大学医药学专业自我鉴定（推荐五篇）

第一篇：大学医药学专业自我鉴定

大学医药学专业自我鉴定范文

自我鉴定是个人对一个时期的学习或工作进行自我总结，它是增长才干的一种好办法，让我们一起来学习写自我鉴定吧。那么自我鉴定要注意有什么内容呢？以下是小编收集整理的大学医药学专业自我鉴定范文，希望能够帮助到大家。

由于经过一个学期的学习，我知道了医学理论学作为医学与理论学相交叉的边缘学科，其宗旨在于提高学生的医学人文素质和综合职业素质，再加上后来的实践活动使理论更加与实际的紧密联系，令我认为学习医学理论学成为医学生一门必须学习的课程。

在“药学中西、医学济世”八字校风的鞭策下，我努力学习，刻苦钻研、勇于进取，时刻向“将自己培养成为具备高综合素质的临床药学毕业生”的目标奋进。我还获得了学校三好学生和二等奖学金等重要奖项。学习当中我深深的体会到，我们以履行公民义务为光荣，本着社会共济、关爱他人的精神，用爱心共同托起生命的希望。血液是生命的源泉，爱是生命的曙光。生命之源联系着你、我、他，我们的爱心是无限的。

所以在有限的学习期间，我在学校形成尊重劳动、尊重知识，培养德、智、体、美全面发展的高素质学生，注重学术的理念：崇尚学术，营造发扬学术民主和学术自由、重视学术成就的浓郁学术氛围。只有坚持这种理念，才能不断取得科学研究的丰硕成果，才能不断提高自身的学术水平和知识质量，知识创新和文化传播等做出应有贡献。

花蕾要绽放，不是在温室，而是在肥沃的土壤上吸收天地日月精华，经受风霜雨雪考验。我要成才，我必须在广阔天地里自我历练，真正在熟悉自我、完善自我、熟悉社会、服务社会的社会实践中成长为社会英才。只有熟悉了自我，完善了自我，才能更好地熟悉社会，服务社会；只有在熟悉社会、服务社会的过程里才能更好地熟悉自我、完善自我。

在往后的学习中，我会更加努力，我会牢记着医学生的誓词：我自愿献身医药学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守药德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，面发展。我决心竭尽全力除人类之病痛，助健康之完美，维护医术的圣洁和荣誉，救死扶伤，不辞艰辛，执着追求，为祖国医药卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

即将毕业之际，回顾大学四年的点点滴滴，站在新的起点上，拥有了更多的梦想、更多的期盼和更高的目标，这也是支撑我整个大学生活动力和源泉。四年的大学历程，让我积累了一笔丰厚的财富，让我有足够的信心和资本去应对即将开始的社会闯荡。让我不断挑战自我、充实自己，为步入社会，适应生活~为实现自身价值打下了坚实的基础。

大学，是个自由的学习的环境，我学会了自律和约束，能够很好的控制自己，踏踏实实地学习。本着对社会工作专业的极大兴趣，我很认真地上课，复习，及时吸收和消化，因而成绩上得到了很好的认证，在校学习期间各科平均分在八十分以上，获得过院级的奖学金；业余时间，喜欢专研自己的东西，自学了在同学中颇有人缘，关系融洽。三年级时，担任本专业的团支部书记，工作上一丝不苟，认真负责，热心为同学服务，无私奉献。组织过多次的班群众活动，组织潜力得到了大家的认可。拥有广泛的兴趣爱好，尤爱体育运动，参与了各项班级和院上的比赛，潜力有限，但自信心十足。

思想方面，时刻持续一种用心向上的态度。大一就向党组织递交了入党申请书，参加党校学习并获得了入党积极分子证书，时刻以党员标准规范和约束自己的行为，很好的兑现自己的承诺。遇事沉着冷静，能理智客观的认识和看待问题，对个人的人生理想和发展目标，有了相对成熟的认识和定位。

在短短的时间里一个学期很快就过去了，大学生活改变了我很多东西，包括我的生活方式和学习方式，当然相比以前是进步了很多。当然，作为新世纪大学生也已经根深在自己的脑子里。对于过去的一个学期里，自己总的表现还算不错，下面就是本人的个人鉴定：

一个学期的'学习，我发现大学的学习方式与高中时有相当大的差异，在高中时，每一天基本上是离不开记词背诵，还有繁多的作业。而在大学，有很多东西就不再像高中时那般强迫式的完成。大学的学习要靠的是自觉和方法，以前那种跟着老师走的套路早不管用了，所以学习上就更充满挑战性了。上个学期在学习上虽然并不是很乐观，但在其它方面的知识，我到学了不少，比如，计算机方面的C++语言，网页制作，FIREWORKS与PHOTOSHOP的图片处理，还有一些关于电脑方法的常识，我觉得，学习太过于局限于大学课本，那么大学就不再是真正好处上的大学了，并且学校的图书馆也就失去好处。所以，对于上个学期总的学习状况我还是比较满意的，但这并不是最终的满意。

在大学，除了学习，还有一样十分重要的就是生活，从小学到高中，我与同学的交流基本都很少，可能是性格的原故吧！我这人不爱主动与别人交流，更不喜欢聊一些无关痛痒的东西。因为我觉得那很没好处，所以，能与我谈得来的同学一般与我相处都十分好。但是到了大学，一切也就不一样了，你要是离来了群体也就等于鱼儿离开了水。所以我愿意

平常在做一些事的时候总缺一点自信和勇气，可能与小时候的经历有关。因此在许多方面我能够比别人做的更好的，但就因为自己缺少自信和勇气，所以自己错过了很多完美的东西，这使我感到做人很失败，明明有些东西属于自己的，但是就因为勇气而最终只能把后悔留给自己。这令我很不干愿。

在大学，第一次选临时班委时就是缺少信心和勇气，所于错过了一次让大家深刻认识我的机会。过后我有些失望，更多的是后悔。但是一个月后，我最后鼓起了勇气，虽然最终并我没有当上班委，但是，我并没有把后悔留给自己，相反的，在这件事上，我明白了在大学的第一个月里我并没有与同学好好的勾通，所以，最终我以少有的票数落选了。

在过后的日子里，我尽量主动与周边的同学进行交流，虽然主动并不是我的天性，但是，我还是迈出了第一步。而今的我今非昔比了。但是，唯一欠佳的是，还没有主动与女生交流。这可能更取决我的性格，我想这个会是我接下来的一个挑战。

大学生活转瞬即逝，转眼之间，作为临床医学专业的我即将告别大学生活，告别亲爱的同学和敬爱的老师，告别我的母校——×××大学。完美的时光总是太短暂，也走得太匆匆。如今站在临毕业的门坎上，回首在×××大学临床医学专业学习和生活的点点滴滴，感慨颇多，有过期盼，也有过迷茫，有过欢笑，也有过悲伤。

本人在临床医学专业老师的教诲下，在临床医学班同学们的帮忙下，透过不断地学习临床医学专业理论知识和参与临床医学专业相关实践活动，本人临床医学专业素质和个人潜力得到了提高。

在思想品德方面：在×××大学临床医学专业就读期间自觉遵守《×××大学临床医学专业学生行为准则》，尊敬师长，团结同学，关心群众。透过大学思政课学习，我学会用正确理论思想武装自己的头脑，树立了正确的人生观、世界观、价值观，使自己成为思想上过硬的临床医学专业合格毕业生。

在临床医学专业学习方面：本人认真学习临床医学专业的每一门功课，用心参加临床医学专业相关实践活动和临床医学专业毕业实习，并顺利透过考核。平时，我关注当前临床医学专业发展，及时掌握临床医学专业最新科研状况，使自身的临床医学素养与时俱进。此外，我还参加临床医学相关资格考试××××（列举自己获得的临床医学专业证书）。从大一入学时对临床医学专业的懵懂到如今对整个临床医学行业发展的了解，我已经完全具备了临床医学专业毕业应有的条件。

在工作组织方面：我担任过临床医学专业01班×××班干部。本人用心主动参与临床医学班级事务管理，代表临床医学专业01班参加学院×××活动。在临床医学专业01班群众活动和临床医学班宿舍管理中，我有意识地协调好同学们之间的关系，做好班级内务工作，为我们临床医学专业01班同学营造了良好的学习氛围。在临床医学专业同学们的共同努力下，我们班级获得×××××××××（列举临床医学班级和个人荣誉）。

我相信天生我材必有用。作为即将毕业临床医学专业的大学生，×××大学的四年熏陶，使我拥有深厚的临床医学专业知识，我将以坚强的信念、蓬勃的热情、高度的自我职责感去迎接人生新的阶段。

一、思想政治方面——用心进取，严格要求，全面发展

大学四年，我学习了丰富的理论知识来充实了自己的大脑，使自己在思想政治上真正做到了用心进取，严格要求，全面发展，以此到达提高自己思想觉悟高水准的规定性目标。大一时我就用心的递交了入党申请书。

二、学习学业方面——脚踏实地刻苦钻研

学习是学生的天职，“知识是人类进步的阶梯”，广博的知识，过人的智慧使人更全面地体验人生滋味。因此，我对知识充满渴求，对专业充满激情。我认为，学习不是为了高分，或是单纯的学好。学习是过程，最重要的是掌握和运用知识的潜力，这才是目标。我严格地要求自己，一步一个脚印，脚踏实地的完成自己的计划及实现目标，并且构成了自己独特的学习方法来培养专业技能，并把理论与实践相结合，把所学的知识运用到工作中，还透过各种方式，广泛地汲取各方面的知识，努力地扩大自己的知识面，使自己的专业知识更加丰富，更加充实。

三、学生干部工作方面——尽心尽力尽职尽责

翘首回望自己工作历程：从担任团支部书记到学生会主席，工作的点点滴滴还历历在目，硕果累累的工作成绩使我感到慰藉。

一向以来我都是以百倍的热情全身心地投入到工作中，作为学生会主席，我的工作理念是“尽心尽力尽职尽责，让同学们在快乐中学习，在学习中得到快乐”，带领学生会成员为在校学生建立优美校园和生活环境，制订了例会制度、宿舍卫生评比制度等一系列规章制度。作为学生干部，我以自己的实际行动，影响着身边的同学，影响着群众，树立学生干部应有的形象。而这，正是我为之努力的方向。

四、社会工作方面————执著进取勤劳能干

刚入大学的我对学生活动充满无限的热情，为了进一步提高和锻炼自己，我用心参加社会实践活动，篮球比赛活动等等。透过这些活动，使我的工作热情日益增加，在不断提高和完善自我的同时，我也已具备了较强的组织管理潜力和团队协作潜力，我正在以实际行动来为新一届学生干部树立一个学生干部应有的良好形象。

五、生活方面——热心助人友善待人

生活上我严格要求自己，时刻注意自己的行为及其影响，努力做到表率和模范带头作用。洞察同学们的生活，为同学们排忧解难做我力所能及的事。当他们遇到挫折时，热心的帮忙他们从挫折中走出；当他们工作中失误时，帮忙他们查找原因并及时纠正；当他们学习中出现困难时，帮忙他们分析问题，解决问题；

当他们在生活上有不愉快时，竭尽全力帮忙他们找到快乐的源泉。人生的道路是漫长的，大学生活是短暂的。我以一颗执着的平常的心，迈出人生每一步坚定的脚印。我坚信只有热心助人、友善待人的大学生活才是最有好处的生活。“不管前面的路是鲜花还是荆棘，追求的心永远不会变。”我将继续积累知识，完善自我、实践自我、超越自我为漫长的人生道路写下光辉的扉页！

第二篇：英语医药学专业

1.Introduction to quantitative risk assessment

2.Risk analysis is a valuable tool in the management of

microbial food safety issues and can provide a systematic

approach for the regulatory authorities and the food industry

to control the risk posed by a pathogen in a particular

food commodity.Risk analysis consists of three elements:

risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.Risk assessment is the scientific part of the process in which

the hazards are identified and the risk posed by that particular

hazard(i.e.pathogen)is calculated.The principles of

risk assessment including the four stages involved(hazard

identification, exposure assessment, hazard characterisation

and risk characterisation)are outlined by the Codex

Alimentarius Commission(Codex, 1999).Each of the stages is summarised below.1.1.Hazard identification

A hazard is defined as an agent having an adverse effect

on the public health of the human population and may

pose a short term, chronic, or fatal risk to a person.The

identification of microbial hazard associated with a particular

food is generally based on information generated from

routine microbial analysis of the commodity or from an

epidemiological linkage of a particular pathogen with a

case of food borne infection.1.2.Exposure assessment

Exposure assessment is a quantitative estimation of the

presence of a contaminant in a serving of food at the time

of consumption, or as close to this stage as is scientifically

possible and practical.However, the final estimation of the numbers and prevalence of a pathogen in the food is of ten

based on an accumulation of data on the prevalence and

numbers of pathogen at key points in the food chain with

data included on how particular stages in the food chain

affect the numbers/prevalence of the pathogen.The final

step in the process estimates the amount of contaminant

in a single serving, with information on the typical amount

of food consumed in a serving procured from nutritional

Databases.The exposure assessment model can be ‘deterministic’,i.e.derived using single data points along the food chain.However, this approach may result in outlier values being

ignored and thus under or overestimating the risk.A more

common approach is to use a probablistic or stochastic

analysis, in which a distribution curve representing all data

is used as opposed to a single point estimate.Typically a

Monte Carlo analysis is used to include data from all the

distributions along the chain and is done using software

such as @Risk(Palisade, NY, USA).In these analyses, a

single data point is chosen at random from each distribution

curve and used to calculate an outcome.The process

is repeated several thousand times(multiple iterations)with

a different data point in each distribution chosen each time

and with the final output being based on all the iterations.The error in the predicted risk may be due to variability or

uncertainty, and there is increasing emphasis being placed

on quantifying and separating the impact of both uncertainty

and variability in risk assessments(Cohen, Lampson,& Bowers, 1996;Pouillot, Beaudeau, Denis, &

Derouin, 2004).1.3.Hazard characterisation

Hazard characterisation relates exposure to a hazard

with the probable public health outcome(illness/death).A

dose–response relationship can be used to estimate the

amount(number)of pathogens which causes illness.The

data used in generating dose–response models are derived

from a variety of sources including human clinical trials,epidemiological studies based on food poisoning outbreaks,animal clinical trials, in vitro studies using cell lines,biomarkers or expert opinion.In some cases, the dose–

responses will describe the susceptibility of different populations,i.e.general population and immunocompromised.1.4.Risk characterisation

The final stage in the process estimates the adverse

public health effect, or risk as a consequence of exposure

to the hazard.This may be a prediction of illness per typical

serving or calculated as an annual risk of illness.Depending on the hazard characterisation data available,the risk estimates may be broken down into age categories,based on differences in immune status in order to

identify groups which may be at higher risk following

exposure to the contaminant.The risk characterisation

model is generally developed using commercial software such as @Risk or Crystal Ball(Decisioneering Inc., Denver,USA).These programs can separate the distribution

for the overall risk prediction into uncertainty and variability

to allow more complex risk estimation and analyses

of the data.The generated model can be used to assess

which parts of the chain significantly affect risk or to

assess the changes in predicted illness by incorporation

of a new hypothetical risk mitigation strategy at a particular

point in the chain.This paper reviews Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the farm

to fork beef chain and examines how quantitative risk

assessment models have been applied to establish and manage

the risk posed.While other serovars of verocytotoxigenic

E.coli(including E.coli O26, O111, O103, O145)

are now emerging as a cause of similar illness to E.coli

O157:H7 they are not addressed in this paper as there is

still limited information on their transmission thorough

the beef chain and they have not been included in any published

quantitative risk assessment models.2.E.coli O157:H7: human clinical aspects

E.coli O157 is a member of the Enterhaemorrhagic

group of E.coli(EHEC)and was first implicated in infectious

disease in the early 1980s(Riley et al., 1983).The

symptoms of infection include bloody diarrhoea and severe

abdominal pain.Haemolytic uraemic syndrome(HUS), a

cause of acute renal failure, may be a complication of the

illness, and neurological problems in the form of thrombotic

thrombocytopaenic purpura(TTP)may also occur.Immuno-compromised patients, including young children

and the elderly, are at particular risk of developing HUS.The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges fromto 14 days(Coia, 1998).However, with complications the

illness may last many months and lead to permanent damage

or even death.Pathogenicity is related to the ability of

the organism to adhere to and colonise the human large

intestinal epithelial tissue, forming attachment and effacing

(AE)lesions and the production of verocytotoxins.The

E.coli verocytotoxins are closely related to the Shiga toxin

of Shigella dysenteriae and are typically bacteriophage

encoded.There are two main classes of verotoxin: VT1, a

homogeneous group of toxins, virtually identical to the

Shiga toxin of Shigella and VT2, a heterogeneous group

of toxins, more distantly related to the Shiga toxin.E.coli O157 with the eae gene and VT2 are most often

associated with HUS in patients(Werber et al., 2003).Outbreaks of VTEC infections involving serovar O157

have now been reported from United States and Canada

Bell et al.(1994)(Lisbea), Asia(Michino et al., 1998), Australia

(Desmarchelier, 1996), Europe(Tozzi, Gorietti, &

Caprioli, 2001), and Africa(Germani, Soro, Vohito,Morel, & Morvan, 1997).However, the majority of cases

are sporadic and contribute significantly to overall cases

of infection.There is considerable variation in infection

rates between different geographical regions.In Europe, the

highest rates of infection are in Scotland with approximately 4 cases per 100,000(SCIEH, 2006).In the Republic of Ireland

the incidence per 100,000 has ranged from a peak of

2.2 in 2003 to 1.3 in 2004(HPSC, 2004).In Northern Europe

infection rates are very low ranging from 0.04 per

100,000 in Norway and Finland to 1.1 in Denmark in

2000 although Denmark has in 2006, reported its first general

outbreak of E.coli O157 attributed to contaminated

milk(Jensen et al., 2006).In 2004, the incidence rate for

E.coli O157:H7 in North America was 0.9, a drop from

1.1 cases in 2003.In Asia, Japan has experienced the most

problems related to E.coli O157:H7 with an average incidence

rate of 2.74 per 100,000 between 1999 and 2004

(Sakuma, Urashima, & Okabe, 2006).A number of sources

and reservoirs of E.coli O157 including beef and lamb,lettuce, sprouts, fruit juices, vegetables, raw milk, water

have been implicated as vehicles of transmission(Bell

et al., 1994;Cowden, Ahmed, Donaghy, & Riley, 2001;

Hilborn et al., 2000;Michino et al., 1999).Person-to-person

is also an important mode of transmission, particularly

in day care centers(O’Donnell et al., 2002)and direct contact

with animals carrying the organism or with faecally

contaminated mud(Anon, 1999;Crampin et al., 1999)

are also recognised sources of infection

第三篇：医药学专业自我介绍

医药学专业自我介绍(精选多篇)

好范文为大家整理了以下这一份关于医药学专业毕业生的自我鉴定范文，仅供广大毕业生前来参考一下。

由于经过一个学期的学习，我知道了医学理论学作为医学与理论学相交叉的边缘学科，其宗旨在于提高学生的医学人文素质和综合职业素质，再加上后来的实践活动使理论更加与实际的紧密联系，令我认为学习医学理论学成为医学生一门必须学习的课程。

在“药学中西、医学济世”八字校风的鞭策下，我努力学习，刻苦钻研、勇于进取，时刻向“将自己培养成为具备高综合素质的临床药学毕业生”的目标奋进。我还获得了学校三好学生和二等奖

学金等重要奖项。学习当中我深深的体会到，我们以履行公民义务为光荣，本着社会共济、关爱他人的精神，用爱心共同托起生命的希望。血液是生命的源泉，爱是生命的曙光。生命之源联系着你、我、他，我们的爱心是无限的。

所以在有限的学习期间，我在学校形成尊重劳动、尊重知识，培养德、智、体、美全面发展的高素质学生，注重学术的理念：崇尚学术，营造发扬学术民主和学术自由、重视学术成就的浓郁学术氛围。只有坚持这种理念，才能不断取得科学研究的丰硕成果，才能不断提高自身的学术水平和知识质量，知识创新和文化传播等做出应有贡献。

花蕾要绽放，不是在温室，而是在肥沃的土壤上吸收天地日月精华，经受风霜雨雪考验。我要成才，我必须在广阔天地里自我历练，真正在熟悉自我、完善自我、熟悉社会、服务社会的社会实践中成长为社会英才。只有熟悉了自我，完善了自我，才能更好地熟悉社会，服务社会;只有在熟悉社会、服务社会的过程里才能更好地熟悉自我、完善自我。

在往后的学习中，我会更加努力，我会牢记着医学生的誓词：我自愿献身医药学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守药德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，面发展。我决心竭尽全力除人类之病痛，助健康之完美，维护医术的圣洁和荣誉，救死扶伤，不辞艰辛，执着追求，为祖国医药卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

下面就一起来欣赏以下这一份关于医药学专业学习的自我鉴定范文，欢迎大家浏览。

由于经过一个学期的学习，我知道了医学理论学作为医学与理论学相交叉的边缘学科，其宗旨在于提高学生的医学人文素质和综合职业素质，再加上后来的实践活动使理论更加与实际的紧密联系，令我认为学习医学理论学成为医学生一门必须学习的课程。

在“药学中西、医学济世”八字校风 的鞭策下，我努力学习，刻苦钻研、勇于进取，时刻向“将自己培养成为具备高综合素质的临床药学毕业生”的目标奋进。我还获得了学校三好学生和二等奖学金等重要奖项。学习当中我深深的体会到，我们以履行公民义务为光荣，本着社会共济、关爱他人的精神，用爱心共同托起生命的希望。血液是生命的源泉，爱是生命的曙光。生命之源联系着你、我、他，我们的爱心是无限的。

所以在有限的学习期间，我在学校形成尊重劳动、尊重知识，培养德、智、体、美全面发展的高素质学生，注重学术的理念：崇尚学术，营造发扬学术民主和学术自由、重视学术成就的浓郁学术氛围。只有坚持这种理念，才能不断取得科学研究的丰硕成果，才能不断提高自身的学术水平和知识质量，知识创新和文化传播等做出应有贡献。

花蕾要绽放，不是在温室，而是在肥沃的土壤上吸收天地日月精华，经受风霜雨雪考验。我要成才，我必须在广

阔天地里自我历练，真正在熟悉自我、完善自我、熟悉社会、服务社会的社会实践中成长为社会英才。只有熟悉了自我，完善了自我，才能更好地熟悉社会，服务社会;只有在熟悉社会、服务社会的过程里才能更好地熟悉自我、完善自我。

在往后的学习中，我会更加努力，我会牢记着医学生的誓词：我自愿献身医药学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守药德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，面发展。我决心竭尽全力除人类之病痛，助健康之完美，维护医术的圣洁和荣誉，救死扶伤，不辞艰辛，执着追求，为祖国医药卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

下面就一起来欣赏以下这一份关于医药学本科毕业生的优秀自我评价范文，欢迎广大毕业生浏览。

蓦然回首四年大学生活，当年单纯懵懂的少年已成成熟稳重之人，使我有此巨变的正是那段不凡的人生经历以及其对梦想坚持不懈的努力。

本人努力学习，刻苦钻研、勇于进取。在四年里，曾当任过班长、学生会学习部部委、学生社团联合会文化部部长等校内重要学生干部，曾多次参加过大量的校内外的活动，由于成绩突出，本人还获得了学校三好学生和二等奖学金等重要奖项。尊敬老师，团结同学，在校内拥有广泛的群众基础。

在兼顾学业的前提下，还不忘对自身能力的培养，积极参加各种校内校外的培训，拓宽了眼界的同时，积累了大量的社会实践经验，使德智体得到全面的发展。在实习期间，持着主动求学的学习态度，我积极向带教老师学习，秉着“健康所系性命相托”的信念，孜孜不倦地吸收医药学知识，为日后的学习、工作打下坚实的基础。由于工作认真，表现出色，得到科室的一致好评。

我将在以后的工作和学习中更加努力，不断充实自我、完善自我，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，竭尽全力除人类之病痛，为祖国医药卫生事业的

发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

1.introduction to quantitative risk assessment

2.risk analysis is a valuable tool in the management of

microbial food safety issues and can provide a systematic

approach for the regulatory authorities and the food industry

to control the risk posed by a pathogen in a particular

food commodity.risk analysis consists of three elements:

risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.risk assessment is the scientific part of the process in which

the hazards are identified and the risk posed by that particular

hazard is calculated.the principles of

risk assessment including the four stages involved are outlined by the codex

alimentarius commission.each of the stages is summarised below.1.1.hazard identification

a hazard is defined as an agent having an adverse effect

on the public health of the human population and may

pose a short term, chronic, or fatal risk to a person.the

identification of microbial hazard associated with a particular

food is generally based on information generated from

routine microbial analysis of the commodity or from an

epidemiological linkage of a particular pathogen with a

case of food borne infection.1.2.exposure assessment

exposure assessment is a quantitative estimation of the

presence of a contaminant in a serving of food at the time

of consumption, or as close to this stage as is scientifically

possible and practical.however, the final estimation of the numbers and prevalence of a pathogen in the food is of ten

based on an accumulation of data on the prevalence and

numbers of pathogen at key points in the food chain with

data included on how particular stages in the food chain

affect the numbers/prevalence of the pathogen.the final

step in the process estimates the amount of contaminant

in a single serving, with information on the typical amount

of food consumed in a serving procured from nutritional

databases.the exposure assessment model can be ‘deterministic’，i.e.derived using single data points along the food chain.however, this approach may result in outlier values being

ignored and thus under or overestimating the risk.a more

common approach is to use a probablistic or stochastic

analysis, in which a distribution curve representing all data

is used as opposed to a single point estimate.typically a

monte carlo analysis is used to include data from all the

distributions along the chain and is done using software

such as @risk.in these analyses, a

single data point is chosen at random from each distribution

curve and used to calculate an outcome.the process

is repeated several thousand times with

a different data point in each distribution chosen each time

and with the final output being based on all the iterations.the error in the predicted risk may be due to variability or

uncertainty, and there is increasing emphasis being placed

on quantifying and separating the impact of both uncertainty

and variability in risk assessments.1.3.hazard characterisation

hazard characterisation relates exposure to a hazard

with the probable public health outcome.a

dose–response relationship can be used to estimate the

amount of pathogens which causes illness.the

data used in generating dose–response models are derived

from a variety of sources including human clinical trials，epidemiological studies based on food poisoning outbreaks，animal clinical trials, in vitro studies using cell lines，biomarkers or expert opinion.in some cases, the dose–

responses will describe the susceptibility of different populations，i.e.general population and immunocompromised.1.4.risk characterisation

the final stage in the process estimates the adverse

public health effect, or risk as a

consequence of exposure

to the hazard.this may be a prediction of illness per typical

serving or calculated as an annual risk of illness.depending on the hazard characterisation data available，the risk estimates may be broken down into age categories，based on differences in immune status in order to

identify groups which may be at higher risk following

exposure to the contaminant.the risk characterisation

model is generally developed using commercial software such as @risk or crystal ball.these programs can separate the distribution

for the overall risk prediction into uncertainty and variability

to allow more complex risk

estimation and analyses

of the data.the generated model can be used to assess

which parts of the chain significantly affect risk or to

assess the changes in predicted illness by incorporation

of a new hypothetical risk mitigation strategy at a particular

point in the chain.this paper reviews escherichia coli o157:h7 in the farm

to fork beef chain and examines how quantitative risk

assessment models have been applied to establish and manage

the risk posed.while other serovars of verocytotoxigenic

e.coli

are now emerging as a cause of similar illness to e.coli

o157:h7 they are not addressed in

this paper as there is

still limited information on their transmission thorough

the beef chain and they have not been included in any published

quantitative risk assessment models.2.e.coli o157:h7: human clinical aspects

e.coli o157 is a member of the enterhaemorrhagic

group of e.coli and was first implicated in infectious

disease in the early 1980s.the

symptoms of infection include bloody diarrhoea and severe

abdominal pain.haemolytic uraemic syndrome , a

cause of acute renal failure, may be a complication of the

illness, and neurological problems in the form of thrombotic

thrombocytopaenic purpura may

also occur.immuno-compromised patients, including young children

and the elderly, are at particular risk of developing hus.the time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from to 14 days.however, with complications the

illness may last many months and lead to permanent damage

or even death.pathogenicity is related to the ability of

the organism to adhere to and colonise the human large

intestinal epithelial tissue, forming attachment and effacing

lesions and the production of verocytotoxins.the

e.coli verocytotoxins are closely related to the shiga toxin

of shigella dysenteriae and are

typically bacteriophage

encoded.there are two main classes of verotoxin: vt1, a

homogeneous group of toxins, virtually identical to the

shiga toxin of shigella and vt2, a heterogeneous group

of toxins, more distantly related to the shiga toxin.e.coli o157 with the eae gene and vt2 are most often

associated with hus in patients.outbreaks of vtec infections involving serovar o157

have now been reported from united states and canada

bell et al., asia , australia , europe , and africa.however, the majority of cases

are sporadic and contribute significantly to overall cases

of infection.there is considerable

variation in infection

rates between different geographical regions.in europe, the

highest rates of infection are in scotland with approximately 4 cases per 100,000.in the republic of ireland

the incidence per 100,000 has ranged from a peak of

2.2 in 2014 to 1.3 in 2014.in northern europe

infection rates are very low ranging from 0.04 per

100,000 in norway and finland to 1.1 in denmark in

2014 although denmark has in 2014, reported its first general

outbreak of e.coli o157 attributed to contaminated

milk.in 2014, the incidence rate for

e.coli o157:h7 in north america was 0.9, a drop from

1.1 cases in 2014.in asia, japan has experienced the most

problems related to e.coli o157:h7 with an average incidence

rate of 2.74 per 100,000 between 1999 and 2014

.a number of sources

and reservoirs of e.coli o157 including beef and lamb，lettuce, sprouts, fruit juices, vegetables, raw milk, water

have been implicated as vehicles of transmission.person-to-person

is also an important mode of transmission, particularly

in day care centers and direct contact

with animals carrying the organism or with faecally

contaminated mud

are also recognised sources of infection

二、名词术语

医学及药学名词应使用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范名词为准。

1.现将常易出错的不规范名词纠正如下。

氨基酸转移酶细胞红细胞

作用机制侧支循环综合征

胆固醇单核－吞噬细胞系统

低钾血症高脂血症内镜

固醇发绀反胃

分枝杆菌肺源性肺梗死

脑出血脑梗死心肌梗死

脑卒中放射性核素功能

肝硬化核糖体晶状体

胶原纤维假膜咳痰

咯血抗生素磷脂酰胆碱

黏膜清蛋白期前收缩

妊娠高血压综合征三酰甘油

肾衰竭食欲缺乏食管

嗜酸性细胞性白细胞）同工酶

糖原畏食糖皮质激素

围生期下丘脑心排出量

心源性血红蛋白血流动力学 药源性医源性真菌 原发性高血压

第四篇：大学计算机专业自我鉴定

大学计算机专业自我鉴定

“有志者,事竟成”,这是我一直坚信的座右铭。通过三年来的学习和磨练,使我不断地成长和提高自我。即将离别校园,感慨万千。下面是我的毕业自我鉴定:

大学三年,我不止学到了公共基础学科知识和很多专业知识。我的心智也有了一个质的飞跃，自学能力也得到了提高，能较快速的掌握一种新的技术知识，我认为这对于将来很重要。在校期间我掌握了计算机软件应用与操作，如office系列办公软件，能运用c语言、asp.net，java编写程序；能自如的使用dreamweaver、photoshop 等一系列软件对网站进行设计和开发；在数据库方面能灵活的应用access、sqlserver ；能用vb、access、sqlserver设计出小型的管理系统。并与同学建立了良好的学习关系，互帮互助，克服难关。以前觉得帮助别人感到很开心，是一种传统美德。现在我理解到了，乐于助人不仅能铸造高尚的品德，而且自身也会得到很多利益，帮助别人的同时也是在帮助自己。

每个人都有自己的优点缺点，但关键是能否正视并利用它们。三年来，我不断的自我反省，归纳了一些自己的优缺点。

我最大的特点，就是诚实守信，用于挑战自我，时间观念强，做事从来都是有始有终，就算再难的事也全力以赴，追求最好的结果，正因为如此，我把自己的意志视为主要因素，相信只要有恒心铁棒就能磨成针。

而最大的缺点就是喜欢一心两用甚至多用。急功近利，喜欢一口气学许多东西，但是贪多嚼不烂，即使最后都能学会，也已经搞得自己很疲劳。如今想想，这样其实并不好，正所谓贵在精而不在广。如果我一段时期内专注于一种学问，不求博但求精，相信一定能更深刻的理解并掌握这门知识。自从我发现自己有这个缺点和问题后，我常常警戒自己，步入社会后也不能一心两用。

通过三年的大学生活，学到了很多，思想变成熟了许多，性格更坚毅了。认识了许多同学和老师，建立起友谊，并在与他们的交往中提升了自身素质，认清了自身的一些短处并尽力改正。社会实践能力也有很大提高，为将来走向社会奠定基矗

三年的大学生活是我人生这条线上的一小段，是闪闪发光的一段，它包含了汗水和收获，为我划平人生的线起着至关重要的作用。

第五篇：大学计算机专业自我鉴定

大学计算机专业自我鉴定

大学三年是我一生的重要阶段,我不止学到了公共基础学科知识和很多专业知识。

我的心智也有了一个质的飞跃，自学能力也得到了提高，能较快速的掌握一种新的技术知识，我认为这对于将来很重要。在校期间我掌握了计算机软件应用与操作，如officexp等办公软件，photoshop、illustrator等图形设计软件，internetexplorer、outlookexpress等上网工具，并能运用frontpage、dreamweavermx制作网页。并与同学建立了良好的学习关系，互帮互助，克服难关。以前觉得帮助别人感到很开心，是一种传统美德。现在我理解道理，乐于助人不仅能铸造高尚的品德，而且自身也会得到很多利益，帮助别人的同时也是在帮助自己。

每个人都有自己的优点缺点，但关键是能否正视并利用它们。三年来，我不断的自我反省，归纳了一些自己的优缺点。

我有个特点，就是不喜欢虎头蛇尾，做事从来都是有始有终，就算再难的事也全力以赴，追求最好的结果，正因为如此，我把自己的意志视为主要因素，相信只要有恒心铁棒就能磨成针。

而最大的缺点就是喜欢一心两用甚至多用。急功近利，喜欢一口气学许多东西，但是贪多嚼不烂，即使最后都能学会，也已经搞得自己很疲劳。如今想想，这样其实并不好，正所谓贵在精而不在广。如果我一段时期内专注于一种学问，不求博但求精，相信一定能更深刻的理解并掌握这门知识。自从我发现自己有这个缺点和问题后，我常常警戒自己，步入社会后也不能一心两用。

通过三年的大学生活，学到了很多，思想变成熟了许多，性格更坚毅了。认识了许多同学和老师，建立起友谊，并在与他们的交往中提升了自身素质，认清了自身的一些短处并尽力改正。社会实践能力也有很大提高，为将来走向社会奠定基矗

三年的大学生活是我人生这条线上的一小段，是闪闪发光的一段，它包含了汗水和收获，为我划平人生的线起着至关重要的作用。