帝的道不是借什么行为所能接受，所能爱慕的，乃是单借着信。因此灵魂为着他的生命与义所需要的既然只是信，这样，灵魂显然单是因信称义，而不是因行为称义。”这一观点提出的直接意义是

()

A.否定教皇权威B.描绘理性王国

C.否定君主专制D.发展资本主义

答案A

解析题干反映的是马丁·路德的“因信称义”主张，这使原来救赎中不可缺少的教会、教皇等都成了多余的东西，从而否定了教皇权威，B、C项是启蒙运动的内容，D项不是“直接意义”。

6.(2013·银川一中模拟题)马丁·路德说：“这里誓言被看做无效，僧侣可获准离开他的修道院，教士能够用钱换来他的婚姻生活，这里的私生子能成为合法„„”马丁·路德这样说的目的在于()

A.否定天主教会存在的合理性

B.批判天主教会并宣传宗教改革

C.鼓励天主教徒退出天主教会

D.号召人们放弃天主教信仰

答案B

解析通过这些叙述，马丁·路德使人们尤其是天主教徒充分认识到教会本身的诸多腐败现象，从而对天主教会进行改革。故选B项。

7.(2013·金考卷系列)狄德罗在《百科全书》的“理性”一条中指出，理性是“人类认识真理的能力”“人类的精神不靠信仰的光亮的帮助而能够自然达到一系列真理”更是代表了这个时期的思想家精神。此时期人类的精神能够自然达到一系列真理的根本原因在于

()

A.资本主义经济的发展B.文艺复兴运动的推动

C.启蒙思想家的理论贡献D.民主政治的逐步确立

答案A

解析狄德罗强调的“理性”是启蒙运动时期的指导思想，这一思想产生的根本原因在于资本主义经济的发展，故选A项。

8.(2013·金考卷模拟题)当卢梭将否定私有财产权的《论人类不平等的起源和基础》寄给伏尔泰的时候，伏尔泰无比愤怒。这表明()

A.伏尔泰不同意卢梭对私有财产的否定

B.伏尔泰误解了卢梭的观点

C.卢梭挑战了伏尔泰的思想权威

D.卢梭的思想观点是错误的答案A

解析伏尔泰认为，国家的法律应该充分保护公民的财产私有权，这会促进工业和商业的发展，有利于国家的富裕和繁荣。而卢梭认为，私有制是人类发展到一定阶段的历史产物，并不是永恒的。由此可见，两者对私有制的观点不一致，故选A项。

9.(2013·金考卷模拟题)2012年7月2日，《新京报》刊登了北京大学李强教授的一篇文章，文中引用了某哲人的名言：“每个人全部转让了自己的天然自由，形成所谓公意。公意是全体成员的共同意志，这样，当个人服从公意时，他‘不过是在服从自己本人，并且仍然像以往一样自由’。”该名言可能出自()

A.《哲学通信》B.《论法的精神》

C.《社会契约论》D.《九十五条论纲》

答案C

解析根据“公意是全体成员的共同意志”“不过是在服从自己本人，并且仍然像以往一样自由”可知，该名人重视人们的公共意志，强调建立既权威又不丧失自由的制度，这正是社会契约论所倡导的。A项是伏尔泰的著作，B项是孟德斯鸠的著作，D项是马丁·路德的著作，故选C项。

10.(2013·广州市海珠区模拟题)雕塑家罗丹(1840～1917年)在参观博物馆面对一些人物塑像时，有感而发说：“瞧！伏尔泰对面的卢梭，目光中含有无限精微气息，那是十八世纪诸人物的共同性格。”罗丹所谓的“十八世纪诸人物的共同性格”主要指的是

()

A.提倡归纳或实验的方法

B.倾向自由、平等，反对君主政体

C.尊崇人文主义，否定天主教的教规

D.以理性的方法，思考人类社会的现象

答案D

解析本题考查对启蒙运动的核心思潮的理解能力。“十八世纪诸人物的共同性格”是受到启蒙思想的影响：崇尚理性。故选D项。

11．(2013·河南省模拟题)“政府制订法令，制服恶人，保护良善，这就是政府的职责。政府为着履行这种职责，需要很多的经费，而政府本身没有米谷金钱，故须向农民、商人征收赋税，以资壤持，但这是在双方同意下获得的协议，这就是政府和人民之间的约束。„„假如政府把保护人民叫做恩惠的话，那么农民、商人向政府缴纳赋税，也可以叫做恩惠了”。上述言论意在说明()

A．官民之间的矛盾是可以调和的B．政府和人民是平等的契约关系

C．自由、平等是上天赋予的人权

D．人与人之间在基本权利上是平等的答案B

解析欧洲启蒙思想家提出“社会契约论”，认为人民和政府之间形成平等的契约关系，材料表明，政府和人民之间“在双方同意下获得的协议，这就是政府和人民之间的约束”，说明B正确。

12.(2013·皖南八校模拟题)康德认为，人在道德上是自主的，人的行为虽然受客观因果的限制，但是人之所以成为人，就在于人有道德上的自由能力，能超越因果，有能力为自己的行为负责。据此可以得出()

A.康德强调人的自由是有限的B.启蒙思想是以道德为核心的C.理性主义是康德的核心思想

D.德意志启蒙运动强调道德

答案A

解析材料中康德提到人的行为受客观因果的限制，但人有能力为自己的行为负责，也就是说人要为自己的行为负责，人的自由是有限的。故选A项。

二、材料分析题

13.(2013·兖州市模拟题)研究性学习是高中历史学习的重要方法之一，高三某班历史兴趣小组的同学以“东西方文明的对话”为主题，分成了群星闪烁、分道扬镳、西学东渐三个步骤，展开探究。

群星闪烁

材料一孔子说:“智、仁、勇三者，天下之达德也。”把智仁勇这三种品质称为“君子道者三”，认为它们是品行高尚的君子必须具备的三种美德。而苏格拉底提出一个重要的命题即“美德是知识”他认为知识是美德的基础，“贯穿于一切美德之中，美德由教育而来”。

(1)根据上述材料，结合所学知识，说明孔子与苏格拉底思想主张的共同点?

分道扬镳

材料二天理流行，触处皆是:暑往寒来，川流山峙，父子有亲，君臣有义之类，无非这理。

——《朱子语类》

(2)根据材料并结合所学知识说明宋明理学是如何发展儒家思想的?它对后世产生了什么消极影响?

材料三启蒙思想是个长期的国际性的发展过程，18世纪末在欧洲产生了重大影响„„使人民以新的观念看待国家、政权机构、宗教生活。

——《大国崛起》

(3)启蒙思想使人民产生了哪些“新的观念”来看待国家、政权机构的。

西学东渐

材料四中国近代人文思想是在西方现代文化传入的基础上，经过与中国传统文化的碰拉与互动，在同化与顺应两种机制的作用下产生的。但这种人文思想更多地反映了中国新生资产阶级力图改造社会的良好愿望。

——文池《思想的灵光》

(4)根据材料四，概括中国近代人文思想形成的历史条件，结合所学知识，指出中国新生资产阶级改造社会的实践活动。

答案(1)都看到美德与智慧之间的联系;都重视教育的作用。

(2)认为理是万物的本原，将理和伦理道德联系在一起。影响:束缚了人们的思想，维护了封建统治。

(3)新观念：天赋人权、主权在民、社会契约、三权分立，开明君主制、民主共和制。

(4)条件:思想上：西方文化传入中国;经济上：中华民族资本主义产生并发展。社会实践:维新变法运动、辛亥革命、新文化运动。

14.(2013·陕西咸阳市模拟题)公元前500年前后，在古希腊、印度和中国几乎同时出现了伟大的思想家苏格拉底、柏拉图、老子、孔子、释迦牟尼等，他们独立发展了不同的文化传统。经过2 000多年的发展，已经成为人类文化的主要精神财富。

中国的宋明理学、欧洲的文艺复兴等，世界各种文化的发展正是对2 000年前的轴心时代的一次新的飞跃，即一个新的“轴心时代”出现，造成中西文化的巅峰。

21世纪的今天，世界文化发展很可能形成若干个重要的文化区：欧美文化区、东亚文化区、南亚文化区和中东与北非文化区(伊斯兰文化区)，以及以色列及犹太文化等，这几种有着长久历史的大小文化潮流将会成为影响世界文化发展的主要动力。

请回答：

评价材料中关于人类“轴心时代的观点”。

(要求：围绕材料中的一种或两种观点展开评论，观点明确、史论结合)

答案第一层次：分析人类历史曾出现三次轴心时代(写出具体时间或代表性事件)

第二层次：三次轴心时代出现的原因及世界影响(如第一次轴心中国百家争鸣及希腊人文主义)

第三层次：三次轴心时代的因果关系及相互影响(如宋明理学对孔子的儒家思想发展及继承)