2018年大学英语四级语法精要

第一篇：2018年大学英语四级语法精要

大学英语四级语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)1.时态

1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been +-ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态

1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动

词,常

见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制)

2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

a)双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词 1)Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement.4.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）错误的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致

1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you? b)some, few, both, many 等作复数

c)some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数: None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the„, most of the „), 动词用单数.3)由and 或 both„ and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数;由not only„but(also), either„or, neither„nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数: This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题

a)书名, 国家名用单数: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.c)many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用单数.在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非谓语动词

1.不定式

1)形式 主动形式 被动形式

to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing

一般式 完成式 进行式

完成进行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主语(a), 宾语(b), 表语(c), 定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare? e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to 的不定式:

a)在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too„to 结构通常表示否定意义: She was too young to understand all that.enough„to结构则表示肯定意义: She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义: He’s only too pleased to help her.so„as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况: It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用

a)作主语: Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语: Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect„of, accuse„of, charge„with, hear of, approve of, prevent„from, keep„from, stop„from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表语: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

5)既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6)悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作, 正确)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词

1)意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food

a freezing wind a boring journey a losing battle a bored traveller a lost cause

a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the spoken word a closed shop a recorded talk

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students，the last finishing touch a speaking bird the closing hour a recording machine retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用

a)作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星

b)作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有: see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词: I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词: I don’t want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d)独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间: Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.条件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ 虚拟语气

1.that从居中:

1)wish, would rather(sooner), had better: I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句: The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句: His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中

1)it is time that It is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句: They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形): He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4)以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成): Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句

1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:

a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况): 谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式): 从句 主句 过去式 would + 动词原形

不管发生什么情况, 我们都要If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下:

从句 主句 had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词

She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake, You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生的).这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do? Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介词

1.合成介词和复杂介词

1)合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without

2)复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2.介词在句末:

This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3.名词加介词(n + prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for 2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

4.动词加介词

1)Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon 2)Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等 3)Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5.形容词加介词

about---anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc at---awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc for---convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc from---evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc of---apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc on---dependent, keen, intent, etc to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc with---awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc Ⅴ 连词 1.并列连词

1)表示意义的引申: and, both„and, not only„but(also), as well as, and „as well, neither„nor 2)表示选择: or, either„or 3)表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)4)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence 2.从属连词

1)表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once 2)表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that 3)表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition(that)，4)表示其他关系:(al)though, than, as/so„as, lest, in order that, so„that

Ⅵ 定语从句

1.限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的: Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词

1)that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom: This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? Have you met the person(that)he was speaking about

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时): Have you everything you need?(Is there)anything I can do for you? All you have to do is to press the button.在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些: The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool(that)he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.This is the question(that)we’ve had so much discussion about.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which: a)They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted

b)When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.3)whose: 在表示“．．．的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose;whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是 名词词组 + of which:

Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast? We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.(…the purpose of which was…)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(…whose name I’ve…)

of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在 of whom之前.The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.4)关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.The day when he was born…

The office where he works…

有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.Every time(that)the telephone rings, he gets nervous.at which he works… which he works at…

on which he was born…

which he was born on… This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.Do you know anywhere(that)I can get a drink? This is the place(where)we met yesterday.That is the reason(why)he did it.在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略.This is the way(that/in which)he did it.That’s the way I look at it.3.如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉: I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.This is the fastest train(that)there is to Nanjing.4.定语从句的简化: 定语从句与不定式结构,-ing分词结构,-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.He was the only one to realize the danger(= who realized the danger).The woman driving the car(= who was driving the car)indicated that she was going to turn left.The man injured by the bullet(= who was injured by the bullet)was taken to hospital.All the women present(= who were present)looked up in alarm.Ⅶ 倒装

1.全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序.倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装.在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:

Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question.Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.2.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”.“ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didn’t drop any hint.Nor(Neither)did his secretary.“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor(Neither)will I.”

如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”

3.当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.4.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装: There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序: There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装: Here is China’s largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序: Here we are.This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”

5.表语和系动词提前:

a)介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.b)形容词: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.c)副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.d)分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.6)句首状语若由 only + 副词，only + 介词词组, only + 状语

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.从句构成, 引起局部倒装:

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装: Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.Ⅷ 比较级和最高级

1.无比较级和最高级的形容词及副词: complete, perfect, utter, etc

2.比较从句

1)as…as, almost/just/nearly as…as, not so/as …as: We’ll give you as much help as we can.I haven’t made as much progress as I should.We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago.My command of English is not half so(as)good as yours.2)than, so much/a lot more than, no more… than, not more…than, less than more„than, less„than可表示“与其说„不如说„”: He is more good than bad.He was less hurt than frightened.The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis.“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以是该形容词或副词的相反的含义: no rich than = as poor as no bigger than = as small as no later than = as early as John is no better than Tom.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.3)the more„ the more(越是„就越„)Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.4)more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 当as much of a„as, more/less of a „than等结构与单数可数名词搭配时, 名词只能置于比较结构中间.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.Ⅸ 名词性从句: 名词性从句包括主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句.1.主语从句有三类: a)由what等代词引导的主语从句: what表示“„所„的(东西)”, 在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句;whatever表示“所„的一切”;whoever表示“一切„的人”.What you need is more practice What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever I have is at your service.Whoever comes will be welcome.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.b)由连词that引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去, 而用代词it做形式上的主语: That we need more equipment is quite obvious.It is impossible that I may not able to come.It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.在口语中连词that有时可以省略掉: It’s good you’re so considerate.It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk.c)由连接代词或连接副词(或whether)引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主语.When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether he will join us.2宾语从句: 和主语从句及表语从句一样, 宾语从句也有以上三类.a)连接代词或副词引导的从句只是在某些动词后能用作宾语.Tell me what you want.I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.能跟这类宾语从句的常见动词有: see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise等.这种动词后也常用whether或if引导的从与作宾语:

这种从句有时前面可以有另一个宾语: Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting? I don’t know whether these figure are accurate.I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.Please advise me which book I should read first.有时这种从句也可用作及词的宾语: Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.I was curious as to what he would say next.b)用that引导的从句作宾语的情形最为普遍, 在很多动词如boast, say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, acknowledge, admit, deny, expect, explain, confess, order, command, suspect, dream, suggest, propose, know, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report, urge, 以及doubt的否定和疑问式后面都可以用它.Ⅹ 情态动词:

1.may/might表示允许和可能:

a)允许: 询问或说明一件事可不可以做.May I trouble you with a question? You may take this seat if you like.He asked if he might glance through my album.You might as well speak your mind.(比may„显得婉转一些)

b)可能: 表示一件事或许发生(或是某种情况可能会存在).You may walk ten miles without seeing a house.She was afraid they might not like the idea.A bad thing might be turned to good account.c)might 表示请求: Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?(比May I „更客气一些)

2.can’t, couldn’t表示否定的推测: She can’t be serious.A more suitable book can’t be found.(It is not possible to find a more suitable book.)He couldn’t(can’t)be over fifty.3.should, ought to: 表示应该做的事, ought to比should口气稍重一些.You should(ought to)do as he says.You shouldn’t(oughtn’t to)talk like that.但这两者间也有一些差别, 在表示责任, 义务等该做的事情时, 常用ought to, 在表示某件事宜于做时, 多用should, 在下面的句子中这两

第二篇：大学英语四级常考语法总结

大学英语四级常考语法总结

一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。

二、独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。

三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。

四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。

五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。

七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。

第三篇：大学英语四级七种语法特点介绍篇

2012大学英语四级考试语法基础精讲:大学英语四级七种语法特点介绍篇

在历年词汇与结构的题中语法部分约占40%，词汇部分约占60%，而且多有交叉。总的来说语法题主要有以下考点：虚拟语气。强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest，incase，otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在wouldrather，wish，asif，it„stimethat等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。

2.主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people，poultry，militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如aswellas，besides，inadditionto等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

3.倒装结构。表示强调或突出，分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。

4.非谓语动词。这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，解题时可以从三个方面入手：①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。

5.独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。

6.时态。英语中一共有16个时态，最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去式、一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间?是短暂时间还是延续性时间?

7.名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分(做宾语、主语还是状语等)，从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。

喜欢就顶

第四篇：大学英语四级作文万能

大学英语四级作文模板：解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1． 问题现状

2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious.First,------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second,---------------(举例进一步说明现状)

Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing,---------------(解决方法一).For another-------------(解决方法二).Finally,--------------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that-------------(我的解决方法).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because--------------(带来的好处).大学英语四级作文模板：对比选择型作文模板

When it comes to ＿＿＿＿ ,different people hold different views.Some contend that＿＿＿＿.For one thing,＿＿＿＿.For another,＿＿＿.In spite of all these claims, others maintain that ＿＿＿＿，They point out that＿＿＿＿.Another instance often cited is that＿＿＿＿.It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue.As for me, there’s some truth to both arguments.It’s advisable to ＿＿＿＿＿＿.大学英语四级作文模板：说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）

1． 说明事物现状

2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）

3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法

Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First----------------(Ａ的优点之一).Besides-------------------（A的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)．

Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to---------------(我的看法)．

(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by this way,---------------(对前景的预测)．)

大学英语四级作文模板：现象解释型作文模板：

Recently, ＿＿＿＿What amazes us most is＿＿＿＿＿．It is true that ＿＿＿＿＿.There are many reasons explaining ＿＿＿＿＿＿．The main reason is＿＿＿＿＿，What is more, ＿＿＿＿＿，Thirdly, ＿＿＿＿＿．As a result, ＿＿＿＿＿．

Considering all these, ＿＿＿＿＿．For one thing, ＿＿＿＿For another, ＿＿＿＿．In conclusion, ＿＿＿＿．

大学英语四级作文模板：议论文的框架

(1)不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.(3)答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know，there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.(4)谚语警句性议论文

It is well known to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..大学英语四级作文模板：问题解决型作文模板：

With the ＿＿＿＿of＿＿＿＿，So it is of great importance for us to＿＿＿＿.On the one hand＿＿＿＿, On the other hand＿＿＿＿，However, we have figured out many ways to ＿＿＿＿＿．Firstly, ＿＿＿＿So long as＿＿＿＿.Secondly＿＿＿＿, Thirdly＿＿＿＿．In fact＿＿＿＿, That is because ＿＿＿＿.In a word,＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．

opinion is both sound and well-grounded.大学英语四级作文模板：实用性写作(申请信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver''s address

Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours，X X X

大学英语四级作文模板：对比观点题型

（1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1． 有一些人认为。。

2． 另一些人认为。。

3． 我的看法。。

The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions of it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二).Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).But others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一).Secondly(besides),⑥------------------（理由二）.Thirdly(finally),⑦------------------(理由三).From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）.The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice.[NextPage]

（2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）.For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一).For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)．

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．

大学英语四级作文模板：现象说明文

Recently _______,what amazes us most is______________,it is true that__________.There are many reasons explaining__________________________.The main reason is____________________.what is more_________________________.Thirdly__________________________.As a result_______________.Considering all these,________________________.For one thing_____________________,for another________

____.In Conclusion____________________.一种事物或现象（负面意义倾向）

大学英语四级作文模板：阐述主题题型

要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。

1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。

2． 分析并举例使其更充实。

The good old proverb----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that----------------(释义).Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,-----------------(理由一).For example,-------------------(举例说明).Secondly,----------------(理由二).Another case is that---------------(举例说明).Furthermore ,------------------(理由三)．

In my opinion,----------------(我的观点).In short, whatever you do, please remember the saying------A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.

第五篇：2017大学英语四级作文

2017四级写作必背范文、句型、模板

1、就业

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

1、大学生难找工作，2、原因很多，3、解决的办法。

Job hunting has always been a headache for college students.Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not.Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various.On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market.On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures.First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need.Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed.They should go to small cities and country.There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge.In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.找工作对很多大学毕业生来讲已经变成了非常头疼的问题。尽管很多人在毕业之后马上找到工作，还是有些人没有找到。最为严重的是，有些人在毕业很长时间之后，还不知道去哪找工作。

产生这一现象的原因有很多。首先，几年前各大学院和大学录取了这么多经济、金融等热门专业的学生，以至于毕业生的数量超过了市场需求。其次，大多数大学生宁愿待在大城市，找不到合适的工作，也不愿去小城市和乡村。

我认为如果大学和学生都采取有效措施，这个难题可以解决。首先，大学应该通过市场调查来发展学生的特殊技能以适应需求。其次，学生的就业观念应该转变。他们应该去小城市和乡镇，在那里他们可以充分发挥自己的专业理论知识和实践技能。总而言之，如果我们更加重视，这种状况可以得到改进。

2、出国留学

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Studying Abroad.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1）目前很多中国学生出国留学，2）出国留学的好处，3）我的看法。

Nowadays, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents.Importance should be attached to studying abroad.There are a great many advantages of studying overseas.First and foremost, living and studying abroad offers students a different perspective of the world.On a university campus, international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas and are exposed to diverse ideas and values.What is more, overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use of foreign languages.There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is spoken.Generally peaking, it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful, the payoff is worthwhile.In the first place, in addition to knowledge, overseas students can gain precious experiences that those who stay at home will never have.Furthermore, overseas experience, frustrating and painful as it may be, is conducive to the growth of adolescents.目前，出国留学在年轻人中间非常流行。我们应该充分重视留学问题。

出国留学有很多好处。首先，国外生活和学习为学生提供了一个看待世界的不同视角。在大学校园中，国际学生很可能遇到来自不同国家和地区的同伴，并且面临迥异的观念和价值。此外，海外经历是外语在实际生活运用的最佳时机。没有什么比住在母语国家提高第二外语技能的更好机会了。

总之，我认为尽管出国留学很昂贵，并且可能会痛苦，但这种付出是值得的。首先，除了知识之外，留学生可以获得留在国内的学生永远无法获得的宝贵经验。其次，尽管留学经历可能使人沮丧痛苦，然而这对年轻人的成长是有益的。

3、社会实践

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Social Practice of College Students.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1)各大学在假期都会组织学生参加各种社会实践活动，2)这些活动给大学生带来了哪些好处，3)参加社会实践活动应该注意些什么。

Social Practice of College Students Nowadays a large number of universities encourage and organize students to take part in social practice activities.During the holidays, students in mounting numbers choose to be the volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike.It is obvious that social practice is playing an increasingly essential role in China’s college education.Undoubtedly, college students have benefited a lot from social practice.Above all, they are provided with more opportunities to contact the real world outside campus.What is more, in social practice activities, students can apply their theoretical knowledge to the solution to the practical problems.So their practical skills are improved greatly.Besides, social practice helps strengthen students’ sense of social responsibility.Considering the above-mentioned, it is necessary for college students to participate in social practice.However, social practice may bring some problems.For example, some students spend too much time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignore their study.Hence, we should try to balance the relationship between social practice and study.现在很多大学鼓励并组织学生参加社会实践活动。在假期，越来越多的学生选择去做志愿者，兼职打工或参加其他类似的实践活动。显而易见，社会实践在中国大学教育中正在发挥日益重要的作用。

毫无疑问，大学生从社会实践中受益匪浅。首先，他们有更多机会接触校园之外的真实世界。其次，在社会实践活动中，学生能把他们的理论知识用于解决实际问题。因此他们的实践技能得到极大提高。此外，社会实践有助于增强学生的社会责任感。考虑到上述论证，大学生必须参加社会实践活动。然而，社会实践可能带来一些问题。例如，有些学生花费太多时间兼职打工，以至于忽视了他们的学习。因此，我们应该努力平衡社会实践与学习之间的关系。

4、网络游戏

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Online Games.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below:

1)现在有些大学生沉迷于网络游戏，家长和学校对此忧心忡忡，2)但有人认为网络游戏并非一无是处，3)你的看法。

Online Games As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students.A great many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games.But as we see, some students lacking self-discipline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic performances are affected.This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents.However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful.They can train the ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly.Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science.More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly.From my point of view, online games are a wonderful entertainment if you play them in a reasonable way.When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once.Yet if you have enough self-control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure and benefit a lot from them.作为现代电脑与网络的产物，在线游戏在大学生中间已经变得非常流行。很多学生喜欢来自于这些游戏的极大快乐与满足。但是我们看到，一些缺乏自律的学生太沉迷于这些游戏，以至于影响了他们的健康和学习成绩。这种现象已经在教师和家长中引起极大忧虑。

然而，有人认为在线游戏并不总是有害。它们可以训练年轻人对事物的快速反应能力。此外，它们可以激发年轻人的想象与对电脑的兴趣。更为重要的是，它确实给大学生带来快乐并极大地减轻他们的压力。

在我看来，如果你以适当的方式玩在线游戏，这是一种极好的娱乐。当它们太影响学习的时候，你最好立即放弃。然而如果你对他们有足够的自制，你当然可以从中获得真正的快乐并受益匪浅。

5、考证热

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Certificate Craze on Campus.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1)近几年大学校园内出现“考证热”，2)产生这一现象的原因，3)你的看法。

Certificate Craze on Campus In recent years, to get a certificate has become a new craze among college students.Just randomly ask a student on campus what he or she is busy doing, quite possibly, you may get the answer that he is preparing for a certificate of some kind.Why does this craze appear? There are mainly two reasons behind this phenomenon.To begin with, it is the employment pressure that forces college students to get more certificates.With the admission expansion of colleges, a lot more graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.How can one make himself more competitive? More certificates at hand, maybe.Furthermore, diploma and certificates are still vital standards by which a good many employers measure a person’s ability.In order to increase the qualifications for a job, the students compel themselves to run from one exam to another.From my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since certificates do not necessarily prove one’s ability.Being crazy in getting certificates blindly is nothing but wasting time.To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but not getting a certificate of no practical value.近年来，考证在大学生中已经变成一种新的热潮。只是在校园中随机询问一位学生他或她在忙什么，你可能就会得到这样的答案：他正在准备考取某种证书。为何出现这种热潮？

这种现象主要有两点原因。首先，正是就业压力使得大学生去考取更多证书。随着大学的扩招，更多毕业生不得不面对就业市场的激烈竞争。一个人如何使自己更具竞争力？可能就是更多证书在手。此外，学位和证书仍是很多单位衡量个人能力的重要标准。为了改善就业条件，学生们迫使自己不断参加考试。

在我看来，由于证书并不一定证明某人的能力，我们应该更加理性面对证书。盲目地热衷于获得证书只是浪费时间。总之，我们应该重视提升能力，而不是获得没有使用价值的证书。

6、节俭

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Extravagant Spending on College Campus.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1)很多大学生每月的花销越来越高，根本没有节俭的概念，2)分析产生这一现象的原因，3)我的看法。

Extravagant Spending on College Campus According to a survey, in recent years the monthly expenditure of a college student has been on the sharp rise.Many college students have no concept of thrift in their mind.They take it for granted that they spend money from their parents before they enter into the society.This extravagant spending is primarily caused by the following factors.First of all, nowadays most of the students are the only children of their families.They are the apple in their family’s eyes and naturally get more care and pocket money.In addition, with the improvement of living standards, parents can afford higher expenditure of their children.Moreover, some students like to pursue fashion and trends, which tend to need more money.Finally, campus love is also a possible factor causing extravagant spending.From my point of view, a college student, as a pure consumer, should learn to be thrifty.We should limit our expenditure on daily necessities but not buy whatever we want regardless of their prices.The habit of thrift can help us form right values and is favorable to our future development.根据一项调查，近年来大学生每月花销已经急剧增加。很多大学生脑中根本没有节俭的概念。在走入社会之前，他们想当然地花费父母给的钱。这种浪费花销主要由以下原因引起。

首先，现在大多数学生是家里的独生子女。他们是父母眼中的宝贝，自然得到更多关心和零用钱。其次，随着生活水平的提高，父母能够承担孩子更高的消费。此外，一些学生喜欢追求时尚和潮流，这也易于需要更多钱。最后，校园恋爱也是造成浪费花销的另一可能原因。

在我看来，一名大学生作为纯消费者，应该学会节俭。我们的支出应该限制在日常必需品，而不是不顾价格购买我们想要的一切。节俭的习惯能帮助我们树立正确的价值观，并有利于我们的未来发展。

7、挫折

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Frustration Education should be Strengthened among College Students.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline：

1)加强挫折教育十分重要，2)举例说明你的观点，3)为了加强挫折教育，我们应该怎么做

Frustration Education should be Strengthened among College Students It is universally acknowledged that college students should be guided correctly to face frustrations in life.Frustration is inevitable during our life, and frustration education should be carried out among colleges and universities.The truth of it is deep and profound.A great many remarkable illustrations contribute to this argument.A case in point is that there are an increasing number of college students committing suicide each year when confronted with some kind of frustration.This is close to suggest that strengthening frustration education allows of no delay.As a matter of fact, it seems that successful people tend to be good at dealing with frustrations.Moreover, most of the students are often annoyed and discouraged by frustrations instead of drawing lessons.Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that frustration education is essential to the college students.But what is worth noting is colleges should also provide psychological service for the students while giving frustration education.To conclude, college students should be guided in the right path when facing setbacks in life.普遍公认我们应该正确引导大学生面对生活中的挫折。挫折在我们生活中必不可少，而挫折教育应该在学生和大学中展开。其中的道理非常深刻。

很多值得注意的例子支持上述论证。一个恰当的例子就是当面对某种挫折的时候，每年自杀的大学生越来越多。这充分证明了加强挫折教育刻不容缓。事实上，成功人士似乎倾向于擅长面对挫折。此外，大多数学生经常被挫折所烦恼和沮丧，而非吸取教训。

根据上述论证，我们可以得出结论：挫折教育对于大学生十分重要。但值得注意的是，在进行挫折教育的同时，大学也应为学生提供心理服务。总之，在面对生活中的挫折时，我们应该对大学生给与正确引导。

8、报考公务员

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Test for Civil Servants.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1)近几年兴起了一股报考公务员的热潮，2)分析产生这一现象的原因，3)你的看法。

Test for Civil Servants In recent years, there are people in expanding numbers who have participated in the test for civil servants.Millions of students choose civil servant as their most ideal occupation after graduation.And among them, the high-educated, like masters and doctors, take quite a large percentage.The craze in civil servant test has attracted widespread attention.The following fundamental causes can account for this kind of craze.First and foremost, nowadays college students face great employment pressure.Civil servant, as one of the most stable professions in today’s China, becomes their preferable choice.Moreover, recently, the welfare and salary of civil servants have been improved greatly, which undoubtedly attracts many people.Last but not least, the high social position of civil servants is a crucial factor drawing many people to take part in the civil servant test.In my opinion, this craze in civil servant test will continue in the following years.However, from the long run, it does not do good to the development of our nation.If most high quality talents gather in the government departments, it might lead to a waste of resources.Accordingly, both the individuals and the government should have a more objective recognition of the civil servant test craze.近年来，越来越多的人开始参加公务员考试。数以百万的学生选择公务员作为他们毕业后最理想的职业。在他们中间，硕士和博士等高等教育者占据相当大的比例。报考公务员的热潮已经引起广泛的关注。

下述主要原因可以解释这种热潮。首先，现在大学生面对巨大的就业压力。公务员作为当今中国最稳定的职业之一，成为他们的首选。其次，近年来公务员的福利和待遇已经极大改善，无疑吸引了很多人。最后，公务员较高的社会地位也是吸引很多人报考公务员的一个重要原因。

在我看来，报考公务员的热潮在未来几年中仍将继续。然而，从长远来看，这对我们国家的发展并没有好处。如果大多数高素质人才聚集中于政府部门，这可能导致一种资源浪费。因此，个人和政府都应对报考公务员的热潮有一种更客观的认识。

9、互联网

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Internet.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

1、互联网使用的现状，2、大学生是否应该使用互联网，人们的看法不同，3、我的看法。

In recent years, people are developing an inseparable relationship with Internet.As is known to all, it is convenient for us to click the mouse when surfing on line, either to entertain ourselves or to meet the work’s needs.On the one hand, no one denies that Internet is currently one of the most useful media in our daily life.As a college student, I get on line every day to exchange information through e-mails with my net friends.But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain a regular and wholesome lifestyle.Thus, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence.After all，Internet is invented to enrich our life, and to improve the efficiency of our work rather than shackle us with a chain.近年来，人们与互联网之间的关系变得越来越不可分割。众所周知，无论是为了自我娱乐还是适应工作的需求，对我们来说，在网上冲浪时点击鼠标非常方便。

一方面，不可否认互联网现在是我们日常生活中最有用的媒体之一。作为一名大学生，我每天上网借助电子邮件和我的网友交流信息。但另一方面，很多人承认他们太沉迷于网络，以至于无法保持一种正常和健康的生活方式。

因此，我们很有必要以一种合理的方式使用互联网，避免过度沉迷。毕竟，人们发明互联网是为了丰富我们的生活，提高我们的工作效率，并非用锁链束缚我们。

10、重点句型

1）Numerous illustrations can be given ,but this one will suffice.2)

As far as I’m concerned

From my perspective

First and foremost

furthermore

last but not least

In the first place

in addition

what’s more

Generally speaking

in conclusion

On the one hand

on the other hand 3)As is vividly revealed in the picture above.4)To prevent this phenomenon from worsening.5)There is a widespread humorous saying ，11、模板

对立观点型：

1）People’s opinions are always different ,once they talk about...some people

Maintain that...,while the objectors think that...2)Those who hold the first opinion suggest...,in contrast , others argue that...3)AS far as I am concerned, I prefer the latter(former)opinion.On the one hand...问题解决型：

1）Nowadays, there is a growing concern about...,so it is a great importance for us to...As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.2）To this problem, in my mind,there are at least the following three approaches...3）Generally speaking,...Anyway,I am confident that a bright future is awaiting us when all of us make joint efforts to solve this problem 图表作文:.1)As is vividly revealed(shown)in the picture(chart)above...(描述图画)What this cartoon typically reveals is that people nowadays...（指出问题）2)分析图表变化的原因

3）谈自身的看法，解决问题的方法，对社会生活的影响 观点论证类：

1）

Everything has two sides and...is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.2）The reasons are as follows.3）From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive the conclusion

that...4）From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.5）To make myself as clear as I can, I should give my standards for...(为使我的观点更加清楚，我给出了我关于......的标准)