中英文论文参考文献标准格式

第一篇：中英文论文参考文献标准格式

中英文论文参考文献标准格式

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体 如下： [M]--专著,著作

[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]--报纸文章

[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电 子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文 ：不区分硕士还是博士论文

[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的报告”字样 [S]--标准 [P]--专利

[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章

[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字 母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：

[DB/OL]--联机网上数据(database online)[DB/MT]--磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)[M/CD]--光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)[CP/DK]--磁盘软件(computer program on disk)[J/OL]--网上期刊(serial online)[EB/OL]--网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源

二、参考文献的格式 及举例 1．期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.【举例】

[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver.The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,(3): 62 67.2．专著类

【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】

[4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.[5] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3．报纸类

【格 式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】

[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W.Between Silences: A Voice from China[N].Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4．论文集

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G.“Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A].In C.Nelson & L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C].Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G.Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A].In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards(eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].New York: Cambridge University Press.1996.pp.50-78.5． 学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6．研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7．专利

【格 式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期.【举例】

[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073, 1989 07 26.8．标准

【格式】[序号]标准编 号,标准名称[S].【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].9．条例

【格 式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】

[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05 10．电子文献 【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子 文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】

[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: //, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘（1983 1993）.英文版 [DB/CD].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11．各种未定 义类型的文献

【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点 符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直 接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可.其实，很多输入法（如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法）都提供了四种组合：（1）中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【１】－（而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号）也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的；（2）中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-（这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号）也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的； 上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗？我看只是-的宽度有 一点点不同，其它都一样

（3）英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，．：［１］－／（4）英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样 的,.:[1]-/ 从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比 中文标点细小很多（也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大）

所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格 更为详细的内容，大家可以从附件中下载国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则GB/T 7714-2005》查看，不过，很长很烦，拿出点耐心看吧 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原 则，具体格式是：姓,名字的首字母.如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F.& I.Gordon.②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补 充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识

第二篇：4毕业设计(论文)中英文文献翻译

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文

Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.1 Central control task

A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

译

文

基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测

摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。

1、引言

大多数高风险地区和建筑物的管理要求安装火灾探测报警系统。多数国家消防规范的要求监测和控制具体的是危险场合或建筑物，如化工厂，石油类，核电厂，住宅高楼等这些场合的一般性质可以指定为下列要求 ：

（一）所有探测器信号源信号能被主处理器准确识别。

（二）主从控制器有另外的沟通路径。

（三）检测报警和主控制设备由控制中心控制。

（四）火灾现场和控制中心的通讯。

（五）提供的应急电源。

它也被用来应对特殊情况和进行深被检测。

火灾探测及报警系统是一个旨在信号，在一旦发生火警报警装置的组合。该系统也可实现风扇控制，防火门关闭或释放，电梯锁定，应急照明控制和其他

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

紧急任务。这些额外的功能补充由检测和报警装置和中央控制单元组成。

技术对系统结构有很深的影响。当技术的变革，该架构必须修订，以利用这些新的功能变化。近年来，超大规模集成电路技术已经大大进步。第一，NMOS在过去的一年或两年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆积密度拥有更多的门和更低的功耗。当然这种技术的变化必然影响在芯片和系统级我们的硬件设计。在芯片级，单芯片现在正在制作的是只相当于上一年或两年的水平。这些芯片有微处理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存储器串行和并行，A / D转换定时器，和其他功能的芯片。在系统级，新的芯片做出新的结构成为可能。本文的目的是体现技术如何影响消防控制领域的系统结构。新的高密度的单芯片微控制器纳入一个大系统的设计，但我们可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系统。在火灾探测和报警监控系统中，这是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因为地处偏远和电源的要求。一个完整的分控制站可以围绕着一个带电源的CMOS芯片设计。这种方法降低了成本和设计复杂性，方便实施和维护，并提供易于扩展和便携式设计。这是旧技术不可能实现的。大部分火灾检测/监测系统提供特定的应用程序，缺乏对CMOS超大规模集成电路技术的应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了火灾检测/监测系统，常规设计，易于执行的早期发现火警。在这里，我们提出一个中央控制和分发控制/检测/充分的沟通，如果使用的单芯片微控制器在分控制站，从而提高可控性和可观性的监测过程。

2、检测和报警装置

一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测 一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA（比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安）在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法：过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。Heavisid [4] 拥有一支优秀的审查探测器和灭火器的各种制度。

2.1控制理念和分工

我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终（在不手动模式）决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。

（一）在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延

（二）决定的不确定性

（三）将隔离当地的决定（例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统）

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3、硬件

图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。

3.1中央控制任务

中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。

（二）它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。

（三）它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。

（四），它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。

（五）它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.2 分控制站

分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。

单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下：

（1）它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。

（2）它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。

（3）它有一个A / D转换器上，这消除了外部A / D转换

（4）它有一个4K的ROM，256 K内存，512K EERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1 / 0的要求。

4、系统实施

分控制站：图.3 是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图

检测电路：图.4这是前一个电路的扩展形式。可以看出单片机可用于监控多个探测器，从而降低了系统成本。

回路电源，通常在26到28V之间，通常五伏一百毫安单片低功耗电压调节器供电的微控制器。板载振荡器，是一个2.4576 MHz的外部晶体结合，提供时间信号，它被分为4个内部收益率为614.4千赫，这是一个更多的RS 232 [7]波特率发生器的处理器频率微控制器。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

5、主循环

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

6、结论

本文描述了一个大规模的火灾探测及报警系统，使用多的发展，单芯片微型计算机。该架构是采用两个层次的决策层次。这种架构是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在数据处理功能强大的高堆积密度和决策。每个地方控制站可以自主作出的决定如果上级机构，允许它这样做。一般格式化系统设计，因此它可以适应不同的情况。所描述的系统原型已经建成并测试。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微处理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托罗拉），它有一个内置的显示器称为导师。该应用程序都是使用这个显示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的设计采用了MC68705R3单片机。

7、参考文献 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

第三篇：建设部文献(中英文对照)

贯彻落实科学发展观大力发展节能与绿色建筑

（2005年2月23日）

中华人民共和国建设部

节能建筑是按节能设计标准进行设计和建造、使其在使用过程中降低能耗的建筑。

绿色建筑是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期（物料生产，建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除过程）中实现高效率地利用资源（能源、土地、水资源、材料）、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。绿色建筑也有人称之为生态建筑、可持续建筑。

一、发展节能与绿色建筑的重要意义

建筑作为人工环境，是满足人类物质和精神生活需要的重要组成部分。然而，人类对感官享受的过度追求，以及不加节制的开发与建设，使现代建筑不仅疏离了人与自然的天然联系和交流，也给环境和资源带来了沉重的负担。据统计，人类从自然界所获得的50％以上的物质原料用来建造各类建筑及其附属设施，这些建筑在建造与使用过程中又消耗了全球能源的50％左右；在环境总体污染中，与建筑有关的空气污染、光污染、电磁污染等就占了34％；建筑垃圾则占人类活动产生垃圾总量的40％；在发展中国家，剧增的建筑量还造成侵占土地、破坏生态环境等现象日益严重。中国正处于工业化和城镇化快速发展阶段，要在未来15年保持GDP年均增长7％以上，将面临巨大的资源约束瓶颈和环境恶化压力。严峻的事实告诉我们，中国要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑刻不容缓。

绿色建筑通过科学的整体设计，集成绿色配置、自然通风、自然采光、低能耗围护结构、新能源利用、中水回用、绿色建材和智能控制等高新技术，具有选址规划合理、资源利用高效循环、节能措施综合有效、建筑环境健康舒适、废物排放减量无害、建筑功能灵活适宜等六大特点。它不仅可以满足人们的生理和心理需求，而且能源和资源的消耗最为经济合理，对环境的影响最小。

胡锦涛同志指出：要大力发展节能省地型住宅，全面推广节能技术，制定并强制执行节能、节材、节水标准，按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，搞好资源综合利用，实现经济社会的可持续发展。温家宝和曾培炎同志也多次指出，建筑节能不仅是经济问题，而且是重要的战略问题。

发展节能与绿色建筑是建设领域贯彻“三个代表”重要思想和十六大精神，认真落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，统筹经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展的重要举措；是调整房地产业结构和转变建筑业增长方式，转变经济增长方式，促进经济结构调整的迫切需要；是按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，促进资源综合利用，建设节约型社会，发展循环经济的必然要求；是坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路的重要体现；是节约能源，保障国家能源安全的关键环节；是探索解决建设行业高投入、高消耗、高污染、低效益的根本途径；是改造和提升传统的建筑业、建材业，实现建设事业健康、协调、可持续发展的重大战略性工作。

二、我国在发展节能与绿色建筑方面所做的主要工作

我国抓建筑节能是以1986年颁布北方地区居住建筑节能设计标准为标志启动的。经过近二十年的努力，建筑节能工作得到了逐步推进，取得了较大成绩，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是已初步建立起以节能50％为目标的建筑节能设计标准体系；二是初步形成了以《民用建筑节能管理规定》为主体的法规体系；三是初步形成了建筑节能的技术支撑体系；四是通过建筑节能试点示范工程，有效带动了建筑节能工作的发展；五是通过国际合作项目，引入了国外先进的技术和管理经验。据不完全统计，到2002年，全国城镇共建成节能建筑面积3.2亿平方米，实现节能1094万吨标准煤，减排CO22326万吨。

与此同时，伴随着可持续发展思想在国际社会的认同，绿色建筑理念在中国也逐渐受到了重视。1999年在北京召开的国际建筑师协会第二十届世界建筑师大会发布的《北京宪章》明确要求将可持续发展作为建筑师和工程师在新世纪中的工作准则。中国在绿色建筑发展上做了大量的工作，开展了绿色建筑关键技术研究，设立了“全国绿色建筑创新奖”，在办公建筑、高等院校图书馆、城市住宅小区、农村住宅等建筑类型进行了绿色建筑的实践。

三、目前存在的主要问题

（一）认识不到位

尚未将节能与绿色建筑工作放到贯彻科学发展观、全面建设小康社会、保证国家能源安全、实施可持续发展的战略高度来认识。

（二）缺乏有效的激励政策和强有力的法律法规

长期以来，国家对能源的管理偏重工业和交通节能，缺乏有效的激励政策引导和扶植节能与绿色建筑。我国现行的法律法规对能源、土地、水资源、材料的节约也没有可操作的奖惩方法来强制各方利益主体必须积极参与；而我部颁发的《民用建筑节能管理规定》，作为一个部门规章，力度远远不够。

（三）缺乏行之有效的新技术、新材料、新配件和新的设计及管理模式的推广交流平台

在西方发达国家，节能与绿色建筑已经有几十年的成功发展史。有的国家甚至已经取得经济发展和能耗持续下降的突出成就。及时、系统、广泛地引进它们的成功经验和技术，对引导我国刚起步的节能与绿色建筑的发展尤为重要。这对于我们少走弯路，加快节能与绿色建筑的新技术、新产品和管理经验的推广是不可替代的。

（四）标准规范体系还未形成虽然已先后颁布实施针对三个气候区的节能50％的设计标准，初步形成了比较完善的民用建筑节能标准体系；但针对公共建筑、工业建筑的节能标准尚未出台；关于建筑节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的综合性的标准体系还没有建立。

（五）缺乏有效的行政监管体系

对节能与绿色建筑工作相关的行政管理职能尚未予以高度的重视，缺乏有效的行政监管体系，管理薄弱，个别地方甚至放任自流。

（六）城市能源结构不合理，资源浪费现象严重

目前我国还是以煤为主要燃料，城市能源结构不合理，天然气等优质能源和太阳能、地热、风能等清洁可再生能源在建筑中利用率还很低。目前我国每年城乡新建房屋建筑面积近20亿m2，其中80％以上为高耗能建筑；既有建筑近400亿m2，95％以上是高能耗建筑。我国单位建筑面积能耗是发达国家的二至三倍，对社会造成了沉重的能源负担和严重的环境污染，已成为制约我国可持续发展的突出问题。同时建设中还存在土地资源利用率低、水污染严重、建筑耗材高等问题。

四、发展节能与绿色建筑的主要工作

发展节能与绿色建筑的指导思想是贯彻落实科学发展观，大力开展节能、节地、节水、节材等资源节约和环境保护工作，努力推进节能与绿色建筑的发展，实现建设事业可持续发展。

工作思路：一是全方位推进，包括在法规政策、标准规范、推广措施、科技攻关等方面开展工作；二是全过程监管，包括在立项、规划、设计、审图、施工、监理、检测、竣工验收、核准销售、维护使用等环节加强监管；三是全面展开，制定并强制执行包括节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护标准；四是实行分类指导、区域统筹、整体推进、分阶段实施的工作方法；五是全社会参与，从政府到设计单位、施工图审查机构、施工单位、监理单位、质量监督机构、房地产开发企业、物业管理企业以至广大人民群众都要积极参与。

工作目标是：通过全面推

广节能与绿色建筑工作，争取到2020年，大部分既有建筑实现节能改造，新建建筑完全实现建筑节能65％的总目标，东部地区要争取实现更高的节能水平；基本实现新增建筑占地与整体节约用地的动态平衡；实现建筑建造和使用过程中节水率在现有基础上提高30％以上；新建建筑对不可再生资源的总消耗比现在下降30％以上；到2020年，我国建筑的资源节约水平接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的经济和社会效益显著，转变经济的增长方式的成效突出。

主要措施为：

1、建立健全发展节能与绿色建筑的政策与法规体系；

2、完善节能与绿色建筑的技术标准支撑体系；

3、建立有效的发展节能与绿色建筑的行政监管体系；

4、加强节能与绿色建筑领域的国际交流与合作和培训宣传工作。

当前，构筑节能与绿色建筑先进技术与管理经验交流平台已经迫在眉睫。将于今年3月份召开的“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术研讨会”暨“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术与产品展览会”即是我部为加强国内外绿色建筑领域的交流与合作，促进我国绿色建筑技术与管理水平的提高，推动我国绿色建筑的发展而与国内外有关部门共同设立的一个交流平台。我们将把这个研讨会打造成为一年一度具有权威性、前沿性、广泛性的国际盛会。我部部长汪光焘同志任大会组委会主任，我任执行主任，我部原副部长、两院院士周干峙先生为大会学术指导委员会主任。本届大会的主办单位是中国建设部、科技部、英国贸易投资总署、加拿大住房署、新加坡建设局、印度建筑业发展委员会等。共有五大主题：一是智能、绿色建筑整体设计理论、方法和实例；二是建筑智能化技术；三是建筑节能技术及产品；四是绿色生态技术；五是绿色建材技术与设备。现在大会各项准备工作已基本就绪，预计将有近2000名来自国内外的智能和绿色建筑方面的政府官员、企业家、专家和学者参与技术交流和合作，这不仅对中国的建筑节能和绿色建筑发展有着积极的促进作用，而且对全球的可持续发展也将产生深远的影响。

Adhering to the Scientific View of Development & Promoting the Development of Energy Efficient and Green Buildings

Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China February, 2005

Energy efficient buildings refer to those meeting energy efficient standards during design and building process and thus consuming less energy in use.Green buildings refer to those providing occupants with healthy, comfortable and safe living, working and leisure space, achieving high efficiency in utilizing resources(including energy, land, water, and materials)during the life cycle of buildings(including building materials production, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition), and minimizing the buildings' impact on the environment.Green buildings are also labeled as “Eco-Buildings” or “Sustainable Buildings”.I.The significance of promoting the energy efficient and green buildings.As a man-made environment, buildings play an integral part in physically and spiritually satisfying the demand of human being.However, due to the excessive pursuing of physical pleasure plus the over-exploitation of the natural resources, modern buildings have not only segregated the connection and communication between human beings and the nature, but also produced heavy burden on the natural environment and resources.According to statistics, more than 50％ of the materials man gathered from the nature are used for the construction of all kinds of buildings and their attached utilities, and another 50％ of the world energy are consumed during the construction and utilization of those buildings.Among environmental pollutions, construction-related air pollution, light pollution and electromagnetic pollution accounts for 34％;construction waste makes up 40％ of the trash produced by human.In the developing countries, the skyrocketing construction aggravates the misuse of land and the destruction of the ecological environment.China, in its process of industrialization and urbanization and with the objective of maintaining 7％-above annual growth rate of GDP in the next 15 years, will be faced with serious bottleneck of resource limitation and environmental deterioration.The situation shows that it is imperative for China to promote energy efficient and green buildings in the process of sustainable development.Through the scientific and systematic design, incorporated with such new and high technologies as green fittings, natural ventilation, natural lighting, low energy exterior protection system, new energy, water reuse, green building materials, intelligent control and so on, green buildings have with it six features: calculated site planning, efficient energy circulation, effective and comprehensive energy saving, healthy and comfortable building environment, innocuous and small amount of waste discharge, and flexible and convenient in functions.It could not only satisfy the physical and mental need of human beings, but also reduce the impact on the natural environment with its efficient energy consumption.Mr.President, Hu Jintao has pointed out that we shall develop land-saving housing, popularize energy efficient technology, and establish energy saving, material saving and water saving code;we shall utilize the resources in a thrifty way and apply the recycling methods in order to pursue the sustainable development of the economic society.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan has reaffirmed that construction energy saving is not only an economic issue but also an important strategy.The development of energy saving technology and green buildings is an important approach in the construction field for pursuing the essential thought of “Three Represents” and the spirit of the 16th National Congress.It carries out the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific view of development, emphasizes the value of human beings, integrates the development of the economy and the society, and promotes the harmonization between the human beings and the nature.The purpose of this approach is to adjust the real estate structure, transform the mode of increase in the building and economy sector and promote the adjustment of economic structure.The principle lies in the thrifty utilization and recycling of the energy, thus facilitating the comprehensive utilization of the resources, building the saving-type society and developing the cyclic economy.It reflects that China is now sticking to its healthy developing path towards production development, wealthy life and sound environment.As a critical link in the process of energy saving and safeguarding national energy safety, this approach constitutes an essential method to solve such problems in the construction field as high investment, high consumption, heavy pollution and low profit, and it is the strategic work for the reform and upgrading of the traditional construction and construction material industry, facilitating the healthy, coordinated and sustainable development of the construction cause.II.Works have been done relating to energy efficient and green buildings

The Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Building of the Northern Areas 1986 was the landmark of Chinese energy efficient work.After almost two decades, great achievements have been made in the following aspects:

(1).Energy efficient design standard system with the goal of saving 50％ of the energy has been set up;

(2).Law system with The Regulations for the Administration of Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings as the principle has been set up;

(3).Technology supporting system of energy efficient building has been set up;

(4).Several pilot projects of energy efficient building has played the leading role of Chinese energy efficient building construction;

(5).Through international cooperation, advanced technologies and management experience have been introduced in China.According to incomplete statistics，there were 320 million square meters of energy efficient buildings in urban China, saving 10.94 million tons of standard coal, discharging CO2 223.26 million tons.At the same time, the ideology of sustainable development has been widely accepted by the international community, and green architecture has been more and more attached importance to.Beijing Charter, which had been issued in the 20th World Architect Convention Beijing 1999 of World Architect Association, clearly required that the sustainable development would be the working standard of all architects and engineers in the new century.China has done great job in the development of green buildings: the key tech-research of green architecture has been developed;“National for Green Buildings Innovation Award” has been set;many practices have been made in office buildings, libraries of colleges and institutions, urban residential communities, rural housing and other types of building.III.Problems to be addressed

(1)The lack of acquaintanceship

We shall place energy conservation and green buildings at the strategic level as implementing the scientific view of development, building a well-off society in an all-round way, safeguarding national energy and promoting the sustainable development.(2).The lack of efficient incentive policies and powerful law and regulations

The national policies have long laid particular stress on the energy efficient of industry and traffic, while energy efficient and green buildings lacks efficient encouragement policies and powerful laws and regulations.There are no existing laws and regulations in China with operational rewards and punishment methods to force all benefit parties to participate in the saving of energy, land, water and materials.The Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings issued by Ministry of Construction as a ministry regulation has far less strength.(3).The lack of the communication platform of new technology, new material, new fittings and new design and management patterns.In the western developing countries, the energy efficient and green architecture has decades of histories.In some country, great achievement of economic development and lower the energy consumption has been made.To systematically introduce those successful experience and technology into China would help China to promote energy efficient and green architecture and spreading the relating new technology, new product and new management patterns.(4).The system of standards and norms has not been formed.The comparatively improved standard system of energy efficiency for residential buildings has preliminarily been shaped up, which enforces the designing standard for energy saving as 50％ for three climate areas one after another, but the standards for public and industrial buildings have not yet been promulgated and the comprehensive standard system for the building energy saving, the land, water and material efficiency and the environmental protection has not been set up.(5).The effective administrative regulatory framework is not in place.Importance has not been attached to the administrative functions related to energy efficiency and green buildings.Present administrative system is not effective with weak regulation.In some localities, management is even out of control.(6).The energy structure in cities is not reasonable and resources are wasted severely.Nowadays, by maintaining coal as the major energy source, the Chinese cities still remain unreasonable energy structure.The high quality energy such as natural gas and other clean renewable resources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy etc.are slimly utilized in buildings.At present, 2 billion square meters of new housing are built annually in urban and rural areas in China, over 80％ of which are the ones with high-energy consumption.Among 40 billion square meters of existing buildings, over 95％ are the ones with high-energy consumption.The energy consumption per construction unit area in China is twice to three times the one in the developed countries.This caused heavy energy burden and serious environmental pollution that become the outstanding problem constraining the sustainable development of China.Meanwhile, during the construction, there exist problems such as low utilizing rate of land resources, serious water pollution and high consumption of building materials.IV.The main tasks of developing energy efficient and green buildings

The guiding ideas to develop energy efficient and green buildings are, with a view to adhering to the scientific view of development and fulfilling the sustainable development of construction sector, to make major efforts to launch the campaigns of resource conservation and environmental protection including the efficiency of energy, land, water and materials and promote the development of energy efficient and green buildings.The train of thought:

1.To push the work on from all aspects including regulations and policies, norms and standards, disseminating measures, and tackling hard-nut problems in science and technology, etc.2.To regulating the overall process from setting-up a project, planning, designing, examining drawings, construction, supervising, checking up, checking upon completion, approving the selling to maintenance.3.To promulgate and enforce the standards of energy, land, water and material efficiency as well as environmental protection.4.To use work methods featured by guiding according to classifications, regional coordination, promoting comprehensively and implementing by dividing different stages.5.To encourage the involvement of the whole society, besides the governments, designing units, organizations for examining drawings, constructors, supervisors, quality supervision organizations, developers, property management enterprises and the broad masses of the people.The objectives:

Through overall promotion, by 2020 the general objective will be fulfilled, i.e.upgrading projects to improve the energy efficiency of most existing buildings will be finished and all the new buildings will save 65％ energy.At the same time, the eastern areas are encouraged to reach a higher level of energy saving;the dynamic equilibrium between newly-constructed areas and overall saved lands is expected sustained basically;the water saving rate in the process of construction and utilization can be improved by more than 30％ comparing with the present level;and the total consumption of irrenewable resources by new buildings can be dropped by over 30％ nowadays amount.By the year 2020, the level of resource saving in construction sector in China is expected to approach or reach the one in the moderately developed countries at present.The remarkable economic and social effect will be achieved which can change the way of economic growth notably.Major measures:

1.To establish and improve the policies and regulation framework of developing intelligent and green buildings;

2.To perfect the technical standard supporting system of intelligent and green buildings;

3.To set up the effective administrative regulatory system for developing intelligent and green buildings;

4.To intensify the international exchanges and cooperation, training and publicity campaign as well.At present, to put up a platform for exchanging advanced technology and management experience of intelligent and green buildings is extremely urgent.“The 1st International Conference on Technologies of Intelligent and Green Buildings & the 1st International Expo on Technologies and Products of Intelligent and Green Buildings” which will be held in this March is such a platform jointly put up by our Ministry and relevant departments home and abroad in order to enhance the international exchanges and cooperation and improve the technical and management level of green buildings in China.We are doing efforts to make the Conference an annual great international event with authoritative, forward-looking and wide-ranging characteristics.Mr.Wang Guangtao, our Minister is the chairman of organizing committee, I am the executive director, Mr.Zhou Ganzhi, our former vice minister and members for the two Academies is the director of academic guiding committee of the Conferece.The sponsors are the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Department of Trade and Industry of the United Kingdom, Housing Department of Canada, Construction Department of Singapore, and the Construction Development Commission of India.The five themes of the Conference are as follows:

1.The overall designing theory, methods and cases of intelligent and green buildings;

2.The intelligent technology for buildings;

3.The technology and products of energy efficiency;

4.The technology of green ecology;

5.The technology and equipment of green building materials.Up to now, the preparation work has been already finished.2,000 participants including government officials, entrepreneurs, experts and scholars devoting to the field of energy efficient and green buildings from all over the world will attend the conference.It will not only give a strong impetus to the development of intelligent and green buildings in China, but also exert a great influence to the global sustainable development.

第四篇：市场营销毕业论文中英文文献

Ten Lessons for Improving Service QualityLeonard Berry, A.Parasuraman, and Valarie Zeithaml, 2003 [03-104]

Between 1983 and 1993, Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml conducted a comprehensive, five-phase study of service quality in America under the sponsorship of the Marketing Science Institute.They have published a series of MSI monographs, journal articles, and several books based on this research.They reflected on their research journey in an MSI commentary that was published in 1993 and republished in 1994 by the Academy of Management Executive, and is now reprinted here.In the preface below they re-visit their reflections of ten years ago.Preface

Quality service helps a company to maximize benefits and minimize burdens for customers—the essence of delivering value.Because it is important to most customers and defies imitation by competitors, quality service offers a key competitive advantage.Indeed, firms in every industry have demonstrated the differentiating power of excellent service.Yet, despite this, price competition seems to dominate company efforts to provide value.The meteoric growth of Wal-Mart Stores—and the tendency of many firms to lower prices as a first response to softening demand—has focused so much marketing energy on price competition that it has become difficult not to assume that customers care only about price.A singular focus on price competition means that the firm is competing only on the “burden” component of value and ignoring the “benefit” component.Rather than investing in quality service to “decommoditize” the business, firms are emphasizing low price which serves to further “commoditize” the business.Service in America would be much improved if managers would embrace one central operating principle: the tougher the price competition in our industry, the more important quality service is to our company—because superb service gives customers non-price reasons to do business with us.In 1993, our purpose in writing a commentary was to consider our research findings and experience holistically as a foundation for offering guidelines to managers on improving service.We presented our guidance in the form of service quality “lessons,” identifying ten that applied across service industries and were essential to service improvement.They are as follows:

1.Lesson of listening －understand what customers really want through continuous learning about the expectations and perceptions of customers and noncustomers(e.g...by means of a service quality information system).2.Lesson of reliability－reliability is the single most important dimension of service quality and must be a service priority.3.Lesson of basic service－service companies must deliver the basics and do what they are supposed to do¬－keep promises, use common sense, listen to customers informed, and be determined to deliver value to customers.4.Lesson of service design－develop a holistic view of the service while managing its many details.5.Lesson of recovery－to satisfy customers who encounter a service problem, service companies should encourage customers to complain(and make it easy for them to do so), respond quickly and personality, and develop a problem resolution system.6.Lesson of surprising customers－although reliability is the most important dimension in meeting customers’ service expectations, process dimensions(e.g..assurance responsiveness, and empathy)are most important in exceeding customer expectations, for example, by surprising them with uncommon swiftness, grace, courtesy, competence, commitment, and understanding.7.Lesson of fair play －service companies must make special efforts to be fair and to demonstrate fairness to customers and employees.8.Lesson of teamwork－teamwork is what enable large organizations to deliver service with care and attentiveness by improving employee motivation and capabilities.9.Lesson of employee research－conduct research with employees to reveal why service problems occur and what companies must do to solve problems.10.Lesson of servant leadership－quality service comes from inspired leadership throughout the organization;from the effective use of information and technology;and from a slow-to-change, invisible, all-powerful, internal force called corporate culture.In our view, these ten lessons represented the foundation for service improvement.The potential for service improvement is diminished if even one of these ten essentials is missing.In our view, these ten lessons represented the foundation for service improvement.The potential for service improvement is diminished if even one of these ten essentials is missing.After ten years, the question of course is, Are the lessons still relevant? Do they still apply to American firms? We believe they do and wish more businesses had heeded them during the past ten years.Indeed, these lessons have stood the test of time;our regret is that so many firms have ignored them.Read, for example, the “Fair Play” section and ask yourself, Would the major airlines be in such financial distress today had they paid more attention to fundamental fairness? Many point to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack as the beginning of the airline industry’s troubles.In fact, the airlines began alienating frequent business travelers long before that, with anti-consumer policies that took advantage of business travelers’ inability to plan their travel weeks in advance.An industry that charges one customer $300 and another $1,300 for seats in the same class on the same flight—with the only difference the timing of the reservation—cannot and will not earn the confidence and loyalty of customers.As we write in the paper, “Customers expect service companies to play fair, and they become resentful and mistrustful when they perceive unfairness.”

If we were rewriting our paper today, we would emphasize the significance of quality service to all companies.We would argue that all companies are service companies in that all companies create customer value through services.Some firms

create value strictly through services and others through goods and services, but all stake their future on the quality of their service.We would stress even more than we did the importance of service reliability to earn the customers’ confidence and the importance of pleasant surprise to exceed customers’ expectations and establish strong relationships.We would stress the role of service quality in creating a differentiated brand;in services, the company is the brand and nothing is more powerful than customers’ actual experiences with the service in creating the brand.We also would stress the role of quality service in improving the quality of work life.Service excellence requires building an achievement culture in the organization, and achieving in one’s work is energizing and satisfying.Excellence is more fun than mediocrity for employees as well as customers.Yes, the ten service quality lessons still ring true ten years later.Indeed, in this post-Enron business climate, they seem to apply more than ever.The lessons remind us that excellent companies are excellent in the fundamentals.They listen to their customers and employees.They stand behind what they sell.They keep their promises.They invest in service “extras” that competitors ignore.They play fair and they play together.They view quality as a journey, not a destination—as a mission, not a program.提高服务质量的十项建议

里奥纳德·贝利，A·帕拉休拉曼，V·齐塞尔.2003 [03-104]

从1983年到1993年之间，贝利，帕拉休拉曼和齐塞尔等学者在美国营销科学协会的资助下对服务质量的五种差异进行了全面的研究，并且据此在MSI专栏、专业杂志和许多著作上发表文章。他们把自己的研究过程发表在MSI 1993年的一期专栏评论里，并且在1994年由美国行政管理协会再版。现在，它再次出版，下面让我们从序言中简单重访一下他们十年前的思考吧。

序言

优质的服务可以帮助企业实现利益的最大化和顾客成本的最小化，即实现价值传递的本质回归。优质的服务是竞争的关键，它对于大部分顾客和防止竞争对手的仿效有着重要的作用。事实上，每个行业中都有公司展现出优质的差异化服务所特有的魅力。然而，尽管如此，价格竞争仍然是个公司向顾客提供价值的有效主导。随着沃尔玛的迅速崛起和近年来更多的公司对于疲软的需求所采取的低价竞争策略使得越来越多的营销资源向价格的竞争策略倾斜，然而，很难说人们目前只考虑价格了。

对价格竞争的特别关注，意味着公司仅仅在顾客负担的价值部分进行竞争，而忽略了价值链中的利益部分。公司为了提升专业化往往强调进行降价而不是在服务质量上进行投资以改善其专业业务。如果管理人员都接受一个以如下为中心的经营主旨，那么美国的服务行业将大大的改善。这个主旨就是：更为激烈的价格竞争是我们的行业，我们公司的优质服务却更为重要。这因为一流的服务可以使顾客因为非价格因素而和我们合作。

1993年，我们在写评论的目的是考虑到我们的研究成果和经验可以给管理者提供从整体上改善服务的指导方针打下良好的理论基础。

我们根据服务质量差距的形式简述我们对于在整个服务行业以及服务改善的十个建议，它们是：

1.倾听— 通过不断的了解顾客以及非顾客群的期望来了解顾客的真正需求（例如：通过服务质量信息系统）。

2.可靠—可靠是衡量服务质量的重要标准，是优质服务的体现。

3.基本服务— 服务公司必须以此为基础并且做他们应该做的。例如：保持承诺，运用常识，倾听顾客需求，让用户获得必要消息，并且保证让用户体验的价值。

4.服务设计—在管理服务的众多细节的同时发展整体服务观念。

5.意见反馈— 为了使那些遇到服务问题的顾客满意，服务公司应该鼓励顾客多提意见（并且要让顾客能够方便的提出意见），并且快速而且人性化的回应顾客的意见以及建立一套意见反馈系统。

6.使顾客惊讶— 尽管在顾客的服务期望中可靠是最重要的衡量标准，而要超越顾客需求（例如：服务承诺，响应性以及人性化）就需要分析那些顾客的满意标准。例如：通过迅速的反馈速度、额外的优惠、礼貌服务、承诺以及对顾客的了解，使顾客感到惊讶。

7.公正— 服务公司必须采取特殊措施来保证顾客与员工的公平。

8.团队合作— 团队合作能够使得大集团通过改进员工工作动力和能力来提升服务。

9.员工研究— 对员工进行研究揭示了服务问题为什么发生以及公司为解决问题应该做什么。

10.领导的作用— 高品质服务来源于组织中领导的激励，良好的服务系统设计，信息和技术的有效运用，以及长期的、无形的、有力的、全面的力量即企业文化。

我们认为，这十个方面是改善服务的基础。如果连这十个要素都没有完全做好的话，那么改善服务质量的空间将会大大减少。

十年过去了，我们不禁会问这些建议还有用吗？它们是否仍然适用于美国公司呢？我们坚信，它们仍然可以，并且希望在过去的十年里有更多的企业听取了他们的建议。事实上，这些建议都经受住了时间的考验，令我们遗憾的是，许多的企业都忽略了他们。

举个例子，阅读本书“公平竞争”一章，并问自己如果各大航空公司能够更注重其本的公正，他们能有今天这样的财务危机吗？许多观点认为，2001年9.11的恐怖袭击事件是航空公司麻烦的开始。然而事实上，在那之前航空公司就开始忽略经常出差的顾客群体的利益。他们利用商务旅客不能提前数周安排行程的特点制定了不利于消费者的政策。同一航班上相同座位对一个顾客收费300美元，而对于另外一个顾客收费1300美元的唯一区别是他不能确定具体时间。这样的航空公司是不会赢得顾客的信任和忠诚的。当顾客感觉到不公平时，它就会产生不满和不信任。因此，我们在撰文时认为顾客期望企业能够在服务中予以公平。

如果今天要我们重写我们的著作，我们仍要强调优质服务的意义。我们认为，所公司都是服务公司，所有公司都是通过服务为顾客创造价值。一些公司通过建立严格的服务体系，一些是通过货物和服务为他人提供价值，但这都是其评价服务质量的一部分。我们要强调的不仅仅是我们通过获得顾客的信任以建立服务的可靠性，努力超越顾客的期望以创造顾客惊喜以及建立牢固的关系的重要性，我们更要强调服务质量在创造差异化品牌的作用。在服务方面，公司是品牌，没有什么比让顾客在创建品牌过程中的实际经验更有说服力。我们也将强调优质的服务在提高工作生活质量的作用。卓越服务的建立与优秀的组织文化，实践中不断的激励和满足是密不可分的。我们相信，对于员工和顾客来说，卓越比平庸更有吸引力。

是的，回头看看过去的十年，这些关于改善服务质量的建议仍然应用不广。但是，在这个后安然时代的商业环境，他们似乎比以往有更多的应用。这些建议告诉我们，在优秀的公司里往往是它们的基本层次做的优秀。他们能够倾听他们的顾客和员工，他们站在所卖的商品的深层次进行经营，他们信守承诺，他们投资于竞争对手忽视的 “额外”服务，他们公平经营，和平相处。在这些企业看来，质量是一个旅程，不是一个目标；是一种使命，而不是一个方案。

第五篇：中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式

1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。

（参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：

[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：

[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。）

2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体 如下： [M]--专著,著作

[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]--报纸文章

[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电 子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文 ：不区分硕士还是博士论文

[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的报告”字样 [S]--标准 [P]--专利

[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章

[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字 母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：

[DB/OL]--联机网上数据(database online)[DB/MT]--磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)[M/CD]--光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)[CP/DK]--磁盘软件(computer program on disk)[J/OL]--网上期刊(serial online)[EB/OL]--网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源

二、参考文献的格式 及举例 1．期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.【举例】

[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver.The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,(3): 62 67.2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】

[4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.[5] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3．报纸类

【格 式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】

[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W.Between Silences: A Voice from China[N].Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4．论文集

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G.“Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A].In C.Nelson & L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C].Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G.Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A].In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards(eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].New York: Cambridge University Press.1996.pp.50-78.5． 学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6．研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7．专利

【格 式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期.【举例】

[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073, 1989 07 26.8．标准

【格式】[序号]标准编 号,标准名称[S].【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].9．条例

【格 式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】

[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05 10．电子文献 【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子 文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】

[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: //, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘（1983 1993）.英文版 [DB/CD].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11．各种未定 义类型的文献

【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点 符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直 接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可.其实，很多输入法（如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法）都提供了四种组合：（1）中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【１】－（而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号）也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的；（2）中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-（这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号）也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的； 上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗？我看只是-的宽度有 一点点不同，其它都一样

（3）英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，．：［１］－／（4）英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样 的,.:[1]-/ 从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比 中文标点细小很多（也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大）

所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格 更为详细的内容，大家可以从附件中下载国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则GB/T 7714-2005》查看，不过，很长很烦，拿出点耐心看吧 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原 则，具体格式是：姓,名字的首字母.如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F.& I.Gordon.②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补 充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识