当奈湿地人居生态村导游词资料黑龙江省导游词[共5篇]

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第一篇:当奈湿地人居生态村导游词资料黑龙江省导游词

当奈湿地人居生态村导游词资料黑龙江省导游词

各位朋友:

你们到当奈湿地人居生态村旅游。下面,我给大家简单介绍一下当奈的由来。当奈,蒙古族语“迭喇哈”的音译,是指人名,也是寺庙名称。当奈,蒙古族语“迭喇哈”的音译,是指人名,也是寺庙名称。“迭喇哈”的由来是说从17世纪初,后金征兵到关内,当时的杜尔伯特部第二代部落长(酋长)阿都齐带领骑兵跟随出征,阿都齐的夫人迭喇哈主持部落一切事物。在阿都齐征战期间,迭喇哈把杜尔伯特部落管理的六畜兴旺、风调雨顺,牧民生活美满、安居乐业,所以,当地的牧民们非常崇敬她、拥护她,称她为“神女”。同时,她也是杜尔伯特部落藏传佛教的第一代传人。在她死后,牧民们为了纪念她,给她修建了庙宇,起名叫“迭喇哈庙”,汉语译为“仙女庙”,也叫“神女庙”。

当奈人居生态村位于扎龙自然保护区腹地,总面积57万亩,现在仍然保持着完整的原始风貌,大小湖泊星罗棋布,生物类别多种多样,这里有丹顶鹤、大雁、野鸭等珍贵鸟类200多种。乘竹排走的航道就是过去蒙古人游牧时走的马道,沿着芦苇荡中的水道往前行5公里就到了百鸟湖,湖中有上百种、几千支水禽在这里安家落户,繁殖后代。沿着这条水道再往前走三公里就是仙女池,面积有6000多亩,水深有两米,水清一色、明亮如镜、清澈见底,传说是仙女洗澡的地方。黑岗泡北面的山冈是古代牧民放牧的地方,黑岗泡也叫饮马湖,每到傍晚牧民放牧归来,丹顶鹤与牛马羊一起在湖边嬉戏,非常热闹,就是现在每到7月,渔民撑船在这里经过,当太阳下山时好象还能听到嘶嘶的马鸣和丹顶鹤的叫声。

这里最美的季节,要数夏末初秋。在这个时节暑热刚刚退去,一丝凉爽袭来,让人感到无比惬意。如果你要是起个大早来到湖边,但见一轮红日从无边的苇海中跃起,光芒四射……数不清的水鸟在空中翱翔、鸣叫,白荷、红莲、翠苇在风中飘动、摇曳,鱼儿在水面尽情嘻戏,水波被霞光染成五颜六色,一切生物如此色彩斑斓,灵动多姿,那该是一幅多么壮观的《北国水乡图》。但也有人说,当奈湿地最美的季节,应该在秋末冬初。的'确有一个诗人这样写道:“芦花白、芦花美,花絮满天飞,千丝万缕意绵绵,路上彩云追。大雁成行人成对,相思花为媒,千里万里梦相随。莫忘故乡秋光好,早怀情爱报春回。”这优美的诗句,不正是对那些依恋故乡、建设当奈的当奈人的真实写照吗?

当奈湿地不仅景色秀美,给人披上了一层神秘的色彩,更有芦苇、水产品,为人们展示出一条富裕之路。这里芦苇连片,苇质优良,所产的白花苇、紫花苇,居民加工成苇箔、苇席、苇苫帘、苇板、苇编工艺品等,畅销国内各地,并远销美国、韩国、日本和以色列等国。湖泡苇塘中所产的鲜鱼,都是自然繁殖,没有污染。“泥鳅、水鳖、哈士蚂、老头鱼”被称为“四大黑”,驰名省内外,成为人们的美味佳肴。当地所产的鸡、鸭、鹅肉及其鲜蛋都是天然无公害、绿色食品,口味鲜美,营养丰富,备受人们喜爱。

如今的当奈湿地,已成为人们观光、休闲、度假的最好去处。辽阔神秘的当奈湿地人居生态村您,自然典雅的当奈湿地人居生态村您!

第二篇:溱湖国家湿地公园英文导游词

溱湖国家湿地公园景点介绍

Guidebook of Qin Lake National Wetland Park

一、景区景点介绍——溱湖国家湿地公园

I.Guidebook of Scenic Areas and Spots – Qin Lake National Wetland Park

(一)景区概况

(I)General Situation of Scenic Spot 溱湖国家湿地公园位于江苏中部的里下河地区,地处泰州市东郊,2003年开园,2005年11月被国家旅游局批准为国家AAAA级旅游景区,同年被国家林业局批准为国家级湿地公园,成为江苏省首家,全国第二家国家级湿地公园。景区总体规划面积26平方公里,这里水草丰茂,远古时期曾是珍稀动物麋鹿群居的乐园。

Qin Lake National Wetland Park locates in the Lixia River area in the middle of Jiangsu Province, and is in the eastern area of Taizhou city, which was opened to public in 2003 and was approved as the National AAAA level Tourist Attraction by the National Tourism Administration, and was approved as the National Wetland Park by the State Forestry Administration at the same year, which became the first National Wetland Park in Jiangsu province and the second in the whole country.The overall planed area of the scenic spot is 26 square kilometers.It used to be the gregarious paradise for moose in ancient times.“莫道江南花似锦,溱潼水国胜江南”。秀丽的环境、淳朴的民风、厚重的文化,奠定了溱湖的人文底蕴。南宋岳飞曾在此驻军抗金;元末张士诚于此起兵反元;抗战时期陈毅部属管文蔚与国民党将领李明扬曾在湖上泛舟夜谈,会商抗战大计。此外这里还流传着世代农夫渔民无数轶事传奇。

―Regardless of the flowery area in the south of the Yangtze River, for the Qintong water area is much better‖.Beautiful environment, honest folk custom and profound culture, established the cultural inner secrets of Qin Lake.In history, the General Yue Fei in Southern Song used to garrison here to fight against Jin dynasty;Zhang Shicheng used to raise troops and fight against Yuan dynasty in here at the end of Yuan dynasty;Guan Wenwei, subordinate of Chenyi, used to talk with Li Mingyang, a general of Kuomintang, on the lake about the strategies in the war of resistance in the period of the war of Resistance Against Japan.Besides, there are other numberless popular stories and legends about farmers and fishermen in generations.经过近年来的开发建设,已形成了以溱湖为主体的水环境景区,以“中国麋鹿故乡园”为品牌的湿地生态景区,以“全球生态500佳”为主体的生态农业观光区,以及以溱潼古镇景区、中国溱潼会船节为代表的人文景观区。

Through the development and construction of the recent years, it has formed the scenic spot of water environment with the main body of Qin Lake, the wetland ecological scenic spot with the brand of ―Home Park of China Moose‖, sightseeing area of ecological agriculture with the main body of ―Global Five Hundred Best Ecology‖, and the landscape land of humanity with the representative of Qintong Ancient Town Scenic Spot and China Qintong

Boat Festival.(二)景区平面图

(II)Orthographic Plan of Scenic Spot

(三)各景点详细介绍

(III)Detail Introduction of Scenic Spots 1.【园区大门】

1.[Entrance of the Park] 园区大门造型非常独特,由五条船的形状相叠而成,象征着一年一度的中国姜堰·溱潼会船节在此举行,它的创意旨在“以船会友,以节招商”,上面的“溱湖国家湿地公园”八个大字,由中国野生动植物保护协会会长赵学敏先生亲笔题写。

The modeling of the entrance of the park is very special, which was made of the piled shapes of five boats, which stands for the China Jiangyan-Qintong Boat Festival once per year would be held in here.The purpose of its idea is ―Meeting friends by boats, and attracting investment by festival‖.The Eight words in the entrance ―Qin Lake National Wetland Park‖ were written personally by Mr.Zhao Xuemin, president of China Wild Plants and Animals Protection Association.2.【军体乐园】

2.[Military Sports Garden] 军体乐园是溱湖拓展休闲基地,共分为三个区域:小型娱乐项目区、拓展训练区和彩弹射击区。

The Military Sports Garden is the base of outward development and leisure of Qin Lake, with three districts: district for small entertainments, district for outward development and paintball shooting area.小型娱乐项目区有水上步行球、无动力碰碰车等一些游乐项目。拓展训练区就是场地上的一些高空设施,设有求生墙、信任背摔台、考验团队合作的天梯、个人胆量突破的空中断桥等等。

The district for small entertainments has walk ball above the water, non-powered bumper car and other items of entertainment.The district for outward development has some overhead facilities on the ground, with survival wall, trusted back fall platform, Jacob's ladder that test the team works, air broken bridge that test the breakthrough of personal courage, etc.彩弹射击区是苏北地区唯一的一家彩弹射击场。彩弹射击是一项极富挑战性的军事体育活动,可以换上装备进入战区进行CS真人彩弹对抗。

The paintball shooting area is the only paintball shooting area around the north of Jiangsu province.The paintball shooting is a military sport activity with high challenge, where you could equip the equipments and enter into the war zone to experience the true CS paintball fighting.3.【溱湖】 3.[Qin Lake] 溱湖又称喜鹊湖、鸡鹊湖,因过去有“许多鸡鹊飞集”而得名。溱湖东西长1.4公里,南北长1.5公里,形似玉佩,面积2.1平方公里,登高而望,四面八

方通达湖区的主要河流有九条,自然形成“九龙朝阙”的奇异景观。

Qin Lake is also named as Magpie Lake and Pied Magpie Lake, which gains the name for there used to be ―Many Pied Magpie Flying‖ in the old days.The Qin Lake is 1.4 km long from west to east and 1.5 km long from north to south, its shape is like the jade wearing, and its area is 2.1 square kilometers.If you step high to look around, you could find nine main rivers that connect the Lake areas from all sides, which forms the fantastic landscape of ―Nine Dragon Going to the Royal Court‖.溱湖湖面开阔,湖水清纯甘冽,达到国家二级饮用水标准,湖心水可直接饮用,溱湖还盛产青虾,簖蟹、螺贝等各种水产品。水产鲜活鲜嫩,营养丰富,有“溱湖八鲜”之美称。湖中还盛产菱角、荷藕等无公害绿色食品,溱湖水产中尤以“溱湖簖蟹”闻名天下,青眼红毛,膏厚肉嫩。

The lake surface of Qin Lake is broad with top quality lake water, which reaches the National Second Level of Drinking Water Standard, and your could drink the water in the mid-lake directly.Besides, the Qin Lake is rich in producing the freshwater shrimp, blue crab, spiral shell and other aquatic products.Those aquatic products are alive and fresh with prolific nutrition, which own the laudatory title of ―Eight Tasty Products in Qin Lake‖.It is also rich in producing the water caltrop, root of lotus and other nuisanceless green food.Among the aquatic products of Qin Lake, the ―Qin Lake Blue Crab‖ is especially famous throughout the land for those crabs are blue eyes, red feather, thick paste and soft meat.4.【会船观礼广场】

4.[Sightseeing Ground for Boat Festival] 会船观礼广场是波浪形台地式造型的建筑,会船节当天可容纳5000名贵宾和30000名游客,整个会船观礼广场包括表演舞台、发令台及服务设施。会船节过后可以作为平时集会、演出、娱乐的场所。

The sightseeing ground for boat festival is a building with the shape of waved tableland, which could hold 5000 VIPs and 30000 tourists on the day of boat festival.The sightseeing ground consists of a performance stage, a starter’s tower and service facilities.It could be used as the place for meeting, performance and entertainment in normal times after the boat festival.5.【喜鹊湖度假村】

5.[Magpie Lake Vacation Village] 按照四星级标准兴建的一家花园式度假村,由商务会所、餐饮、别墅区三个部分组成,占地面积约80多亩,建筑设计新颖,充分体现了园林风格和水乡特色。度假村拥有标房49间,豪标62间,风格各异的别墅8栋,等等共计180余间。此外,各类临湖餐厅21间,共设有餐位500余个,会务楼设有中小会议室7间,可以同时容纳1000人开会就餐,不仅如此,各种宴会厅、棋牌室、KTV、游泳池、茶吧、温泉桑拿浴场等各种现代化娱乐休闲设施一应俱全。

It is a vacation village in garden style that is built basing on the four-star standard, which consists of three parts of business club, catering and villa area.It covers about over 80-mu land area with new and unique architectural design, which fully shows the landscape style and features of water country.The

vacation village owns more than 180 rooms, including 49 standard rooms, 62 luxurious rooms, 8 villas in different styles, etc.Besides, it also owns 21 lakeside restaurants with more than 500 seats;there are 7 conference rooms in middle and small sizes in the conference building, which could hold 1000 person to take the meeting and dinner at the same time.Moreover, there are full sets of modern entertainment leisure facilities, such as various kinds of Banqueting Halls, Chess & Poker Rooms, KTV, Swimming Pool, Teahouse, Spa Bathing Spot, etc.6.【湿地科普宣教中心】

6.[Communication and Education Center of Wetland Scientific Popularization] 占地面积5700平方米,总投资5000万元,主要以生态展示、科普教育、生态示范功能为主,通过声、光、电等高科技现代化的手段向人们介绍湿地,使人们增长湿地的有关知识。

The center has 5700 square meters land area and RMB 50 million yuan total investment, which functions are mainly ecological exhibition, education of scientific popularization and ecological demonstration.It will introduce the information about wetland through Acoustics, Optics, Electricity other high-tech modern measures to the visitors, and enrich the knowledge about the wetland.溱湖湿地科普宣教中心共分为三层,一层展厅主要介绍的是长江流域的湖泊湿地。通过介绍湿地的基本知识、湿地的功能和价值、湿地的变迁等加深人们对湿地的了解。在一层还设有4D影院,除了立体的视觉画面外,放映现场还能模拟闪电、烟雾等自然现象,将现场特技效果与立体画面紧密结合,在视觉和身体体验上给观众带来身临其境的感觉。

The Communication and Education Center of Wetland Scientific Popularization of Qin Lake has three layers.The first layer mainly introduces the lakes and wetlands in the Yangtze River Valley(Basin).It will deepen people’s understanding about the knowledge of wetland through introducing the basic knowledge of wetland, functions and values of wetland, changes of wetland, etc.There is a 4D cinema in the first layer, which will imitate lightning, smokes and other natural phenomenon in the spot except the solid optical pictures.Combining the spot special effects and solid pictures closely, it will bring the feeling to the audiences, as they were right on the scene.二层展厅主要介绍溱湖湿地的相关内容,通过模拟溱湖的生态场景,能够进一步展示生活在溱湖的各种生物。此外,将古镇溱潼的场景复原,展示古镇风采。

The exhibition hall in the second layer mainly introduces the relevant contents about the wetland in Qin Lake, which could further display the various lives in Qin Lake by imitating the ecological scene of Qin Lake.Besides, it will recover the scene of Qintong and display the graceful bearing of this ancient town.三层展厅通过兽类、鱼类及各种鸟类标本的呈现,展示了溱湖湿地生物的多样性。利用翻转式百叶窗展示了溱湖春、夏、秋、冬四季不同的景色。此外,三层还设有观鸟观景区,并且配备了高倍望远镜,可以感受人鸟相近的观鸟天堂。

The third layer will display the diversity of wetland lives in Qin Lake by

showing the sample of various kinds of animals, fishes and birds.It also shows the different scene of Qin Lake through reversible shutter in spring, summer, autumn and winter.Moreover, there is also bird scenic spot in the third layer that is equipped with high power telescope, which is the paradise for observing the birds and could make you feel the close feeling between you and the bird.7.【水禽园】

7.[Water Birds Garden] 占地面积约300亩,通过水系的疏通结合地形改造,形成以水为核心的小型空间,通过栏网分隔,使这些小空间成为水禽的展示空间,这里拥有多元化的生态环境,不同种类及习性的鸟类均可在此地找到合适的栖息地。通过设置园路、栈道、平台,使游人能近距离、多角度地观赏水禽。在这里不仅能感受到大自然的魅力,还能接触多样化的湿地生态。

The land area of this garden is about 300-mu.It forms the small spaces with the core of water by combining with the alternation of terrain and the dredging of water system.It could make those small spaces become the display spaces for water birds through the separation with fences and nets.Meanwhile, there are diversified ecological environments, and all kinds of birds in different habits and characters could find favorable habitat in here as well.By setting the garden roads, trestles and platforms, it could make the tourists see the water birds closely and in multi-angles.Therefore, you could not only feel the amazing of the natural in this garden, but also could touch the diversified ecology of wetland.8.【湿地体验园】

8.[Wetland Experiencing Garden] 通过水系的沟通、水生植物的种植,达到了改善水质的目的,同时通过地形改造,形成了一定的滩涂与浅水区域,也为候鸟的栖息提供了场所。这里视野开阔,水生植物非常丰富,常见的有梭鱼草、莼菜、睡莲、菱角等。

The garden achieves the goal of refining the water quality by dredging the water system and planting the aquatic plants, and forms a certain number of shoals and shoal water areas through the alternation of terrain, which also provides habitats for the migrants.Moreover, the garden has broad field of view and prolific aquatic plants, such as the common pickerelweed, water shield, pygmy waterlily, water caltrop, etc.9.【湿地精品园】

9.[Wetland Garden of Valued Products] 湿地精品园里主要生长了一些水生植物,有芦苇、水杉、睡莲等等,还有丰富的鸟类在此栖息。

There are mainly aquatic plants living in the wetland garden of valued products, such as bulrush, taxodiaceae, pygmy waterlily, etc, and there are prolific birds inhabiting in this garden.悦鸟小筑是精品园内的一处观鸟屋,里面展示了部分湿地鸟类的图片,以及相关的文字介绍。溱湖湿地的鸟类十分丰富,包括湿地鸟类、平原鸟类、农田鸟类和城郊鸟类等类型。景区河流众多、水网密布、温度适宜、雨量充沛,植被繁多,大面积的芦荡,到处鸟语花香,空气清新,是白鹭、苍鹭等各种鸟类迁徙的重要停歇地、繁殖地和越冬地。

The Beautiful Small Bird Building is a bird-observing house inside the garden.It shows parts of the pictures of the wetland birds and the relevant word introductions.There are prolific kinds of the birds in the wetland of Qin Lake, including the wetland birds, plain birds, farmland birds, suburb birds and other birds.In this garden, there are many rivers, densely covered water system, suitable temperature, plentiful rainfall, various vegetation and large scale of reed marshes.It is fulfilled with birds' twitter and fragrance of flowers and fresh air, and is the important resting place of migrating, breeding place and hibernating place for Linnaeus, grey heron and other birds.10.【探险乐园】

10.[Exploring Garden] 湿地探险乐园是丰富多彩的游憩体验乐园,主要是一些攀爬设施,有荡千秋、八仙过桥、翻山越领等等,充满刺激和乐趣。

The wetland-exploring garden is the experiencing garden for rich and colorful playing and relaxing that is fulfilled with incitation and pleasure, which mainly has some climbing facilities, such as swing, eight immortals crossing the bridge, tramping over hill and dale, etc.11.【麋鹿观赏区】

11.[Moose-Observing Area] 麋鹿属世界级珍稀保护动物,因其角似鹿、面似马、蹄似牛、身似驴,俗称“四不像”,迄今已有300万年的生命历史,自古被誉为吉祥之物,传说中姜子牙姜太公的座骑就是“四不像”。

Moose is the rare protective animal in international level, which also is called ―Nondescript‖ for its horn seems like deer, face seems like horse, hoof seems like cow and body seems like donkey.It has a history of life of more than three million years, it is praised as the lucky object since the ancient times, and it is said that the mount of Jiang Ziya, who also is called as Jiang Taigong, is this ―Nondescript‖.据《麋鹿生境考察》记载,溱湖地区就是麋鹿的故乡。与此相印证的是,从这一地区出土的麋鹿化石最多,在全国也较为典型,泰州市博物馆珍藏的国内唯一一具完好的麋鹿化石标本便由此出土。

According to the record of ―Moose Living Conditions Inspection‖, the hometown of moose is the Qin Lake area.To confirm this, there are most fossils of moose finding from here, which is also comparatively typical all over the country.The only whole fossil of moose in the whole country that is stored in Taizhou Municipal Museum is found from here.溱湖地区的麋鹿引进于1996年,原先只引进了4头,这些年来已繁衍到50多头,个个膘肥体壮。

The moose in Qin Lake area is introduced in 1996 with four heads.Through the years of multiplying, the number of the moose has been increased into more than 50 heads and every moose is plump and sturdy.12.【农事乐园】 12.[Farming Garden]

农事乐园分为农作物展示区、农家乐和古农具展示厅三个区域。

The farming garden is divided into three areas of crops exhibition area, farmer’s house and exhibition hall of ancient farm tools.农作物展示区主要展示了溱湖地区特色的粮食产品。里下河地区有很多低矮的水田,不适合种水稻,人们便种植茨菰、荸荠等。农家乐小餐厅,提供一些简餐,使游客在感受大自然乐趣的同时享受另一种别有韵味的闲情逸致。

It mainly shows the specialized food products in Qin Lake area.There are many low marshy fields in the area of Lixia River, which is not suitable for planting the paddy rice.As for this, the people in here plants arrowhead, water chestnut, etc.The small restaurant of farmer’s house could provide tourists with some simple dinners, which could make them enjoy leisurely and carefree mood of other distinctive and pleasing quality at the same time of feeling the pleasure of nature.我国是一个文明古国,又是一个农业大国,农业发展渊源流长。古农具展示厅特从民间寻访到大小不等、年代不同、作用各异的古农具,如:小型手磨、渔家风箱、手摇纺线车、手推拉碾米、手摇风箱、脚踏冲碎、独轮车、双推磨、水车等陈列在此供观赏和操作。

China is an ancient civilized country and a large agricultural country with long history of agricultural development.The exhibition hall of ancient farm tools specially searches those ancient farm tools with different sizes, decades and functions, such as small hand mill, wind box in fisherman's family, hand-operated spinning reel, hand push-pull rice milling, hand-operated wind box, foot operated impact machine, wheelbarrow, double mill, waterwheel, etc, which are placed here for seeing, enjoying and experiencing.二、景点知识拓展

II.Expansion of Knowledge of Scenic Spots 1.溱潼会船节

1.Qintong Boat Festival 会船节是溱湖地区独有的民俗活动,每年清明节第二天,四乡八镇的数百只会船云集溱湖,参加一年一度的中国溱潼会船节。每年会船节当天前来观光的游客都超过十万人,湖面上参加表演的船只将近一千条,场面非常壮观。现在溱潼会船节与傣族的泼水节、四川凉山的火把节和哈尔滨的冰雪节等同被国家旅游局列为中国十大民俗节庆活动之一。2007年列为全国首批非物质文化遗产。

The boat festival is the folk activity that is particular in Qin Lake area.On the second day of Tomb-sweeping Day of every year, the hundreds of boats from villages and towns gathered here in Qin Lake to participate in the annually held China Qintong Boat Festival.The tourists who come here for sightseeing on the day of boat festival are more than 100,000 people in every year.On that day, there are more than 1000 boats participating in the performance on the lake surface, which makes the scene very spectacular.Currently the Qintong boat festival together with the Water-Sprinkling Festival of Dai Nationality, Torch Festival in Liangshan of Sichuan, the Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin, and other festival are listed as one of the China Top Ten Folk Festival Activities by National Tourism Administration.It was listed as the

first tranche of National Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2007.2.溱湖八鲜、溱湖双璧、绿色食品

2.Eight Tasty Products in Qin Lake, Double-Jade in Qin Lake and Green Food 溱湖八鲜:溱湖簖蟹、溱湖青虾、溱湖甲鱼、溱湖银鱼、溱湖螺贝、溱湖四喜(四喜分大四喜和小四喜,大四喜是青鱼、白鱼、黑鱼、鳜鱼;小四喜是昂刺、旁皮、罗汉、参鱼)、溱湖水禽、溱湖水蔬。

Eight tasty Products in Qin Lake: Qin Lake Blue Crab, Qin Lake Freshwater Shrimp, Qin Lake Soft-Shelled Turtle, Qin Lake Whitebait, Qin Lake Spiral Shell, Qin Lake Four Blessings(the four blessings is divided into four great blessings and four small blessings, the four great blessings are black carp, whitefish, blackfish, mandarin fish;while the small four blessings are pelteobagrus fulvidraco, rhodeinae, pseudorabora parva, pompano), Qin Lake Waterfowl and Qin Lake Water Vegetables.溱湖双璧:鱼饼、虾球。

Qin Lake Double-Jade: fish cakes and shrimp balls.绿色食品:绿壳草鸡蛋、野鸭蛋、生态园大米、三泰酱菜、银杏系列食品、泰州三麻(麻油、麻糕、麻饼)、梅兰春系列酒。

Green Food: Green shell grass eggs, wild duck eggs, ecological garden rice, Santai pickles, ginkgo series foods, Taizhou three products(sesame oil, sesame cake and sesame round flat cake), and Meilanchun series wines.3.溱湖簖蟹

3.Qin Lake Blue Crab 青眼红毛,膏厚肉嫩,所谓簖蟹,就是设簖捕蟹的意思,在每年的金秋时节,螃蟹东行到东海去产卵繁殖,溱湖当地老百姓就设簖捕蟹,这也是溱湖地区特有的捕捞方法,能爬过竹簖翻身入网者为体魄健壮的上乘之品。

The blue crabs have blue eyes, red feathers, thick pastes and soft meats.The blue crab derives its name from the meaning of using bamboo fish trap to catch crabs.On the golden falls of every year, the crabs walk towards the east to the east sea to lay eggs and reproduce, and the local civilians in Qin Lake areas use the bamboo fish trap to catch the crabs, which is the special catching measure in Qin Lake area.Those crabs that could climb over the bamboo fish trap and enter into the net could be the best crabs with strong physique.4.湿地的相关知识

4.Relevant Knowledge of Wetland 英文“wetland”,世界湿地日:2月2日(为了保护湿地,十多个国家于1971年2月2日在伊朗的拉姆萨尔签署了重要的湿地公约—《拉姆萨尔公约》)。1977年国家林业局将湿地定义为:广义:不问其是天然或人工,永久或暂时性的沼泽地,泥炭地或水域地带,蓄有静止或流动的咸水、淡水水体者,包括低潮时水深不超过6米的海域。狭义:是指陆地与水域之间的过渡地带。湿地的类型也非常

多,珊瑚礁、滩涂、红树林、湖泊、河流、河口、沼泽、水库、池塘、水稻田等都属于湿地。它们共同的特点是其表面常年或经常覆盖着水或充满了水,是介于陆地与水体之间的过渡带。溱湖湿地是典型的半自然农耕湿地为特色的郊野型湿地。

Its English name is ―Wetland‖.The World Wetland Day is Feb 2(in order to protect the wetland, more than ten countries signed the significant Wetland Convention at Ramsar of Iran in Feb 2, 1971 – ―Ramsar Convention‖).The State Administration of Forestry definite the wetland in 1977 as: in broad sense: no matter the lands are natural or artificial, it refers to the permanent or temporary everglades, peat lands or water areas that store with stationary or liquid salt water or fresh water, including those sea area with less than 6 meters depth of water during the low tide.In narrow sense: it refers the climate transition zone between lands and coastal waters.There are various kinds of wetlands, and the coral reef, mudflat, mangrove forest, lake, river, outfall, marsh, conservation pool, paddy land, etc, are all belong to wetland.The common features of them are their surfaces are covered or filled with water in the entire year or constantly, and they are the transition zone between land and water.The Qin Lake wetland is the typical countryside wetland with the feature of semi-natural farming wetland.5.湿地植物

5.Wetland Plants 芦苇:耐盐耐涝,吸水力强,对水质要求不高。溱湖湿地很适合它的生长,芦苇的茎杆纤维高达50%,是良好的纤维工业原料,可用来造纸,替代木材制成纤维板用于建筑等。芦苇还能起到防风抗洪、改善环境、改良土壤、净化水质、防止污染、调节生态平衡的作用。

Bulrush: its features are salt and flood tolerance, strong water absorbing force and low requirements about water quality.Thus, the Qin Lake wetland is very suitable for its growing.The fiber in the haulm of bulrush is higher than 50% and is good fiber industrial material, which could be used to make paper and replace the timber to make fiberboard that would be used in constructions, etc.Moreover, the bulrush also have the functions of wind proof, flood fighting, improve the environment, purify the water quality, prevent the pollution, and regulate the ecological balance.香蒲:也称蒲草。是一种比较耐寒的植物,对生存环境要求不高,只要有丰富的有机物便可存活,它也是造纸的好原料,嫩的时候可以食用,还可以做蒲席、蒲枕等。

Cattail is also called typhaangustifolia.It is a cold resistant plant, with low requirements on living environment.They could alive only if there are plentiful organic matters and are the good materials for papermaking.They could be eaten when they are fresh, and could made cattail mat, cattail pillow, etc.梭鱼草:别名北美梭鱼草,它是一种湿生草本植物。喜温、喜阳、喜肥、喜湿、怕风不耐寒,在静水及水流缓慢的水域中均可生长。梭鱼草生长迅速,繁殖能力强。叶色翠绿,花色迷人,花期较长,栽植于河道两侧、池塘四周,与其他植物相间种植,每到花开时节,串串紫花在片片绿叶的映衬下,别有一番情趣。Barracuda grass, which is also named North America Barracuda Grass, is a hygrophilous herbaceous plant.It likes warm, sunshine, fat, and wet, afraid of wind and could not resistant cold, and could live both in the water areas with dead water and sluggish flow water.The barracuda grass grows fast and has strong reproductive performance.Its leaf color is jade-green with attractive flower color and long florescence, which are planted on the two sides of watercourses and the four sides of pools.If they are line-to-line planted with other plants, it could have another sentiment with several purple flowers in green leaves on every time of flowers.莼菜:属睡莲科的一种水草。99年被国务院批准为国家一级重点保护野生植物,我国黄河以南的大部分沼泽、池塘都有生长,但尤以江苏、浙江两省太湖流域生长最多。莼菜尚未透露出水面的嫩叶可以食用,是一种地方名菜,古人所谓“莼鲈风味”中国的“莼”,就是指这个菜,相传乾隆帝下江南,每到杭州都必以莼菜调羹进餐,并派人定期运回宫廷食用。它鲜嫩滑腻,用来调羹作汤,清香浓郁,被视为宴席上的珍贵食品。

Water shield is a kind of float grass belongs to Nymphaeaceae.It was approved as the National Level I Key Protective Wild Plant by the State Council in 1999.They grow everywhere in mostly marshes and pools in southern parts of Yellow River, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Taihu Basin.Their fresh leaves that are under the water surface could be eaten and are the local specialty.The water shield in the so-called ―Taste of Water Shield and Blue Pickerel‖ by the ancients refers to this dish.It is said that on the Voyage of Emperor Qian Long, he would use the water shield to cook food when he arrived at Hangzhou, and ordered people to send them back to the palace periodically.They are fresh and satiny.When they are used to cook food, they are seemed as gourmet food on the banquet with strong faint scent.落羽杉:又称落羽松。树干圆满通直,树高可达25至50米。嫩枝开始绿色,秋季变为棕色。它木材重、结构粗、纹理直、硬度适中、耐腐力强,可作为建筑、家具等用材;江南已普遍用在江河湖泊地区造林,长势旺盛,耐水湿,可作固堤护岸树种;落羽杉原产美洲,我国已成功引种了80多年。它的种子是鸟雀、松鼠等野生动物喜食的饲料,因此对加强湿地生态链,水土保持,涵养水源等均起到很好的作用。

Louisiana cypress is also named as bald cypress.Its trunk is round and straight, and its height is up to 25 to 50 meters.Firstly, its young shoot is green, and then turns into brown in autumn.Its timber is heavy, with rough structure, straight vein, well-situated hardness, strong corrosion resistant force, and could be used as the material of construction and furniture.It is widely used in the rivers and lakes in the south of the Yangtze River for forestation with vigorous growth vigor and wet resistant, and is used as the tree species for

strengthening the dyke and protecting the bank.The Louisiana cypress originally grew in Americas and it is successfully introduced in China for more than 80 years.In addition, its seeds are the forage that is loved by birds, squirrel and other wild animals.Planting this tree could play good functions for enhancing the ecological chain of wetland, conservation of soil and water, water conservation, etc.千屈菜:多年生草本植物。株高约1米,原产于欧亚两洲的温带,是一种阳性植物。喜欢强光和潮湿的环境,通常在浅水中生长最好,但也可露地旱栽,对土壤要求不高,极易生长。千屈菜耐寒性强,冬季剪除其枯枝,任其自然过冬,第二年春又会发芽生长,是一种优良的水生植物,其林丛整齐清秀,花色淡雅,呈粉红色,花期长,花期7月初至9月中旬。千屈菜作为一种有着优良观赏性的水生植物,在园林绿化中发挥其观赏特性,起到丰富水体的功能,与其他植物一起共同创造了一个良好的生态环境。

Lythrum salicaria is a perennial herbaceous plant.It is a light-demanding plant with plant height is about 1 meter, which is originated in the Variable Zone of Europe and Asian.It likes the environment with bright light and wet, and usually lives in the shallow water area, however could be planted in open ground.Thus it has little requirements about the soil and easy to grow.The lythrum salicaria has strong cold resistant.Cutting off their deadwood in winter and let them overwinter naturally, they would grow in spring of the next year again.Therefore, it is an excellent water plant.Its tree group is tidy and comely with simple and elegant pink colors and long florescence, which starts from early July to mid September.The lythrum salicaria, as a water plant with excellent ornamental, would display its ornamental feature in gardening and greening, and could play a function of enriching the water body.It will create an excellent ecological environment together with other plants.黄花鸢尾:又称黄菖蒲,为多年生挺水型水生草本植物。植株高大,花期5-6月,花茎高于叶,花黄色,种子褐色,有棱角。适应性强。喜水湿,能在水畔和浅水中正常生长,也耐干燥。黄化鸢尾叶片翠绿如剑,花色艳丽,如飞燕群飞起舞,靓丽无比,极富情趣,既可观叶,亦可观花,是观赏价值很高的水生植物。春天时会开出黄色的花,每年端午时,当地的村民会拿一把挂在自家门前,有避邪的作用,这就是传说中钟馗用来捉鬼用的菖蒲剑。

Iris wilsonii, which is also called as iris pseudacorus, is a perennial aquatic herbaceous plant in emergent model.It has high plant height;its florescence is between May and June;its flower stalk is higher than its leaves, with yellow followers, brown seeds, edges and corners, and high applicability.It likes water and wet, can live normally in waterside and shallow water, and is dry resistant.The iris wilsonii has sword-type jade green leaves, voluptuous colors that are like groups of birds flying together, which have excellent interest.Thus, it is a water plant with high visual value for it could not only enjoy its leaves, but could also enjoy its flowers.It will bloom yellow flowers in spring.On every year’s dragon boat festival, the local villagers would take a bunch of that

flowers to hang in front of their doors, for those flowers have the function of avoiding the evil, and this is the calamus sword, which is used by Zhong Kui to catch ghost in tales.6.麋鹿 6.Moose 俗称“四不像”,因其角似鹿、面似马、蹄似牛、身似驴而得名。据《麋鹿生境考察》记载,溱湖地区就是麋鹿的故乡。据考证,从溱湖地区出土的麋鹿化石已达到72块之多,景区现有麋鹿50多头,每年5月,公鹿发情期会有激烈的争斗,胜者为王,可以统管母鹿群。

Its popular name is ―Nondescript‖, which derives its name for its horn seems like deer, face seems like horse, hoof seems like cow and body seems like donkey.According to the record of ―Moose Living Conditions Inspection‖, the hometown of moose is the Qin Lake area.According to the textual research, the fossils of moose that are found in Qin Lake area become up to 72 pieces.Currently, there are more than 50 heads moose in the scenic area.On each May, the heat period of male moose, there will vehement fighting here, while the winner will become the king that could govern the group of female moose.约在两千年前,我国的封建社会处于鼎盛时期,其时麋鹿家族的繁衍也进入旺季。人们观鹿、驯鹿、食鹿,如同今日农家养猪食肉一般普及。由于种种原因,麋鹿野生种群已在一千年前绝迹,仅剩数百头被驯养在明、清的皇家园林中。1900年,八国联军攻陷北平,生存于皇家园林内最后几头麋鹿终于像战俘一样被带出海外,开始了长达百年风雨飘摇的流浪生涯。从此,960万平方公里的国土上,再也见不到一头麋鹿的踪影。

About 2000 years ago, the Chinese feudal society has been in the golden age, and the multiplying of moose family has entered into the busy season.At that time, the people see the deer, train the deer and eat the deer, which is much popular like today’s farmers breed pigs and eat the pork.For various reasons, the wild moose groups had been ceased out in 1000 years ago, and only hundreds heads are bred in the royal garden in Ming and Qing Dynasty.In 1900, after the Eight Power Allied Force captured Beiping, the last heads of moose were brought overseas like prisoner of war and began their gipsydom for hundreds of years.Thence, on the territory of 9.6 million square kilometers, there are no heads of moose here in China.但是,伦敦等地的海洋性湿润气候毕竟养活不了麋鹿。20世纪80年代,在世界野生动物基金会的倡议和帮助下,这些流落海外的国家级珍稀动物,万里迢迢从英国重返故园。

However, the oceanicity humid climates in London and other places could not feed the moose after all.In the 1980s, by the sponsorship and help of the World Wildlife Fund, those national level rare animal in overseas returned home from England over a great distance.麋鹿是一种食草动物,夏季常常栖息于沼泽地中,避暑降温,避开吸血昆虫的叮咬,喜爱潮湿、耐寒,冬季在零下15—18℃的环境中,可安全度过寒冬。

它喜爱群居生活,胆小怕人,善于奔跑。麋鹿的皮毛每年换两次,夏季毛为棕色,冬季毛呈灰褐色,每年元旦前后脱角生茸一次,交配时间一般为每年的5到7月份,母鹿怀孕期间,如发现异物怀有敌意侵害群居,公鹿会在巡逻中及时发出声音予以警告,直至冲上去与之搏斗。母鹿怀孕期为270到290天,一胎一仔,初生的小鹿常潜藏在草丛中,六个月后可随群生活。公鹿发情期会有激烈的争斗,胜者为王,可以统管母鹿群。

Moose is a kind of herbivorous animal, which usually rests in everglade in summer to avoid the summer and lower the temperature, and avoid the bite of blood sucking insects.It enjoys the humidity and is cold resistant, and it could overwinter safely in the environment ofCrowned Crane 在中国、朝鲜和日本,人们常把仙鹤和挺拔苍劲的古松画在一起,作为延年益寿的象征。其实,传说中的仙鹤,就是丹顶鹤,它是生活在沼泽或浅水地带的一种大型涉禽,常被人冠以“湿地之神”的美称。据调查统计,全世界野生丹顶鹤的总数仅2000只左右,我国约有700多只,占全世界总数的60%左右,属于我国一类保护动物。

In China, Korea and Japan, people usually draw red-crowned cranes with the forceful and vigorous ancient pines as the symbol of lengthening their lives.Actually, the so-called owned crane is the red-crowned crane.It is a kind of large wading birds that live in marsh or shallow water area, and usually is praised by people with the name of ―God of Wetland‖.According to the statistics, the total amount of the while red-crowned crane in the whole world is only about 2000 heads, including about 700 heads in China, which is about 60% of the total amount.It belongs to the national level I protective animal.9.白天鹅

9.White Swan

又叫大天鹅,最大的身长1.5米,体重六千多克。它们的头颈很长,约占体长的一半,在游泳时脖子经常伸直,两翅贴伏。由于它们幽雅的体态,古往今来天鹅成了纯真与善良的化身。天鹅主要以水生植物的种子、根茎、叶子和杂草的种子为食,也啄食少量的软体动物、水生昆虫和蚯蚓等。它的嘴很大,觅食的本领很高,能挖食埋藏在淤泥下0.5米左右的食物。天鹅是“忠贞爱情”的象征,它始终保持着一种稀有的“终身伴侣制”。在取食或休息时成双成对。雌天鹅都是在每年的五月间产下二三枚卵,然后雌鹅孵卵,雄鹅守卫在身旁,一刻也不离开。遇到敌害时,它拍打翅膀上前迎敌,勇敢地与对方搏斗。它们不仅在繁殖期彼此互相帮助,平时也是成双成对,如果一只死亡,另一只会为之“守节”,终生单独生活。

The white swan is also called whooping swan.The largest white swan is 1.5 high and about 6 kg.They have long necks, which is almost half of the body length.They usually straighten their necks when they area swimming and their two wings are on the water surface.Since immemorial times, the white

swan has become the soul of trueness and honest for their gentlest posture.The swan usually eats the seeds, rhizomes and leaves of water plants and the seeds of weeds, and pecks few mollusks, aquatic insect, earthworms, etc.It has big mouth and has high foraging skill.It could eat the food that is imbedded about 0.5 meters under the sludge.The swan is the symbol of ―Loyal Love‖, and it keeps a rarely ―Lifelong Mate System‖ from beginning to the end.They will eat or rest in pairs.The female swan usually born two or three egg in each May.Then the female swan will incubate the eggs and the male swan will guard around here without leaving.They will flap their wings to fight against the enemy bravely when they suffer the harmful animals.They will help each other during the breeding period, and are in pairs in normal times.Moreover, if one of them died, the other swan will ―remain unmarried‖ and live a lonely life until their death.10.蓑羽鹤

10.Demoiselle Crane

是国家二级保护动物,是鹤类品种当中身材最娇小的一种,它身上的羽毛就像古人穿的蓑衣一样,所以称为“蓑羽鹤”。因为它生性胆怯,举止娴雅,稳重端庄,具有大家闺秀的风范,故又名“闺秀鹤”。

The demoiselle crane is the national level II protective animal, and is the petite crane in various kinds of cranes.Its name, demoiselle crane, is derived for its feathers are just like the coir raincoat of the ancient people.It is also called ―Anthropoides Virgo‖ for its timid habit, elegance manner, steady and decorous, that is just like the manner of a girl from a good family.11.东方白鹳

11.Ciconia Boyciana

属国家一级保护动物,在我国约有2500~3000只。常在沼泽、湿地、塘边涉水觅食,主要以小鱼、蛙、昆虫等为食。它飞行或步行时举止缓慢,休息时常单足站立,颈部缩成S形。有时也喜欢在栖息地的上空飞翔盘旋。在地面上起飞时需要首先要奔跑一段距离,并用力煽动翅膀,等获得一定的上升力后才能飞起。它的性情机警而胆怯,常常避开人群。

It is the national level I protective animal, and there are about 2500~3000 heads in China.It usually looks for food in mash, wetland and pond side, while mainly eats the small fishes, frogs, insects, etc.Its manner is slow during its walking or flying, and it usually stands with single foot during its resting with its neck is shortened in S style.It sometimes also loves to fly and circle above its habitat.When they fly from ground, they need to run for a distance and flap their wings hardly, and they could fly after they gain a certain rising force.Their habits are alert and timid, and they usually shy away from the crowds.三、溱湖国家湿地公园附属景点

III.Affiliated Scenic Spots of Qin Lake National Wetland Park 1.溱潼古镇

1.Qintong Ancient Town

古镇溱潼位于泰州、盐城、南通三市交界处,四面环水,河港交汇,登高俯看象“九龙朝阙”。这里的古运河叫运盐河,千百年来一直是“盐运”和“漕运”的必经水道,至今仍然舟楫不绝。古镇区面积不大,只有0.54平方公里。

The Qintong Ancient Town locates in the common boundary of Taizhou, Yancheng and Nantong.It is surrounded by the water, and owns crossed rivers and ports, which seems like ―Nine Dragon Going to the Royal Court‖ when you look down from the high points.It has an ancient canal that is named as Salt Transport Rive, which is the marked channel for ―Salt Transport‖ and ―Grain Transport‖, and it has many boats until now.The area of this ancient town is small, with only 0.54 square kilometers.溱潼是江苏省的三大锅底洼之一,国家级湿地生态保护区,水质清纯,是长江水系与淮河水系的交汇处。水生物质营养丰富,出产的水产品质优味美,品尝后回味无穷。如今这里仍是渔家的乐园,河东就是水产批发市场,溱湖八鲜从这里源源不断地运往大江南北。尤其以麻石铺等品牌为主的鱼饼、虾球更是席上佳肴。

Qintong is one of the top three-pot bottom swamps in Jiangsu province, and is the national wetland ecological preservation area with pure water, and it is the crossing point for Yangtze River System and Huai River System.Its aquatic products are good and delicious for it has prolific aquatic biomass, and after your tasting, you will feel the endless feeling.Now, it is the paradise for fisherman’s family.The wholesale market for aquatic products is in the east of the river, from where the Eight Tasty Products in Qin Lake are delivered to both sides of the Yangtze River continually.Especially the fish cakes and shrimp balls are the delicacies on tables with the brands of Mashipu, etc.溱湖水除了给予溱潼人丰厚的物质馈赠外,还给了溱潼人聪慧灵秀之气,培育了多少远近闻名的文星武将。请看这座与“东观归渔”彼此响应的“双魁阁”。

The water of Qin Lake will not only give the plentiful physical gifts to Qintong people, but also give the bright and beautiful mind to Qintong people, and it breeds numberless litterateurs and generals that are known everywhere.Now please turn your eyes to this ―Double Chief Cabinet‖, which is corresponding with the ―View the Returned Fishman From Dongguan".溱湖南岸雁子墩刘氏“一门五都督,三科两状元”,从明到清喧赫乡里达五百年之久。当代更有李德仁、李德毅兄弟二人五院士,真是“古有三科两状元,今有弟兄五院士”。古今双魁,为溱湖八景增添了新的辉煌。

The Liu family in Yanzidun of south bank of Qin Lake has ―Five Generals and Two Number One Scholars in Three Tests‖, who has great renown and influence around the fellow villages for more than 500 years form Ming to Qing Dynasty.It also has Li Deren and Li Deyi, who are bothers, with five titles of member of Academia Sinica, which is truly the ―There are two No.One Scholars in the past and two brothers with five titles of member of Academia Sinica at present‖.The two chiefs both in ancient and modern time add new splendor for Eight Scene of Qin Lake.溱潼古镇拥有苏中地区面积最大,保存最为完好的古民居群。现有古建筑6万多平方米,其中明清古民居2万多平方米,磨檐博山、淮脊雀尾、券棚斗拱、格扇花窗、小桥流水、老井当院、麻石铺街、密室火巷、砖雕、木雕、泥塑、灰塑,是古镇传统建筑的特色风格。

The Qintong Ancient Town has the largest and best-preserved ancient residential clusters in the middle part of Jiangsu.It now has about 60,000 square meters ancient constructions, including more than 20,000 squares ancient residences in style of Ming and Qing dynasty.The milled eaves and boshan, back of huai and tail of bird, shed and bucket arch, partition door and rose window, small bridge over the flowing stream, ancient well in the courtyard, granite street, private room and firebreak, tile carving, woodcarving, clay sculpture, and plaster decoration is the characteristic aspect for the traditional architecture of the ancient town.2.溱湖湿地农业生态园

2.Qin Lake Wetland Agricultural Demonstration 溱湖湿地农业生态园占地300余亩,计划总投资1.2亿元。2007年11月动工,目前建成区达到230亩,包括农业科技种植厅、农业园艺厅、智能育苗室、花卉室、家禽散养区、水产养殖区的等。昔日的低产、低洼地在这里建成了以楼台环绕、亭阁相映、碧水相连的园林化农业观光之地。

The land area of Qin Lake Wetland Agricultural Demonstration is about 300-mu, with planned total investment of RMB 120 million yuan.It began construction in November 2007.Until now, it has built up to 230-mu area, including the Agricultural Science and Technology Hall, Agricultural Gardening Hall, Intelligent Seedling Room, Flower Room, Free-range Area of Domestic Birds, Aquatics Breeding Area, etc.Those low yielding and low-lying lands became the garden style agricultural sightseeing place with surrounded balconies, contrasted pavilions and connected blue water.3.河横生态园

3.Heheng Ecological Garden 河横村被联合国环境规划署命名为生态环境“全球500佳”,2005年被国家旅游局命名为全国农业观光旅游示范点,近期又被列为部省共建的社会主义新农村示范点。

Heheng village is named as the ―World Top 500‖ in ecological environment by United Nations Environment Programme.It was named as the Demonstration Point of National Agricultural Sightseeing and Tour by the National Tourism Administration in 2005, and recently it is listed as the Demonstration Point of New Socialist Countryside that is jointly constructed by the province and the ministry.4.泰州华侨城

4.Taizhou Chinese Overseas Town 泰州华侨城有限公司位于江苏省姜堰市,隶属于国务院国资委管理的大型中央企业深圳华侨城集团。深圳华侨城集团是1985年11月经国务院批准成立的,国资委直管的大型国有企业集团。集团总部位于美丽的深圳湾畔,城区规划面积6平方公里。经过20多年的开发建设,华侨城集团已发展成为一个拥有60多家全资、控股和参资企业,3家境内外上市公司,以房地产、旅游和通讯电子为主导产业的大型控股企业集团。

The Taizhou Chinese Overseas Town Co., Ltd.locates in the Jiangyan city of Jiangsu province, which is attached to the Shenzhen Chinese Overseas Town Group, a large central enterprise that is governed by the State Assets Administration Committee of the State Council.The Shenzhen Chinese Overseas Town Group was approved for establishment in November 1985 by the State Council, and it is a large state owned enterprise group directly governed by the State Assets Administration Committee.The headquarters of this group is located in the beautiful bank of Shenzhen gulf, with planned city area of 6 square kilometers.Through more than 20 years’ development and construction, the Chinese Town Group has developed into a large holding company group with more than 60 wholly owned, holding and participation enterprises and 3 local and overseas listed companies, and used the real estate, tourism and communications-electronics as the leading industries.泰州华侨城项目位于江苏省苏中地区中心位置的泰州姜堰市,上接苏北,下接苏南,西带扬州和南京,高速公路、铁路和水路交通都十分发达,具有广阔的市场发展前景。它依托著名的溱湖国家湿地公园,拥有独具一格的景观资源和生态优势。华侨城将依据多年来积累的综合成片开发优势,超前的规划水平,以及对项目所在地自然环境和社会文化的精准把握,致力于将该项目打造成一个绿色健康的、充满活力的,以及具有丰厚文化内涵,并领先国际水准的项目。

The project of Taizhou Chinese Overseas Town is located in the Jiangyan City of Taizhou, central area of the middle part of Jiangsu province, which up connects the north Jiangsu province, down connects the south Jiangsu province, west connects with Yangzhou and Nanjing, with advanced highway, railway and water transportation, and has broad market space and development prospect.It depends on the famous Qin Lake National Wetland Park with unique landscape resources and ecological advantages.The Chinese Overseas Town will depend on the comprehensive development advantages, advanced planning level, and the accurate understanding of the natural environment and social culture of the location of the project, that is accumulated from years’ development, and works at making this project become a project that is green, healthful, and vibrant, with rich cultural connotation and leading the international standard.泰州华侨城项目集体育休闲中心、温泉酒店、温泉水疗、商业街和低密度住宅五大功能于一体,是一个大型人文生态综合项目。其中,体育休闲中心将是中国唯一的湿地主题休闲公园,它的建成,标志着国内对人工湿地的开发利用探索出了一条新的思路,也创建了体育公园建设的新模式;温泉酒店将树立起苏中地区高档酒店的新坐标,为本地乃至长三角地区的商务活动营造一处别致、高雅的理想场所;温泉水疗将利用珍稀的地热资源,使之成为中国经济最具活力的长三角地区高端休闲度假人士理想的温泉SPA圣地;特色商业街也将结合地形地貌,营造颇具韵味的水上购物休闲空间;低密度住宅将依托美丽的自然景观,同时赋予内涵丰富的文化主题,成为苏中地区事业成功人士身份标志的生活示范区。

The Taizhou Chinese Overseas Town project consists of an integrated function of sport leisure center, spa hotel, spa hydrotherapy, shopping street and residence with low density, is a large human ecology integrated project.In

which, the sport leisure center will be the only wetland leisure park in China, which indicates that it explores a new train of thought for the development and use of the constructed wetland in China, and also creates a new model for sport park construction.The spa hotel will fix a new coordinate for the luxury hotels in the middle part of Jiangsu province, and will create a unique and elegant ideal place for the commercial activities in local area and even in the Yangtze River Delta Area.The spa hydrotherapy will use the rarely geothermal resources and makes it become the SPA paradise for high-end leisure and vacation in Yangtze River Delta Area.The characteristic commercial street will also combine with the landforms to create a shopping and leisure space on the water with lingering charm.In addition, the residence with low density will depend on the beautiful natural landscape and combines with the plentiful cultural theme to make it become the life demonstration area for symbol of the successful men in middle part of Jiangsu province.

第三篇:洛阳龙门石窟导游词资料(共)

洛阳龙门石窟导游词

各位朋友,我们现在看到的就是,世界文化遗产—龙门石窟 它距市区13公里的龙门是洛阳南面的天然门户,这里两岸香山、龙门山对立,伊水中流,远望就象天然的门阙一样。因此自春秋战国以来,这里就获得了一个形象化的称谓“伊阙”。隋炀帝都洛阳,因宫城城门产正对伊阙,古代帝王又以真龙天子自居,因此得名“龙门”,“龙门”之名即延用至今。举世闻名的龙门石窟就雕刻在伊河两岸的山崖上,南北长约1公里。从北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳时开始营造,经过东魏、西魏、北齐、隋、唐、延至北宋,累计大规模开凿约四百余年,现存窟龛2345个,碑刻题记2800余块,佛塔70余座,造像近11万尊。其窟龛、造像和题记数量之多,居中国石窟之冠,与敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟并称为中国三大佛教艺术宝库。中华人民共和国国务院于1961年确定龙门石窟为全国第一批重点文物保护单位。2000年11月,联合国教科文组织第24届世界遗产委员通过列入《世界遗产名录》。

魏窟——公元495年魏宗室丘慧成开始在龙门山开凿古阳洞,500--523年魏宣武帝、魏孝明帝连续开凿宾阳洞的北中南三个大石窟,石阳洞和宾阳洞的修建共费人工80万以上,还开凿了药方洞和东魏时开凿的莲花洞等石窟。北朝石窟都在龙门山,古阳洞自慧成至东魏末50多年的营造,表现出列多的中国艺术形式,大佛姿态也由云岗石窟的雄健可畏转变为龙门石窟的温和可亲。以宾阳中洞主佛为代表的佛像,人物面部含着微笑,龙门石窟比云岗石窟表现出更多的中国艺术佛像。

唐窟——最盛期是唐朝,占石窟总数的60%以上,武则天执政时期开凿的石窟占唐代石窟的多数,与她长期有洛阳有关。奉先寺是最具有代表性的唐窟,二菩萨70尺,迦叶、阿难、金刚、神王各高50尺(唐代长度)。规模之大,在龙门石窟中称第一,先后用了四年时间,武则天自己出钱二万贯。

龙门二十品是珍贵的魏碑体书法艺术的精品。代表了魏碑体,字形端正大方,气势刚健有力,是隶书向楷体过渡中的一种字体,有十九品在古阳洞内。

潜溪寺(开凿时期能听到山脉中水流的声音,故名“潜溪”)朋友们,下面我们将参观龙门石窟西山北端第一个大窟潜溪寺。潜溪寺为唐高宗初年雕造。洞内造像为一佛、二弟子、二菩萨、二天王。主像阿弥陀佛居中而坐,身体各部比例匀称,面容丰满,胸部隆起,表情静穆慈祥。两侧观世音、大势至菩萨体躯比例适中,丰满敦厚,表情温雅文静,富于人情味,揭示了唐初雕刻艺术的长足发展。阿弥陀佛和观世音、大势至菩萨合称为“西方三圣”,是佛教净土宗供奉的偶像。

隋唐时代是中国佛教发展的又一个繁盛期。佛教学风在“破斥南北、禅义均弘”形势下,南北佛教徒们不断的交流和互相影响,完成了对以前各种佛教学说的概括和总结,从而使佛教中国化的趋向更加明显,也使佛教造像艺术充满了清新与活力。因此,在造像艺术上发生了不同于北魏时代造像风格的变化,潜溪寺中的造像已揭开了盛唐那种丰腴、典雅的造像风格的序曲。宾阳中洞 北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳后,实行了意义重大、比较彻底的汉化改革,历史上称为“孝文改制”。由最高统治者实行的政治上的改革必然对当时皇家贵族发愿开凿的佛教石窟造像有一定影响。下面我们将参观的宾阳中洞的造像风格和服饰就是孝文帝改制在文化上的反映。

朋友们,现在我们面前的这三座洞窟合称为宾阳三洞。宾阳三洞因统一规划、有计划开凿且并排布局而得名。这三座洞窟从公元500年开凿直到523年停工,历时长达24年还未完工,史书记载用工多达80多万。中间的为宾阳中洞,是北魏宣武帝为其父母孝文帝及文昭皇太后祈福做功德而开凿。洞中三壁造三世佛,从南向兹依次为过去世燃灯佛、现在世佛释迦牟尼和未来世佛弥勒佛。

宾阳中洞的窟顶是穹隆形,好像蒙古包的顶部,地面雕刻着大型莲花,周边是莲花花瓣、水波纹和其它装饰图案,如同鲜艳美丽的地毯式样子。这种形式使人很自然联想起北方游牧民族的生活。

主佛释迦牟屁,造像手法已和北魏鲜卑族拓拔部固有的粗犷敦厚之风有所不同,而是吸收了中原地区汉民族文化的成分和当时南朝所流行的“清瘦俊逸”的风尚,形成了迁都洛阳后佛教造像“秀骨清像”的艺术形式。主佛体态修长,面容清瘦,眉目疏朗,嘴角上翘,表情温和,神采飘逸。服饰已脱去了云冈石窟中双领下垂式袈裟和偏袒右肩式袈裟,改为中原地区褒衣博带的形式,衣裙下部雕作羊肠纹拖在基座前部,一层一层折叠着。这种雕造风格迅速在全国流行开,成为北魏时期佛教艺术中国化、民族化的造像特色。

这种造像手法与现实生活中的人物形象接近了许多,正是孝文帝改制在龙门石窟造像上的反映。

造像一铺 北魏 古阳洞

中洞窟门内前壁两侧下层各有一幅大型浮雕,北为孝文帝及侍从礼佛图,南为文昭皇太后及嫔妃礼佛图。这两幅作品,精美绝伦,20世纪30年代被盗凿而去,现分别藏美国纽约大都会博物馆和堪萨斯州纳尔逊艺术博物馆。

1978年,当人们拆除宾阳中洞的清代所建砖券门时,雕凿于北魏时期造型鲜为人知的天王造像显现在人们面前。朋友们请看,当时在窟门过道两壁上发现的就是三头四臂的帝释天王和四头四臂大梵天王浮雕。

宾阳中洞完成于六世纪中叶,它显示了当时我国石窟艺术发展的高超水平。

伊阙佛龛之碑-----李泰与宾阳南洞 朋友们,我们现在所看的这块大碑,名为“伊阙佛龛之碑”,由唐太宗时中书侍郎岑文本撰文,中央令、大书法家褚遂良书丹。这通碑为目前国内所见褚遂良楷书之最大者,字形奇伟秀美,是唐楷书法艺术的珍品。碑文主要记述唐太宗第四子魏王李泰为其母文德皇后长孙氏死后做功德而开凿,碑文中并有大量粉饰、美化李泰之语。因此,结合太宗末年李泰与太子李承乾争夺太子位的史实可知,李泰借为母亲开窟造像做功德,实有获得太宗好感,为自已捞取政治资本的目的和用心。需要说明的是,这通碑原应为此魏所雕的宾阳中洞的造窟碑,到了唐代李泰为节省费用,竟就势磨去原有碑文,又重新雕刻成唐碑的。

宾阳南洞 下面我们参观宾阳南洞。宾阳南洞是在北魏未完工的基础上,为唐代早期又继续开凿的洞窟,所以在造像艺术上承北魏刚健之遗风,下开盛唐活泼生动之气象。主尊像阿弥托佛面部丰润,嘴唇厚大,衣纹自然、流畅。这一期间的宝座都是呈方形直角,到了盛唐才趋向于莲花束腰须弥座的形式。

洞内龛像密布,其中太宗贞观年间的题记达19处,为中国石窟中贞观题记最多的一窟。众多的造像题记为研究初唐的石窟造像艺术提供了珍贵的文字资料。

摩崖三佛龛 朋友们,我们面前的这一窟因临山摩崖造像且题材为三佛而称为摩崖三佛龛。崖壁上为三坐佛,以弥勒佛为主尊居中,左、右二结迦坐佛。以弥勒为主尊的三佛题材为中国石窟所罕见。该窟无题记,结合文献研究,该窟应为武则天建立武周政权制造佛教神学舆论所开凿,宣扬武氏为弥勒下凡,以利于稳固政权。它开凿于武周政权时期,即公元690年左右,因武氏晚年发生了张柬之策动的政变,武周政权结束,该窟随即中辍,因此,窟中造像仅为毛坯,比较粗糙。

万佛洞 万佛洞因洞内窟壁上雕刻有一万五千尊小佛像而得名。窟顶莲花周围刻有“大唐永隆元年十一月三十日成,大监姚神表,内道场运禅师一万千尊像龛”的题记,表明这个洞窟完工于公元680年的十一月三十日,主持修造者是大监姚神表和内道场的智运禅师。

主佛阿弥陀佛的造像手法体现了唐代盛行的以丰腴为美的审美时尚,表现出一种雍容大度、仪态轩昂的造像风格。人物波状的发纹、丰满圆润的脸部轮廓、垂肩的双耳、宽厚的双肩、简洁流畅的衣纹都表明盛唐的雕刻技艺在这一时期已经达到了成熟的阶段。

主佛端坐于仰覆莲束腰须弥宝座上,在宝座束腰部位雕刻了四位金刚托重力士,他们的肌肉突出,富于动态,与主佛的静态,一动一静形成了鲜明的对比。

南北两壁雕刻的一万五千多尊高约4厘米的小佛,把整个万佛洞装点成西方佛国中佛祖弘扬佛法、众生虔诚聆听的场面。在窟顶碑刻题记的外侧是凌空飘舞的飞天,这飞些天手捧供果,翩翩起舞,与它对应的是窟内南北两壁壁基下部的伎乐人。每侧墙壁下部各有6位伎乐人,手持空篌、法锣、羯鼓,一方面为研究唐代音乐提供了史料,另一方面,它们与窟顶飞天上下呼应,营造了一种西天极乐世界里,歌舞升平,万人成佛的场景。

万佛洞前后两室,窟门外两侧为二力士,前室南北壁原来刻有龙门石窟体形最大、造形最为精美的护法狮子两尊,20世纪30年被盗,现藏于美国波士顿博物馆。

窟门外南壁上部刻有一观音菩萨,面部丰润,体态健美左手提净瓶,右臂向上弯曲持佛尘搭于右肩。她那扭动的身躯、微斜的头颈、丰满的胸部,形成了优美的曲线,显得含蓄、端庄,是唐刻观音菩萨的杰作。双窟 万佛洞下的这两座洞窟因并排雕凿且有共同的前室而得名“双窟”。北洞中是三世佛造像,主尊为释迦牟尼,南北两侧是二弟子、二菩萨以及过去佛和未来佛。三世佛的造像题材表现了佛教世界里的过去、现在和未来。

在双窟的南洞里,雕凿的主佛是弥勒佛,南北两壁上雕有小千佛。弥勒和释迦牟尼分列在南北两个洞窟,称作双窟,它们完工于同一时代,所以在人们的想象中是当时的唐高宗李治和皇后武则天共同临朝执政的一种局面。在这个历史时期,武则天实际上是掌管朝廷的重权,奏章都由她来批阅。武则天在这一时期,为了积极树立自己就是弥勒下世这一思想,但又有碍于李治在位的实际情况,所以就把释迦牟尼和弥勒共同雕凿于南北两窟,就是现在我们看到的这种双窟并列的局面。

莲花洞 朋友们,现在我们面前的这座洞窟称为莲花洞。因洞顶有一朵保存完好、直径达3米多的高浮雕的大莲花而得名。洞内造一佛二弟子,均呈立姿,为释迦牟尼带领两个弟子游说讲经之像。主佛采用高浮雕手法,两侧的弟子迦叶、阿难用浮雕手法,对比鲜明。迦叶身披厚重的袈裟,手持锡杖,胸部肋骨暴露,细腻地表现出这位佛教继承人经过艰辛岁月,长途跋涉的形象。他右手拄着的锡杖上带有九个响环,震地有声,据说是佛教中一种法器。人们听见响环的声音,就知道佛祖到来,出外叩拜佛祖、倾听佛法。二弟子的头像于20世纪30年代被盗凿,现都存于法国吉美博物馆。

窟顶莲花周围环绕着飞天,她们手捧供果和其它的器皿,显得飘逸洒脱,在《妙法莲花经》里曾有这样的记载:飞天是佛教中的香因神,说是诸天伎乐,百千万神于虚空中一时俱作,雨众天华,表现了佛教中飞天和伎乐人营造出欢乐和谐的场面。

洞窟南壁左上部层层排列了几层小型佛像,据说这是龙门石窟最小的佛像,高度仅有2厘米,五官清晰,刻画细腻。南壁壁面上排列了许多佛龛,龛楣装饰有各自不同的特点:有帷帐式的,有的是火焰纹,有表现文殊与维摩诘对座辩法的故事,还有礼佛图的形象。在龛楣细部,有忮乐人、飞天,有莲花化生出来的菩萨;有线刻的,有浅浮雕的。其中一对飞天,她们的衣裙向上卷起,飘飘荡荡的形式好象一朵盛开的莲花,而两个飞天的面部正是莲花的花蕾。外侧是一些伎乐人向她们飘飞过来,荡起的衣裙好象莲花的枝蔓一样,表现了一种绿柳丝绦万千条景象。

这个小龛龛楣是火焰纹的造型,它的火焰向内收,到中间再向上形成火苗的苗头,火焰纹之上南北两侧各一组众生听法像,这个浮雕表现了文殊菩萨和维摩诘辩法的情景。它的上部是帷幕,帷幕是中国民俗画常有的表现形式,在这里我们看到外来的佛教文化与中国本土文化的结合,成为有中国特色的佛雕艺术形式。

窟外门楣为火焰纹,中间刻有一个兽形铺首,雕工精湛。左上方有明代河南巡抚赵岩题“伊阙”二字。奉先寺 现在,我们参观的是奉先寺。奉先寺,原名“大卢舍那像龛”,规模宏大、气势磅礴、雕像精美、技艺精湛,是龙门石窟开凿规模最大的摩崖像龛,也是龙门石窟唐代雕刻艺术中最有代表性的作品。据于唐玄宗开元十年刻就的《河洛上都龙门之阳大卢舍那像龛记》记载,奉先寺为唐高宗所创,皇后武则天曾于高宗咸亨三年(672年)捐助脂粉钱两万贯,工程完工于上元二年(675年)。整个大像龛造像布局为一佛、二弟子、二菩萨、二天王、二力士等一铺九尊大像,主尊“大卢舍那佛”坐像,通高17.14米,头高4米,耳长1.9米,面相丰满圆润,方额广颐,眉若弯月,双目俯视,炯炯有神;略作微笑,两耳长垂,衣纹简练,灵活而又储蓄的眼睛显得更加秀美,整尊造像,给人一种庄严典雅、肃穆宁静之感。左侧迦叶,身首虽残,但仍显出一位饱经风霜的老僧形象;右侧阿难,浓眉细眼、年轻睿智、虔诚大方、充满自信,宛如一聪慧少所形象。二菩萨衣饰华丽,端庄而矜持的表情,天王严肃威武而双硕壮有力的神情,力士坚毅勇猛而双暴躁的性格,以及那无所谓惧倾力承托的地鬼,无不形神兼备、惟妙惟肖。其雕凿规模、艺术设计、人物塑造、雕像造型方面的成就,反映了唐代艺术家的高超技艺、审美时尚、美学理念和唐代美术所达到高度艺术水平。同时,在一定程度上也反映了当时统治阶级及艺术家心目中神化的“圣贤”形象,从另一侧面又折射出了当时社会佛教发展的盛况和唐代国力的强大。因此,奉先寺大卢舍那像龛群雕,既是盛唐雕刻艺术的代表,又是人类美术史上的杰作,具有永恒的艺术魅力和美学价值。

古阳洞 朋友们,参观完奉先寺,我们将继续参观南面的古阳洞。著名的“龙门二十品”其中有十九品就在这一洞窟中。北魏孝文帝太和十七年(公元493年)迁都洛阳,孝文帝开始在龙门为其祖母冯太后开窟造像祈福作功德,王公大臣、贵族、官僚、武官将相继在窟内造像,这就形成了古阳洞内最早的一批造像,从而开始皇家营造龙门的第一斧第一凿,揭开了创建龙门石窟的第一篇章。

现在我们面前的这一洞窟就是古阳洞,它是利用天然溶洞扩凿而成的。正壁主佛为释迦牟尼,结跏趺坐于方形台座上。面相长圆,较为瘦削。头顶还塑了一个发冠,发冠本身是道的产物,这是在清朝八国联军侵略中国,慈禧太后逃亡西安回北京途中路过龙门留下的,所以当地也有人称古阳洞为老君洞。主佛两侧的菩萨上身微微后倾,头戴宝冠,面容清秀,上身袒露,身着长裙,造型厚重,比例匀称,表情庄重文静,姿态优美,是北魏石刻艺术的代表作。

北侧墙壁上排列了三层大型佛龛,最上面一排的造像与云冈石窟有着一脉相承的联系,佛像都是结跏趺坐,形体较显浑厚。如果说它还保持着云冈石窟的特色的话,那么第二层交脚弥勒的造像,则体现了北魏时期龙门石窟造像秀骨清姿的艺术格调。人物瘦小,细腰,双腿交叉坐于台座上。北壁最上部的佛龛雕凿于北魏景明三年,我们现在只能看到佛龛残损的身躯,佛头高32厘米,被人盗走后,现在为私人收藏。最下部的一排佛龛,造像风格表现出雍容大度的特点,可能是唐早期的作品。不同时期的造像集中在同一洞窟里,说明了古阳洞雕凿时间之长,绵延朝代之久。

龙门石窟中有许多碑刻题记,经过历朝的推崇,到清代中期,人们从这2800多块题记中,精选出了二十块有代表性的作品,称为“龙门二十品”,古阳洞就占十九品。“龙门二十品”是魏碑书法的杰出代表,以“龙门二十品”为代表的魏碑体,字形端正大方,魄力雄强,气象浑穆,上承汉隶,下开唐楷,在我国的书法艺术上占有重要地位,被视为国宝。

北魏造像峻拔瘦硬的风格与魏碑斩刻奇肆的风格艺术内涵相通。历史上书法家发现了碑刻题记的价值,却又把雕像视为工匠的艺术。相反,西方研究中国艺术史的专家对北魏石雕给予了极高的评价,认为“魏的雕刻代表了人类宗教艺术的一个高峰”。

药方洞 药方洞因窟门两侧刻有古代药方而得名。此洞北魏晚期创建,经东魏和北齐,直至唐初仍有雕刻,因此在雕刻艺术上呈现不同时代的多种艺术风格。洞内主佛、二弟子、二菩萨和洞外二力士及窟门八角束腰莲花柱均为北齐所雕造。该洞是龙门石窟中具有北齐造像风格的唯一大型石窟。北齐时期的雕像头部硕大,身躯如柱,给人以臃肿、笨拙的感觉。

洞口过道两侧石壁上刻有药方近140个,治疗40种疾病。治疗方法主要是药物治疗和针灸治疗。涉及科别有内科、外科、妇科、儿科、五官科、皮肤科、神经科、肿瘤科、泌尿科等。所用药物多是我国农村常见的植物药、动物药和矿物药。制剂方法有丸、散、膏、汤等。

药方洞石刻药方刻于唐代初年,是我国现存最早的石刻药方,是我国医学宝库中的瑰宝。它记录了我国古代医药的成就,在研究我国医药学上有重要价值。

皇甫公窟 皇甫公窟因北魏胡太后母舅皇甫度开凿而得名。主佛释迦牟尼高3.18米,身穿褒衣带式的袈裟,衣饰用平直九刀刻法,衣裙有棱有角,坐在莲花座上。面部已经残损了,头上还留有高肉髻,右足外露,足掌向上;右臂平举,手掌上扬;左手掌心向外,手指向下,作满足人们愿望的与愿印。有趣的是,这尊大佛竟有有6个手指,据说是按照孝明皇帝的形象塑造的。由此可以看出皇甫度以佛事向皇帝献忠心的良苦用心。

皇甫公窟南、北壁基下保存有具有极高价值的礼佛图浮雕,这两幅浮雕人物图案带有浓重的绘画意味。北壁皇帝礼佛图东起前三人为比丘,前两个比丘正俯身向香炉内添香,第三位是年长的高僧,左手托钵作前导。第四人为一老妇,头饰华丽,身穿长裙大袖,左手持一莲蕾,徐步向前。弟八人为一青年男子,头戴笼冠,身穿宽袍大袖的长袍,右手托钵,有趣的是其身后还有一男童为他提衣摆。这一男一女无疑是孝明皇帝和胡太后。这一作品用写实的手法把人物的年龄,性格,身份,气质都刻画得淋漓尽致,其余的宫女有的手举华盖,有的手拿莲蕾,虔诚严肃,徐徐而行。南壁则为皇甫公夫妇礼佛图。

左右二菩萨半结跏趺坐在菩提树下,坐树下思维状。菩提树树干弯曲,枝繁叶茂。树的上方又分别刻有一组罗汉像,罗汉身穿双领下垂式袈裟,双手合十或手持莲花。

围绕着窟顶的莲花有八个伎乐,她们衣带飘扬,手持琵琶、笙、排萧等乐器,翱翔云间,由此看出在北魏时期,这些乐器就已经非常盛行了。

擂鼓台南洞 参观完西山的洞窟,请朋友们继续参观东山的洞窟。现在我们面前的这三座洞窟称为“擂鼓台三洞”。南边的这座窟为擂鼓台南洞。洞内方形座台上的佛像被称作“大日如来”在密宗里“大日如来”指的就是释迦牟尼。主佛头戴佛冠,臂戴臂钏,脖子戴项圈,穿袒右肩式袈裟,整个造像保留了外来造像艺术风格。

佛端坐在束腰方形台座上,这种台座在武周时期是比较流行的式样。从正面看,佛头部微微向下倾斜,目光向下俯视,和礼拜者的眼神交流,流露出一种关爱世人的殷殷之情。主尊丰润的右臂搭于盘起的右膝之上,舒闲的神态、优雅坐姿都体现出佛的从容、恬静。从侧面看这尊大佛的形态,头微微向前倾斜,肩向后仰,腰向内收,臀部依其坐势显得收放有序,胸部向前隆起,腰部三道环形的衣纹线条又显现出腰部肌肉的健康有力。整个佛的造像极富质感,也正符合古人所说的:肌理细腻,骨肉亭匀。

在四壁上有高约36厘米的菩萨坐像,层层排列着有760尊之多,端坐在四周的墙壁上,神态肃穆安祥,似乎正在聆听佛弘扬佛法。菩萨在古印度都是男性的形象,传入中国后,逐渐塑成了女性的形象。

创造者对人物的形态美把握得相当适度,简洁明快的线条和人体造型的健康都表现了当时的雕凿者自身的审美价值取向及美学理想。

擂鼓台中洞 中间的这座洞窟称为擂鼓台中洞,又叫“大万五佛洞”,因洞中造有一万五千尊小佛像,且比西山万佛洞小千佛稍大而得名。主尊为弥勒,整尊造像采取高佛雕手法,背光为龟甲形背屏,周围环绕着伎乐人/飞天、骑象和骑狮的童子。

主尊端坐在束腰方形高台坐上,台坐下部延伸出两朵莲花,每朵莲花上站立着一尊菩萨,整个造像浑然一体。主尊佛头20世纪30年代 被盗,现藏于美国旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆。

洞窟雕凿完成于武周时期,是为武氏政权歌功颂德的。西山的双窟是弥勒与释迦牟尼并坐,当时武则天还没有成为一朝之君,表明她与李志一个天皇一个天后并列的身份,而在这一洞窟中,以弥勒佛为主尊,表明她已破天荒地成了一位女皇。

看经寺 :现在我们参观的是看经寺,看经寺是龙门东山最大的一个石窟,整个窟室的平面设计基本上呈方形,与同一时期其它洞窟最大的不同是该窟正壁上没有主像,而是在洞窟地面中央建坛,上置佛像供人拜佛。据考证,该窟为禅宗开凿,洞窟造型为禅宗曾人打坐礼佛的禅堂。

窟内墙壁上部有一些不规则的零星造像,在北、东、南三壁下部雕有唐代最精美的一组29尊浮雕罗汉像。释迦牟尼去世之后,将传法的任务叫给了迦叶,迦叶寂灭后交给了阿难,之后传莫田地,传商那阿修,最后至二十九组菩提达摩。

菩提达摩是北魏时期自天竺来中国的曾人,被后代的佛教禅宗奉为第二十九代传人。看经寺这二十九尊传法的罗汉,恰好与《历代法宝记》所载西土二十九祖先相吻合。

窟内现二十六尊罗汉像保存完好,每尊罗汉像高约1.8米,与真人等高,神态各异,性格刻划入微,有饱经风霜而又睿智的、执着而又聪慧的、慈祥善良的、凶猛严历的、诙谐幽默的、严肃认真的,无不栩栩如生,是龙门石窟中现存最完整的一组罗汉群像雕刻。皇甫公窟 皇甫公窟因北魏胡太后母舅皇甫度开凿而得名。主佛释迦牟尼高3.18米,身穿褒衣带式的袈裟,衣饰用平直九刀刻法,衣裙有棱有角,坐在莲花座上。面部已经残损了,头上还留有高肉髻,右足外露,足掌向上;右臂平举,手掌上扬;左手掌心向外,手指向下,作满足人们愿望的与愿印。有趣的是,这尊大佛竟有有6个手指,据说是按照孝明皇帝的形象塑造的。由此可以看出皇甫度以佛事向皇帝献忠心的良苦用心。

第四篇:嘉峪关关城导游词(完整资料)

嘉峪关建于明洪武五年公元1372年,一直有“万里长城东起山海关,西至嘉峪关之说”但若从建造年代上说,嘉峪关比山海关早9年(山海关建于1381年),另一方面嘉峪关的建筑规模又是长城沿线的关隘中最为雄伟。壮大的一座关口,更为重要的一点是从长城的作用来讲,当时为了防止元朝的蒙古族残余势力向西北扩张朱元璋派冯胜西征,冯胜到次后认为只要在此建观就可控制西域,所有这一切都说明了“万里长城应是西起嘉峪关,东至山海关”嘉峪关在1961年就被列为全国重点文物保护单位。

嘉峪关,始建于明洪武五年(公元1372年),因建在嘉峪关西麓的嘉峪山上而得名,它比“天下第一关”山海关早建九年。这里地势险要,南是白雪皑皑的祁连山,北是连绵起伏的黑山,两山之间,只有30华里,是河西走廊西部最狭窄的地方,被称作“河西第一隘口”。明王朝建立后,为了加强河西的军事防御,征虏大将军冯胜收复河西后,在此选址建关,以控制西去的交通要道。据历史记载,嘉峪关“初有水而后置关,有关而后建楼,有楼而后筑长城,长城筑而后关可守也”。嘉峪关从建关到成为坚固的防御工程,经历了一百六十多年的时间。

“天下雄关——嘉峪关”是1961年国务院公布的第一批全国重点文物保护单位,是1987年联合国教科文组织公布的世界文化遗产地之一。嘉峪关是明代万里长城的西端起点,也是明代万里长城沿线建造形势最为壮观、保存最为完整的一座古代军事城堡,有“天下第一雄关”之美誉。

在我们的右边可以看到一棵已有200年历史的杨树,我们称之为“左公柳”是为了纪念晚清儒将左宗棠,左宗棠是湖南湘阴人,曾任陕甘总督14年,当时由于清政府腐败无能,中亚浩罕汗国的阿古柏在沙俄的支持下,率兵侵入南疆,建立了所谓的哲德沙尔汗国,沙俄在1871年更是侵占了伊梨地区,妄图分裂新疆,1875年 当时已64的左宗棠不顾年老多病,受命督办新疆军务,率兵出潼关西征,为收复新疆而决心“马革裹尸”,“老死西域”,正是这种精神和决心,仅用一年半的时间就收复了除伊梨以外的全部领土,使沙俄闻风丧胆,左宗棠的“壮士长歌,不复以出塞为苦,老当益壮”的豪迈胸襟与爱国热情被我们后世永为传唱,在他经营西北的十余年中,在民政,经济,文化诸方面也做出了很多贡献。

左宗棠在西北用兵感到交通不便,是西北一大难题,于是他随军队的开进一路筑路,从涧关开始,横贯陕甘两省,并开通了甘新泽运大道,北路修至精河,南路修至喀尔葛尔,沿途设置有军队负责的马拔或步拔,以作为传递情报的驿站。驿站旁盖有官店,允许商贩在附近开设买卖街,给兵荒马乱的世道点缀的一点萧萧的商贸繁荣。我们现在走的312国道有很大一部分都是当年左宗棠主修的甘新泽运大道的路基。

左宗棠从小生活在湘江之滨,对绿树有着特殊的偏爱,他率领湘兵来到西北大漠,感到气候干燥,了无生趣,又水土不服,左宗棠命令筑路军队在大道沿途,宜林地带和近城道旁边栽杨树和沙枣树,名曰“道柳”其用意在于巩固路基,防风固沙,方便行人遮凉,凡他所到之处都要动员军民植树造林,并且指定保护树林的措施,严加执行,老百姓中现在还流传着“左宗棠杀驴”的故事,讲左宗棠在甘肃广为种树,后曾调任新疆,在他从新疆回到甘肃时看到以前栽种的树大部分都已死去感到奇怪,一天他在出城巡视时,发现老百姓进城都将驴拴在树上,驴是一种非常喜欢啃咬树皮的动物,俗语说得好“人要脸,树要皮”,树没有皮就会干枯,死亡,左宗棠非常气愤,下令将驴斩首示众,并告诫若在将驴拴在树上,人与驴同罪,从这个典故上,可以看出左宗棠为改善西北的环境,植树造林,下了很大的决心。

在1878年,左公的好友—杨昌浚应邀前来帮办军务,所到之处看到绿荫夹道,连绵数千里绿如帷幄的塞外奇观,触景生情,吟诗赞叹:“大将筹边尚未还,湖湘子弟满天山,新栽杨柳三千里,引得春风渡玉关”,左宗棠的开发西北功绩,不仅仅在此,他看到西北地荒人少,为了解决军需供给,开渠凿井,兴修水利,开荒种地,并且发展了桑蚕业,仅新疆种植桑树就达到了80.6万棵,还教老百姓试种水稻,并且在张掖取得成功,所以到现在在我们河西走廊在张掖还产大米,左宗棠还在敦煌大面积的推广棉花,不过当时推广棉花的动机是为了禁烟,清朝末年鸦片之害毒流全国,就是边远的西北也不例外,敦煌虽是地广人稀,却大面积的种植鸦片,造成当地的老百姓都吸烟贩烟成灾,左宗棠为了禁烟采取了斧底抽薪政策,不禁吸而禁种,从根本上断绝了毒源,同时大力

推广种植棉花,使人们获得丰厚利润,他还兴办了教育事业,提高了西北人的文化素质,左宗棠来到西北做得这一切深深感动了老百姓,使老百姓的生活有了很大的提高,为此老百姓为了纪念他,将那个时期种的树都统称为“左公柳”“左公杨”。

(在我们的右边可以看到一棵已有200年历史的杨树,我们称之为“左公杨”是为了纪念晚清儒将左宗棠,自古河西种树最为难事,左宗棠西征讨伐阿古柏的分裂叛乱时,命令军队沿途遍栽杨柳,泾川以西竟形成道柳“连绵数千里绿如帷幄”的塞外奇观。左宗棠不仅重视种树,还严加管理。他凯旋酒泉后,听说有一农民骑驴进城办事,将毛驴栓在树上,毛驴悠然自得地啃着树皮,无人过问。便下令在鼓楼前将毛驴斩首,且发下通告:“若再有驴毁坏树木,驴同驴主与此同罪,格杀勿论。”一时间,左公斩驴护树传为佳话。为此,人们把那些杨柳树亲切地称为“左公杨”、“左公柳”。

有诗赞道:‘大将筹边未肯还,湖湘弟子满天山。新栽杨柳三千里,引得春风度玉关。

现在我们进入的是东闸门,东闸门高4.2M,宽3.8M,深10.6M,墙壁有36根方土柱支撑,是嘉峪关门楼中唯一建有木柱的建筑,东闸门在当时起城门的作用,晨开酉闭(相当于现在晚上8:00),用现在的话来说,进入闸门就相当于从农材进入城市,我们现在继续向前走,我们在这里看一下我们将要参观的嘉峪关城楼的示意图,嘉峪关城楼的建筑由内城,外城,罗城,城壕五部分组成,我们现在所处的是外城的范围,在以前这里有着街道,驿站店铺,饭馆,车马店和庙宇,后随着时间都已毁去,现在嘉峪关政府栽种了大量的树上,为空旷的外城,增加一些绿色。我们现在看到的这座建筑是文昌阁,也称文昌殿,文昌原是星官名,民间又称文曲星,宋朝的道士说 天上的文曲星曾于西晋末降生四川梓潼七曲山为张亚子,以后历代转世,玉皇大帝命他掌管人世间功名利禄,成为道教大神文昌帝君,备受读书人的崇拜。自元代起全国各地均兴建文昌庙,文昌阁等供奉文昌帝君。七曲山的文昌宫是全国的文昌庙的祖庙,我们现在看到的这座文昌阁原系明代建筑,清道光二年1822年重修,这里在明朝是文官的办事处,后到清代成为文人读书的场所,相当于我们现在的公立学校。

(现在我们进入的是东闸门,东闸门高4.2M,宽3.8M,深10.6M,墙壁有36根方土柱支撑,是嘉峪关门楼中唯一建有木柱的建筑,东闸门在当时起城门的作用,晨开酉闭(相当于现在晚上8:00),用现在的话来说,进入闸门就相当于从农材进入城市。我们现在看到的这座建筑是文昌阁,也称文昌殿,系明代建筑,清道光二年1822年重修,这里在明朝是文官的办事处,后到清代成为文人读书的场所,我们现在看到是关帝庙,原建与明朝,后在战争中毁坏,这是在1987年按原样重修的,只有门前这座牌楼保存了原作。庙内原有大殿一座,陪殿两座,另有过厅,刀房,马房和牌楼。这座戏台重修于1792年,面积114M2,上部装着木格顶棚,绘有八卦图案,屏风上画有八仙过海图,两边绘着道家供奉的神仙,戏台两侧画着佛教风情壁画。值得一看的是戏台两边的对联:离合悲欢演往事,愚贤忠佞认当场)

我们现在看到是关帝庙,原建与明朝,后在战争中毁坏,这是在1987年按原样重修的,只有门前这座牌楼保存了原作,关帝即关羽,又名关云长,河东解良人(今山西运城解州),东汉末年投奔刘备,后在湖北当阳战败被杀,且身首异处,相传关羽被杀后托梦给湖北当阳玉泉寺普净大师:“还我头来,还我头来”大师点化说,你过五关斩六将,这些人的头向谁去讨还?关羽顿然觉悟,归依空门,关羽是在宋代以后才名声大震,因其为“忠孝义节”的楷模而屡受皇帝褒封,儒家尊其为“武圣人”佛家尊其为“伽蓝神”代价则尊其为“关圣帝君”关公是唯一受到“儒释道”三教共同尊崇的偶像,道教称,关帝圣君有主管命禄,保科举,治病除灾,驱邪避恶,乃至招财进宝,保佑商贾的全能法力。将关帝庙修在这里有两重意义,一是关帝为武将之神,有请关帝坐镇之意,另一方面当时这里驻守的官兵大部分是关羽老家的人,他们非常信奉关帝,于是也将关帝庙建立在此,以寄托思乡之情,现在大家看到这座关帝庙可能觉得很小,但在当时却是西北五省最大的一座关帝庙,大家有兴趣的可以进去参观,稍后我们参观对面的戏台。

这座戏台重修于1792年,面积114M2,上部装着木格顶棚,绘有八卦图案,屏风上画有八仙过海图,两边绘着道家供奉的神仙,在这座戏台上有两处值得我们关注,一个是东西两壁上的壁画,西墙内容为一老和尚面带笑容,让弟子手持铜镜,利用镜面的反射影像偷看对面的妇女形象,另有一小和尚非常想知道师傅在看什么,而

老和尚则拼命压住了小和尚头顶,不让他看。东墙上画着一个坦胸露乳的妇女,怀里抱着一个人不人兽不兽的怪胎,两个小和尚看着这幅画吃惊的呆像,这幅画据说有这样三种说法,寺院里发生了这样真实的故事,和尚与妇人私通,佛祖降灾,使这妇女生了个怪胎,将它画在这里,以示对后人的警告。也有这样一种说法,在清朝的时候道教比较盛行,大家看到它的正面都画着道家供奉的神像,有可能是道教对佛教的抵毁。另一处值得我们关注的就是戏台两边的这幅对联:“离合悲欢演往事,愚贤忠佞认当场”,佞在这里指奸臣的意思,这幅对联堪称戏剧史上绝联,从而也表明这里演的都是一些离合悲欢的历史往事,将戏台建在这里还有着这样两个意义,进入这里(内城)就是军事禁区,将戏台搭在军区下,有取军民同乐之意,另一方面,在古时信息不发达,不像现在当天发生的事情,当天就可以通过新闻得知,去一次西域多则十几年,少则三五年,只要进入嘉峪关,戏台是必经之路,戏台同时又起了一个信息传递作用,它上演着国内最近发生的事件,谁精忠报国,谁出卖朝廷对不起百姓,都在这里表演着一目了然,该尊敬谁,该唾骂谁,老百姓一览无遗,参观完戏台我们进入内城了。

现在大家抬头看,可以看到“朝宗”二字,表示心中不忘朝廷,忠于王朝的忠君思想,进入朝宗门就进入关城的心脏—内城,我们现在进入的是东翁城,为何称翁城呢,取唐武则天时的一个故事“请君入翁”“翁中捉鳖”之意,这是何意呢,翁城的城门不直通内城,而城门南开,提前将城门关闭,大军攻入时看到城门关闭,由于惯性一时又无法退出,士兵这时可以在墙头放箭,投石,就可一举歼灭敌军。

大家可能有这样一个疑问,历经600多年历史,嘉峪关城楼为何还能保存着如此完整,甚至有人会这样问,这是后来重修的吧。嘉峪关随经后来维修,但大家现在看到的嘉峪关80%保存了原貌,嘉峪关能保存这样完好,这和当地的气候及当时的修筑都有着密切的关系,当地年降雨量仅84MM,而蒸发量却高达两千多毫米,极度的干燥,为关城的保存提供了天时和地理,其次关城的建筑选料也为关城的保护提供了保障。筑城用土都取自黑山的粘土,在塞选和制作中都经过严格的程序,首先将选好的黄土,用石滚磙细后放在青石板上让烈日暴晒,以免草籽发芽,影响墙体质量,夯墙时还要加入棉麻和灰浆,并用糯米汁拌和,以增强胶粘度,用糯米汁做建筑材料在古代时被广泛的应用,故宫建筑就曾大量的使用糯米汁,当时验收墙体是否合格有一个标准,在一定射程内,以箭射墙,若箭射入墙中,就要推倒从修,并且要达到锄不能入,也就是连锄头都砍不进去,如何达到这种监督标准呢,当时做工也跟我们现在是一样,按标段分专人负责进行比赛,看谁做得又快又好,若不合格,监工就要被斩头,这样就做到了从上到下都能够认真负责,正是如此严格的选料和验收标准,才能使嘉峪关到现在都能保存这样完整。

现在我们进入的是东闸门,东闸门高4.2M,宽3.8M,深10.6M,墙壁有36根方土柱支撑,是嘉峪关门楼中唯一建有木柱的建筑,东闸门在当时起城门的作用,晨开酉闭(相当于现在晚上8:00),用现在的话来说,进入闸门就相当于从农材进入城市,我们现在继续向前走,我们在这里看一下我们将要参观的嘉峪关城楼的示意图,嘉峪关城楼的建筑由内城,外城,罗城,城壕五部分组成,我们现在所处的是外城的范围,在以前这里有着街道,驿站店铺,饭馆,车马店和庙宇,后随着时间都已毁去,我们现在看到的这座建筑是文昌阁,也称文昌殿,系明代建筑,清道光二年1822年重修,这里在明朝是文官的办事处,后到清代成为文人读书的场所,相当于我们现在的公立学校。

现在大家抬头看,可以看到“朝宗”二字,表示心中不忘朝廷,忠于忠君思想,进入朝宗门就进入关城的心脏—内城,我们现在进入的是东翁城,为何称翁城呢,取唐武则天时的一个故事“请君入翁”“翁中捉鳖”之意,这是何意呢,翁城的城门不直通内城,而城门南开,提前将城门关闭,大军攻入时看到城门关闭,由于惯性一时又无法退出,士兵这时可以在墙头放箭,投石,就可一举歼灭敌军。

关城坐东向西,由内城,外城,瓮城,罗城,城壕和南北两翼长城组成。外城指关城东、南、北三面用黄土夯筑而成的围墙,其周长1263米,墙高3.8米,外城内现有文昌阁、戏台、关帝庙等建筑;

而内城是关城的心脏,是关城的主体部分。内城周长640米,面积2.5万平方米,墙高10.7米,6米以下为黄土夯筑而成,6米到9米为土坯加筑,9米到10.7米为青砖垒砌而成。内城有东西二门,东为光化门,取紫气东升,光华普照之意。西为柔远门,意为以怀柔而致远,安定西陲。在东西两门四方平台之上,各建有一座17米高的三层三檐歇山顶式阁楼,与西面罗城之上的嘉峪关关楼,同在一条中轴线上。内城四角有方形角楼,是当时守城士兵放哨之所。角楼至南北墙之中,即敌楼,系放置兵器之所。内城中部北墙下有一个坐北朝南的院落,就是关城军事指挥机构——游

击将军府。城内还设有马道,可骑马登上城墙城楼。

呵护内城的是东西两座瓮城。城门均辟门南向,不与内城直通。它就像一个大瓮护住内城城门,如果有敌军攻进瓮城,可关闭城门,在城墙上投石放箭,一举歼灭敌军,使来犯之敌有进无出。取“瓮中之鳖”之意。

如果把瓮城比作内城贴身侍卫,那么罗城无疑是雄关的前锋。在西瓮城外20米处,一“凸”字形城墙,牢牢守护住内城,即使罗城了。因它是迎敌的正墙,所以建的格外坚固,地基厚25米,上阔5.3米,高10.5米。墙体用青砖包砌,异常坚固,宛若一幅钢打铁铸的铠甲披挂在雄关之身。罗城南北两端均与外城墙西端连接,外城墙又与南北两翼长城相连,南到讨赖河大峡谷形成明墙,北到黑山的悬臂长城形成暗壁。明墙暗壁犹如巨人伸出的两个臂膀紧紧守护者关内的安宁。出嘉峪关门即到关外,城外不足2米处有城壕一道,叫护城沟。壕外有一道1米高的土堰壕墙。距关城10余米处,还有一道砂砾堆成的月牙型小丘,称为“月牙城”,可掩护关城。月牙城西曾设有梅花六角坑,俗称“绊马坑”。关外30—60米处,沿明墙暗壁又修一外壕,上有遗迹残存。外侧又有壕墙。

这样,敌兵若想攻入关内,至少要经过外壕墙、外壕、绊马坑、月牙城、壕城、护城沟、嘉峪关门、会极门、柔远门、光化门、朝宗门、东闸门等12大关口,如此坚固的城池极为罕见,实为“天下雄关”。

现在大家进入的是“光化门”,光化取紫气东升,光华普照之意,(我们向左拐,上关楼)

我们现在看到的是嘉峪关美丽传说之一的“击石燕鸣”,相传这里住着一对非常恩爱的燕子,每日形影不离,一天,燕子双双出去觅食,傍晚时城门快要关闭时,雌燕先飞入城中,雄燕却被关闭的城门撞死了,雌燕看到雄燕被撞死,非常悲痛,雌燕终日悲衰鸣叫不停而死去,从此这里就发出啾啾的燕鸣之声,于是人们在出关时都会来这里敲击墙壁,要是能听到啾啾的燕鸣声,则表示此次出行能平安回来,将军在出征打仗时,他的夫人也会击墙问卦,到后来将士出关时带着家眷,都会到这里来击敲以求吉祥,燕子是一种吉祥的动物,在我们家乡,有这样说法:“燕子在谁家安家,谁家就一年吉祥,和睦”。每到黄昏,这里都可以看到许多燕子,当然这仅是一个传说,为什么会听到燕鸣声呢,关城的建筑呈上大下小的一个喇叭状,两壁夹角又呈90度,他跟北京九龙壁是一样,利用回声而发音,大家看到墙体上有两个大窝,都是古人敲击时留下的,现在为了保护文物,不允许再敲击墙体,我们敲击这块石头,能听到同样的声音,现在我就敲这块石头,大家仔细听空中的回音。从另一方面,这个故事也暗喻了关墙的坚固无比,连飞鸟都难以逾越。

我们现在从里进入关城,大家看到的这个楼梯,是后来为了方便游人修筑的,旁边用青砖砌成的坡道被称之为马道,以前有“将军不下马,官员不下轿”之说,马道是为了方便将军上城巡视,同时也方便城上物资的拉运,现在许多客人从马道登上,取马到成功之意,我们现在看到的就是光化楼,(大家现在此两个拐角处拍照,可以拍到赵朴初老先生提写的天下第一雄关的牌匾和光化楼,稍后我们继续进行讲解),我们在这里就可以看到嘉峪关三座关楼的整体建筑,从前向后以次是光化楼,柔远楼,嘉峪关楼,光化楼和柔远楼保存了1506年的原作,嘉峪关楼原修于1495年,后毁于1931年一场战乱之中,现在大家看到的是1987年嘉峪关政府在中央拔款下仿原样重修的。四周都是戈壁,在此建起这样一座雄壮的关楼,其艰难是可想而知的,大家都知道万丈高楼平地起,但嘉峪关的关楼却是万丈高楼高处起,真正的是空中起阁,当时在修筑关城时,工匠们考虑到越往高处修脚手架问题不好解决,戈壁中本身就缺乏木料,而且容易发生危险,一天有一个叫张季的工匠,他看到小孩在玩沙堆造房的游戏,他就问小孩你怎样在一个沙堆上造一个房子呢,小孩说很容易,他首先堆起一个沙堆,在沙堆中插入几个木棍,将多余的沙掏空,一个房子就建成了,张季由此得到启发,戈壁中最不缺的是黄土和沙石,他用黄土堆成一个17米高的高台,从上往下修筑,每修好一层就打去一层夯土,所以嘉峪关的关楼又有着万丈高楼高处起之说,嘉峪关关楼的建筑有三个“大”字,大屋檐,大圆柱,大台基,这三个大字巧妙的将力学原理结合在一起,所以关楼在地震时又有着墙倒屋不倒之说,大家可以向四周看,有四个角楼,角楼是供士兵暸望之用,两边有敌楼,敌楼是供士兵休息和堆放兵器的场所。跟所有古代大型建筑一样,嘉峪关关楼也采取了中轴线式建筑,如果将嘉峪关沿南北中轴线对折是完全重合的。三座关楼的建筑原都是红墙黄瓦,雕梁话栋,我国历来以红色为

美满,喜庆,是正,含有庄严幸福的意义,所以建筑多用红色;黄色则视为尊贵之色,在我国五行说上,有着“中央属土,土为黄色”中国历代皇宫和寺庙多用黄琉璃瓦进行铺盖,到了明清更是用明确规定,在嘉峪关的建筑之中却大面积使用到了黄色,可见明王朝对它的重视。油漆彩画的作用一方面为了装饰及表示封建等级,用飞金走彩的龙凤进行彩绘更显示了其名贵豪华,另一方面是为了建筑材料的防腐,防潮。有人可能会有这样一个疑问,为什么要将这么雄伟的关城一定要建在这里,现在我们就可以看到在这里建关的原因,南边是白雪皑皑的祁连山,北边危险陡立的马鬃山,当年冯胜将军征西归来时,发现两山之中只有一个15公里缺口嘉峪塬,他以一个战略家的眼光认为在此建关有着“一夫当关,万夫莫开”之功效,其次在戈壁中生存必须要有水源,大家向后看,可以看到一个人工湖,这里是九眼泉,并不是说他有九个泉眼,九在数字中是最大的,古时说九是指多的意思,据老人讲,五十年代时这里还有很多拇指般粗细的泉眼终年喷涌,后来,随着酒钢工业用水的不断增加,造成地下水位急剧下降,许多泉眼已干枯,后来嘉峪关政府在此修筑了一个人工湖,供休闲娱乐之用,正是如此的地理位置和充足的水源,使冯胜将军开始了嘉峪关的最初建筑,嘉峪关的整体建筑分四个阶段完成,1372年冯胜将军完成了基本建筑,1495年由李瑞澄修筑嘉峪关楼,1506年又修筑了光化楼和柔远楼,1539年翟銮又修筑敌楼,角楼,和一些外建筑,嘉峪关修筑历时168年,在整个明王朝统治中都有着修复。(大家现在看到的是垛墙,垛口,暸望口)在这里我们顺着垛墙朝下看,可以看到一条石子路,这是民道,是老百姓走的路,再朝城墙外看,可以看到一条不深的沟,这是护城沟,它的作用和护城河是一样的,又深又宽,因这里没水所以用沟代替,后历经风沙的掩埋,变成现在大家看到的这样,同时我们还可以看到一段向南方延伸的长城,嘉峪关的城墙有着明墙暗壁之说,我们现在看到的是明墙,是在戈壁中一眼就可以看到的长城,而向北则是暗壁,修于黑山脚下,只有翻过黑山才可以看到。大家向内城看可以看到一座两厅式的四合院建筑,它是游击将军府,游击是一官衔名称,相当于武官三品,这里是当时最高军事长官居住和办公场所,将军府旁边有一个小亭,里面是一口官井,是当时城内所有官兵和军马的饮用水源,后因关内无人居住,及地下水位的下降,现已干枯,内城内的空旷地带在当时建有许多军营,后来都被毁坏,据史料记载当时驻城的士兵约在两千多人,都居住在内城,城外还有四千多名屯兵。

刚才我给大家讲了这是暸望口,但在这边你们看到的是堵起来的,这是做什么的呢,是放马灯用的,这里多西北风,夜晚将马灯放在这里不会被吹灭,而下边这才是射击口,你们看到它是朝下倾斜的,它并不是放箭用,而是架火炮,火药是我国四大发明之一,在明朝已广泛的应用到了火炮,曾有“河西火气雄甲全国”之称,我们透过这个垛口向对面的罗城看看,从垛墙,垛口及马道上比较一下罗城与内城的区别,我们可以看到罗城的垛墙垛口相对比较密,马道也比内城宽。罗城是第一道防线口,如果第一道防线口被攻克,里面的防御再完备也有可能被攻破,所以罗城的建筑全部用青砖砌成并用石条砌成地基,驻兵也比内城的多。

在这里我们可以看到一块砖,这就是著名的嘉峪关“定城砖”为什么会有这样一块砖呢,有这样一个传说,当时有一个叫易开占的能工巧匠,非常精通于九九算法,监工郝空是个非常刁钻的人,他有意为难易开占,于是对易开占说“你要精确算出建关需要多少块砖,多一块或少一块,都要将你问斩,并且罚众工匠在此做苦三年”,易开占肯定的回答道:“九十九万九千九百九十九块砖”,整个关楼建好后,就多了一块砖,易开占将这块砖放在这里,郝空在检查时,发现了这块砖,正要拿这块砖向易开占问罪时,易开战大喝一声说,不许动,神仙托梦于我,若将这块砖拿走,整个关楼将在倾刻间倒塌,郝空当然不信,但他也不敢拿自己的性命和关城的倒塌做赌注,因心胸狭窄,他怎么也想不通易开占竟然算得这么准确,据说不久后就被气死了,当然,这只是一个传说,为什么会有这么一块砖呢,当年李瑞澄在修关时,召集了很多的能工巧匠进行商议,因为是在戈壁上建关,希望大家能提出一个最好的方案,做到即省时,省工,省力又安全的方法,这时有个工匠易开占大胆的提出这样一个设想,依图纸做了一个关城的模型然后按比例放大计算出需要这么多砖,这在现在是很科学的方法,但在当时老百姓不能理解,认为易开占是神仙下仙,于是编出了这样一个传说。关城建筑用材料数量非常大,仅用土就达8.4万多立方米,当时最好的运输工具就是木牛车,但每趟只能运半方土,若用一辆木牛车日夜不停的工作,最少用416年,由此可见,嘉峪关关楼的建筑是非常费工费力的,(我们从西马道下)

我们现在看到的是柔远门,取“怀柔致远以安安边有陲”之意,它的意思是对代边疆的少数民族不要一味地单纯使用武力,而更多的是用怀柔的政策去安抚他们,我们看到所有门洞的建筑都是由青砖和石条组成,我们从石条的长和宽可以看出,每个石条最少都可达半吨之重,所有的石条都取自于黑山,这么多石条是怎么拉运过来的呢?在我们西北每到冬天,所有用水的工程都停工,正值冬天一个工匠去黑山采料回来时,不小心被雪滑了一跤,他由此得出一个灵感,他让工人用水泼出一条嘉峪关到黑山的冰道,然后将石条顺着冰道运到嘉峪关。在嘉

峪关的建筑中曾用到一样动物拉运青砖,大家猜一下是什么动物?是羊,用一根绳子一边拴一块青砖,搭在羊身上,西北有着成千上万的羊,早上将羊赶上山吃草,下午将砖拉回来。大家可能都没有想到吧(我们现在来到西翁城,它的作用与东翁城一样)

我们现在看到的是会极门,取自韩非子“其智深则其会远,其会远众人莫能见其所极”,意思是一个人有了很高的智慧,考虑问题会比较长远。我们从这里出嘉峪关,这里有拍关照的地方,大家有兴趣可以拍一张关照,留做纪念。现在我们出海关都靠护照,身份证,在以前怎样辩别身份呢?靠画像。在游击将军府专门有关照办理处,画匠将人像画在关照上后,盖上游击将军府官印,这就相当于我们现在的护照;士兵出入内城有专门的腰牌,长14.5厘米,宽6.5厘米,顶部呈弧形,由紫铜铸成,上面绘有狮子纹,正面篆刻“守卫”二字,背面铸着“凡守卫官军悬带此牌,无牌者一律论罪,借者与借与者罪同”历史上有名的康熙亲征准噶尔就是从嘉峪关出关,全面平定新疆。这里曾是百货局,过往商客,行人,车辆和马夫出入关口,均要到百货局检验货物,交纳关税。我们现在来到嘉峪关城楼,大家在此可以看到地面上的石条明显的有两个凹槽,这是被骆驼车压的,从这一点也可以证明从这里过往的商人和驼队是非常多的。“嘉峪关”三个字是由乾隆亲笔提写的,从这里往上走就是一览无垠的戈壁,而嘉峪关修筑在地凹之中,这是嘉峪关的又一防御措施,月牙城,俗称绊马坑,敌人从远方冲过来只有走到跟前时才可以看到城楼,马非常的快,未曾想到这里有陷阱,在陷阱中埋有各种暗器,人或马只要被暗器碰到都会死,敌人若想攻入城内,只少经过外壕墙,外壕,绊马坑,月牙城,壕墙,护城沟,嘉峪关门,会极门,柔远门,光化门,朝宗门,东闸门等十二个大关口,如此坚固的城池,全国罕有,大家在此停留十五分钟,稍后我们原路返回。

嘉峪关,始建于明洪武五年(公元1372年),因建在嘉峪关西麓的嘉峪山上而得名,它比“天下第一关”山海关早建九年。这里地势险要,南是白雪皑皑的祁连山,北是连绵起伏的黑山,两山之间,只有30华里,是河西走廊西部最狭窄的地方,被称作“河西第一隘口”。明王朝建立后,为了加强河西的军事防御,征虏大将军冯胜收复河西后,在此选址建关,以控制西去的交通要道。据历史记载,嘉峪关“初有水而后置关,有关而后建楼,有楼而后筑长城,长城筑而后关可守也”。嘉峪关从建关到成为坚固的防御工程,经历了一百六十多年的时间。

嘉峪关由内城、外城、城壕三道防线成重叠并守之势,壁垒森严,与长城连为一体,形成五里一燧,十里一墩,三十里一堡,一百里一城的军事防御体系。现在关城以内城为主,以黄土夯筑而成,西侧以砖包墙,雄伟坚固。内城开东西两门,东为“光化门”,意为紫气东升,光华普照;西为“柔远门”,意为以怀柔而致远,安定西陲。门台上建有三层歇山顶式建筑。东西门各有一瓮城围护,西门外有一罗城,与外城南北墙相连,有“嘉峪关”门通往关外,上建嘉峪关楼。嘉峪关内城墙上还建有箭楼、敌楼、角楼、阁楼、闸门楼共十四座,关城内建有游击将军府、井亭、文昌阁,东门外建有关帝庙、牌楼、戏楼等。整个建筑布局精巧,气势雄浑,与远隔万里的“天下第一关”山海关遥相呼应。

定城砖:指放置在嘉峪关西瓮城门楼后檐台上的一块砖。相传明正德年间,有一位名叫易开占的修关工匠,精通九九算法,所有建筑,只要经他计算,用工用料十分准确和节省。监督修关的监事管不信,要他计算嘉峪关用砖数量,易开占经过详细计算后说:“需要九万九千九百九十九块砖。”监事管依言发砖,并说:“如果多出一块或少一块,都要砍掉你的头,罚众工匠劳役三年。”竣工后,只剩下一块砖,放置在西瓮城门楼后檐台上。监事管发觉后大喜,正想借此克扣易开占和众工匠的工钱,哪知易开占不慌不忙的说:“那块砖是神仙所放,是定城砖,如果搬动,城楼便会塌掉。”监事管一听,不敢再追究。从此,这块砖就一直放在原地,谁也不敢搬动。现在,此砖仍保留在嘉峪关城楼之上。

相传,古时有一对燕子筑巢于嘉峪关柔远门内。一日清早,两燕飞出关,日暮时,雌燕先飞回来,等到雄燕飞回,关门已闭,不能入关,遂悲鸣触墙而死,为此雌燕悲痛欲绝,不时发出“啾啾”燕鸣声,一直悲鸣到死。死后其灵不散,每到有人以石击墙,就发出“啾啾”燕鸣声,向人倾诉。古时,人们把在嘉峪关内能听到燕鸣声视为吉祥之声,将军出关征战时,夫人就击墙祈祝,后来发展到将士出关前,带着眷属子女,一起到墙角击墙祈祝,以至于形成一种风俗。

冰道运石:当初,修建嘉峪关城时,需要成千上万块长2米、宽0.5米、厚0.3米的石条,工匠们在黑山将石条凿好后,却人抬不起,车拉不动,且山高路远,无法运输。大伙儿边凿石条边发愁,眼看隆冬季节就要到了,石条还没有从山里运出一块,若要耽误工期,没有工钱是小,这脑袋可就难保了。大家正在长嘘短叹,这时,忽然

山顶一声闷雷,从白云中飘下一幅锦绸,众工匠赶紧接住,只见上面若隐若现有几行字,大家看后恍然大悟,按其行事。等到冬季到来后,众人从山上往关城修一条路,在路面上泼水,让其结成一条冰道,然后把石条放在冰道上滑行运输,结果非常顺利的把石条运到了嘉峪关城下,不但没有延误工期,反而节省了不少工期。众工匠为了感谢上苍的护佑,在关城附近修建庙宇,供奉神位,并成为工匠出师后必须参拜的地方。

嘉峪关城门外墙体上那累累的伤痕。那是古代无数出关游子用石块扣击的结果。据说此地有“出了嘉峪关,两眼泪不干”的谚语,颇有“西出阳关无故人”的味道。相传,当年每一个出关人,在出了关门,除要长时间的伫立遥望家乡外,有一件事是他们万万忘不掉的。那就是从关外戈壁滩上捡起一块石头,郑重其事地朝城墙掷去,如果有回音,那就有生还故乡的可能,否则,就可能要客死他乡了。难怪人们要“出了嘉峪关,两眼泪不干”呢!这同远渡重洋背井离乡的华侨临行前要揣上一把“乡井土”不是一样的情怀么?

嘉峪关城,城墙高9米,还要在城墙之上修建数十座大小不同的楼阁和众多的垛墙,用砖数量之大是非常惊人的,当时,施工条件很差,没有吊运设备,全靠人工搬运。而当时修关城所用的砖,都是在40里以外的地方烧制而成。砖烧好后,用牛车拉到关城之下,再用人工往上背。由于城高,唯一能上下的马道坡度大,上下很困难,尽管派了许多人往城墙上背砖,个个累得要死,但背上去的砖却仍然供不应求,工程进展受到了严重影响。一天,一个放羊的孩子来到这里放羊玩耍,看到这个情景,灵机一动,解下腰带,两头各捆上一块砖,搭在山羊身上,然后,用手拍一下羊背,身子轻巧的山羊,驮着砖一溜小跑就爬上了城墙。人们看了又惊又喜,纷纷仿效,大量的砖头很快就运上了城墙。

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