大学英语三级阅读翻译(15,感恩节)

第一篇：大学英语三级阅读翻译(15,感恩节)

15.Thanksgiving

Introduction 对于最重视个人主义的美国人来说，有没有什么东西可以让他们回想起家庭的好呢？接下来的这篇文章给出的回答是“是的”。在美国感恩节这一天，大多数家庭成员汇聚在餐桌边享受一顿大餐。作者对于“我”和“我们”的关系以及在美国这个国家里家庭的重要性进行了深入的探讨。

Essay 再过不久，那些在自己和他人的生活中穿梭的人们又将聚到一起。这个包办旅行的季节吸引他们在这周举办家庭聚会。这周四的宴会节、家庭日、感恩节，最重视个人主义的美国人将例行公事聚到百万张餐桌边聚餐寻求归属感。

他们将通过一起吃晚餐的方式聚集起他们的家庭成员：每个人都有自己的个性就像越橘酱和南瓜派的不同一样。为了共同的晚餐，他们为彼此烹饪，为彼此忙碌，为彼此提供食物并且彼此谈论。他们点头示意对他们共同的文化传统、对其他亲人的狂热关心的共识。他们会评判他们共同的遗产——孩子。

所有的这些人，无论男的女的，老的少的，有着不同的梦想和失落，他们都对这个家族表示敬意，无论他们以前是不是这个家族的一份子。“家庭”和“个人”是“我们”和“我”的关系。作为标准的美国人，我们都在这两种理念之间徘徊。我们从伟大的美国个人主义价值观穿行到家庭观。我们疲于追赶，用速度来缩短这两种价值观之间的距离。

总会有一些鸿沟在个人与家庭之间。从我们一开始认识到我们每个人都是独立分开的，我们便开始设法对付个人主义与集体主义的矛盾。这些冲突时常会特别的尖锐。毕竟，我们是在家庭中被抚养成长为……个体的。这种双重信息将贯穿我们一生。我们被教导关于“我”的自由性与“我们”的安全感，“我”的孤独感与“我们”的侵扰，“我”的自私与“我们”的负担。

我们被教导安德烈·马尔罗所说的：“离开家庭，人们将在寒冷中发抖着独活于世。”我们也被教导了他所说的另一句话：“对于人类思想发展重要性的否认解释了许多对于家庭的反抗。”在理论上，世界赞扬个人、自我意识为“最重要的”。我们在我们的头脑中独自思考；我们伴随着放大了自我感受写下音乐和文字；我们按照我们自己的功过被认定毕业、给予何种报酬、是否被雇佣以及被解雇。最极端的个人主义在令人激动的同时也是残忍的。这里所指的是适者生存。

在另一的方面，家庭表现得很不一样。我们不需要努力获得家庭成员的认可。我们只要做自己就好。家庭成员间的关系并不是基于凭证，而是基于血缘。就如Malraux提出的，“朋友会因为你的才能而喜欢你，女友会因为你的魅力而喜欢你，但你的家庭给你的爱是不需要理由的：你生在这个家庭，血浓于水。”

家庭存在的意义，不是保护强者而是庇护弱势者。它并不是一个经济体但是一个情感体。这里不是人们残忍地互相竞争的地方，而是为他人付出的地方。家庭的的事务就是关心他人，当它运作的时候，无情不再，家庭就是充满了爱。

在家庭生活中有更少的英雄和明星。然而当外面的世界赞美个人时，家人总会不止一次地要求我们淹没忽略它。当这个世界抛弃我们时，家人总会不止一次地承诺保护我们。因此我们每天，每周，每年都在两个世界里穿梭。在一种被养育的家庭生活和一种令人窒息的生活之间，在一个可以释放自己的生活和一个可以击败自己的生活之间。我们在两套完全不同的需求和可能之间摇摆。

周四将聚集在这张桌子周围的人都生活在这两个世界里，成为彼此生活中的一部分又彼此分离。运气好的话他们的两个世界里都会是富饶的领土，充满了关爱和空间。它会是一个“我”和“我们”相互影响的地方。至少在这一天，他们会带给彼此一些特殊和值得分享的东西：这些独立的自我。

16.DADDY TUCKED THE BLANKET Introduction For those living in a decent apartment or house ,it is rather difficult to imagine how poor housing can affect its inhabitants’ life and self-esteem.In this short autobiographical writing, Randall Williams recalls how his family’s shabby house had brought unhappy changes in personal relationships, and explores the effects of poverty upon the psyche of his folks.TEXT About the time I turned 16, my folks began to wonder why I didn't stay home any more.I always had an excuse for them, but what I didn't say Was that I had found my freedom and I was getting out.I went through four years of high school in semirural Alabama and became active in clubs and sports;I made a lot of friends and became a regular guy,if you know what I mean.But one thing was irregular about me: I managed those fouryears without ever a friend visit at my house.译文

对于那些住在得体的公寓或者房子的人们来说，破败的房屋如何影响着人们的居住生活和自尊是他们难以想象的。在这篇简短的自传中，RANDALL WILLIAMS 回忆起他家的破败的房屋给他的人际关系带来的不良影响以及对贫穷给大众带来的心灵上的影响的探索。

正文

大约在我16岁的光景，我的相亲们开始怀疑我为什么不住在家里了。而我总是找个借口来搪塞他们,但是我真正不愿意说的是，我在外面找到了我想要的自由。

我结束了四年在阿拉巴马州半乡村地区的高校生活，同时在体育运动和俱乐部里面十分活跃。其中，我找到了很多朋友，自己也变成了一个受欢迎的一员，如果你能明白的话。但是有一件对我来说异乎寻常的事：我竟然在四年的时间里连一个朋友也没有带回家里去过.I was ashamed of where I lived, I had been ashamed for as long as I had been conscious of class.We had a big family.There were several of us sleeping in one room, But that's not so bad if you get along, and we always did.As you get older, though, it gets worse.Being poor is a humiliating experience for a young person trying hard to be accepted.Even now-several yearsremoved-it is hard to talk about.And I resent the weakness of these words to make you feel waht it was really like.We lived in a lot of old houses.We moved a lot because we were always looking for something jst a little better than what we had.You have to understand that my folks worked harder than most people.My mother was always at home, but for her that was a full-time job-and not for fun, either.But my father worked his head off from the time I can remember in construction and 当我认识到了阶级的区别之后，我对我的家感到羞愧。

我有一个很大的家庭。一个房间里挤着好几个人。但是你们要是在一起相处的不错的话，那也就没有想象中的那么坏了，不出意外，我们相处的不错。然而我们逐渐长大了，事情变得更糟了。

贫穷对于一个年轻人来说是一段羞耻的事情，也是难以接受的。甚至是现在，好几年过去了，我也难以启齿那段经历。

我对那些能够让你感觉到事情真的发生过的字词感到愤怒。

我们住过很多破败的房屋。我们一直在搬家因为我们总是在寻找那些好一点的处所。你必须明白我的亲属们工作的比大多数人都辛苦。我的母亲一直在家里，但是对她来说这份全职工作不是娱乐的.从我能记起他在工地和商店里工作时，我的父亲就工作的极其艰辛。那是繁重的体力活。shops.It was hard, physical work.I tell you this to show that we weren’t shiftless.No matter how much money dad made, we never made much progress up the social ladder.I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than average.I have seen my Daddy wrap copper wire through the soles of his boots to keep them together in the wintertime.He couldn't buy new boots because had used the money for food and shoes for us We lived like hell, but we went to school well-clothed and with a full stomach.It really is hell to live in a house that was in bad shape 10 years before you moved in.And a big family puts a lot of wear and tear on a new house, too, so you can imagine how one goes downhill if it is teetering when you move in.But we lived in houses that were sweltering in summer and freezing in winter.I woke up every morning for a year and a half with plaster on my

我告诉你这些时来表明我们并非混日子而已。不论父亲赚取多少钱，我们并没有取得在社会阶梯上的进步。我多亏了大学奖学金才能出去，同时也是因为我会扯淡。

我看到过我父亲在大冬天用鞋子包裹着铜丝，因此来让他们裹在一起。他不能买新鞋子因为那些钱他需要去买食物和鞋子给我们。我们就像生活在地狱，但是去学校的时候，我们穿的体面，裹腹。

住在那么逼仄的小屋内真是像地狱一样，而且当你住进去时，它已经破败了十年之久。除此之外，一个大家庭又很大的磨损了新房子，所以，你可以想象这房子是多么得每况愈下，当你搬进去的时候，它好像就要塌掉了一样。但是那所房子夏热冬冷。每天我早上起来，我一半的脸上堆着夜里从天花板掉下来的石灰。

face where it had fallen out of the ceiling during the night.This wasn't during the Depression;this was in the late 60's and early 70's.When we boys got old enough to learn trades in school,we would try to fix up the old houses we lived in.But have you ever tried to paint a wall that crumbled when emphasized the holes in the wall.You end up more frustrated than when you began, especially when you know that at best you might come up with only enough money to improve one of the six rooms in the house.And we might move out soon after, anyway.The same goes for keeping a house like that clean.If you have a house full of kids and the house is deteriorating , you'll never keep it clean.Daddy used to yell at Mama about that, but she couldn't do anything.I think Daddy knew it inside, but he had to have an outlet for his rage somewhere, and at least yelling isn't as bad as hitting, which they 这并不是在大萧条时期，这是在60年代末期和70年代初期.当我们这些男孩长大了，在学校学了一门手艺，我们会试着去修复老房子。但是你曾粉刷过那些滚筒一滚，墙皮就掉下来的墙面吗。最后，你愈加沮丧，特别是你知道你最好有了足够的钱才能去改善六个房间中的一个。也许，不论如何不久我们就需要搬走。

让这个屋子变得干净，也是同样的坑爹。如果你有一所住满着孩子的房子，那么这所房子肯定是越来越脏，你不可能打扫干净。父亲经常就这件事向母亲咆哮，但是她无能为力。我想父亲是明白的，但是他想要有一个让他脾气发泄的途径，至少咆哮没有殴打那么坏，而这个，他们互相从来没有发生过。

never did to each other.But you have a kitchen which has no counter space and no hot water and you will have dirty dishes stacked up.That sounds like an excuse, but try it.You'll go mad from the sheer sense of futility.It's the same thing in a house with no closets.You can't keep clothes clean and rooms in order if they have to be stacked up with things.Living in a bad house is generally worse on girls.For one thing, they traditionally help their mother with the housework.We boys could get outside and work in the field or cut wood or even play ball and forget about living conditions.The sky was still pretty.But the girls got pressure, and as they got older it became worse.Would they accept dates knowing they had to “receive” the young man in a dirty hallway with broken windows, peeling wallpapers and a cracked ceiling? You have to live ti to understand it, but it creates a shame which 但是，当你的厨房内没有一个放台面的地方和没有开水，那么脏盘子不得不堆起来。这听起来像是一个借口，（要是不信）你来试试。这些操蛋的徒劳会让你变疯掉。

家里没有壁橱也是这样。你不可能让你的衣服保持干净，房间也不可能有序，如果他们上面堆满了东西

大体来说，破败的房屋对女孩会产生更坏的影响。就拿一件事来说，她们会帮母亲做家务。我们男孩可以在外面，在田野里干活或者开木头，甚至踢球，这些可以忘记家里的惨状。那时，天空仍旧是蓝色的。

但是女孩会有压力，当她们老去就变得更坏了。她们的约会对象是否会知道这个女生不得不在一间又脏又破的房子里“接待”他？而这间房子的窗户破破烂烂、墙纸残缺不全，连天花板也满是裂痕。你必须身处其境才能明白这种感受，贫穷所带来的羞耻感会把一个年轻人变得内向。

drives the soul of a young person inward.I'm thankful none of us ever blamed our parents for this, because it would have crippled our relationships.As it worked out, only the relationship between our parents was damaged, And I think the harshness which they expressed to each other was just on outlet to get rid of their anger at the trap their lives were in.It ruined their marriage because they had no one to yell at but each other.I knew other families where the kids got the abuse, but we were too much loved for that.Once I was about 16 and Mama and daddy had had a particularly violent argument about the washing machine, which has broken down.Daddy was on the back porch-that's where the only water faucey was-trying to fix it and Mama had a washtub out there washing school clothes for the next day and they were screaming at each other.我很庆幸我们并没有为此而责难父母，因为这会使我们的关系变糟。但事实上，只有我们父母的关系彻底被毁了。我想,他们对彼此的恶言相向只不过是为了发泄对于现实生活的愤怒而已，但这却毁了他们的婚姻，因为他们除了彼此大吼大叫，已经再也无法好好相处了。我知道，在有些类似家庭里，孩子会被父母虐待，但是我们却得到了太多的爱。

我大概16岁的时候，我的爸妈因为坏了的洗碗机而大吵了一架。当时爸爸在后门廊，那儿有全家唯一的水龙头，他试着修理洗碗机，而妈妈则端来一大盆要洗的校服，这些校服明天就要穿，就是在这里他们大声地地向对方咆哮起来。

Later that night everyone was in bed and I heard Daddy get up from the couch where he was reading.I looked out form my bed across the hall into their roo.He was standing right over Mama and she was already asleep.He pulled the blanket up andtuched it around her shoulders and just stood there and tears were dropping off his cheeks and I thought I could faintly hear them splashing against the linoleum rug.Now they're divorced.I had courses in college where housing was discussed, but the sociologiists never put enough emphasis on the impact living in substandard housing has on a person's psyche.Especially children's.Small children have a hard time understanding poverty.They want the same things children from more affluent families have.They want the same things they see advertised on television, and they don't understand why they can't have 那天晚上，当每一个人都上床睡觉了，我听到爸从他读报的沙发上站起来的声音。我从床上探出头去看隔着客厅的爸妈的房间，看到爸站在睡着了的妈的身旁。他将毯子扯到妈妈的肩膀处，小心为她盖好。而后他就那么呆呆地站着，眼泪一滴滴掉在妈的脸颊上。甚至，我认为我听到了泪水溅在油毡地毯上的啪嗒声。

可是，现在他们离婚了。

我在大学上过讨论住房问题的课程，但是社会学家从未好好强调过住在不合标准的房子里会对一个人的心灵产生什么样的影响，尤其是对孩子。

小孩子很难理解什么是贫穷。富裕家庭里的孩子所拥有的东西，他们也想要有。他们想要电视广告里的那些东西，但是他们不明白为什么自己不能拥有这些东西。

them.Other children can be incredibly cruel.I was in elementary school in Georgia-and this is interesting because it is the only thing I remember about that particular school-when I was about eight or nine.After Christmas vacation had ended, my teacher made each student describle all his or her Christmas presents.I became more and more uncomfortable as the privilege passed around the room toward me.Other children were reciting the names of bicycles and the grandeur of their games and toys.Some had lists which seemed to go on and on for hours.It took me only a few sounds to tell the class that I had gotten for Christmas a helt and a pair of gloves.And then I was laughed at-because I cried-by a roomful of children and a teacher.I necer forgave them, and that night I made my mother cry 而其他的孩子在这方面也极为残忍。我在佐治亚州上的小学，而能让我记起这所学校的唯一一件事发生在我大概八、九岁的时候。

圣诞节假期结束后，老师让每一个学生描述自己在圣诞节收到的礼物。看着同学们一个个说完，我变得越来越不安。其他的孩子们大吹大擂他们的娃娃、各种自行车、玩过的了不起的游戏和玩具，有些人看起来好像一说几个小时都不会停嘴。

而我几秒钟就说完了我得到的礼物——一条腰带和衣服手套，然后我哭了，就因为这，一屋子的学生甚至是那个老师都哈哈大笑起来，我永远都不会原谅他们的行为。那天晚上当我把这件事告诉妈妈后，她伤心地哭了。

when I told her about it.In retrospect, I am grateful for that moment, but I remember wanting to die at the time.By Randall Williams 回顾过去，我对那时的磨难反而心怀感激，但是我也不会忘记在那个时候，我连想死的心都有了。

19.停止差遣我 介绍：从标题我们可以看到Stacey Wilkins的怒气。就和许多在美国生活的学生一样，她为了偿还学习贷款而在一家餐馆当服务员。在这片文章里，她将说出是谁和什么让她如此生气。

为了等这些乡村网球俱乐部的家伙吃完他们的批萨，我已经额外坐了一个半小时了。他们在餐馆关门后15分钟进来——他们不想减短他们网球比赛。老板顺从了他们，同意重新打开烤炉为他们做一个批萨。厨师早就回家了。

在我解释过餐厅已经关门后，这些顾客仍心安理得地要求服务。他们心安理得地坐在这，讲述他们网球比赛精彩部分，直到11点以后（餐厅晚上9点半关门）。而且最过分的是，他们心安理得地让我成为他们让人痛苦的网球比赛之后（的叙述）的受害者。骚扰一个可怜的小服务员有什么好玩的。“哦，像这样坐在这里真好。”一个人说到。在没有得到回复后，他接着说：“服务员，我猜你想让我们离开。”我就要在怒火中爆发了。“我不会对你的评论做出回复，”我说到，然后走了。

他准备和我打架，红色的旗子已经在被挥舞了。这个男人向我走来并要甜点。老顾客以前是从来没有点过甜点的。正如你知道的，这是最新的时尚。但是那天晚上他享有这样的权力。他感觉自己很厉害，我感到自己被侵犯了。

后来在得到3美元20美分后我回家了。他们的小费是他们对我情感上的侵犯的报酬。当我开车的时候，眼泪从我脸上流下。为什么我会哭？我以前也被骚扰过。10年的服务员经历本应该使我习惯于这些很平常的情况。但这次是个转折点：这是我10年被虐待史的结束。

我现在在爆发点上。我不能接受成为公众的出气包。人们认为虐待包含在用餐钱当中。所有的规矩与礼貌都和大衣一起被寄放在门处。他们认为自己所在的地位比我优越得多。他们是国王，我是乡下人。

我希望他们也成为乡下人。我非常支持在美国人们必须在餐厅里做义务性服务。这种连干两班的活是给这些压迫者很好的一堂课——上酒，在被戏弄之后清理干净，10个人占领一个桌子开派对超过3个小时，并且只给很少的小费，让人变得烦躁。最重要的是，我很想看看这些粗鲁的人的网球鞋上有番茄汁的样子。

在餐厅吃饭不仅仅是吃东西。这是一个能让你把挫折沮丧发泄在服务员身上的机会。这是一个让你感觉到比为你服务的人更优越的机会。人们认为让服务员遭受无礼行为与性骚扰并没有错。

在服务员去点菜时，顾客们心安理得地忽视他们。或是在服务员带着许多热食去桌子边，问顾客要点什么菜时，不回答。我个人不喜欢他们让服务员为了单个菜而另外点餐。“哦，我还要一杯可乐。”服务员问：“还有其他人要吗？”没有回答。但不出意外地是，当他回到桌子边时会有某些人说：“我也要一杯可乐。”等等之类的事。

我感到奇怪的是，某些人不管多么肮脏下流，在公共场合他们都会试图在表面上掩饰。大部分人都练习基本礼仪。大多数人都不会公然插队或是在电影院讲话。人们认识到（哪些是）可被接受的行为并且去遵循这些限制要求。但在在外面吃饭时这些公共礼仪规范却不适用了。

饮食地点是这些被人们接受的偏见的最后据点。人们去餐厅公然折磨服务员，不假思索地留下很少的小费。他们的朋友允许他们的同伴如此粗鲁，并不发一言。他们从没有阻止他们的朋友对我不友善。他们保持沉默。

他们从来没有想到过有人对别的人如此残忍。我曾经听过有人维护女服务员的利益，坚持认为一个人不能如此残忍。这是因为人们不认为有什么错误发生过。

然而，如果这个人是大声辱骂一个老顾客的种族、语言，那么一定会被认为成是不可接受的。为什么没有人理解，在一家餐厅不礼貌也是不礼貌的？为什么他们认为他们有权虐待餐厅工作人员？

我认为这是因为食品服务人员的社会地位非常低。顾客们有权力。食品服务人员没有。所以，我们很容易成为，一些生气的人们，积累的挫折的，发泄目标。还有什么比一个不会还手的对手更好呢？大部分服务员因为害怕丢掉工作而不还手。结果，和其他相似的服务人员一起，我们被选为社会中的出气筒。

如果人们放弃他们关于自我重要性的错误认识，他们也许会看到他们是多么得错误。我们就和其他人一样有梦想与渴望。我们的工资为这些梦想提供资金。即使是充满侮辱性的10%的小费，也能帮助我们走向目标，付房租，养育孩子。

我正在用我挣的钱来偿还一大笔研究生院的贷款。我们的女传菜员正在为她在宾夕法尼亚大学的学习提供资金。我的经理在为她第一个孩子存钱。另外一个女服务员依靠她现在的工资生活因为她在找一份演员的工作。洗碗员将他的工资寄回给他在厄瓜多尔的孩子。

我们的梦想不比那些拥有在一家大公司高地位工作的人的梦想不正当。餐厅灵活的工作时间吸引了许多不喜欢朝九晚五的作息制度的人。人们没有权力因为我们的职业而把我们看成无足轻重的人。不管我继续当服务员还是换一份工作，我都应当享有尊重。当然其他那些让你的享有舒适晚餐的数以千记的服务员也一样。

22.自私的基因

1今天，对于进化论的疑问，就像怀疑地球绕着太阳转的理论一般，但是达尔文的进化论的全部含义还有很广阔的认识范围。在大学里，动物学依旧只占小部分的课程，甚至那些选学这门课的人，选的时候也不是因为赞赏它的深刻的哲学意义。哲学和被称为“人文学科”的课程在教授的时候，似乎从来不曾有过达尔文这个人。毫无疑问，这种状况以后将会改变。不管怎么样，这本书并不全部主张达尔文主义。而是探索进化论对于一个特别的问题所产生的结果。我的目的就是研究生理机能的自私和无私行为。

2除了它本身学术上的有趣之外，人类的重要性在这门课程上也是很明显的。它涉及我们社会生活的各个方面，爱和恨，冲突和合作，付出和窃取，贪婪和慷慨。这些要求在Lorenz的《论攻击性》，Ardrey的《社会契约》和Eibl-Eibesfeldt的《爱和恨》里都有体现。麻烦的是，这些书的作者把这些都搞错了。他们之所以搞错是因为他们不理解进化是怎样进化的。他们得到的错误的设想是在进化中最重要的事是优良的物种（或者是群体）而不是优良的个体（或者是基因）。讽刺地是，Ashley Montagu却评论Lorenz是““残酷自然界”的直系后裔，19世纪的思想家”。我理解Lorenz对于进化论的观点，他很有可能会和Montagu一起不接受Tennyson的著名言论的影响。和二者不同的是，我认为，“残酷的自然”完全总结了我们对自然选择的新认识。

3我在开始论证之前，想简短地说明一下这是一种什么样的论点，以及不是什么样的论点。如果有人告诉我们，有一个人在芝加哥那个强盗匪徒的社会中过着富裕的生活，我们就能够对他是什么样的一个人进行猜测。我们可能想象他有韧性，动不动就开枪，并且能吸引忠心耿耿的朋友。这些猜测可能不会万无一失，但是如果你知道一个人是在什么情况下生活和发迹的，那你就可以对他的性格做一些推测。这本书的论点就是我们和所有其他的动物都是我们的基因所创造的机器。在一个高度竞争的世界上，就像芝加哥发迹的强盗一般，我们的基因存活了下来，有些长达几百万年。这使我们有权利在我们的基因里发现一些特征。我将要论证一个成功基因的一个突出的特征是其无情的自私。这种基因的自私通常会导致个体行为的自私。然而我们也会看到，基因为了更有效地达到自私的目的，在某些特殊的情况下，也会对一些个体动物滋生一种有限的利他主义。在上面的一句话中，“特别”和“有限”是两个重要的词。尽管我们可能不愿意相信，但对整个物种来说，普遍的爱和普遍的利益在进化论上来说简直毫无意义。

4因此，我要讲一下本书不准备论证的第一点。我并不提倡以进化论为基础的道德观。我只是讲事物是如何进化的。我也不是讲人类应该怎样行动才符合道德标准。我之所以强调这点，是因为我知道我有被人误会的危险，有太多的人，他们不能把阐述对事物的认识和提倡事物如何这两件事区分开来。我自己的感受是，一个单纯的以基因那种无情的，普遍的自私性法则为基础的人类社会，生活在其中一定令人厌恶之极。但不幸的是，尽管我们大多数人可能反对它，但事实就是事实。本书主旨在于引起读者的兴趣，如果你想从中引出某种教益，那未阅读时，可以视之为一种告诫。如果你也和我一样希望为了共同的利益，建立一个人与人之间慷慨大度，相互无私合作的社会，那你就不能指望从生物的本性获得什么助益。让我们设法通过教育把慷慨大度和利他主义灌输到人们头脑中去吧！因为我们生来是自私的。让我们懂得我们自私的基因居心何在。因为这样我们至少可以有机会去打乱它们的计划，而这是其他物种从来未能希望做到的。

5上述有关教育的议论，必然表明下面的观点是错误的：即认为从遗传学的角度看来，继承下来的特性是明确固定，不容改变的。这是一种谬见，而且极为常见。我们的基因可以驱使我们的行为自私，但我们也不必终生屈从。如果我们在遗传上生来就

是利他性的，再去学利他主义也许不那么困难。在动物中，只有人类受文化，也受后天获得的以及继承下来的影响的支配。有人可能会说，又化是如此之重要，以致不论基因自私与否，它与我们对人类本性的理解毫不相干。另有人也会不同意这种讲法。

这完全取决于作为人类特性的决定性因素“本性对教养”的辩论中，你站在什么立场上。这就使我要讲一讲本书不准备论证的第二点。在本性对教养的争论中，本书不支持这一或那一立场。当然我有自己的观点，但我不打算表达出来。只在最后一章中，把我的观点包括到我将要阐明的文化观点中去。如果确实证明基因同决定现代人的行为毫不相干，如果在动物中我们在这方面确实是独一无二的，至少探究一下我们在如此近期内成为例外的规律，将仍旧是兴味无穷的。而假如我们这一物种并不像我们一厢情愿的那样，而是个例外的话，研究这一规律甚至就更加重要。

6本书不准备论证的第三点是，不对人类或其他某一种动物的行为细节进行描述。只在举例说明时，我才使用有事实根据的细节。我不会说：“如果你看一下狒狒的行为，就会发现它们的行为是自私的；所以人类的行为也可能是自私的。”我的关于“芝

加哥强盗”的论证在逻辑上与此迥然不同。情况是这样的，人和狒狒都是经由自然选择进化而来。如果你注意一下自然选择进行的方式，似乎可以得出这样的结论：凡是经由自然选择进化而来的任何东西应该是自私的。因此我们可以预见到，当我们去

观察狒狒、人类和其他一切生物的行为时，一定会发现它们的行为是自私的。如果发现我们的预见是错误的，如果我们所观察到的人类行为的确是利他性的，我们就会遇到某些令人迷惑不解的事情，需要进行阐明。

7上述有关利他和自私的定义是指行为上的，而不是指主观意识上的，弄清这一点至关重要。这里我的旨趣不在动机的心理学方面，我不准备去论证人们在做出利他行为时，是否“真的”私下或下意识地抱有自私的动机。他们或许是，或许不是，也许我们永远也不可能知道。但无论怎样，这些都不是本书所要探讨的内容。我的定义只涉及行为的效果，是降低或提高这个假定的利他主义者生存的可能性，以及这个假定的受益者生存的可能性。

23.谁得到了良好的基因 Aldous Huxley 在他1932年的小说Brave New World中想象未来的分娩是一个非常有秩序的事。在中央伦敦的孵化场和条件中心，根据从社会预定空间的要求，鸡蛋被受精，装瓶，放在传送带上。9个月以后，这个胚胎——在换瓶后——成了小孩。由于支持洗脑，他们将会快乐的成长在他们的转基因后被分配的社会角色——从聪明有抱负的高等到暗淡愚蠢的低等。自从Huxley的反乌托邦的小说出版，这已经成为了标准的优生学梦魇:政府社会的工程师颠覆了个人生殖的选择为了一个诡异的社会效率。但是在这基因工程黎明的时期，这更多可能的梦魇是大致相反的：一个自由放任主义的优生学将会从几百万个父母的自由选择中出现。的确，这仅有的方法去阻止赫胥黎式的社会分层也许将会是为了政府进入优生学的生意。3 Huxley的设想在1932年是有意义的，美国有一些州强制绝育低能儿并且希特勒鼓励了Mein kampf的政策。但是希特勒朦胧的预见那个生物学革命已经把优生学的逻辑改变成了相反方向，那让父母们通过流产，选择性的把以受精的卵子在试管中移植，或者是也许在将来几年中可以把基因注射进以受精的卵子来选择基因特点。在赫胥黎的时代，优生仅仅是政府的指令；现在需要政府要求——一个修补基因的禁令去维护优生。一个完全的禁令尽管不见得会实施。谁又能试着去阻止父母保证他们的孩子不患血友病，一旦一些方式被允许，决定这个限制的界限将会变得很难。爱丁博格教主尝试过。在监督了一个英国医学组织在生物伦理学上的研究后，他赞成为了医学原因修补基因，尽管他谴责那个设计好看并且有很高智商的婴儿的自作自受的想法。治疗师们认为残疾是医学问题，如果我们找到了能在出生前诊断并且医治先天缺陷的婴儿的办法，我们就可以提升人类的智商。我们应该告诉父母不能这么做，告诉父母这个州已经决定他们必须有一个有患有读写困难症的孩子吗？未成年的记忆有缺陷吗？低于平均说话能力吗？某些时候，你可能会跨越阻碍与不方便之间的界限。但是人们对于界限的位置持不同意见。如果政府真的试图阻止正确的优生学操作，一些富裕的父母将会拜访在更宽容国家的诊所，然后回家承担他们的一流的小孩。（很早以前，英国的父母就旅行到沙特阿拉伯在体外选择他们孩子的性别，一个在他们国家非法的程序）及时没有禁令，高年级的父母也会支付高额的遗传科技。那些在任何情况下都回去最好的医生和学校的小孩将会得到更大的占先在健康和成就方面。这不平等的访问将不会带来一个严格的等级系统在勇敢的新世界。基因和环境的相互作用太复杂以至于不能允许轻松的大脑和精神的微调。包括体外受精也没人弄的很好；甚至很多富裕的父母将放弃痛苦的侵扰流程除非严重的遗传性缺陷有危险。但是科技将会变得更加有力而且很好用。迟早，当这最引人注目的遗传倾向漂移朝向底部的社会经济规模，我们将会看见一个生物的分层足够生动的去模拟美国的价值。让政府干扰。这一个实际的方法去阻止这个梦魇是确定贫穷的人们将能够付得起和富有的人们用的相同的科技。也就是说，这听起来很天真，但是批评也正确的说出这等同于资助优生学。国家参与将创造一个生物伦理的泥潭。即使每个人都同意提升一个小孩的记忆能有效阻止难语症，那也将仍然有些纳税人还没准备支付的事——还没有被证实有益的基因；说或变更这些下降趋势也许超过了它的上升趋势。（基因的趋势是有超过一个影响——基因多样性——似乎是个规则，不是期待）这个问题将是技术将接受或不接受。这个回答将改变当知识先进了，但争论觉不会停止。在勇敢的新世界中，国家资助的优生学是一个更大极权主义的一部分，一个违背家庭联系的文化战争和忍受浪漫以及其他自由生殖选择的古老遗留问题。那本小说起作用，它留给读者思考到没有什么能比政府干预试管婴儿设计更恐怖的。但是如果把它留给市井，我们也许能看到政府的干预，无论有多乱，无论有多令人毛骨悚然，也不是最恶心的选择。

特此感谢所有供稿者.各位期末加油~

第二篇：英语三级翻译

英语三级翻译

㈠ 英语与汉语的十大区别 1.英语重结构，汉语重语意 2.英语多从句，汉语多分句 3.英语多代词，汉语多名词 4.英语多长句，汉语多短句

5.英语多被动，汉语多主动 It is said that…据说…

It has been found that…已经被发现… It cannot be denied that…毋庸置疑… 6.英语多变化，汉语多重复

汉语：“我认为…我认为…我认为…” 英语：I think…I believe…I assume…

7.英语多抽象，汉语多具体 disintegration 土崩瓦解

ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心（非常忠诚）perfect harmony 水乳交融（非常和谐）on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕 feed on fancies 画饼充饥（靠梦想吃饭）

make a little contribution 添砖加瓦（做小小的贡献）8.英语多省略，汉语多补充 9.英语多前重，汉语多后重 10.英语多引申，汉语多推理

㈡.英译中

Ⅰ四步定位翻译法 1.结构分析

⑴ 判断划线部分是句型

⑵ 句子主干在哪里，词与词之间是什么关系 *⑶ 看有几个动词（最重要）2.句子切分 原则：

⑴ 主干分开，主句与从句分开 ⑵ 并列成分分开 ⑶ 多个修饰语分开 ⑷ 多个从句分开

⑸ 很长的主语和谓语分开 3.词义推敲

⑴ 把代词译成名词 ⑵ 把被动变成主动 ⑶ 把变化处理成重复 ⑷ 把抽象化为具体 4.检查核对

⑴ 完整（不要遗漏内容）⑵ 通顺（逻辑性）

Ⅱ.具体操作的问题 1.从句提前

2.定语提前（如果说不通，可以拆为两句）㈢ 汉译英 Ⅰ.原则 1.替换原则

肯定与否定的替换 例：他考试失败了。He failed in the exam.He did not pass the test.2.查找原则

有的词可以在卷面中找到 3.考点原则

只有两个考点：句型、词组 共同特点： 相对固定

Ⅱ.五大类型 1.纯词组考查

例：你难道不认为总有一天报纸将被因特网取代？

Don't you think that newspapers will someday give way to the internet.这个浪漫的爱情故事，一代一代口头流传下来。

By word of mouth, the romantic love story has passed on from generation to generation.2.纯句型考察 同级比较 考倍数

两倍多 twice as much as 四个大 four times as big as 3.词组+句型考察 4.词汇考察

例：朋友是一个在危机时，你能求助的人。

A friend is someone who you can ask for help when you are in trouble.政府决定把煤转化为煤气。

The government is determined to turn the coal into gas.5.语态考察（只有两种*①虚拟②被动）例：我真希望考试，我没有不及格。I wish I could have passal the exam.到了睡觉时间，孩子还在看电视。

It is time children went to bed,but they are still wotching TV.和看电影相比，我宁愿玩电脑。(虚拟)Compared with going to the cinema,I would rather played the computer.要是每次都可以按时下课多好。(虚拟)If only the class could be over on time each time..

第三篇：大学英语三级题目（范文模版）

Unit 7 Vocabulary Test

1.He was_______ finding fault with our work.A.consequently

B.continuously

C.consistently

D.constantly 2.The company has ______ over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.A.involved

B.resolved

C.evolved

D.revolved 3.Mr.Selby is seriously ill and has been transferred to ______ care.A.intensive

B.tense

C.extensive

D.severe 4.Lower taxes would _______ investment and help economic growth.A.plug

B.spur

C.undertake

D.register 5.A year abroad has _____ her from a shy girl into an outgoing person.A.transferred

B.transformed

C.transmitted

D.transported DCABB

6.Many people went to _____ their studies abroad in those days.A.pursue

B.hunt

C.chase

D.expand 7.Twelve people ______ the jury in a law court to listen to the facts about a crime and to decide whether the person accused is guilty.A.consist

B.constitute

C.compose

D.contain 8.In the future, bacteria will be beneficial ____ cancer patients and could even feed on dirt.B.for

C.to

D.at 9.Both Latin and mathematics are ______ that require an analytical approach.A.programs

B.disciplines

C.projects

D.theories 10.Writing is a slow process, requiring ____ thought, time, and effort.A.significant

B.considerable

C.numerous

D.enormous ABCBB

11.All the______ things in life are either illegal, expensive or fattening.A.popular

B.proper

C.desirable

D.worthy 12.All sorts of lamps are ______ in that shop.A.available

B.advisable

C.applicable

D.accessible 13.Scientists are trying to find more efficient ways of _____solar energy.A.consuming

B.resorting

C.utilizing

D.approaching 14.It has been conclusively _______ that smoking causes many diseases.A.resolved

B.admitted

C.established

D.approved 15.I would like to propose the adoption of a new ______ to the problem.A.approach

B.manner

C.method

D.mode CACCA

16.Libraries only keep at best______ issues that are less than 3 years old.A.over

B.past

C.out

D.back 17._______ allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.A.rather than to

B.rather than

C.other than to

D.other than 18.In many sports, physical fitness is not as important as ______.A.technology

B.method

C.procedure

D.technique 19.The solar cell can_____ the energy of sunlight into electric energy.A.alter

B.convert

C.vary

D.modify 20.The country girl was not used to their lavish _____ of living in the city.A.mode

B.means

C.type

D.form DBDBA 21.You should be thankful that you have escaped with only ____ injuries.A.small

B.minor

C.junior

D.major 22.Fujian Province is the _____ and major production region of jasmine tea.A.initial

B.novel

C.true

D.original 23.The car salesman took the customer for a drive in the new model in order to ____ its improved features.A.advertise

B.demonstrate

C.exhibit

D.reveal 24.His improved performance does ____ to his trainer.A.honor

B.recognition

C.debt

D.credit 25.At commencement, _____ degrees are officially given.A.academic

B.intellectual

C.scholarly

D.educational BDBDA

26.Giving advice at the right time has to _ ___ a great deal of intelligence.A.contain

B.include

C.require

D.involve 27.I have kept a reserve _____ in case of accidents.A.finance

B.fund

C.account

D.stock 28.Adolescence is the period of ______ between childhood and adulthood.A.switch

B.passage

C.transition

D.transfer 29.As the wage of the job was low, there were few ______ for it.A.applicants

B.candidates

C.assistants

D.consultants

30.But maintaining any relationship requires ______ and candor（坦诚）.A.commitment

B.assurance

C.promise

D.duty DBCAA

31.They fought against ______ in order to create a fairer society.A.right

B.privilege

C.advantage

D.license 32.We should not only know the theory but also how to ____ it to practice.A.use

B.apply

C.operate

D.put 33.Factory and city is more ______ organism than self-sufficient village.A.confused

B.involved

C.complex

D.mixed 34.There is no _____ to the identity of the thief.A.clue

B.sign

C.evidence

D.hint 35.The proverb tells us to _____ the industry of the ant.A.follow

B.copy

C.emulate

D.imitate BBCAC

36.Many teachers _____ to that periodical.A.purchase

B.supplement

C.pursue

D.subscribe 37.The clothes a person wears may express his ____ or social position.A.curiosity

B.status

C.determination

D.significance 38.I think we need to see an investment ___ before we make an expensive mistake.A.guide

B.cashier

C.consultant

D.assessor

39.The shipping company, starting with nothing in 1952, has ___ into a leading enterprise in the shipping industry.A.bloomed

B.involved

C.converted D.launched 40.She ____ her regular salary by tutoring in the evenings.A.subtracts

B.sustains

C.supplies

D.supplements DBCAD

41.I’m a foreigner here;must I register myself ____ the police? A.for

B.at

C.to

D.with 42.Ruth has gone back to California ______.She will not return to the East.A.for good

B.for long

C.before long

D.ever since 43.The atmosphere______ of more than 70% of nitrogen.A.composes

B.contains

C.constitutes

D.consists 44.I want to know how to secure a loan to _____ a car.A.select

B.lease

C.retain

D.purchase 45.A(n)____ person is one who has good powers of thinking.A.humorous

B.moral

C.intellectual

D.theoretical DADDC

46.Since they were not strong enough to fight against the enemies who occupied this town, the local people adopted ____ resistance by giving no cooperation or service to the enemies.A.passive

B.violent

C.progressive

D.massive 47.Most living creatures now on the earth are the product of 2,000,000,000 years of ______.A.development

B.evolution

C.revolution

D.repetition 48.We can’t judge a person simply on the ____ of his education.A.condition

B.basis

C.principle

D.base 49.In recent years there has been a ____ increase in the cost of living.A.powerful

B.wide

C.significant

D.magnificent 50.Generally, the larger the _____, the more stable the object.A.basis

B.basin

C.base

D.basement

Keys: 1-10: DCABB ABCBB 11-20: CACCA DBDBA 21-30: BDBDA DCCAA 31-40: BBCAC DBCAD 41-50: DADDC ABBCC

第四篇：大学英语三级考试

2006年1月浙江省大学英语三级考试

Part II Vocabulary

21.The couple are unable to have children of their own, so they decided to _____ a daughter.A、adoptB、adjustC、adaptD、appoint

22.I find this book of great _____ in helping me get along well with others.A、wealthB、priceC、usefulnessD、value

23.I’m sure I have seen that man before but I can’t _____ where.A、remindB、retellC、recallD、recognize

24.Convenience foods which are ready for cooking are _____ in grocery stores.A、availableB、capableC、acceptableD、probable

25.They had a heated discussion on the topic but came to no _____.A、endB、ideaC、resultD、conclusion

26.In the past few years the school has _____ a lot of money improving the teaching equipment.A、costB、paidC、spentD、taken

27.The school bus got out of ____ on the way to school this morning, so all the students were late.A、wokB、functionC、powerD、order

28.Road safety should be taught to young children to _____ road accident.A、avoidB、refuseC、denyD、ignore

29.It is difficult to _____ what the long-term effects of the reform will be.A、investigateB、informC、broadcastD、predict

30.His _____ novel is more interesting than any other novels he’s ever written.A、firstB、latestC、formerD、later

31.It’s time for us to take measures to stop water _____ as it is getting more and more serious.A、conditionB、pollutionC、standardD、population

32.Jack invited me to his birthday party but I didn’t _____ his invitation.A、acceptB、receiveC、answerD、reply

33.We don’t think anyone can _____ us with being irresponsible for the students.A、chargeB、accuseC、scoldD、blame

34.To my horror, I found my drinking was starting to have a _____ effect on my work.A、harmlessB、negativeC、uniqueD、positive

35.I don’t want to get _____ in the argument about whom to blame.A、interestedB、involvedC、absorbedD、focused

36.Wearing a bright-colored silk dress, she _____ in the crowed.A、stood outB、stood upC、stood forD、stood by

37.– Mr.Smith hasn’t got married, has he? – Yes, he has._____, he has a daughter already.A、As a matter of factB、As a ruleC、InsteadD、However

38._____, the floor is wet.We have just cleaned it.A、Look aroundB、Look backC、Look outD、Look down.39.– Would you do me a favor and take me the box upstairs? – _____.A、My pleasureB、Never mindC、With pleasureD、I’m glad to hear that

40.Henry tried many times to _____ smoking but failed.A、give outB、give inC、give offD、give up

Part III Structure

41.I can’t stand him.He always talks as if he _____ everything.A、knowB、has knownC、knewD、had known

42.I’m sorry, but there are _____ for Sunday’s concert.A、no tickets availableB、not tickets available

C、no available ticketsD、not available tickets

43.All flights _____ because of the terrible weather, the Smiths had to go back to the hotel.A、had been canceledB、being canceledC、having been canceledD、were canceled

44._____ for your laziness, you could have passed the entrance examination.A、If it were notB、Had it not beenC、Weren’t itD、If it had been not

45.Once upon a time, _____ known by the name of Rip Van Winkle.A、a man lived thereB、there lived a manC、lived there a manD、lived a man

46.He said that he would take part in the oral English contest, _____ is most unusual for him.A、thisB、itC、thatD、which

47.– Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport? – Oh, _____.A、either one will doB、either does wellC、all will doD、each will be fine

48.A language lab with 40 computers _____ to the middle school as a gift.A、was givenB、would have givenC、were givenD、had given

49.He _____ to have the examination yesterday evening, but he went to the concert instead.A、would comeB、must have comeC、need comeD、should have come

50.Linda _____ an essay about customs in China last week and I wonder if she has finished it.A、wroteB、has writtenC、was writingD、had written

51.Is this the washing-machine that you want _____?

A、to have been repairedB、is repairedC、to be repairedD、will be repaired

52.I don’t think you have met him before, _____?

A、don’t IB、haven’t youC、do ID、have you

53.The foreign languages school has a large collection of books, _____ are in English.A、many of themB、many onesC、many of whichD、many books

54.Do you think _____ possible to master a foreign language within two months?

A、thisB、itC、thatD、which

55.It was in this factory _____ “West Lake” sewing machines were made.A、whereB、thatC、in whichD、there

56.– David speaks English very well.– _____.A、So he does, and so do youB、So does he, and so you do

C、So he does, and so you doD、So does he, and so do you

57.The wooden house is still in excellent condition _____ it was built over 100 years a

A、sinceB、becauseC、despiteD、though

58.I am strongly against his proposal that the plan _____.A、be cancelledB、will be cancelledC、to be cancelledD、shall be cancelled

59._____ I want to know is how long it will take to finish the building.A、ThatB、WhichC、WhatD、Whether

60.The project _____ by the end of 2004 has benefited 100,000 people in the city.A、completedB、being completed C、having been completedD、to be completed

Part IV Reading Comprehension

Passage One

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:

Why don’t birds get lost on their long migratory(迁徙的)flight? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years.Now they are beginning to fill in the blanks.Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours.But what about birds that fly mainly by night? Tests with artificial(人造的)stars have proved conclusively that certain night-flying birds are able to follow stars in their long-distance flights.One such bird – a warbler – had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky.Yet it showed an inborn ability to use stars for guidance.The bird’s cage was laced under an artificial star-filled sky at migration time.The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins.Any change in the position of the artificial stars caused a change in the direction of his flight.Scientists think that warblers, when flying in daylight, use the sun for guidance.But stars are apparently their main means of directed flight in the night.What do they do when stars are hidden by clouds? Apparently, they find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines and river courses.But when it is too dark to see these, the warblers circle helplessly, unable to find their way.61.Which of the following is NOT true about migratory bird’s flight?

A、Some birds fly mainly by day.B、Some birds fly mainly by night.C、Birds like to fly during daylight hours.D、Birds depend on the sun or stars to guide them.62.What do we know about the experimental warbler?

A、It was set free for the experiment.B、It had never flown freely outdoors.C、It had never been placed under the sun.D、It had lost its way in its daylight flight.63.What do we know about warblers as a whole?

A、They do not have intelligence.B、They tend to take the same route as other birds.C、They do not need to learn to fly in the right way.D、They cannot sense changes in the position of the moon.64.What does the passage say about warblers’ sense of direction?

A、They get lost under star-filled sky.B、They lose their way when it is too dark.C、They are not able to see clearly at night.D、They usually depend on clouds for direction.65.What does “fill in the blanks” in the first paragraph mean?

A、“to do the exercise”B、“to take the test”

C、“to know the right words”D、“to know the answer”

Passage Two

Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:

How men first learned to invent words is unknown.All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other;and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down.Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their associations – the things they bring up before our minds.Words become filled with meaning for us by experience;and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the happy and sad events of our past;the more we read and learn, the larger the number of words that mean something to us becomes.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to out minds and feelings.This attractive use of words is what we call literary style.Above all, the real poet is a master of words.He can express his meaning in words which sing like

music, and, by their position and association, can move men to tears.We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them correctly, or they will make our speech dull and silly.66.Which of the following did men invent first?

A、WordsB、SoundsC、SignsD、Letters

67.Why did men invent language?

A、To be different form animals.B、To make their ideas known to others.C、To make nice sounds for others to hear.D、To have something to write down with.68.Which of the following is true of words according to the passage?

A、Their power is beyond imagination.B、They last longer than signs or sounds.C、They remind people of their past experience.D、They enable people to live longer and read more.69.Why does the author mention “poet” in the last paragraph?

A、A poet is full of great thoughts and feelings.B、A poet is an example of good language users.C、A poet tells of the glad and sad events of his past.D、A poet knows more sounds and words than others.70.What is the best title of the passage?

A、Language and Its Use.B、Language and Human Experience.C、Poet: A Master of Words.D、How Language Came into Being.Passage Three

Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage:

In the 1800s, trains roared into stations.They were symbols of progress and expansion.They played as much of a role in America’s history as presidents and generals.The first American railroads were built in the late 1820’s.The early railroads provided cheap transportation for shippers and travelers.To encourage the railroads to expand into unsettled land, President Millard Fillmore signed a series of landgrant acts(土地拨赠法案)in the 1850’s.These acts gave the railroad companies ownership of land that ran along the railways.In return for the land, the railroads carried government traffic at reduced rates.The railroad companies sold much of their land to farmers and cattlemen, who then shipped their goods on the trains.The importance of the railroads became clear during the Civil War.During the war, trains carried troops, arms, and supplies.One reason that the North won the war is that it had more use of the railroads.Between 1865 and 1900, railroads grew rapidly.The first transcontinental(跨越全洲的)route was completed in 1869.This track made easier for pioneers to cross the Rocky Mountains and settle the West.And the railroads brought new people to the West even before the trains started running.Thousands of Chinese and Irish laborers helped to lay down the tracks.71.When were the first American railroads built according to the passage?

A、Around 1800.B、Around 1830.C、Around 1860.D、Around 1890.72.Which of the following is NOT a result of the landgrant acts of the 1850’s?

A、The railroads expanded into unsettled lands.B、Farmer and settlers received land for free.C、The government could pay less for its railroad use.D、Farmers and cattlemen bought land form the railroads.73.What was one of the reasons that the South was defeated in the Civil War?

A、The South was short of military supplies.B、Only the North owned railroads and trains.C、The South failed to make good use of railroads.D、The North used railroads to attack the Southern army.74.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A、Railroads grew rapidly between 1865 and 1900.B、Railroad construction created a lot of jobs.C、Trains carried Chinese and Irish laborers to the West.D、The first railroad that reached the West was completed in 1866’s.75.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A、Railroads grew rapidly between 1865 and 1900.B、Railroads played an important role in American history.C、Trains helped pioneers to cross the Rocky Mountains.D、Trains controlled American economy in the 19th century.Part VI Translation from Chinese into English

81.只要你们降价5%，我们就打算向你们大量定货。

82.孩子们喜欢言行一致的父母。

83.通过社会实践，我们可以学到许多书本上学不到的东西。

84.据报道美国总统将于明年二月访问中国。

85.– 我能不能把你的书带回家，明天还给你？– 行。

Keys

21.A 22.D 23.C 24.A 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.B 31.B 32.A 33.A 34.B 35.B 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.D 41.C 42.A 43.C 44.B 45.B 46.D 47.A 48.A 49.D 50.C 51.C

52.D 53.C 54.B 55.B 56.A 57.D 58.A 59.C 60.A 61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.D66.B 67.B 68.C 69.B 70.A71.B 72.B 73.C 74.C 75.B 81.We are going to place large orders with you if you reduce your price by 5%.82.Kids like parents whose words are in accordance with their deeds.83.Through social practice we can learn a lot which can not be got from books.84.It is reported that the U.S.President will visit China next February.85.--Can I take your book home and return it to you tomorrow?--Ok.2006年1月浙江省大学英语三级考试试卷答案 Part I Listening Comprehension

Part II Vocabulary

21.A22.D23.C24.A25.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.B31.B32.A33.A34.B35.B36.A37.A38.C39.C40.D

Part III Structure

41.C42.A43.C44.B45.B46.D47.A48.A49.D50.C51.C52.D53.C54.B55.B56.A57.D58.A59.C60.A

Part IV Reading Comprehension

keys: 61.C62.B63.C64.B65.D

keys: 66.B67.B68.C69.B70.A

keys: 71.B72.B73.C74.C75.B

Part V Translation from English into Chinese

76.Still, there is much parents can do to help their kids develop and enjoy a lifelong interest in reading.your answer:

key:然而，父母们可以做许多事来帮助孩子们发展和享受终生的阅读兴趣。

77.Until you discover what your child likes to read, select books that you loved when you were small and new stories that strike your imagination.your answer:

key:直到你发现你的孩子喜欢读什么，在这之前就选一些你小时候爱看的书或一些能激起你想象的新故事。

78.To get your child hooked on reading, set aside a regular time each day to enjoy a book together.your answer:

key:为了让你的孩子对阅读着迷，每天留出固定的时间和他一起读一本书。

79.If you don’t seem to be enjoying yourself, you’re sending a message that reading isn’t much fun.your answer:

key:如果你看上去并未在享受阅读的乐趣，那么你就在发出一个信息：阅读不是很有趣。

80.When you go out shopping and your child asks for something, buy a book.They’re cheaper than toys and a far better investment in your child’s future.your answer:

key:当你出去购物，你的孩子要求买些东西时，就买本书。书比玩具便宜，也是对你孩子将来更好的投资。Part VI Translation from Chinese into English

81.只要你们降价5%，我们就打算向你们大量定货。

your answer:

key:We are going to place large orders with you if you reduce your price by 5%.82.孩子们喜欢言行一致的父母。

your answer:

key:Kids like parents whose words are in accordance with their deeds.83.通过社会实践，我们可以学到许多书本上学不到的东西。

your answer:

key:Through social practice we can learn a lot which can not be got from books.84.据报道美国总统将于明年二月访问中国。

your answer:

key:It is reported that the U.S.President will visit China next February.85.– 我能不能把你的书带回家，明天还给你？– 行。

your answer:

key:--Can I take your book home and return it to you tomorrow?--Ok.

第五篇：大学英语三级作文（本站推荐）

下面是一封咨询信的范例：

To: London Woolen Products

From: Angel Clothes Store

As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens.We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample.Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list.If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time.Please note our new address and telephone number.Thank you in advance for your attention.Sincerely，Mary 投诉信

Dear Sir，Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday.We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office.The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs.The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50.Thank you very much.Sincerely yours，Mary 订购信

订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。

下面是一封订购飞机票的信函：

June

13，2010 Dear Sir or Madam，I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible.Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m.tomorrow.A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred.I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.If there is no seat available at 8 a.m.tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight.Thank you very much!

Yours faithfully，Steve Brown 备忘录（memo）

Date:(时间)November 10,2009 TO:(收文人)Kelly Anderson,Personal Director;Jonathon Fitzgerald,the Training Manager From:(发文人)J.Hign,assistant to the Customer Service Director Subject: Reasons of decreasing sales（正文）

July 01,2007

To: Mr.ABC, leader of the supply section From: XYZ of the biological laboratory Subject: Microscope Dear Sir，I’m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment.With kind regards.Yours sincerely，XYZ 海报（poster）多是宣传广告。英文海报的内容常为球讯、影讯等。登出海报的日期常写在最后一行，顶格写。一般的英文海报的格式如下：

POSTER(居中)

Friendly Basketball Match(居中)

All Are Welcome(居中)Organized by the Students' Union of our school, a friendly basketball match will be held between No.3 Middle School team and ours on the basketball court on Saturday, June 5, 1993 at 4 p.m.The School Students' Union(右对齐)Tuesday, June 1.(靠左)下面是一篇英语电影海报的模板范文：

This Week's Film(居中)Name: Modern Time(#片名要斜体)Time: 7 p.m.Saturday, April 10 Place: The meeting hall Fare: One Yuan

Ticket office: The school gate house 下面是一份英文促销海报，供大家参考。

GOOD NEWS(居中)Summer Clearance Sales(居中)

All the goods on show are sold at twenty percent discount.Please examine and choose them carefully before you pay.There will be no replacement or refunding.You have been warned in advance.You are welcome to make your choice.Personal Shopping Service

好消息

夏季清仓物资处理

本店陈列商品一律八折出售。请顾客们仔细看货，认真挑选。商品付款出门后不退不换，特此预先声明。如蒙惠顾，无比欢迎。

贝金森购物服务中心 邀请函（invitation）Dear Jane，We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth.Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us!

Warmest regards.Alice 下面是一封接受邀请的信，Dear Alice，Thank you very much for your invitation.It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film.I will arrive at the cinema before eight.I look forward to meeting you on Friday.Thank you for thinking of me.Yours，Jane

申请信写法：

开头：说明写信目的(申请原因)，信息来源，对所申请工作或学校的认识，自己的打算。

主体：着重介绍自己的背景(教育情况，工作经历，兴趣爱好，特长等)。求职信先介绍工作经验，要突出个人能力及工作业绩；求学信要重点介绍自己受教育程度。总之，要努力使自己的介绍引起对方的兴趣。

结尾：表达自己的愿望，如希望得到面试机会等。要自信而坚定。

June 1.2010 Dear Sir or madam，I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in＿＿＿(信息来源)of ＿＿＿(信息发布日期).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a ＿＿＿(职位名称).＿＿＿(原因之一).On the other hand, ＿＿＿(原因之二).I would be very grateful if you grant me a personal interview.If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at＿＿＿(电话号码).Thank you for considering my application.I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

常用语：

I have learned that you are hiring---

I would like to apply for---

I am interested in a---position in your firm.I would appreciate an interview at your convenience.I am well qualified to---for the following reasons.My interest and skill in---contribute to my qualification for this job.感谢信

1）感谢信的写法

感谢信最主要的特点是真诚。缺乏真挚的感情答谢他人，收信人将对你的谢意产生怀疑，感谢的目的也就失去了。因此，写感谢信首先得真心诚意。

感谢信另一个特点是具体。写感谢信切忌泛泛而谈，而应着重于具体的感谢事由。

其次一个特点是及时。收到别人礼物、得到别人帮助，应及时写信予以答谢。否则，人家会对你的谢意大打折扣。

收到他人赠送的礼物应当及时写封感谢信，感谢信除了应写得真诚、具体、及时外，还应当特别提及所收礼物的具体内容，否则，泛泛而谈，使人觉得你不够真诚。为此，当你写感谢信时，应这样写：“Thank you for your beautiful roses.”(谢谢您送的美丽的玫瑰花。)；而不要笼统地写上“Thank you for your beautiful gift.”(谢谢您送给我的漂亮礼物。)，这样，使人觉得你既礼貌，又诚心，从而真正达到交往的目的。下面给出两封简短的感谢信，一封是对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢，另一封是在对方家里小住过一段时间，离开后表达感谢的信。

Dear Sandy，When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present.It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come.Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.Sincerely，Susan Dear Professor Anthony，Thank you for a delightful stay.Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship.I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect.Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.Cordially，Tom

通知（notice）1.标题

一般应用醒目字体在通知上面正中位置写Notice一词作为标志。2.正文

通知正文是通知的主体部分，所使用的语言应尽量简明扼要。发出通知的一方面和被通知的一方一般都以第三人称出现。英文通知中很常见的一个词就是request，它比ask 更加正式，比demand客气。常用结构为：

To request sb.To do sth.to be requested to do sth.请求某人做某事。3.日期

书面通知要写日期，布告式通知的日期一般写在最后一行，即左下角。4.落款

书面通知要写落款，写出发出通知的人或单位名称，落款一般写在通知的右下角。落款处也可以用名词sponsor,如：sponsor: the youth league committee.团委主办。动词sponsor表示“主办或发起“，常用形式为：sponsored by… 通知中表示希望，建议等，通常不用主动语态，而用被动形式，如：It is hoped…希望…，It is required that….要求…, It is suggested that… 建议… 等 例一：布告形式的通知：

NOTICE All professors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday, August 18, at 2:00 p.m.to discuss questions concerning international academic exchanges.Headmaster’s office June 12, 2010 通知

本星期六（8月18日）下午二时，全体教授和副教授在学院会议室开会，讨论国际学术交流问题，请准时出席。

例二：书信形式的通知

Dear Examinee:

As you know, due to unfortunate circumstances, ETS was forced to cancel the scores of the October 1992 TOEFL administration in the People's Republic of China.At that time, you were notified that you would be able to take another TOEFL without charge up through the October 1993 administration.You should be aware that the TOEFL program has a long standing policy of not refunding test fees when administrations are cancelled.We apologize for any inconvenience that this may cause to you.Russell Webster

Executive Director

TOEFL Program

Educational Testing Service

各位考生：

如你所知，很遗憾，教育考试服务处被迫取消1992年10月在中华人民共和国进行的托福考试成绩。当时，我方通知你在1993年10月以前可免费参加在此期间的任何一次考试。你应该知道托福考试项目的长期以来的政策：当考试被取消时，不向考生退还考试费。

因此带给您的不便，深表歉意。

教育考试服务处，托福考试项目执行主任：

拉塞尔·韦伯斯特（签字）

7.便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快的吧最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有收条、欠条、留言和请假条等。

便条可以有题目，也可以省略题目。

便条开篇须有称呼语，但称呼可以比较随便。

日期部分可写在便条的右上角。

日期的签署通常只需写星期几或星期几的上午、下午，也可只写上午或下午和具体时间。只写日期也可以。

便条结尾须署上留条人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。

便条的形式和内容简洁，故可以用几句话概括。

文内语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言。

便条虽简单，但中心务必突出，更要注明活动的时间及地点。

便条不需邮寄，不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。

基本写作格式

便条内容和类型不尽相同，可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素；1）Date：便条日期2）Salutation：称呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名

样例

收条：即收到钱物之后，给交钱或送物人写张字据，说明已经收到某物，可留作证据。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Jan.23rd,2003 Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months tuition fee.Li Man For the Finance Office of Foreign Language Institute

欠条；留下字据，表示欠某人某物。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Sept.16th, 2002 Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows: A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen

Wu Zhuo

For the Office of

Social Science Department

留言；用书面留下要说的话。留言涉及的方面很多，包括约会，通知，请求等任何可用便条留下的口信。

Tuesday

Dear Li, As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours.I’m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Li Jing Hotel?

Yours always，Jia Yang

请假条：往往指由于生病或特殊情况不能亲自当面请假，用假条的形式告假。所以，请假条大多是病假条。可以自写，也可请他人代写。写假条最重要的是说明原因和请假的期限。

Jan.10th

Dear Ms.Jiang，I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this mornings two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully，Tian Ye

常用句子I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，请早日来电，我将不胜感激。

Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m.tomorrow.来条收悉，定于明天下午两点拜访。

Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice.附；医生证明I shall be bery happy to call at your house at 6:30 this everying.Until then,...我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。

Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.见条后，请立即来我办公室。

Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的帮助。

I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。

Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一张入场券均已收到，不胜感激。

I’m very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and I’m sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀请观看你们的音乐会，我一定按时到场。

Please accept this little gift as a small token of my esteen for you.奉上这小小的礼物，以表达我对您的崇高敬意。

结束语I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不会给你带来太大的不便。

Please favor me with an early reply.敬请早复。

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早处理此事。

Please give an extension of leave for three days.请准予续假三天为盼。

实考作文预测作文

（二）说明：以院学生会名义通知全体学生会干事于本周四晚上6：30在学院会议室开会，讨论学院毕业晚会的相关事宜，请准时出席。通知时间为2008年11月24日。●

审题概述●

这是一封通知，要求语言简洁，简单明了。

Notice December 24 All the Director-General of Student Union ①are requested to be on time in the college conference room at 6:30 this Thursday evening to discuss the ②College Graduation Party.Student Union 作实考作文预测作文

（五）以Susan的名义于2008年11月19日写一份给Gaby的感谢信.内容如下： Dec.19, 2008 Dear Gaby, ①I’m writing to thank you for those wonderful days during my visit in your city.②I’m very grateful for your warm welcome and interesting arangements.I hope that you will have a chance and come to Nanjing some day, where there are many ③places of interest.And I also hope that we can often ④keep in touch.Thanks again.Yours faithfully，Susan 三级作文模板

1、自由发挥

Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic that 引出话题。As a college student, I think that 论点。

To begin with, 论点1。

A further reason why I support this is that 论点2。There is good evidence to show that 举例。

All in all, 重述主题，I wish提出建议。

2、适合yes/no题型

It has long been a contentious issue as to whether 题目陈述。Some people are of the opinion that 观点1，while others point out that 观点2。As far as I’m concerned, I agree to the former/latter opinion.For one thing, 论点1。For another, 观点2。

Now, it’s not difficult to draw the conclusion that 总结观点。

3、适合A/B题型 引出话题。As a result, some people are worried that A与B之间的矛盾。However, I don’t think their concerns are necessary, because A has advantages over B.First of all, A的优点。However, B的缺点。Furthermore, A的优势。

Last but not the least, A的优点。In contrast, B的缺点。

In short, A has some advantages that B doesn’t have.Therefore, 结论。

4、适合给定观点

Now, there is a growing awareness among our students that 引出话题。From my point of view, I think that 观点。I will explain why this is the case.The first and most important reason is that 论点1。If you look around, you will always find that 举例1。

Another reason to support my idea is that 论点2。A good case in point is 举例2。So from what has been discussed, one can reach only this conclusion that 重述观点。Students should 提出建议。If we can manage to 改进办法，our life will be more enjoyable.适合开头的句子：

1.It has been a hot topic for a long time on… many people advocate that….2.In recent years, … is becoming more and more popular.3.With the rapid development of …, many … have realized the important role of…4.With the passage of time and the development of modern science and technology, …more and more affect our lives.过渡句：1。On the other hand, there are also people who maintain that…2.Undoubtedly, as “every coin has two sides,” a case in point is…3.Obviously, different people have different attitudes towards…4.There are some possible reasons for the present situation.First,… Second,…Finally,…As a result,…5.However, the reason for this phenomenon is complicated…

结尾句：1.As far as I am concerned, I …2.As for me, with…3.In my opinion,… 4.Generally speaking,… 5.From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that…6.Consequently, we should keep in mind that…7.Therefore, we should realize that…8.Therefore, I think it is really high time that…9.In a word/in brief/ in summary… 书信作文常用套句

开头部分

1：The time flies, we haven't seen each other for a long time.All the things here are going on pretty well, I just miss you so much!

时间过得很快，我们已经很久没见了。这里一切都好，就是很想你。

2：It is so great to hear from you again.能再次收到你的来信我很开心。

3：Long time no see!好久不见。

4：I trust that everything is going smoothly for you.我相信你那里一切都好。

5：It is a great pleasure for me to have this wonderful chance to put pen to paper and send greetings to you.很高兴我有这样的机会提笔给你写信，寄给你我的问候和祝福。

中间部分：

Give advice:

In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following action:

在下认为，如果你能采取以下措施，将是一种明智的选择。

I hope you will not find it too forward for me to suggest that you...请原谅我的直接，不过，希望你能___________。

In my experience, it seems that _______ would make sense in your situation.从我的经验来看，针对你的情况，似乎________会有帮助。

At the risk of overstepping my boundaries, allow me to suggest that you____。

请原谅我的冒昧，不过我建议你_____________。

Gratitude

I truly appreciate your kindness.我很欣赏你的仁慈。

I am grateful to you for...非常感谢你_________________-。

I appreciate it more than I can say.我对你表示万分感谢。

I can never thank you enough.万分感谢。

I wish there were a better word than “ thanks ” to express my appreciation for your generous help.其实，对你的帮助岂能用“谢谢”儿子可以表达的。

It was kind and generous of you to do this for me, and I appreciate it more than I can say.你对我如此慷慨，真是对您感激不尽。

Many thanks for your kindness and hospitality.非常感谢你的仁慈和好客。

Now we have arrived back home safe and sound.现在我已经安全到家。

Thank you from the bottom of my heart for...我打从心底谢谢你（真诚地感谢你）。

Thank you again for your kindness.谢谢你的好意。

Apology

Please accept my sincerest and deepest apology.请接受我最诚挚、最深刻的道歉。

I apologize most sincerely for...我诚挚地对___________向你道歉。

I am truly sorry to have done...我对________向你表示道歉。

Please forgive me...请原谅我曾__________。

I owe you an apology...我为______向你道歉。

I regret to inform you that I am unable to do..很遗憾地告诉你，我没法___________。

I am so sorry to have put you through so much trouble...很抱歉给你带来这么多麻烦，__________。

Invitation

The honor of your presence is requested...若你能出席________，我（们）将感到万分荣幸。

It's a pleasure for me to invite you to...我很荣幸地邀请你参加__________。

We sincerely hope that you make it.我们真诚地希望你能参加。

We would be honored to have you there with us...如果您能参加我们的__________，我们将不甚荣幸。

I will cover all the expense involved.我将负担所有的费用。

Sympathy

I can only imagine how difficult this time must be for you, and I want to extend to you my unwavering support.我能想象你所经历的一切，而且，我想告诉你，我会永远支持你。

Complain

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction withat...我写这封信是想告诉你们我对________不是很满意。

I very much regret to have to inform you that...很遗憾地通知你，__________。

I would like to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to the...我想就_____________问题引起有关部门的重视。

I feel something ought to be done about...我觉得________方面还可以作一些努力（需要改进）。

I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible.我希望以上问题（情况）能尽快解决（改进）。

Your effort to provide good services will be highly appreciated by all.我们会很感激您作出的一切努力。

We will appreciate your willingness to make up for the loss.我们真的希望你们能对损失作出补偿。

Inquiry

I would like to request some information about...我想对_______问题向您咨询。

My first question is...我的问题就是__________。

I am greatly concerned about...我对_________较为关注。

Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.我是否需要再寄其他资料给你，请及时告知。

Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects.能否针对上述的问题寄些相关的小册子给我。

结尾部分：

Again, I would like to express our warm thanks to you.我想再次对你表示感谢。

I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.我希望待尽快给我回复。

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.谢谢你关心（关注），我期待你的回复。

1、致辞：

Directions: Write a speech on the opening of a conference of no less than 120 words.In your speech, you should:

1）

进行自我介绍，2）

详细介绍大会内容，3）

结束语。

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing!To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself.I am the president of Motorola(China)Electronics Ltd.The following is my introduction to the conference.First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation.Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates.Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you.If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time.Thank you for your attention.2、求职信/求学信：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a position of a company.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.申请职位，2.简要介绍自己的情况，3.期待回信。Dear Sir or Madam，I am senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing University.I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.I am sure that I am qualified for it.First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience.Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member.Last, my hobbies include sports and music.Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you rendered me.Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

3、邀请信：

Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually: 1）

邀请参加晚会，2）

说明举办晚会的原因，3）

将安排哪些活动。

Dear Wangcai，I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr.Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms.Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m.on April 1, 2007.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely，Li Ming