武汉理工大学研一下英语考试翻译和单选总结(精)

第一篇：武汉理工大学研一下英语考试翻译和单选总结(精)

研究生英语第二学期翻译和单选 Unit 11 1.幸福不在于拥有金钱,而在于获得成就时的 喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, but in the joy of achievement sand the thrill of creative efforts.2.从 1994年开始,大学学费已经从 1000涨到 了 3500, 以至于许多学生, 尤其是那些来自贫 困区的学生选择从事兼职工作来筹集他们昂 贵的支出。

Starting from September 1994, the college tuition and fees has soared from 1000 to 3500 so that many students, especially those from poverty-stricken areas, choose to do part-time jobs to cope with their expensive expenditure.3.总统所作的决定,经常是他的判断,他对僚 属的信任以及对他们的情绪的关怀的混合体。A Presidential decision is always an amalgam of judgment, confidence in his associates, and concern about their morale.4.风格优雅华丽,曲调流畅委婉,反映出江南 人勤劳朴实、细致含蓄的性格特色。The style is refined, smooth and indirect, expressing the hard-working meticulous and Spartan character of the people who live south of the Yangtze.5.保险业最近受到几项不利的经济因素所困而 前景黯淡。The insurance industry is cursed with a set of dismal economic characteristics that make for a poor long-term outlook.6.良药苦口利于病, 忠言逆耳利于行。Although good medicine cures sickness, it is often unpalatable;likewise, sincere advice given for one ’ s well-being, is often resented.7.由于不断加重的失业焦虑、有史以来最多地 取消房屋抵押赎回权、不断攀升的能源价格, 美国人对经济的信心跌到了新低。Americans ’ confidence in the

economy fell to a new low, dragged down by worries about mounting job losses, record-high home foreclosures and zooming energy prices.8.有趣的是,我发现媒体的规模与声誉和报导 的真实性一点相关都没有。Interestingly, there has been no correlation between the size and prestige of the publication and the accuracy of the report.9.Near-term inflation expectations measured by the survey jumped to the highest since the turmoil following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in late 1990, which caused oil prices to soar sharply.调查表明近期通胀预期已达到最高,这是自 1990年底伊拉克入侵科威特导致石油价格猛 涨至今最高水平。

10.The slowdown could dovetail with Beijing's own aims to moderate the contentious trade surplus and, at the same time, recalibrate growth away from heavy industry in favour of consumption and services.经济减速能与北京缓 和有争议的贸易顺差这一目标相吻合,与此同 时,将重工业的增长调整为消费和服务业的增 长。

11.But China also need to scrutinize all her actions exposed to others because it's the year 2008 and all people are watching this country's all moves waiting for a chance to sting.但是,中 国也要仔细审查她的行动,因为这是 2008年, 所有的人都在观看这个国家的一切举动,想找 机会挑刺。

12.Both developing countries and developed countries have realized the importance of technologies in building more energy-efficient and low-emission industries, however on transferring such technologies, developed nations underline the role of markets, while developing nations urge the combination of roles of markets and governments.发达国家和发展中国家都认 识到技术对建造更多节能减排工业的重要性, 但是就转化利用这些技术而言,发达国家强调 市场作用,然而发展中国家力促市场和政府的 合作。

13.Should we let the economy continue to run on the basis of the insatiable demand of fashion and status driven consumers, whose motivations and criteria of success are

cultivated by the advertisements of companies that need to sell more to survive and thrive? 公司为卖出更多产 品以生存和兴旺,用广告影响了消费都的动机 和成功的标准,使他们永不停歇地追求时尚和

地位,我们能让经济继续这样发展吗? 14.Though they were pampered children at home, they swallowed the misunderstandings and even the insults and tried to adapt themselves to the local culture.尽管在家里是娇宝宝, 他们咽下了 误解和辱骂,尽力融入到当地文化。

Unit 12 1.女权主义运动经历了漫长的道路,它宣称女 人和男人拥有平等权利。在某种意义上现在女 人比男人拥优先权。

Feminist movement has come a long way, which claims that women should have equal rights with men.To some extent, women have more priority to men now.2.由于劳资纠纷,东方航空公司的驾驶员们驾 驶多个航班在飞离机场后,却又中途纷纷选择 返航,日前他们正和航空公司协商待遇问题。Pilots of China Eastern turned back midway on flights to airports they had set off because of a labor dispute, and now they are negotiating with the carrier over treatment and pay.3.中国政府认为因特网是技术进步的重要标 志,但同时也想阻止人们接触不良信息,因此 把不良信息重新放在网站不显眼的地方是政 府对网络采取的模棱两可的态度的表现。Chinese Government sees the internet as vital for China ’ s technological progress but, at the same time, they want to stop people from accessing unhealthy content, so relocating content to less prominent parts of website is an indication of its ambivalent attitude towards the net.4.食物纤维素被吹捧成最新的万灵仙丹,既可 减轻中,又有益健康。

Dietary fibre is tout as the latest cure – all which cuts down weight and promotes good health.5.在太空,女人比男人有明显的优势,因为她 们所需要的食物氧气较少,承受辐射的能力较 强。

Women have significant advantages over men in space because they need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better.6.中国政府目前关注农民工的最主要的需求, 即着力解决他们的就业、住房、社会保障、健 康和教育问题。At present, our nation tended first to rural migrants ’ paramount needs, which are employment, residence, social security health and education problems.7.对于让工人参与管理的提议,公司只是口头 上说说而已,并没有将之付诸实际,这使得工 们很反感。

The company pays lip service to the idea of workers ’ participation, but does nothing to put it into practice, which makes the employees repellent.8.Tax evasion was never justifiable, so it pays to be honest when it comes to tax for taxpayers.逃 税从来都是下正当的行为,所以纳税人在纳税 时讲诚实是值得的。

9.It's extremely critical for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment.The decision-maker who interview prospective employees like people who are well-prepared.在 求职时,求职者事先做好充分准备是非常关键 的,那些对未来的雇员有录用决定权的人喜欢 有充分准备的人。

10.In the end, all the world's wealth and a thousand armies are no match for the strength and decency of the human spirit.归根到底, 全世 界的财富和军队都抵不过人的精神的力量。11.Like a recurring dream, China's definitive classic tome, The dream of the Red Mansion, an 18th-century novel by Cao Xueqin, is appearing in various formats throughout the world.如同梦 境再现一样,由曹雪芹创作的中国十八世纪文 学名著《红楼梦》以不同文本在全世界流传 12.Visiting museums may be a fast and direct way to get a glimpse of Chinese colorful ethnic cultures, but the opportunity to

immerse yourself in their way of life brings unforgettable fun and active insight into local customs and beliefs.参观 博物馆或许是了解中国丰富多彩民族文化的 快速直接的途径,也是一个沉醉在他们的生活 方式之中,给你带来难忘的乐趣和增加对当地 风俗和信仰理解的机会。

13.When it comes to banning smoking in public places, there have been plenty of lip service, excuses and inept rules, but very little resolve or action.当谈到在公共场合禁烟问题时,好多人 都只是嘴上说说,找找借口,还有很多愚蠢的 规定而已,但他们很少下定决心或付诸行动。14.The leader had the gift of being able to infuse enthusiasm into the most skeptical member of the group.那位领导人很有天赋能使团体中最持怀 疑态度的人都充满热情。

15.It is forbidden to construct new project in residential areas that discharge waste gas or dust containing toxic matters.禁止在居民区新建排 放含有毒物质的废气和粉尘的项目。

Unit 13 1.我妹妹答完试卷后作了很多修改,但她弄巧 成拙, 反而又增加了几个错误。My sister made a few changes after working out the exam paper.But she should have left well enough alone for she made several new mistakes.2.我们明天十点碰头,大家集思广益,争取想 出解决问题的最好方案。Let ’ s brainstorm at 10 tomorrow and try to come up with the best solutions to the problem.3.她突然来我家造访,这让我大吃一惊。Her sudden visit to my home greatly devastated me..4.这样的言行举止将大大有损于他的公众形 象。Such speech and action made a huge dent on his public image 5.从大体上来说,就业条件和经济发展有着紧 密的相互关联。

By and large close correlation exits between employment condition and economic development.6.证据显示,创办公司前不要过多地考虑―伟 大的计划‖或许会更好。Evidence suggests that it might be better not to obsess on finding a great idea before launching a company.7.他们尝试着一切人们能想到的买卖,只要能 付清电费和汽油费。

They tried whatever people thought they could do, only if that might pay off their electricity and gasoline.8.他们大家献计献策也没能想出他的最初产品 应该是什么。

They brainstormed but failed to figure out what their initial product should be.Unit14 1.心脏病与紧张、烟以及缺乏锻炼有密切的关 系。

The heart diseases closely associate with tense, smoking and inadequate physical exercises.2.大多数绿色食品有一个共同点,即它们的价 格高于以常规方式种植的食物。

One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.3.这些理由是根本不成立的,也绝对不能得出 台湾可以―中华民国‖的名义自立成为一个国 家和海峡两岸已经分裂为两个国家的结论。These arguments are absolutely untenable, and can never lead to the conclusion that Taiwan may declare itself a state under the name of the ― Republic of China‖ , or that the two sides of the Straits have been divided into two states.4.其他的方法论原则都是以实事求是为基础、为评价历史的根本目的服务的。

Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, the other principles serve the fundamental purpose of reviewing history.5.计算机网络作为一个分布式系统,每个网点 则指定执行某一具体业务。The computer network becomes a distributed system, and each node is designated to perform a specific function.6.双方都声称,他们是维护中国的传统价值准 则二战。

Both sides claim they are fighting for the preservation of traditional Chinese values.7.对于大学生来说,要客观的评价自己,清晰 得认识到自身的优缺点,以对自己的未来作出 正确的决定。

For college students they should evaluate themselves objectively to gain insight into their own strengths and weaknesses so as to make the right decision about future.8.那个可怕的日子将永远藏在他的记忆中。That terrible day will b for ever embedded in his memory.Unit 15 1.任何了解中国历史的人都知道,世界上最早 的纸是中国汉朝人蔡伦发明的。Anyone who has the knowledge of Chinese history knows that paper was firstly invented by Cai Lun in Han Dynasty.2.欧洲成功发明的历史源远流长,但是对这些 发明进行创新的历史相当匮乏。Europe has a long history o f successful invention, but a weak history of turning those inventions into innovations.3.欧洲具备成为高科技创新载体的条件似乎应 有尽有:教育程序较高的劳动力, 著名的大学, 坚实的法律体系,发达的金融市场。但是情况 并非如此。Europe seems to have everything it takes to be a hotbed of high-tech innovation: a highly educated

workforce, great universities, a solid legal system, and advanced financial markets.Yet it is anything but.4.任何文化者有不便公开承认的禁忌——在客 套的交往中禁止你说或做的某些事,这些清规 戒律容不得任何置疑。Every culture has its unacknowledged taboos — the things you are forbidden to say or do in polite company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt.5.现在女能够更自由地选择她们想要的生活, 然而对于如何来安排她们的生活,却没有多少 选择的余地。Women now have more choices over what kind of lives they want to lead, but they do not have more choices over how they want to arrange their lives.Unit 11 1.Many traditional Chinese believe that high forehead is of great mental power.A.objective B.indicative C.directive D.decisive 2.Our country is in great danger;we must the whole nation to prepare themselves to fight.A.mechanize B.paralyze C.monopolize D.mobilize 3.the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.A.Presumably B.Respectively C.Imaginably D.Plausibly 4.A speech could inspire the audience and achieve the goal the speaker desired.A.productive B.provocative C.instructive D.ingenious

5.he is a very serious and strict scholar, but actually he is not that kind of person at all.A.Virtually B.Seemingly C.Decisively D.Likely 6.It’s difficult to someone politely, but we should try to learn to do so.A.remark B.flatter C.conflict D.contradict 7.A newspaper reader can select what he is interested in and what he thinks is boring or irrelevant.A.scan B.skip C.scrutinize D.dash 8.Party congresses at all levels are by Party committees at their respective levels.A.accumulated B.convened C.attended D.participated 9.An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters, she intended to wait for a more occasion before she announced her plans.A.propitious B.provocative C.questionable D.theoretical 10.No matter how the revelations of the coming years may be, they will be hard put to match those of the past decade, which have transformed our view of the emergence of Mayan civilization.A.minor dramatically B.profound negligibly C.striking radically D.bizarre nominally Unit 12 1.He is innocent of the crime and we will him anyway.A.stand up to B.stand up for C.stand in for D.stand out for 2.A good education is an you can fall back on for the rest of your life.A.indoctrination B.inventory C.obligation D.asset 3.This poem a vision of a future world where human being and animals live in peace and harmony.A.conjures up B.imparts C.nurtures D.disdains 4.Two rakish-but-sweet men in pursuit of her made her feel.A.repellent B.palatable C.insidious D.ambivalent 5.Building a new socialist countryside has become a thing for China in the era.A.prophylactic B.paramount C.permanent D.persistent 6.Don’t worry about the stain, it will if you use this brand of washing powder.A.brush off B.flush off C.break up D.lay off 7.He is not trustworthy.His behavior is no for his words.A.contradiction B.compromise C.match D.paradox 8.You’ve since we last met.You were a clerk then, and now you own your own factory.A.come a long way B.come round C.come through D.come over 9.He is a basketball player, and leads all rookies in points, assists, steals and minutes in the playoffs.A.talent B.agile C.versatile D.budding He is a versatile actor, one who is able to himself in all roles and is able to bring the audience into a world of fantasy, filled with dreams, laughter and sadness.A.immerse B.soak C.plunge D.empower Unit 13 1.Statistics indicate that, children in the United those of their families.A.other than B.rather than C.better than D.more than 2.Air and the sun’s rays create much distortion, and whatever tends to influence is useful to the astronomer.A.exclude B.eliminate C.extinguish D.impose 3.The young painter had the example of Picasso to and guide him.A.respire B.inspire C.expire D.induce 4.Economic development has grave on unemployment.A.relation B.connection C.implications D.associate 5.Casey founded a company to the mineral resource in the area.A.cultivate B.employ C.capitalize D.exploit B that there was no danger.A.insured ensured B.assured D.secured C C.6.The manager said that they had an plan if what they had submitted was not accepted.A.alternate absolute B.alternative D.appreciable C.4.The wild life in Africa is extremely and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.A.colorful C.diverse D.abundant B , but his B.complicated 7.As is generally believed, young people nowadays their parents.A.summon cherish 8.I can’t B.overtake

D.overhaul A what has happened to the C.C ideals that are far superior to 5.His speech was careful and words seemed to make no sense.A.distinguished distinctive B.distinct D.distinguishable C.vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A.figure out look out B.draw out D.work out C.6.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, C and turning calm situations into A.tragic turbulent 7.He couldn’t ones.B.versatile C.9.There are some disadvantages in living in the country, but, D we like it.B.by choice D.suspicious B his curiosity to see what A.by any chance C.by design was in the box.A.retain restrict B.restrain D.represent C.D.by and large 10 John wanted to make his kite go higher, but his father told him to windy.A.leave the field B.leave it in the cold D.leave over C because it was too 8.Not having a good command of English can be a serious your goals.A.barrier offences B.fault D.distress C.A preventing you from achieve C.leave well enough alone Unit 14 1.The prince hoped to the help of a foreign army.A.claim exclaim B.proclaim D.assert A the crown with 9.No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been D to Bach.C.C.A.referred identified B.associated D.attributed 2.Your excuses for not studying during the holidays may be many and have to keep you busy.A.variation variant B.variety D.various B the passengers 6 10.These classroom activities are intended to C children’s language skills.B.evolve D.inspire C.D but I still A.foster C.cultivate Unit 15 1.Don’t A it 3.The captain of the ship , but I think she has won a lottery of 500,000 Yuan.A.spread lay 2.He out B about B.spread out out C.boost D.put up A 10.In view to the present situation, the D.disseminate of the opinions among senators is certainly impossible to reach a consensus.A.divergence B.difference D.diversification C.the man to disobey orders the central government.A.inspired instilled B.instigated D.instructed C such as a C.distraction 3.The new car has many added radio, a video, a phone and so on.A.referents refinements B.refiners D.refillments C.4.Statistics show one of the principal problems which exists in food processing is the worry about its D.B.hymnal D.hygiene A of the colored lights along the C.A.hygienic cleanness 5.The Yangtze River banks forms splendid scenery of

Wuhan city.A.interplay C.interact D.interacting B.interplaying 6.More rioting in France among college students has A the government’s lack of control.B.shown D.emphasize C.A.underlined underscored 7.Instead of making people more equal, the British education system between rich and poor.A.points up C.stress 8.You C D.shows me!I didn’t hear you come in.B.surprised D.starved C.B.accentuates B the differences A.startling startled 9.The company launched a publicity campaign to C the newspaper’s circulation.B.urge C.7 A.accelerate

第二篇：研一英语考试翻译

1、如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

2、事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的 1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植 6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。

3、但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?

4、关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年，世界人口达到了 60 亿。联合国预测，到 2D0年，这个数字很可能将接近90亿，而增加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时，世界人均耕地正在减少。国际农业生物工程应用技术采购管理局(ISAAA)称，自 1960年以来，耕地面积一直持续下降，并将在今后 50年减少一半。

5、联合国估计，世界上有近8 亿人口营养不良。它产生的效应是破坏性的。大约有 4亿的育龄妇女体内缺铁，也就是说，她们的婴儿将可能有各种天生的缺陷。数量多达 1亿的儿童缺乏维生素 A，这是导致失明的主要原因。还有数千万的人患有因食物匮乏而导致的其他严重疾病和营养不良症。

6、生物技术对此能做些什么呢?生物技术专家已经培育出了含有 β—胡萝卜素(身体可将之转化为维生素 A)和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。

7、虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如，欧洲玉米螟每年毁掉 4000 万吨玉米，占世界玉米总产量的 7％。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损失。在非洲进行的抗虫害棉花试验中，棉花的产量已大幅度提高。有人担心，抗虫害的转基因作物不仅将害虫杀死，而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死，但到目前为止，这种担心似乎没有根据。

8、病毒常常在发展中国家造成主要粮食作物的大面积歉收。两年前，花叶病毒使非洲损失了超过一半的木薯，而这种作物是当地人的主要食物。转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。含铝过高的土壤会损伤作物的根系并使许多主要作物歉收，对于这种问题生物技术也能帮助解决。目前，研究人员已经识别出一种有助于中和水稻里铝的毒性的基因。

9、许多科学家认为，生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高 25％，并且帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失。

10、尽管具有这么多潜力，生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题。在发展中国家，作物歉收只是造成饥饿的一个原因。贫穷才是罪魁祸首。今天，全世界有超过 10 亿人口每天靠不到 1美元维持生计。如果农民没钱种植转基因作物或当地人买不起农民种出的粮食，培育转基因作物就无法减少饥饿。

11、此外，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题。从整体上看，世界生产的粮食足够养活所有人，但大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方。尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。

12、生物技术也面临自身的“分配”问题。许多转基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富国的私营生物技术公司进行的。对发展中国家的穷苦农民来说，这些公司的产品通常显得过于昂贵，而且这些产品中的大部分甚至无法到达最需要的地区。强大的经济刺激促使生物技术公司把富裕国家的市场作为第一目标，以便能够尽快回收产品开发的高额成本。不过，有些公司已开始对贫穷国家的需要做出反应。例如，一家总部在伦敦的公司已经宣布，它愿意和发展中国家一起分享生产维生素增强型的“金水稻”所需的技术。

二、号召气候文化变革

1.在应对气候变化这场斗争中，人类需要做的不仅仅是改用节能灯泡和购买“绿色环保”商品。正如环境科学家大卫·奥尔在其题为《坚持到底》的书中所指出的那样，我们所需要的是一个改变我们优先考虑的事的一个彻底的文化变革。问题是那个看起来不可能完成的任务是否能够实现。奥尔的书，加之最近的研究和积极的社会行动给了我们希望。2.科学界正逐渐达成一个共识：人类正在迅速走向一个全球性的气候灾难。尽管针对我们所面临的危险和代价的认识越来越多，我们能够防止灾难发生的时间却所剩无几。奥尔注意到了形势的严峻，但是并没有沉溺于绝望和失败情绪之中。奥尔的书清晰地表明我们需要做出哪些改变。3.书中，奥尔描述了三种类别的在难度上递增的变化。他所列举的第一类变化，也是最容易实现的，是重新设计用来生产食品、能量、水和其它商品的基础设施，以使这些基础设施依靠可再生资源运转。第二类变化是全面修订教育体系以提高人们的生态意识和促进富有创造力的、切实可行的问题解决能力。第三类变化是改革我们的政治体系，使其从当前的公司富豪统治（所谓的民主）变为由真正领导者领导的真正意义上的民主体制。4.如奥尔所说，我们生活“在各种失败了的‘主义’的废墟之中。共产主义和资本主义贯彻的都是“不惜一切代价求增长”的政策，而这些政策都没有充分说明自然资本和社会资本资产的价值，这些资本资产包括诸如稳定的气候、正常运转的生态系统和成功的人类社区。我们需要一种超越古今的解决办法，以便构想出一套完全不同的社会经济目标。奥尔建议制定三种“目前看起来完全不可能实现的”目标。首先，奥尔主张改变我们需要优先考虑的事，即从经济增长转变为能够真正改善每个人生活质量的发展。第二，消费文化应该集中在必需品，而不是需求品上。第三，也是最难实现的，我们应该唤起人们的“同情心和智慧以便公平地分配财富、机会和风险”。5.这些目标和用来实现这些目标的政策长久以来都是被列在社会和政治议程之内的。问题是为什么事情并未发生改变？我们如何才能使这些事情发生改变呢？奥尔机智地处理了这个问题，他指出人类的本性是灵活的，迅速的文化变革曾经发生过。比如，在二战后的美国，文化发生了改变，以允许新的社会和税收政策发挥其应有的作用，这些政策后来制造了美国的中产阶级。前苏联的解体是由于社会问题的缓慢积聚，直至达到了翻动点。由此可见，迟早有一天，那些以提高生活质量、追求公正和富足为目标的人开始胜过那些世界观锁定在不惜一切代价求增长的人。6.这样的态度正处于上升趋势，这一论断的证据部分来自于社会学家保罗·H·雷和心理学家谢利·鲁思·安德森的著述，他们对过去40年美国的世界观进行了调查和分类。他们在题为《文化创新者》（该书2000年由Crown出版公司出版）的一书中将美国人口分为三大类：“传统派”，“现代派”和“文化创新派”。“传统派”包括宗教右翼和其他喜欢重提过去的人；“现代派”指的是当前占主导地位的群体，包括“不惜一切代价求增长”类型的人；“文化创新派”包括那些持有奥尔所倡导的价值观和目标的人。到2000年为止，在美国，文化创新者的比例从20世纪60年代的几乎为零增长到25%，现在，据估计，文化创新者的比例已接近30%。当这个比例达到足以开始彻底改变美国国家的，乃至世界的政治动态时，一个新的政治翻动点就会出现。7.就像奥尔所指出的那样，各种各样积极的社会行动正在推动我们朝着文化变革的方向发展。这些行动包括英国托特尼斯“转变网络”这一慈善机构率先发起的“转变小镇”运动，该运动旨在帮助社区减少碳排放；基于加拿大温哥华的“可持续发展城市”行动，该行动支持全世界范围内的城市可持续性发展项目；还有奥尔自己旨在在美国俄亥俄州奥柏林市规划和建设可持续性发展的建筑物的行动。8.其它文化变革的指标包括保罗·霍肯在其2007年题为《幸福的动荡》（Viking出版公司出版）中所描述的成千上万个致力于恢复环境和促进社会公正的组织。2008年设立的一个法国政府委员会是诸多旨在说明GDP作为社会进步衡量标准的局限性的努力之一。这些例子均是针对为建造可持续发展的和美好的未来提供切实可行的解决办法而进行的全球性对话增多的证据。一个名为《解决办法》的期刊（我是该期刊的主编，奥尔和霍肯是副主编）很快就要问世了，以提供更广阔的进行这方面问题讨论的平台。9.这一切都表明一个全球性的文化变革正在进行中。这种变革，如奥尔在书中所得出的结论指出的那样，“已发展为一个全世界范围内的运动，这个运动拒绝接受人类注定要以一个大爆炸或在一个烧焦的、荒芜的地球上抽泣来结束我们的实验这一说法”。我们还有出路，但是机不可失，时不再来。但愿奥尔的书能够及时帮助我们实现这一必要的文化变革。

三、雄心勃勃的维基百科

1.互联网上从来就不乏疯狂透顶、野心勃勃的主意。这些主意大多没跑出将它们炮制出来的酒吧就自生自灭了。有些主意红火一时，但很快就栽了跟头。还有一些虽然坚持了下来，但是虎头蛇尾，无足轻重。然而，偶有不动声色者却能顺利过关。

2.成功者凤毛麟角，维基百科便是其中之一。就连其创始人38岁的科技企业家吉米﹒威尔士都承认，创办该网站本是个“疯狂透顶的想法”：维基百科是一个免费的、自由在线百科全书网站，任何人都可以添加内容并进行编辑。它没有编辑，没有校对大军，也没有专人检查内容是否属实；事实上，这里没有一位全职人员。换句话说，传统百科全书的概念和它风马牛不相及。

3.说它玩不转的理由有很多，说它尽善尽美也差得远，但是在不到四年的时间里，它的词条已经突破了100万大关，这些词条由阿尔巴尼亚语到祖鲁语的100种语言写成。

4.对维基百科迷来说，它是一个极好的研究资源---尽管用起来尚须谨慎为上；它还是在互联网上通过协作与合作而取得成果的楷模，其成功令人难以置信。诋毁它的人大多来自传统百科全书界和图书管理学界。对他们来说，它几乎不配“百科全书”这个称谓。

5.我们不妨引用数字来说明维基百科的成就。在庆祝不到4年时间里第100万个词条发布之际，正值《牛津国家传记词典》最新版发行。该词典历时12年才编纂完成，但是它所收入的传记只有寥寥5.5万条，而花费却高达2500万英镑。到目前为止，维基百科还是威尔士一人资助的，但目前的总支出依然是大约30万英镑。

6.新版《大英百科全书》正文有4400万字。而维基百科的总词量已经超过2.5亿了。最新版《大英百科全书》的印刷版收入了6.5万词条，在线版有7.5万个。而维基百科英文网站所收入的词条已有大约36万之多了，而且新的词条与日俱增。

7.但是，如果质量不好，数量再多也没有用。这正是争议的起因。

8.图书管理员兼互联网顾问菲利浦﹒布拉德认为：“从理论上讲，这是个不错的想法，但实际上，我是不会用它的；我觉得任何图书管理员都不会使用这个网站。主要问题在于它缺乏权威性。对于印刷出版物来说，出版商必须要保证其数据的可靠性，因为这关系到他们的饭碗问题。但是像维基百科这样的东西，过一阵就完了。”

9.威尔士是这样回应的，他承认维基百科模式所带来的结果决不会没有错误（他们已经在网站上阐明了这一点），但是他还提到了本月出版的一家德国科技杂志上的一篇文章，这篇文章将维基百科与两部老牌传统数字百科全书Brockhaus与微软的 Encarta 进行了比较。文章对三种百科全书在广度、深度及内容的易理解程度、搜索难易度和多媒体内容的质量进行了测评。维基百科轻松胜出。

10.丹﹒格尔默---硅谷的评论员和《我们媒体》的作者，是很多自由迷当中的一员：“我不认为每个人都说维基百科是传统百科全书的绝对替代品。但是就我所了解的题目而言，我发现维基百科和我找到的任何资料一样精确。”

11.事实上，维基百科正在不断发展壮大。现在每天大约会有3000新词条加入进去（其中大约700到800条是英语词条）；随着网站规模的扩大，在网站上对此条进行编辑的次数也与日俱增。今年9月，每篇文章平均有11次被编辑。有关以巴冲突的词条今年一年就被编辑了250多次。

12.事实上维基百科揭示了百科全书中通常鲜为人知的一面：即隐藏在每个词条背后数不清的决定。维基百科与其他百科全书唯一的不同之处是，维基百科的决策过程无休无止，起码可以说，争论往往十分激烈。

13.威尔士称，在他的百科全书里，词条“就如同香肠一样：你可能会喜欢它的味道，但未必想去看看它的制作过程。”

14.它可能还有点像无政府状态。而且，鉴于它缺乏中央控管，严格说来，它确实处于无政府状态。然而，使之行之有效的因素有三：

15.第一是其所有权，以及没有商业需求的压力。该网站是由志愿者来操控的，现在归一个基金会所有，这说明人们自愿为这一事业付出时间及知识财产。它设法将每年的运作费用控制在10万美元以下。

16.第二是首要的编辑原则，即所有文章均应体现一个“中立观点”。据威尔士称，这既是一条编辑方针，也是“让人们合作共事的一项社会技能”。

17.第三（这可能也是最关键的一条）是它形成了一个异常错综复杂而又民主的社会工作秩序，使得这个庞大而杂乱的项目有章可循。

18.为“维基百科”公告或者编辑文章的“维基百科人”有数十万之多。但是据威尔士称，其核心团队大约只有200人，这些人目前都相互很熟悉。在这个核心内圈之外还有一个约2000人的核心队伍，在上个月他们每人都有100次以上的编辑。在这个核心之外，还有大约1万人，他们每人至少会进行5次编辑。他们当中有行政人员、政府官员、管理人员、开发人员等等，他们各有不同的技术等级和管理权限，19.整个体系在网页上一目了然。编辑方针及策略都张贴在网页上，以供人们进行讨论和投票。虽然维基百科的内容会自动而无序地增加，但维基百科的社会构成，如果不经核心团队应允，不会发生变化。

20.在成功面前，威尔士和他的志愿者团队并没有满于现状，不思进取。他正在进行协商，想把维基百科的一部分内容印刷并在非洲发放，以此作为实现“将免费的百科全书送到每个地球人手中”这一远大抱负的一步。疯狂透顶吗？野心勃勃吗？绝对是。但是看看他们在过去3年半中的斐然业绩，如果你打赌说他们不会成功，那你可能也同样发疯了。

八．Music and the Brain 八．

1、音乐环绕在我们周围，这是音乐唯一的方式。振奋人心的管弦乐的高潮部分会使我们热泪盈眶，精神振奋；背景音乐的推进增加了电影和电视剧的情感色彩；球类比赛中风琴演奏使我们共同起立欢呼；父母的轻唱使婴儿得到安抚。

2、我们对音乐的喜好根深蒂固：自从文化诞生之日起，我们就开始创造音乐。3万年以前，早起人类就已经吹骨笛、使用打击乐器、吹单簧口琴——世界上所有已知社会都有音乐。的确，我们欣赏音乐的能力似乎是与生俱来的。两个月大的婴儿就会对美妙和谐的声音表现出青睐，而对刺耳的声音则会表现出厌恶。当交响乐的终结曲目给我们带来美妙的快感是，大脑中的快感中枢就会兴奋起来，这种感觉就像我们吃了巧克力或者喝了可卡因一样。

3、这其中存在着一个有趣的生物之谜：为什么音乐——这一广受人们喜爱并以其独特的魅力牵动人的情感的事物——如此盛行，又对我们如此重要？他的出现是否在某种程度上有助于人类的生存，比如像墨西哥大学的杰弗里F米勒所提出的，它能促进择偶？或者，借用哈佛大学的史蒂芬品克的话，音乐仅仅是“听力奶油蛋糕”，也就是说，它是进化中的偶然事件，不经意却满足了人类的幻想

4、为什么音乐如此盛行，又对我们如此重要。对于这个问题，神经科学家尚未得出最终答案。但是近几年来我们对于音乐在大脑中何处以何种方式进行加工的这一问题已经开始有了越来越深入的理解。这应当能够为我们回答进化问题打下一定的基础。出乎人们的意料，对脑损伤病人的研究和对健康个体的图像共同揭示了大脑中不存在专门加工音乐的中枢。音乐占用了遍布大脑各处的多个区域，包括那些一般情况下处理其他认知活动的区域。对音乐起作用的区域因个人的经历和所受的训练而异，在人类感觉器官中，耳朵具有的感觉细胞最少，只有3500个内毛细胞，而眼睛则拥有1亿个感光器。但是大脑对音乐的反应却相当灵活：甚至仅仅经过一点训练就能改变大脑处理音乐输入信息的方式。

5、现代图像处理技术出现之前，科学家理解大脑内部对音乐的处理主要是依靠研究病人，包括曾经因为外伤、中风或其它疾病而表现出大脑缺陷的著名作曲家。例如，法国作曲家莫里斯·斯拉威尔在1933年开始表现出看似局部脑退化的症状，即由于某些具体区域的大脑组织萎缩而导致的精神紊乱。他的概念性能力仍然完好无损——他仍然能够听到和记住自己以前的作品，并且可以弹奏音节，但是他无法再创作音乐。拉威尔有一次在谈到他所提议的歌剧《圣女贞德》时，向朋友坦白说“„这个歌剧就在这里，在我脑子里，我能听到它，但是我无论如何也不能谱写出来了。一切都完了，我再也创作不了音乐了。”这一案例支持了大脑中或许不具有专门处理音乐区域这一观点。

6、另外一个作曲家的经历进一步表明音乐和语言是独立进行加工的。俄国作曲家维萨里森沙柏林于1953年患中风，丧失了说话和听话的能力。但是在此后10年间，一直到他去世前，他却仍然具有创作音乐的能力。因此，关于音乐和语言各自进行加工的假设似乎是正确的，尽管近期的研究使人们对这个问题的理解更加细化且稍有不同，即音乐和语言有共享的两个特点：其一，两者都是交流方式；其二，音乐和语言都有句法，即约束其基本元素（分别为音符和单词）正确结合的一套规则。圣地亚哥神经学院的奥耐滴D派特认为，图像结果表明额叶的一个区域可以构建音乐和言语的句法，而大脑其他部分处理语言和音乐加工的相关方面工作。

7、图像研究也为我们提供了大脑对音乐做出反应的较为精细的画面。如果我们看一下耳朵一般是如何将声音传递给大脑的，就能看出这些研究结果说明的问题。正如其它感觉系统，听力系统也是分层排列的，从耳朵到听力脑皮层这一最高层包括一系列的神经加工站。对声音，如音调的加工从内耳开始，内耳将由诸如小提琴所发出的声音分成基本组成频率，然后将这一信息以一系列的神经元放电形式沿着听力神经分别调试的纤维进行传递。最终，这些神经元放电到达位于额叶的听力脑皮层。大脑中听力系统的不同细胞对特定频率的敏感性最强；相邻细胞的调谐曲线有重叠之处，因此，不会有漏掉的音符。其实，由于相邻细胞调谐于相似的频率，使得听力脑皮层表面形成了一个‘频率分布图’。

8、然而，音乐本身要更加复杂，音乐包含一系列的音调，听懂音乐意味着要掌握声音之间的关系。大脑很多区域参与了对音乐各组成部分的加工活动。就拿既有频率又有音量的音调来说，研究者曾一度认为对特定频率敏感的细胞当在检测到这一频率时总会以相同的方式做出反应。

9、但是在二十世纪80年代后期，我和托马斯M麦肯纳在加利福尼亚大学欧文分校的实验室对旋律曲线，即构成所有旋律基本元素的升降调模式进行相关实验后，对上述观点提出了质疑。我们用五个同样的音符组成具有不同旋律曲线的曲调，然后记录下来猫听力脑皮层中各个神经元的反应。我们发现细胞做出的反应（即神经元放电）因旋律曲线而异，由特定音调在曲调中的位置而定，当该音调位于曲调中间而非最开始的位置时，细胞会做出最强烈的反应。而且，同样的一个音符，当它位于升调曲线中时和当它位于降调曲线或是更复杂曲线中时，细胞做出的反应也各不相同。这些研究结果表明，曲调模式至关重要：听力系统的加工完全不同于将电话和音响系统中的声音进行简单转化。

10、大脑对音乐的反应还由听众的经历和所受训练而定，只要稍做训练就可以很快改变大脑的反应。例如，约10年前，科学家还认为听力脑皮层中的每一个细胞对固定的音符调谐，但是对旋律曲线的研究使我们对此提出质疑，我们认为细胞调谐可以通过学习而改变，某些细胞可以对那些引发注意力或储存在记忆中的声音表现出特别的敏感性。

11、为了解决上述问题，我和琼S贝克，简麦克爱德森于二十世纪90年代进行一系列实验，以研究当受试者得知某一音调较为重要时，其听力脑皮层的基本结构是否会发生变化。我们试验小组首先给试验小鼠播放了许多不同音调，然后记录下来他们听力脑皮层中的不同细胞做出的反应，从而测定哪些音调能够引起最强烈的反应。然后，我们用发送信号使小鼠的脚轻微跳动的方式告知它们某个不受关注的音调的重要性。几分钟之后，小鼠学会了这种关联性。然后，我们在受训后一直到其两个月内几次测得小鼠对不同音调的反应，发现神经元调谐的喜好已经从原来偏好的音调转为信号强调的音调。因此，学习使大脑变调，从而使更多的细胞对行为上有重要意义的声音做出敏感的反应。

12、总之，到目前为止，研究结果表明音乐具有生物学基础，大脑中存在与音乐相关的功能性结构。虽然研究才刚刚起步，我们似乎仍然可以清楚地看出多个大脑区域参与音乐加工的特定工作，或者辅助音乐感知，或者引发情感反应。这些结果显示学习使大脑重新调谐，既增加了个体细胞的灵敏度，同时也增加了对听众觉得重要的声音做出反应的细胞的数量。随着有关音乐和大脑的研究进一步深入，我们有理由相信我们不仅会加深对音乐和其存在的原因的理解，同时也会了解音乐的多面性。

第三篇：武汉理工大学研究生英语下单选总结

Unit 11

1.Many traditional Chinese believe that high forehead is of great mental power.A.objectiveB.indicativeC.directiveD.decisive

2.Our country is in great danger;we mustthe whole nation to prepare themselves to fight.A.mechanizeB.paralyzeC.monopolizeD.mobilize

3.the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.A.PresumablyB.RespectivelyC.ImaginablyD.Plausibly

4.A speech could inspire the audience and achieve the goal the speaker desired.A.productiveB.provocativeC.instructiveD.ingenious

5.he is a very serious and strict scholar, but actually he is not that kind of person at all.A.VirtuallyB.SeeminglyC.DecisivelyD.Likely

6.It’s difficult tosomeone politely, but we should try to learn to do so.A.remarkB.flatterC.conflictD.contradict

7.A newspaper reader can select what he is interested in and what he thinks is boring or irrelevant.A.scanB.skipC.scrutinizeD.dash

8.Party congresses at all levels are by Party committees at their respective levels.A.accumulatedB.convenedC.attendedD.participated

9.An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters, she intended to wait for a more occasion before she announced her plans.A.propitiousB.provocativeC.questionableD.theoretical

10.No matter howthe revelations of the coming years may be, they will be hard put to match those of the past decade, which have transformed our view of the emergence of Mayan civilization.A.minordramaticallyB.profoundnegligibly

C.strikingradicallyD.bizarrenominally

Unit 12

1.He is innocent of the crime and we will him anyway.A.stand up toB.stand up forC.stand in forD.stand out for

2.A good education is an you can fall back on for the rest of your life.A.indoctrinationB.inventoryC.obligationD.asset

3.This poema vision of a future world where human being and animals live in peace and harmony.A.conjures upB.impartsC.nurturesD.disdains

4.Two rakish-but-sweet men in pursuit of her made her feel.A.repellentB.palatableC.insidiousD.ambivalent

5.Building a new socialist countryside has become athing for China in the era.A.prophylacticB.paramountC.permanentD.persistent

6.Don’t worry about the stain, it will if you use this brand of washing powder.A.brush offB.flush offC.break upD.lay off

7.He is not trustworthy.His behavior is no for his words.A.contradictionB.compromiseC.matchD.paradox

8.You’ve since we last met.You were a clerk then, and now you own your own factory.A.come a long wayB.come roundC.come throughD.come over

9.He is a basketball player, and leads all rookies in points, assists, steals and minutes in the playoffs.A.talentB.agileC.versatileD.buddingHe is a versatile actor, one who is able to himself in all roles and is able to bring the audience into a world of fantasy, filled with dreams, laughter and sadness.A.immerseB.soakC.plungeD.empower

Unit 13

those of their families.A.other thanB.rather thanC.better thanD.more than

2.Air and the sun’s rays create much distortion, and whatever tends toinfluence is useful to the astronomer.A.excludeB.eliminateC.extinguishD.impose

3.The young painter had the example of Picasso toand guide him.A.respireB.inspireC.expireD.induce

4.Economic development has grave on unemployment.A.relationB.connectionC.implicationsD.associate

5.Casey founded a company tothe mineral resource in the area.A.cultivateB.employC.capitalizeD.exploit

6.The manager said that they had anplan if what they had submitted was not accepted.A.alternateB.alternativeC.absoluteD.appreciable

7.As is generally believed, young people nowadays ideals that are far superior to their parents.A.summonB.overtakeC.cherishD.overhaul

8.I can’twhat has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A.figure outB.draw outC.look outD.work out

9.There are some disadvantages in living in the country, but, we like it.A.by any chanceB.by choiceC.by designD.by and large 10 John wanted to make his kite go higher, but his father told him to because it was too windy.A.leave the fieldB.leave it in the coldC.leave well enough aloneD.leave over

Unit 14

1.The prince hoped to the crown with the help of a foreign army.A.claimB.proclaimC.exclaimD.assert

2.Your excuses for not studying during the holidays may be many and but I still have to keep you busy.A.variationB.varietyC.variantD.various

3.The captain of the shipthe passengers that there was no danger.A.insuredB.assuredC.ensuredD.secured

4.The wild life in Africa is extremely and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.A.colorfulB.complicatedC.diverseD.abundant

5.His speech was careful and, but his words seemed to make no sense.A.distinguishedB.distinctC.distinctiveD.distinguishable

6.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations intoones.A.tragicB.versatileC.turbulentD.suspicious

7.He couldn’t his curiosity to see what was in the box.A.retainB.restrainC.restrictD.represent

8.Not having a good command of English can be a serious preventing you from achieve your goals.A.barrierB.faultC.offencesD.distress

9.No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been to Bach.A.referredB.associatedC.identifiedD.attributed

10.These classroom activities are intended to children’s language skills.A.fosterB.evolveC.cultivateD.inspire

Unit 15

1.Don’tit, but I think she has won a lottery of 500,000 Yuan.A.spreadaboutB.spreadoutC.layoutD.disseminateout

2.Hethe man to disobey orders the central government.A.inspiredB.instigatedC.instilledD.instructed

3.The new car has many added such as a radio, a video, a phone and so on.A.referentsB.refinersC.refinementsD.refillments

4.Statistics show one of the principal problems which exists in food processing is the worry about its.A.hygienicB.hymnalC.cleannessD.hygiene

5.The of the colored lights along the Yangtze River banks forms splendid scenery of Wuhan city.A.interplayB.interplayingC.interactD.interacting

6.More rioting in France among college students hasthe government’s lack of control.A.underlinedB.shownC.underscoredD.emphasize

7.Instead of making people more equal, the British education systemthe differences between rich and poor.A.points upB.accentuatesC.stressD.shows

8.Youme!I didn’t hear you come in.A.startlingB.surprisedC.startledD.starved

9.The company launched a publicity campaign tothe newspaper’s circulation.A.accelerateB.urgeC.boostD.put up

10.In view to the present situation, theof the opinions among senators is certainly impossible to reach a consensus.A.divergenceB.differenceC.distractionD.diversification

第四篇：太原理工大学研究生英语考试翻译资料

1.Alienation 疏离

By alienation is meant a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien.He has become, one might say, estranged from himself.He does not experience himself as the center of his world, as the creator of his own acts — but his acts and their consequences have become his masters, whom he obeys, or whom he may even worship.The alienated person is out of touch with himself as he is out of touch with other person.He, like the others, is experienced as things are experienced;with the senses and with common sense, but at the same time without being related to oneself and to the world outside positively.Erich Fromm(1900 — 1980)： The Sane Society 疏离

疏离，指的是人在体验自己时，把自己视为外人的一种体验模式。有人说，这是自己疏远了自己。这种人不觉得自己是个人世界的中心，不认为自己的行为是自己所做的，相反地，行为和行为的后果才是他的主宰，他必须服从甚至崇拜。疏离的人疏远自己，就好像是他在疏远别人一样。他就像其他人，别人对他的感受方式和人们对事物的感受方式一样；他用感官和常识来体验，却无法同时与自己或外在世界产生明确的关联。

德国精神分析学家及社会哲学家弗罗姆：《健全的社会》

2.Beauty 美

The ancients called beauty the flowering of virtue.Who can analyze the nameless charm which glances from one and another face and form? We are touched with emotions of tenderness and complacency, but we cannot find whereat this dainty emotion, this wandering gleam, points.It is destroyed for the imagination by any attempt to refer it to organization.Nor does it point to any relations of friendship or love known and described in society, but, as it seems to me, to a quite other and unattainable sphere, to relations of transcendent delicacy and sweetness, to what roses and violets hint and foreshow.We cannot approach beauty.Its nature is like opaline doves'-neck luster, hovering and evanescent.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Essays美

古人说，“美”是品德之花。瞥视它的容貌样子，谁能说明那种难以言喻的魅力呢？我们因温和满足之情而动容，但我们无法得知这种恍惚闪光般的雅兴究竟指向何方。如果想把美整理出个条理，就会破坏了美的想象。美也不在表现社会所说的友谊或爱情的关系，在我看来，美所呈现的是一个迥然不同且无法企及的领域，指出一种超越性的感觉和甜蜜的关系，说明玫瑰和紫罗兰所暗示或预示的是什么。我们无法接近美。美的本质犹如鸽子颈项上的乳白光泽，飘忽即逝。

美国散文家、哲学家及诗人爱默生：《文集》

3.Childhood 童年

Childhood is less clear to me than to many people: when it ended I turned my face away from it for no reason that I know about, certainly without the usual reason of unhappy memories.For many years that worried me, but then I discovered that the tales of former children are seldom to be trusted.Some people supply too many past victories or pleasures with which to comfort themselves, and other people cling to pains, real and imagined, to excuse what they have become.I think I have always know about my memory.I know when it is to be trusted and when some dream or fantasy entered on the life, and the dream, the need of dream, led to distortion of what happened.And so I knew early that the rampage angers of an only child were distorted nightmares of reality.But I trust absolutely what I remember about Julia.Lillian Hellman(1905 — 1984)： Julia

童年

我小时候的记忆比许多人模糊：不知道为什么，童年一结束，我就别过脸去，但我知道决不是因为有着痛苦回忆这种常见的原因。关于这一点，多年来便困扰着我，但后来我发现，旧时儿事，通常不足以为信。有些人搬出好些昔日的盛事趣事来聊以自慰，有些人则念念不忘或真实或想象而来的痛苦，把它当成自己何以变得如此 1的口实。

我想我一向清楚自己的记性，知道那一段时间的记忆是可以相信的，明白生活中在何时又掺进了梦想或幻想。做过的梦和对梦想的需要，扭曲了发生的事件。我也很早就了解到，独生子之所以大吵大闹，是做恶梦之后所扭曲的结果。然而，对于茱丽亚的回忆，我百分之百相信是确实无误的。

美国女作家莉莲·海尔曼：《茱丽亚》

4.Cities and City Life 都市与都市生活

Living in cities is an art, and we need the vocabulary of art, of style, to describe the peculiar relationship between man and material that exists in the continual creative play of urban living.The city as we imagine it, then, soft of illusion, myth, aspiration, and nightmare, is as real, maybe more real, than the hard city one can locate on maps in statistics, in monographs on urban sociology and demography and architecture.Jonathan Raban: Soft City

都市与都市生活

生活在都市里是一门艺术，我们需要艺术和时尚的词汇，才能描绘存在于日新月异的都市生活中的人类与物质之间的独特关系。于是我们想象的都市，充满了柔性的幻想、神话和梦魇。这样的城市，比起可按统计值绘制在地图上、可在都市社会学、人口学、建筑学专著中见到的那种生硬城市，都是同样真实的，甚或更加真实。

英国作家乔纳森·拉班：《柔性城市》

5.Declaration of Independence 独立宣言

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.That , to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Thomas Jefferson(1743 — 1826)

独立宣言

我们认为以下的真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予每个人一些不可剥夺的权力，包括生命、自由和追求幸福的权力。政府的成立乃是为了保障这些权力，政权则由人民授权而来。对于无法保障这些全力的政府，人民有权改变或废除，进而建立新政府，并采取此原则为基础，以此方式组织权力，因为这是最有可能实现安全与幸福的方法。

美国第三届总统托马斯·杰斐逊（1776）

6.Difference of Opinion 意见分歧(考的可能性不大)

One lesson we learn early, that in spite of seeming difference, men are all of one pattern.We readily assume this with our mates, and are disappointed and angry if we find that we are premature, and that their watches are slower than ours.In fact, the only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Society and Solitude

意见分歧

我们很早就学到了这一课：人在表面上尽管有所差异，实际上却都是一个样子。我们就是这样假设我们的伙伴的，所以如果我们发现自己来的早了，发现别人的表走得比较慢，我们就会失望和生气。事实上，我们永远无法互相原谅的惟一过错，就是意见有所分歧。

美国散文家、哲学家及诗人爱默生：《社会与孤寂》

7.The Sympathy of Nature 大自然的恻隐之心

Such was the sympathy of Nature — that wild, heathen Nature of the forest, never subjugated by human law, nor illuminated by higher truth…Love, whether newly born, or aroused from a death-like slumber, must always create a sunshine, filling the heart so full radiance, that it overflows upon the

outward world.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804 — 1864)： The Scarlet Letter 大自然的恻隐之心

这是大自然的恻隐之心——森林那种野性、未开化的大自然模样，从未受制于人类法律，也未曾受过高深真理的启迪……爱，无论是初生的，或是从死亡般的沉睡中苏醒过来的，总会产生一道阳光，让内心充满光芒，流溢到外在世界。

美国作家霍桑：《红字》

8.England and the English 英格兰与英国人

There is nothing so sad or so good that you will not find an Englishman doing it;but you will never find an Englishman in the wrong.He does everything on principle.He fights you on patriotic principles;he robs you on business principles;he enslaves you on imperial principles;he bullies you on manly principles;he supports his king on loyal principles and cuts off his king's head on republican principles.His watchword is always Duty;and he never forgets that the nation which lets its duty get on the opposite side to its interest is lost.George Bernard Shaw(1856 — 1950)： Napoleon 英格兰与英国人

你会发现，英国人所做的事，要么极坏，要么极好，可是呢，你就是不会发现他 22理亏。他们做什么都是有有原则的。和你打仗时，他们根据爱国原则；抢劫你的时候，根据商业原则；奴役你的时候，根据帝国主义原则；欺负你的时候，根据男子汉原则；支持皇室嘛，根据忠诚原则；把国王的头砍掉呢，则是依据共和体制原则。他的口号都是“责任”，而且他也从没忘记过，让责任变得违背利益的那个国家已经消失了。

爱尔兰剧作家、小说家及评论家潇伯纳：《拿破仑》

9.Experience 经验

Experience is not a matter of having actually swum the Hellespont, or danced with the dervishes, or slept in a doss-house.It is a matter of sensibility and intuition, of seeing and hearing the significant things, of paying attention at the right moments, of understanding and coordinating.Experience is not what happens to a man;it is what a man does with happens to him.Aldous Huxley(1894 — 1963)： Texts and Pretexts

经验

经验这件事嘛，并非是真的要去泅渡海勒斯海峡，要去和托钵僧共舞，或是去投宿廉价客栈。经验一事乃是关乎感觉和本能，在看到和听说了有意义的事情时，能够在恰当时刻留意到并且有所领悟和协调。经验，并不是指人遇到了什么，而是指人如何处理所遇到的事情。

英国作家奥尔德斯·赫胥黎：《正题与藉口》

10.The Four Freedoms 四大自由

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world.The fourth is freedom from fear — which, translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor — anywhere in the world.Franklin D.Roosevelt(1882 — 1945)： January 6, 1941, one of annual messages to Congress 四大自由

在我们力求安定德未来日子里，我们期待一个以人类四大基本自由为基础的世界。

•世界各地都有言论与表达的自由。

•世界各地人人都有用自己的方式来崇拜上帝的自由。

•有免于匮乏的自由，用世俗的话来说，亦即在经济上保障世界各国的居民都能够拥有健康和平的生活。•有免于恐惧的自由，用世俗的话来说，亦即彻底地世界性裁减军备以至于世界上任何地方的任何国家都无法侵犯任何邻国。

美国第三十二届总统罗斯福：1941年1月6日致国会咨文

11.Hate 仇恨

There is no hate without fear.Hate is crystallized fear, fear's dividend, fear objectivized.We hate what we fear and so where hate is, fear is lurking.Thus we hate what threatens our person, our vanity and our dreams and plans for ourselves.If we can isolate this element in what we hate we may be able to cease from hating.Cyril Connolly(1903 — 1974)： The Unquiet Grave

仇恨

仇恨之中必有恐惧。仇恨是恐惧的结晶、附属品和客体化。我们讨厌我们所害怕的东西，所以有恨的地方，就潜伏着恐惧。也因此，我们讨厌会威胁我们的人身、自由、隐私、收入、声望、虚荣、梦想或是个人计划的东西。如果我们能够在仇恨之中滤出恐惧的因素，或许我们就不会再有仇恨了。

英国作家康诺利：《不平静的坟墓》

12.Idleness 懒散

Idleness predominates in many lives where it is not suspected;for, being a vice which terminates in itself, it may be enjoyed without injury to others;and it is therefore not watched like fraud, which endangers property;or like pride, which naturally seeks its gratifications in another's inferiority.Idleness is a silent and peaceful quality, that neither raises envy by ostentation, nor hatred by opposition;and therefore nobody is busy to censure or detect it.Samuel Johnson(1709 — 1784)： Idleness

懒散

懒散这种恶习仅限于个人人可以懒散却不会伤害到别人，也因此，它在不觉中主宰着许多人的生活。懒散看起来并不像会危及财产的诈骗行为，也不像骄傲那样，藉由别人的劣势来获取自己的满足感。懒散具有静默安详的特性，不会因为卖弄而惹人嫉妒，也不会因为反对什么而招致怨恨，所以没有人忙于非难或盘查它。

英国诗人及评论家塞缪尔·约翰逊：《懒散》

13.科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，就会出现“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”的情况，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大的帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。正如歌德所说，“我们赞同的东西使我们处之泰然，我们反对的东西才使我们的思想获得丰产。”这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。

Science means the exploration of truth.In the process of exploring truth, people will have to experience tremendous hardships and difficulties before they can come to understand the objective laws.It is often the case that the differences in the research perspectives, the materials mastered, and the ways of understanding would lead to totally different results-as we might say, “a mountain becomes a hill when viewed horizontally and a ridge when viewed vertically, and it assumes totally different shapes when viewed from a short or a long distance, or from a high or a low position.”-and even lead to academic disputes.Therefore, an accomplished scientist would regard opposing arguments as his most tremendous benefit and take others' criticism of him as the most precious friendship that he can ever obtain.In Gothe's words, “We take for granted what we are in favor of.However, only what we are opposed to can enrich our thoughts.” This is all because the approving opinions are not necessarily justified while the opposing arguments are not necessarily unfounded.To put it in the least way, even the opposing arguments that are mistaken will be immensely beneficial to one's own scientific research.14.中国将坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，继续加强同发展中国家的团结合作，同它们一道维护发展中国家正当合理的权益。同时，我们要进一步致力于稳定周边、巩固睦邻友好。我们还将不断地充实与各个大

国已经建立或正在建立的未来关系框架的内涵。我们将更积极地参与国际事务和各种多边外交活动，坚决反对霸权主义、强权政治，推动在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的国际政治、经济新秩序。

China will unswervingly observe the independent and peaceful foreign policy.It will continue to reinforce its solidarity and cooperation with the developing countries in the world and, together with them, to safeguard the just and reasonable rights of the developing countries.At the same time, we will be further committed to stabilizing our peripheral areas and to consolidating the harmonious friendship with our neighboring countries.We will also make continued efforts to enrich the implications of the framework of the future relations that have been established or that are being established with all the major countries of the world.We will take more positive steps to participate in international affairs and in various kinds of multilateral diplomatic activities.China will remain firm in its opposition to hegemonism, power politics and will endeavor to promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair, reasonable, equal and reciprocally beneficial.15.中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。中国将继续深化改革，扩大开放，坚 定不移地发展社会主义市场经济，走可持续发展道路，合理利用和保护资源。中国愿一如既往 地积极参与国际资源环境合作，与世界各国一道，为实现人类社会可持续发展而携手奋进。

China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources.China will continue to deepen the reform, widen the opening-up, develop the socialist market economy unswervingly, take the road of sustainable development, and rationally use and protect its resources.China will, as usual, take an active part in international cooperation for the development of resources and environment protection, and join hands with all other countries in the world in advancing boldly to achieve the sustainable development of human society

16.2008年9月以来，世界经济遭受了上世纪大萧条以来最为严峻的挑战。各国纷纷采取措施，应对国际金融危机的严重冲击。中国政府及时果断调整宏观经济政策，实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，迅速出台促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划，对缓解经济运行中的突出矛盾、增强信心、稳定预期，发挥了重要作用。这个一揽子计划最直接、最重要的目标，是扭转经济增速下滑趋势、保持经济平稳较快增长，并力求解决制约中国经济发展的结构性问题，加快转变发展方式，全面提升各种生产要素的质量和水平，为中国经济长远发展打下更加牢固的基础。

Since last September, the world economy has run into the most serious challenges ever since the Great Depression of the last century.Countries around the world have taken steps to cope with the severe impact of the global financial crisis.In the face of the crisis, the Chinese Government made swift and decisive adjustments to its macroeconomic policies.We adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, and put in place a package plan to ensure steady and relatively fast economic growth.These measures have proved essential for easing major problems in the economy, shoring up confidence and stabilizing expectations.The most immediate and important goal of our package plan is to reverse the economic downturn and maintain steady and relatively fast growth.It is also designed to address structural problems constraining China's economic development, speed up the transformation of growth pattern and raise the quality and performance of factors of production in order to lay a more solid foundation for China's economic growth in the long run.17.进入 21 世纪，经济全球化、信息网络化，已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各 自封闭的，而是在相互影响中多元共存。一个国家、一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小，越来越 取决于她吸收外来文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传 统，又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。

In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together.Different cultures live together and influence each other.No culture can flourish in isolation.How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself.That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and

social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.18.00.6.24

The response of adults to the behavior of adolescents is often more strongly influenced by the adults’ own needs than by the way the adolescents are acting.The adult world clings stubbornly to social order, resistive to the young people whose questioning , risk-taking and spontaneity threaten existing arrangements.Adult fears that adolescents will escape their control, with the anxiety about unplanned change and disorderliness, lead to determined efforts to restrain young people through familial and societal regulation.The youth who searches for and attains what his parents had yearned for and then denied themselves, attacks the most vulnerable facet of adult personality----the fragile self-esteem.It is no wonder, then, that rather than an attempt at loving understanding, the parent responds with bitterness and opposition.成年人对青少年行为所做出的反应并不完全取决于他们的行为本身;成年人的反应往往是从自身需要出发。成年人恪守社会规范;反对青年人怀疑现状、铤而走险、崇尚自由以至威胁到现有的格局。成年人害怕青少年摆脱他们的束缚,担心失去控制会变得一发不可收拾,因此他们通过家庭和社会两方面的章法去约束青年人。当青年人追求并且得到了父母曾经渴望过、继而又放弃了的东西,他们便触及了成年人格中最薄弱之处他们的———易受伤害的自尊。难怪父母亲非但不会做到努力用爱心去理解青少年,反而会对他们的行为横加阻拦。19.04.06.20

As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification.When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes.In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible.However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light.The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.语言学是认知科学的一个分支，在语言习得和分类方面已得到系统的研究和阐述。谈到语言学习，西方人公认汉字的拼写特别困难，他们对众多的笔画一筹莫展。在中国仍有一种错误的认识，认为只要幼儿尽早接触本族语者，就能取得最佳效果。但是，只有到了大脑的研究十分发达，已揭示了大脑每一区域功能之时，人们才能对语言习得的过程有更深刻的了解。中国的家长们是否应急于让孩子精通英语还值得商榷。

第五篇：武汉理工大学研究生英语下课后翻译总结

Unit11 1.幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, but in the joy of achievements and the thrill of creative efforts.2.从1994年开始，大学学费已经从1000涨到了3500，以至于许多学生，尤其是那些来自贫困区的学生选择从事兼职工作来筹集他们昂贵的支出。

Starting from September1994, the college tuition and fees has soared from1000 to 3500 so that many students, especially those from poverty-stricken areas, choose to do part-time jobs to cope with their expensive expenditure.3.总统所做的决定，经常是他的判断，他对僚属的信任以及对他们的情绪的关怀的混合体。

A presidential decision is always an amalgam of judgement, confidence in his associates, and concern about their morale.4.风格优雅华丽，曲调流畅委婉，反映出江南人勤劳朴实、细致含蓄的性格特色。

The style is refined, smooth and indirect, expressing the hard-working meticulous and Spartan character of the people who live south of the Yangtze.5.保险业最近受到几项不利的经济因素所困而前景黯淡。

The insurance industry is cursed with a set of dismal economic characteristics that make for a poor long-term outlook.6.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。

Although good medicine cures sickness, it is often unpalatable;likewise, sincere advice given for one’s well-being, is often resented.7.由于不断加重的失业焦虑、有史以来最多地取消房屋抵押赎回权、不断攀升的能源价格，美国人对经济的信心跌到了新低。

Americans’ confidence in the economy fell to a new low, dragged down by worries about mounting job losses, record-high home foreclosures and zooming energy prices.8.有趣的是，我发现媒体的规模与声誉和报导的真实性一点相关都没有。

Interestingly, there has been no correlation between the size and prestige of the publication and the accuracy of the report.Unit12 1.女权主义运动经历了漫长的道路，它宣称女人和男人拥有平等权利。在某种意义上现在女人比男人拥有优先权。

Feminist movement has come a long way, which claims that women should have equal rights with men.To some extent, women have more priority to men now.2.由于劳资纠纷，东方航空公司的驾驶员们驾驶多个航班在飞离机场后，却又中途纷纷选择返航，日前他们正和航空公司协商待遇问题。Pilots of China Eastern turned back midway on flights to airports they had set off because of a labor dispute, and now they are negotiating with the carrier over treatment and pay.3.中国政府认为因特网是技术进步的重要标志，但同时也想阻止人们接触不良信息，因此把不良信息重新放在网站不显眼的地方是政府对网络采取的模棱两可的态度的表现。

Chinese Government sees the internet as vital for China’s technological progress but, at the same time, they want to stop people from accessing unhealthy content, so relocating content to less prominent parts of website is an indication of its ambivalent attitude towards the net.4.食物纤维被吹捧成最新的万灵仙丹，既可减轻体重，又有益健康。

Dietary fibre is tout as the latest cure----all which cuts down weight and promotes good health.5.在太空，女人比男人有明显的优势，因为她们需要的食物氧气较少，承受辐射的能力较强。

Women have significant advantages over men in space because they need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better.6.中国政府目前关注农民工的最主要的需求，即着力解决他们的就业、住房、社会保障、健康和教育问题。

At present, our nation tended first to rural migrants’ paramount needs, which are employment, residence, social security health and education problems.7.对于让工人参与管理的提议，公司只是口头上说说而已，并没有将之付诸实际，这使得工人们很反感。

The company pays lip service to the idea of workers’ participation, but does nothing to put it into practice, which makes the employees repellent.Unit13 1.我妹妹答完试卷后作了很多修改，但她弄巧成拙，反而又增加了几个新错误。

My sister made a few changes after working out the exam paper.But she should have left well enough alone, for she made several new mistakes.2.我们明天十点碰头，大家集思广益，争取想出解决问题的最好方案。

Let’s brainstorm at 10 tomorrow and try to come up with the best solutions to the problem.3.她突然来我家造访，这让我大吃一惊。

Her sudden visit to my home greatly devastated me.4.这样的言行举止将大大有损于他的公众形象。

Such speech and action made a huge dent on his public image.5.从大体上来说，就业条件和经济发展有着紧密的相互关联。

By and large close correlation exists between employment condition and economic development.6.证据显示，创办公司前不要过度地考虑“伟大的计划”或许更好。

Evidence suggests that it might be better not to obsess on finding a great idea before launching a company.7.他们尝试着一切人们能想到的买卖，只要能付清电费和汽油费。

They tried whatever people thought they could do, only if that might pay off their electricity and gasoline.8.他们大家献计献策也没能想出他的最初产品应该是什么。

They brainstormed but failed to figure out what their initial product should be.Unit14 1.心脏病与紧张、烟以及缺乏锻炼有密切的关系。

The heart disease closely associate with tense, smoking and inadequet physical exercises.2.大多数绿色食品有一个共同点，即它们的价格高于以常规方式种植的食物。

One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.3.这些理由是根本不能成立的，也绝对不能得出台湾可以以“中华民国”的名义自立为一个国家和海峡两岸已经分裂为两个国家的结论。

These arguments are absolutely untenable, and can never lead to the conclusion that Taiwan may declare itself a state under the name of the “Republic of China”, or that the two sides of the Straits have been divided into two states.4.其它的方法论原则都是以实事求是为基础、为评价历史的根本目的服务的。

Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, the other principles serve the fundamental purpose of reviewing history.5.计算机网络作为一个分布式系统，每个网点则指定执行某一具体业务。

The computer network becomes a distributed system, and each node is designated to perform a specific function.6.双方都声称，他们是维护中国的传统价值准则而战。

Both sides claim they are fighting for the preservation of traditional Chinese values.7.对于大学生来说，要客观的评价自己，清晰地认识到自身的优缺点，以对自己的未来作出正确的决定。

For college students they should evaluate themselves objectively to gain insight into their own strengths and weaknesses so as to make the right decision about future.8.那个可怕的日子将永远藏在他的记忆中。

That terrible day will be for ever embedded in his memory.Unit15 1.任何了解中国历史的人都知道，世界上最早的纸是中国汉朝人蔡伦发明的。

Anyone who has the knowledge of Chinese history knows that paper was firstly invented by Cai Lun in Han Dynasty.2.欧洲成功发明的历史源远流长，但是对这些发明进行创新的历史相当匮乏。

Europe has a long history o f successful invention, but a weak history of turning those inventions into innovations.3.欧洲具备成为高科技创新载体的条件似乎应有尽有：教育程序较高的劳动力，著名的大学，坚实的法律体系，发达的金融市场。但是情况并非如此。

Europe seems to have everything it takes to be a hotbed of high-tech innovation: a highly educated workforce, great universities, a solid legal system, and advanced financial markets.Yet it is anything but.4.任何文化者有不便公开承认的禁忌——在客套的交往中禁止你说或做的某些事，这些清规戒律容不得任何置疑。

Every culture has its unacknowledged taboos—the things you are forbidden to say or do in polite company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt.5.现在女能够更自由地选择她们想要的生活，然而对于如何来安排她们的生活，却没有多少选择的余地。

Women now have more choices over what kind of lives they want to lead, but they do not have more choices over how they want to sequence their lives.