第一篇:世行行长金墉2014年IMF世界银行年会演讲(中英对照)
世行行长金墉2014年IMF/世界银行年会“演讲(中英对照)
―Tackling the Most Difficult Problems: Infrastructure, Ebola and Climate Change‖ ―解决最大难题:基础设施、埃博拉和气候变化‖ IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings 2014 2014年国际货币基金组织/世界银行年会 World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim 世界银行集团行长金墉
Washington, D.C., United States 华盛顿,美国 October 10, 2014 2014年10月10日
Chairman Pruaitch, Madame Lagarde, Governors, my friends Jim and Elaine Wolfensohn, Mrs.Robert McNamara, partners, and friends: 普鲁艾奇主席,拉加德女士,各位理事,我的朋友吉姆和伊莱恩·沃尔芬森,罗伯特·麦克纳马拉夫人,各位合作伙伴,朋友们: It is wonderful to see you again.再次见到各位真是太好了。
First, I’d like to congratulate the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi.Just one year ago, Malala and I sat together on a stage at the World Bank.She is an inspiration to all of us, and gives us hope for the new generation – especially the new generation of girls.首先,我想对诺贝尔和平奖得主马拉拉和萨蒂亚尔蒂表示祝贺。就在一年前,马拉拉和我一起坐在世界银行的讲台上。她对我们大家是一个鼓舞,让我们对新一代、特别是新一代女童充满希望。
When we were together last year, I spoke at length about the World Bank Group’s plans for its most significant reorganization in nearly two decades.Our goal was to ensure that we were fit for the purpose of meeting our twin goals: ending extreme poverty by 2030, and boosting shared prosperity for the poorest 40 percent in developing countries.在去年年会时,我详细介绍了世界银行近20年来最重要的改组计划,我们的目标是确保世行能够胜任两大目标:到2030年终结极度贫困,促进发展中国家40%最贫困人口共享繁荣。During the last year, our reorganization has been a monumental undertaking.The World Bank Group has more than 16,000 staff, and about 7,000 of them have been transferred or remapped to new jobs.We have offices in more than 100 countries.And we made loans and investments last year totaling more than $60 billion dollars.The reorganization was launched with a clear purpose: We needed to be the best in the world at collecting and sharing development knowledge for the benefit of all our clients.在过去一年里,我们的改组工作任务繁重。世界银行集团有员工1.6万多人,其中约7000人被调到或重新划分到新的工作岗位。我们在100多个国家设有办事处,我们去年的贷款和投资总额突破600亿美元。改组启动时的目标很明确:我们需要在收集和分享发展知识惠及全体客户方面达到最佳状态。
Starting in July, we set up 19 different communities of experts – groups of some of the best development professionals in the world on water, finance, education, and climate, among many others.Their job is to seek out the best solutions to the most difficult development problems, and to share those solutions with our clients in a way that will further our mission to end poverty and boost shared prosperity.从7月份开始,我们建立了19个发展实践局,集中了包括水、金融、教育和气候等领域的一批世界顶尖的发展专业人才。他们的任务是探索针对最棘手的发展难题的最佳解决方案,并本着推进终结贫困和促进共享繁荣的使命,与我们的客户分享这些解决方案。
At the same time, we knew that we needed to substantially increase our ability to provide financing, risk management products, and other financial services, to middle-income countries.Through the creative and intense work of our finance group, brilliantly led by Bertrand Badré, we have increased our annual lending capacity for these emerging economies, from $15 billion dollars to more than $25 billion per year.This flexibility will help us direct more resources to the areas that need them most – sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which is where most of the world’s poorest people live.与此同时,我们知道我们需要显著提高向中等收入国家提供融资、风险管理工具以及其他金融服务的能力。通过我们财政团队在伯特兰·巴德尔的英明领导下开展的创造性的紧张工作,我们把对这些新兴经济体的年贷款能力从每年150亿美元增加到250多亿美元。这种灵活度将有助于我们向最需要的地区、即占世界贫困人口最多的撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚输送更多的资源。
Economic growth is the most powerful tool we have to end poverty, yet without infrastructure – electricity, water, and roads – growth will never take off.As I will explain, the world’s deficit of these building blocks for growth is substantial.Just think about the fact that sub-Saharan Africa generates as much power in a year as Spain.If we are to end poverty, we need to power Africa.经济增长是我们终结贫困的最有力的工具。但在没有电、水和路等基础设施的情况下,经济增长是无法实现的。我后面会说明世界上这些经济增长基础的缺失有多么严重。只要想想这样一个事实:撒哈拉以南非洲一年的发电量仅相当于西班牙的发电量。我们想要终结贫困,就需要为非洲提供电力。
The World Bank Group’s financing for infrastructure reached $24 billion dollars in fiscal year 2014 – nearly 40 percent of our total commitments.But our loans and projects will fall far short of what the developing world needs.The infrastructure gap is simply enormous – an estimated $1 trillion to $1.5 trillion dollars more is needed each year.To fill this gap, we need to tap into the trillions of dollars held by institutional investors – most of which is sitting on the sidelines – and direct those assets into projects that will have great benefit for a range of developing countries.世界银行集团2014财年的基础设施融资达到240亿美元,占世行贷款总承诺额近40%。但我们的贷款和项目远不能满足发展中世界的需要。基础设施的缺口巨大,据估计每年还需要再增加1万亿至1.5万亿美元。为了填补这个缺口,我们需要利用机构投资者的数万亿美元资产——其中大部分处于闲置,引导这些资产投入到能对广大发展中国家带来巨大效益的项目。
Today, the developing world spends about $1 trillion dollars on infrastructure, and only a small share of those projects involve private actors.Overall, private investments and public-private partnerships in developing countries totaled $150 billion dollars in 2013, down from $186 billion dollars in 2012.So it will take the commitment of all of us to help low-and middle-income countries bridge the massive infrastructure divide.今天,发展中世界投入约1万亿美元进行基础设施建设,而这些项目中只有少数有私营部门的参与。从整体上看,2013年发展中国家的私人投资和公私合作项目投资总计1500亿美元,与2012年的1860亿美元相比出现下降。所以需要我们大家共同致力于帮助低收入国家和中等收入国家缩小巨大的基础设施鸿沟。
Yesterday, we announced the creation of the Global Infrastructure Facility, which is designed to attract financing for these states’ infrastructure needs.This platform, called the GIF, will bring together institutional investors, development banks, and public officials to tackle the infrastructure deficit in new and creative ways.Together, they will create a robust pipeline of infrastructure projects for emerging markets and poor countries.昨天,我们宣布建立―全球基础设施基金‖,其目的是为了吸引资金满足这些国家的基础设施需求。这个简称GIF的平台将汇聚机构投资者、发展银行和政府官员,共同以创造性的新方式解决基础设施不足的问题。齐心协力,他们可以为新兴市场和贫困国家带来源源不断的基础设施项目。
While building infrastructure will help us promote growth in the long run, ending poverty by 2030 also requires us to be vigilant against threats to the growth of the global economy.In a world where natural disasters, conflict, financial shocks and epidemics are becoming more frequent and destructive, we at the World Bank Group must do everything we can to become even more relevant.Indeed, we’ve been fully engaged lately in fighting two of these global threats: the Ebola epidemic and climate change.This is no accident.It exemplifies what we want to become – an indispensable partner for both low-and middle-income countries in their efforts to solve their most difficult challenges.在通过基础设施建设促进长期增长的同时,到2030年终结贫困的目标还要求我们对全球经济增长面临的威胁提高警惕。在一个自然灾害、冲突、金融冲击和流行病日益频繁和造成破坏的世界,我们世界银行集团必须竭尽全力凸显我们存在的意义。的确,最近我们全力以赴对抗全球两大威胁:埃博拉疫情和气候变化。这绝非偶然,而是反映出我们希望达到的目标——即成为低收入国家和中等收入国家为解决最困难的挑战所做努力中不可获取的合作伙伴。
Ebola and climate change have a few things in common.Most importantly, we are running out of time to find solutions to both.Also, until very recently, the plans to fight them were either non-existent or inadequate.And, inaction is literally killing people – one because of the rapid spread of a deadly virus, the other from the poisoning of the atmosphere and the oceans.And finally, perhaps most critically from our point of view, resolving these problems is essential to development, whether from the perspective of human suffering, economic growth, or public health.埃博拉疫情和气候变化有几个共同点。最重要的一点是,解决这两个问题已时不我待。而且直至不久前,解决这两个问题的计划还不存在或者不完善。无为就是杀人,一个是因为致命病毒快速扩散,另一个是因为大气层和海洋遭到毒害。最后,也许从我们的观点来看也是最关键的,就是解决这些问题对于发展至关重要,无论是从人类苦难、经济增长还是从公众健康的角度都是如此。
In our work on both Ebola and climate, we have not only been in the middle of pressing global concerns, we also have been working differently, and more effectively, at least partly because our reorganization and focus on innovation has made us more fit for purpose.在我们抗击埃博拉和气候变化的工作中,我们不仅投身于解决全球当务之急,而且是以不同的方式更有效地工作,至少其中一个原因是我们通过重组和关注创新使我们更加胜任。For Ebola, the global response has been late, inadequate and slow.Recently, the international community has made positive strides in its response, led by the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as international institutions like the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund.就埃博拉而言,全球反应迟钝、不足和缓慢。最近国际社会在美英等国以及联合国和IMF等国际机构的领导下迈出了积极的应对步伐。
Nonetheless, we still can do much more.Close to a year ago, just weeks after Typhoon Haiyan caused major destruction and loss of lives in the Philippines, 150 medical response teams – each with 25 to 30 people – had been deployed to the archipelago’s hardest-hit areas.But in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the three West African countries hit hardest by the Ebola outbreak, just 30 medical response teams are on the ground, treating and caring for patients – even though we are now 11 months into this crisis.More health workers have been promised, but they’re arriving too slowly.然而,我们还有很多工作可做。将近一年前,在台风海燕对菲律宾造成严重破坏和生命损失之后的数周内,150个医疗队、每队25至30人已经分布在菲律宾群岛中受灾最严重的地区。但是在埃博拉疫情最严重的三个西非国家几内亚、利比里亚和塞拉利昂,仅仅只有30个医疗队在实地医治和看护患者,尽管危机爆发已有11个月之久。虽然承诺派遣更多的医护人员,但他们姗姗来迟。
The Ebola outbreak poses one of the most complex and difficult challenges that I’ve seen in all my years as an infectious disease physician.Because of the poverty in the three most affected countries, it exceeds the capacity of their emergency, health and fiscal resources.Faced with these conditions, we must guard against approaches that are based on aspirations for these countries and the poor that are too low to treat and contain the epidemic.埃博拉疫情是我作为传染病医生多年来所见过的最复杂、最困难的挑战,由于三个疫情最严重国家的贫困状况,这一挑战已经超出了他们的应急、医疗和财政资源的能力。在这种情况下,我们必须警惕那些基于对这些国家和穷人医治和遏制病毒传播愿望低下的做法。
Usually, the World Bank Group has worked in the medium-to long-term on development projects and helping clients build the systems necessary to promote economic growth, create jobs, educate children, and improve health.To combat Ebola, we needed to move to an emergency footing and quickly.通常,世界银行集团从事的是中长期发展项目和帮助客户为促进经济增长、创造就业、教育儿童和改善健康建立必要的制度。为了抗击埃博拉疫情,我们需要转到立足于应急和快速响应。
第二篇:世界银行集团行长金墉在年会全体会上的讲话:一个集团,两大目标:我们的未来之路
世界银行集团行长金墉在年会全体会上的讲话:一个集团,两大目标:我们的未来之路
世界银行集团行长金墉 年会全体会 华盛顿, 美国 2013年10月11日
谢谢主席先生。
主席先生,各位理事,各位贵宾,早上好。很高兴今天见到各位。这是我的第二次年会,回顾过去的一年,我非常感谢各位理事、IMF总裁拉加德以及今天在座的各位给予我的建议和支持。谢谢各位。
今天,我想首先对全球经济状况以及展望世界银行集团的未来我们能够从中汲取什么教训做一个简要的概述。
在座的各位都很清楚,我们仍处在一个充满不确定性的时期。
今年,我们目睹了美国、欧洲和日本的经济增长放慢,但我们也必须看到,这是几年来第一次这三者都在朝着积极的方向行进。发展中国家的增长今年上半年出现放缓,但初步迹象显示三季度增长势头走强。
然而,目前华盛顿深陷政治僵局,美国债务上限的最后期限逐渐逼近,已经开始动摇全球市场。我们敦促华盛顿的政策制定者尽快达成解决方案,以避免一旦出现债务违约可能造成的灾难性影响。仅仅两年前,即2011年,我们就看到差点出现的债务违约造成的重大影响持续了数月之久,这一次很可能会更严重。不确定性和动荡使发展中国家更难获得所需要的融资,不仅会导致投资放慢,还会对增长造成负面影响。而受害最大的是贫困弱势人群。
从美联储5月份宣布最终逐渐退出量化宽松之后,几个月来发展中经济体已经出现不稳。仅缩小债券认购规模就已导致几个主要中等收入国家资本流入下降、利率上升和货币贬值。三周前,美联储宣布推迟退出量化宽松提振了市场并停止了全球长期利率上行,这也为那些最脆弱的经济体提供了一个缓冲期。
但这种喘息空间并不意味着政策制定者可以松口气了。相反,政策制定者应当充分利用这个小窗口,通过适当的宏观经济管理建立其经济的适应能力,加强资产负债表,并将其金融体系转移到更健全的基础上。多年来,这正是许多国家学会欣赏的来自世界银行集团的建议——即使落实起来难度很大。但长期以来,世界银行本身也没有遵循自己的建议。事实上,我们经常推迟作出困难的抉择。这种情况正在改变。我们正在服用自己开的药。我们正在加强财务纪律,提高效率,增加收入。正如我们对财长们所言,我们还需要做好更长远的计划,加强我们的收入基础,设法节省开支,建立一个持之以恒的更强大的基础。我们这样做的原因很简单:半年前,我们的理事会批准了两大目标:到2030年终结极度贫困和促进发展中国家底层40%的人口共享繁荣。如果我们对贫困人口抱有很高的愿望,如果我们的工作与我们的目标相一致,我们必须尽可能做到高效和集中精力。
为了节省开支,我们的目标是在三年时间内每年至少降低成本4亿美元。为了达到这个目标,我们将重新审视政策和流程,这包括减少出差和设施的费用,简化官僚程序,并从战略角度评估人员。节省下来的资金将直接用于我们的客户,我们将重新规划这些资源用于新的贷款。不过,我们的财务审查不局限于寻找节约成本的途径。这也是关于改革我们作为一个集团的预算方式,使其与我们的战略保持一致,并积极探索新的方式来增加收入,更好地服务于我们的客户。这可以来自于开发新的金融工具,来自于加快我们面向私营部门的IFC(国际金融公司)和提供政治风险担保的MIGA(多边投资担保机构)的成长。从长远来看,我坚信世界银行集团将在发展中发挥更大的影响,原因很简单:我们有得天独厚的优势,为客户提供跨部门、跨国家、跨议题和跨合作方的全球发展解决方案。低收入和中等收入国家的各种需求将会不断演变,我们决心成为一个日益不可缺少的合作伙伴,帮助他们应对面临的最大挑战,比如创造就业和应对气候变化。
明年春天,当我们再次见面时,这一财务审查将会产生更多的结果。明年4月,我们将提出新的融资路线图,我们将采纳增收节支、增强服务客户的财力和提高工作效率的措施。明天,发展委员会将讨论世界银行集团的首个整合各机构部门协力推进两大目标的新战略。
但是,让我们暂且退后一步,看看世界上存在的极度贫困状态,看看需要采取什么行动来达到我们的目标。就在昨天我们发布了一份报告,显示在世界各地深陷极贫状态的人口中,每三人就有一个儿童,这相当于4亿多儿童。我们难道还需要更大的动力来加快实现到2030年终结极度贫困的目标吗?我们凭良心还能不竭尽全力帮助4亿儿童、他们的家庭和亿万民众摆脱贫困和获得新生吗?
有人说我们需要增大这个目标的紧迫感。就在两天前,我们宣布如果想要稳步达到2030年将极贫人口比例降低到3%的目标,我们必须到2020年降低到9%。这将是一项历史性的成就,但并非轻而易举。我们的经济学家发现,如果发展中国家以过去20年相同的速度增长,到2030年全球极贫人口比例将达到8%左右。这也意味着,贫困现象在许多低收入国家依然根深蒂固,贫困率之高依然令人无法接受。我们发现,对许多发展中国家而言,终结极度贫困的唯一办法是以过去20年间达到的最快速度增长。
这说明了摆在我们面前的挑战的真实性质,这意味着我们不能照常规行事。当我16个月前开始就职世界银行集团时,我发现员工拥有丰富的知识和经验,我还发现员工对这个机构灰心丧气,很多人希望自己的工作能产生更大的影响。他们对分成六大地区部门相互隔绝、互不交流的官僚制度深恶痛绝。因此,如果你是一个国家的领导者,你面临着医疗成本失控,而各地又不断建设新医院,所以你要求世行提供如何控制成本的建议,我们很乐意给你建议,但几乎总是局限于您所在的地区。
按照我们新的组织模式,当你向我们求助时,我们会环顾整个机构,提供最先进、最尖端的全球知识和经验,以一支实力雄厚的专家队伍作后盾,他们了解哪些方式对世界各地都有效而哪些无效,这些专家有的来自我们机构内部,有的来自外部。半年内,负责全球实践的新领导班子就将到位,这将启动机构的大规模调整,涉及约4000名技术专家。
我们也致力于成为一个更容易共事的合作伙伴。去年,在东京年会期间,一位财长当着很多人的面对我说,在他就职的最初几个月,他感到有必要花时间搞清楚我们复杂的组织结构,以便弄明白我们是怎样工作的。他说,官僚机构实在是太复杂了,无奈之下他减少了同我们的联系。这种事情不应该发生。在客户感到困惑,当最宝贵的知识财富被相互隔绝、互不交流的情况下,一个发展机构是不能有效运作的。一个发展机构就像一个企业,需要找到创新解决方案,获取最佳实践,广泛和尽快地分享成功经验和失败教训。
这是我的承诺:世界银行集团将与所有188个成员国、私营部门和公民社会公开分享我们的知识和经验。
那位灰心丧气的财长的故事也帮助我认定了成功应该是什么样:在未来的日子里,我期望财长和发展部长们会说,我们反应快了,容易合作了,为他们提供了宝贵的全球知识来解决当地的发展挑战。当我们在未来几年成为这样的世界银行集团时,我们不仅在政府部长们的眼里是成功的,我们在那些对我们最重要的人群,即贫困和弱势人群的眼里也是成功的。
但是,我们清楚我们必须要做的不仅仅是改变我们的结构,还必须改变我们的内部文化。对于我们的员工来说,这意味着奖励协作、绩效和问责,一切都与我们消除贫困和促进共享繁荣的目标挂钩。我们要创造一种文化,能够留住我们最积极、最有才华的员工,并吸引出类拔萃的人才加入世界银行集团。我们所有人都必须拥抱变革。我们将利用我们的知识成为一个更大胆的机构。我举一个例子:我们今天启动了一项倡议,到2020年为所有工作年龄的成年人提供普惠金融。在全球范围内有25亿成年人没有储蓄机制,更不用说通过存款帐户或手机付账。我们相信我们可以利用多种方式和技术开辟普惠金融之路。这正是能够有助广大民众特别是妇女脱贫的那类雄心勃勃的项目。
我们还将更有效地衡量我们的计划是否成功。这意味着把交付的事情做好,也就是我们所说的交付科学,从根本上说这是一门更加严谨和系统地注重结果的科学。为了帮助我们取得这些结果,我正在建立一个行长交付部门,据我所知,这在多边机构中将首开先河。
在开始阶段,我们将着眼于有利考核实地和机构内部绩效的几个方面的工作,我将会亲自监督。下面举三个例子:
第一,我们知道我们必须减少行政壁垒。我们承诺将从项目构思到首笔资金拨付的交易时间缩短三分之一。
第二,我们必须成为更好的倾听者。去年,我们34%的项目有受益人反馈。我们承诺将对所有受益人明确的项目收集反馈 ——每个项目都要收集,百分之百。
第三,我们知道我们的合作伙伴和客户需要了解我们在哪里工作,以便更好地协调我们的集体资源。我们承诺给我们的地图添加更多的细节,以便任何人都能上网通过点击地图马上就可以了解到我们在哪里工作和做什么。
我们也重申要在脆弱和受冲突影响国家开展工作,我们将通过IFC和面向最贫困国家的IDA大幅增加资金投入。IDA在困难重重的环境中为贫困人口带来了巨大成效,IDA17将在未来三年帮助我们加快这些工作。
在阿富汗,这意味着在与多方合作伙伴共同推进女童教育的成功基础上再接再厉。就在12年前,阿富汗女孩在很大程度上被小学拒之门外。而今天,在IDA和其他援助方的帮助下,近300万女童进入小学上学,大学和职业学校以及企业发展计划中女性的入学人数也大大增加。在经过18个月动荡后刚刚回归民主的马里,我们整合世界银行集团各机构IDA、IFC和IDA ——帮助开发清洁水电潜力,增加粮食生产,改善教育,加强治理。IDA资助那些帮助被发展进程拒之门外的妇女、穷人和少数族裔的项目,对推动马里的可持续进步发挥着重要作用。通过这些项目,我们试图从根源上解决问题。
在处于民主过渡进程中的缅甸,我们帮助政府从国有经济向市场化转变。就在几周前,我们帮助缅甸建立了一个政治上独立的中央银行,这将促进经济和金融稳定。由于四分之三的公民没有通电,我们董事会最近批准提供IDA信贷1.4亿美元,用于建设一座清洁、节能的天然气发电厂。在阿富汗、马里和缅甸开展的这些雄心勃勃的工作,只是几个例子来说明世界银行集团努力成为一个面向脆弱国家的更有效的解决方案银行。
在过去10年中,IDA产生了惊人的影响,包括资助为6亿儿童接种疫苗,为大约1.2亿人提供更好的供水和卫生服务。在这些工作的基础上,为了产生变革性的影响,为了达到我们的目标,今年我们需要充足的IDA17增资。这将有助于创造更多的就业岗位,增加女童的受教育机会,应对气候变化的风险。
IDA也帮助建立强有力的制度,包括加强自然资源收入管理和税收管理以便解决各国自身发展的融资。但是我们需要各位的帮助。我们恳请各位在可能的情况下增加捐资额,至少也要保持上次的捐资额。我承诺将确保IDA成为国际社会在最困难的地方解决最棘手、最复杂的发展问题的最佳工具。
最后,我想指出,我们这个69年前成立的机构取得了许多伟大的成就。我们与政府和发展伙伴共同努力,帮助亿万人摆脱了极贫状况。
我们承诺将再接再厉,更上一层楼。我们将采取大胆行动,毫不畏惧。
我们将永远代表贫困弱势人群大声疾呼。正如马丁·路德·金曾经说过,“从我们对重要的事情沉默不语的那一天起,我们的生命也开始结束。”我们的目的是明确的,我们的声音是坚定不移的。没有人应该生活在极贫状态,每天靠不到1.25美元为生。在我们这个世界上极度贫困应该在道义上受到谴责,而且越来越难以容忍。我们必须齐心协力,尽快帮助10亿人民摆脱极度贫困,帮助他们重拾尊严,帮助他们找到希望,帮助他们改变自己的生活和整个世界的未来,使其变得更加美好。谢谢各位。
第三篇:金墉在东北大学演讲中文稿
约瑟夫·E·奥恩校长,尊敬的各位教职员工,2013届毕业班的全体同学们,女士们,先生们,今天在这里与在座的各位、特别是2013届毕业生以及你们的家人和朋友欢聚一堂,是一个莫大的荣幸。你们应该感到非常自豪,这是难以忘怀的一天,值得体味的一天,这一天我们也要对那些在两周前勇敢面对悲剧的人们、包括东北大学的学生和员工致敬,他们为爆炸受害者提供了重要的关爱和支持。
此时此刻,我站在各位面前,正值你们即将离开这所伟大的学府,即将踏入你们的人生,人生脚本还是一张白纸之际,我深感荣幸。在我投身学术界的岁月里,我曾很喜欢毕业典礼,因为它代表着我们现代文化中那些罕见的时刻,当仪式、传统和一点点排场照亮了我们的人生。
但是我敢肯定,你们中许多人对于未来将会带来什么很有点担心,我今天只是想对你们说,不仅仅是你们的未来不确定,而最大的可能性是,它远比你所想的更不确定。你们知道吗,这是一件好事。几位心理学家最近在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇研究论文,他们发现人极其不擅长预测自己的未来。他们的研究显示,例如,一个典型的20岁女性对自己未来十年人生变化的预测绝不像一个典型的30岁女性对自己在20来岁时有多大变化的回忆那么激进。换句话说,20岁的人对于自己在未来十年会有多大变化几乎没有概念。这种差异在受访者中一直延续到60多岁的人。
这项研究结果基本上也是我的人生故事。事实上,即使在我出生之前,鉴于我的父母所面临的重重障碍,事实上我都不敢预测我还会出生。我的父亲在北朝鲜度过了他的童年,他在17岁那年偷越边境逃到韩国,离开他的父母、他的兄弟姐妹、他的所有亲朋好友,离开了他所熟悉的一切。他身无分文。但他还是设法进了首尔国立大学牙科学院,后来成为一名牙医。他告诉我,他口袋里只有一点点钱,常常只能买得起街上非法小摊贩卖的面条当午餐。有一次,他正在无照小摊旁边吃面,警察来了,警察赶走了小摊贩和他们的顾客。但我的父亲一边跑一边还在吃他的面,因为他知道他还得过一段时间才能再买得起一碗面。
我的母亲出生在中国上海附近的一个韩国侨民居住的小社区。回到韩国后,有一天,她永远都不会忘记,她的母亲也就是我的外祖母出去晾衣服就再也没有回来,她可能是被北朝鲜士兵绑架或杀害了。随着战争的临近,我的母亲在15岁时成了难民,为了躲避战火,她背着她的小弟弟徒步走了200英里。幸运的是,她在南部马山市的一顶帐篷里得以继续学业。她是一个好学生,非常幸运地获得了美国一个秘密妇女学会提供的奖学金,进入田纳西州纳什维尔的斯卡里特学院。
通过几乎是无法想象的完全不同和不可能的路径,我的父母最终在纽约市的一次圣诞聚会上邂逅相遇,那次圣诞聚会聚集了几百名当时居住在美国的韩国学生。他们坠入爱河,在纽约缔结良缘,生下我哥哥,然后回到韩国。
我出生在首尔,在我五岁时我的家人搬回到美国,我们最终定居在爱荷华州的马斯卡廷,我的父亲开了自己的牙科诊所,我的母亲在爱荷华大学研修博士学位。在上世纪60年代,受我母亲热衷于社会公正的影响,我们看到民权和反战运动从马斯卡廷我们家的客厅展开。你们可以想象,我们有着在爱荷华州一个小镇的经典的美籍韩国家庭中成长的经历,我们完全拥抱了在这个伟大国家中心地带的生活。
正如你们可以想象,在60年代和70年代爱荷华州的亚洲人并不多,但令人高兴的是,当时最受欢迎的一个节目是《功夫》,故事讲的是一个少林和尚,一半中国血统,一半美国血统,到美国来寻找他的美国父亲。所以,虽然我们从深层意义上讲在爱荷华州属于外人,但至少爱欺负人的孩子不招惹我们,因为他们认为所有的亚洲人都会功夫。我在高中橄榄球队打四分卫,但别以为我们有多了不起,在我大四的时候我们是全国连败最长的队。一年又一年,我们一次都没赢过,有人说,我同学的爷爷们早就为子孙后代的连败打下了基础。
高中毕业后,我最终考进了布朗大学,有一天我尤其记忆犹新。我从普罗维登斯飞回马斯卡廷,我的父亲到机场接我,在我们开车回家的路上,他问我,“那么你想学什么呢?” 我说我对哲学和政治学很感兴趣。
我认为我可以改变这个世界,我在考虑从政。我父亲打开车子的闪光灯,把车开到路边停下。他转过身来对坐在后座上的我说:
“瞧,你只要完成了医生实习期,就可以做任何你想做的事情。”
你们看,我的父亲十分懂得不确定性。他很清楚,一个人不可能知道自己最终会做什么,而且他很担心自己的成功有可能会使自己的子女没有机会深入理解从警察身边跑开、当然同时还要吃完剩下的面条意味着什么。他希望我掌握一门本领,他希望我能够有效地抵抗读完医学院、完成实习期和在生与死的情景中照顾患者的喜悦与残酷的现实。我很感谢我的父亲。
到目前为止,我告诉你们说人生是不确定的,但你们已经了解了这一点。我真正想让你们了解的是,你们拥有大量的工具来直面这种不确定性,成就不平凡的人生,甚至超出你最疯狂的梦想。罗伊·鲍迈斯特是一位心理学家,终生研究带领人类成就他称之为“积极的结果”的人类素质。在这个令人着迷的领域,研究人员发现,有两个特质始终与成功相伴:智力和意志力。从鲍迈斯特所著的《意志力》一书中,我们了解到,虽然永久地提高智力的努力归于失败,但人其实是可以提高自身的意志力的。鲍迈斯特和他的同事们已经证明,采取某些行动来提高意志力,是实现更成功的人生的最可靠的途径。此外,他们也已证明,意志力就像肌肉,可以通过锻炼来强化,而且如果你不积极锻炼你的意志力,你的能力就会像你的腹部肌肉一样,在停止做仰卧起坐之后会出现萎缩。他们甚至还了解到,由于意志力与大脑的某些部位有关,保持血液里的血糖水平来滋养大脑的这个部位对于维持意志力至关重要!
从另一个角度看,一些研究人员已经证明,与天赋相比,实践才是决定能否掌握任何技能或能力的主要因素。马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在他的《局外人》一书中推广的一项重要研究成果表明,达到精通之路需要10000个小时的练习,《天赋被高估了》等书的出版就是为了说明这一点。现在,我希望你们了解,这实际上是个好消息,尤其是对东北大学的毕业生来说。通过今天的毕业,你们已经向家人和世界证明,你们有足够的智商完成你们决定去做的任何事情。意志力、纪律和专注——每个人都需要的成功的必备素质——就掌握在你们手中,靠你们去开发和建立。鲍迈斯特在他的书中揭示,你的确可以去意志力健身房,强健精神,准备好挑战世界。
现在来谈谈达到精通所需要的10,000个小时。嗯,由于你们已完成在东北大学的学业,你们已经有了一个良好的开端。我个人的估计是,通过合作式教育,你们学到了课堂知识和实践知识,你们可以至少从10,000个标准小时中扣除2000个小时。干得好,祝贺你们!
但是,除了思考不确定性和意志力之外还有一件事,我希望你们能够用自己的意志力记住今天,我希望你们想一想怎样才能有效地利用时间,在这个复杂的世界里持之以恒。
早在爱荷华州时,我的母亲曾经读马丁·路德·金的著作给我听。金博士在 “寄自伯明翰监狱的信”中写了他对现实紧迫性的理解。他写道与一位白人温和派人士、民权运动盟友的交流,此人写信给他,说他金博士过于性急,“基督的教义传播人世,总要花费时日”。这位温和派人士认为,非裔美国人最终——他是说最终——会获得完全的民权。
金博士回应说,我在此引用他的话:“这样的态度乃源自对时间的可悲误解,源自一种不合理的奇特观念,认为在时间之流当中,会有什么东西必将疗治所有的邪恶。实际上,时间是中立的东西;它可以用于建设,也可以用于破坏。我越发觉得,邪恶的人之利用时间,将会比善良的人更其有效。我们得在这一代进行忏悔,不仅因坏人们充满仇恨的言辞与行为,也因好人们骇人听闻的沉默。”引语完。我集中全部的意志力,试图将金博士所说的紧迫感带入我今天的工作。我这样做是因为我了解我仍不知道未来可能会带来什么。毕竟,我没有想到我不仅获得了医学学位,而且还获得了人类学博士学位。我没有想到,我会和我的同事保罗·法莫一起帮助创建了一个机构“健康伙伴”,并最终在全世界10个国家开展了工作。我没有想到我在“健康伙伴”的工作经历会导致我主管世界卫生组织的艾滋病工作,并开展了一场到2005年治疗3万名艾滋病患者的运动。我只有很少的学术管理经验,却担任了达特茅斯学院的院长。最后,就如晴天霹雳一般,去年奥巴马总统邀请我作为领导世界银行集团的候选人之一。
虽然总是有些诚惶诚恐,但我接受了这些意外的机会,现在我发现自己做的是世界上最有意思的工作之一。世界银行集团是一个非同寻常的机构,成立于1940年,初衷是在二战之后重建欧洲。在其存在的66年里,它已成为世界上最大的发展机构。
就在两周前,我们的理事会批准了一个目标,即,到2030年,从现在起在短短17年时间里终结极度贫困。我们的理事会由188个成员国的财政和发展部长组成,他们还通过一个目标,就是促进共享繁荣,使我们成员国里处于收入最底层的40%人口可以分享经济增长的成果。我们的理事会还强调,必须让子孙后代共享繁荣,这就意味着我们将在应对气候变化方面发挥领导作用。气候变化有可能使过去数十年的发展成果毁于一旦,使人民重新陷入贫困。
通过给我们的机构设定这种大胆的目标,为消除世界上的极度贫困设定期限,我们的理事会赋予我们着眼点和紧迫感。现在,我们要花时间来推进我们期望成为人类历史上的一项标志性成就。最后,我对你们提出的挑战是:设定大胆的目标,有意识和自觉地建立自己的意志力,用好你们的时间。你们是如此幸运,东北大学的合作教育计划和对体验式学习的重视,是当今世界上最具创新性的教育模式之一。合作模式已在70多个国家、各种类型的机构中推广,这所大学为你们成为全球公民做了极好的铺垫。世界各国、包括美国都在寻找改革高等教育的路径,他们也在研究东北大学的案例。通过你们在过去四年的努力,你们获得了一些特殊的资质:批判和自我批判思维的基础,结合解决现实世界中棘手问题的实用技能。
这些都是非凡的资质,它们赋予你们力量,还有责任。
就像在首尔街头的我的父亲,虽然以不同的方式,你们都面对着一个充满不确定性的世界。不要害怕这种不确定性,去拥抱它,去利用它。不确定性意味着没有什么是预先确定的。不确定性意味着未来需要你们去塑造,用你们的力量,你们的意志,你们智慧的力量,你们同情心的力量。不确定性就是自由,抓住这种自由,带着它奔跑吧,别忘了一边跑一边吃点面条,你需要葡萄糖。谢谢各位,祝贺毕业班的同学们!
第四篇:A Changing Global Economy, A Changing IMF(拉加德东京年会年会致辞:前路展望)(中英对照)
Annual Meetings Speech: The Road Ahead—A Changing Global Economy, A Changing IMF 年会致辞:前路展望——日益变化的全球经济,不断改变的基金组织
Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织总裁 克里斯蒂娜·拉加德
Tokyo, Friday, October 12, 2012
东京,2012年10月12日
Introduction—the World Comes to Japan 引言——四海共聚于日本
Ohayo gozaimasu—good morning!Ohayo gozaimasu——上午好!
Mr.Chairman, governors, honored guests: on behalf of the International Monetary Fund, let me welcome you all to these Annual Meetings.Tokyo e yokoso!主席先生,各位理事,尊敬的各位来宾:首先,我谨代表国际货币基金组织,欢迎各位莅临本届会议。东京欢迎您(Tokyo e yokoso)!
Let me acknowledge and thank His Imperial Highness, Crown Prince Naruhito, for being with us this morning.We feel deeply privileged by his presence.I would also like to thank our Japanese hosts for their incredible hospitality.And let me bid a very warm welcome to my friend President Jim Kim, who is taking part in his first Annual Meetings.I know how he feels—I was in his shoes last year!
我感谢皇太子徳仁亲王今天上午出席我们的会议。对于他的到来,我深感荣幸。我想要感谢日本主办方的盛情款待。同时,也请允许我向我的朋友金墉行长致以诚挚的欢迎。这是他首次出席年会,我可以体会他此刻的心情——去年的这个时候,我也有着同样的心情!
When the Annual Meetings were last held in Tokyo, back in 1964, Japanese Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda said that “the vital challenge which we all face, whether domestically or internationally, is to promote stable economic growth and reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor.” As the old saying goes: the more things change, the more they stay the same(plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose).上一次在东京举行年会是在1964年。那届年会上,日本首相池田勇人曾说过:“我们所有人面临的一个重大挑战是,要推动经济稳步增长,并缩小贫富差距,无论在国内还是在国际层面上均如此。”而俗话说得好:变化越多,越容易保持永恒
Japan has come a long way since 1964.从1964年至今,日本走过了漫长的路程。
I have just returned from Sendai, the scene of last year’s devastating earthquake and tsunami.The scene of so many lost lives, so many shattered dreams.And yet I saw a city born anew.I saw firsthand the amazing efforts of the Japanese people in rebuilding their country and their lives.I saw courage and confidence.我不久前刚刚去过仙台,那个城市在去年遭受了地震和海啸的摧残。在那里,如此多的生命被扼杀,如此多的梦想被击碎。但是这一次,我看到了一个焕然一新的城市。我亲眼看到日本人民为重建家园、挽救生命付出的巨大努力。我看到了勇气和信心。
It is an inspiration to the world.They understood what we must all understand—only by standing together as one can we overcome the turmoil of today and improve our collective future.这是对全世界一个莫大的鼓舞。他们所了悟的也正是我们所有人都应清楚的一个道理——只有万众一心,携手共进,我们才能平复今日的动荡,改善我们共同的未来。
This morning, I would like to share some sense of what that future might look like—for the global economy, the IMF, and all of us.在这里,我想谈谈自己对这个未来世界的一点看法,它关乎全球经济,关乎基金组织,也关乎我们所有人。
And so I will talk about three things: 因此,我要谈谈三方面问题:
A.The pace and scale of change in the global economy;全球经济变化的速度和规模;
B.Navigating the road ahead;如何向前路挺进;
C.My sense of the Fund for the future.我对未来的基金组织的看法。
A.World in Flux—Big Sweeping Changes A.风云变幻的世界——席卷全球的巨大变化
As we grapple with the great changes happening around us, perhaps we can learn from the 1964 Tokyo Annual Meetings.我们在奋力应对周遭的巨大变化时,或许可以从1964年的东京年会中得到一些启发。
Back then, the members who gathered here stood on the cusp of a bright new world, a golden era.Japan was in the midst of an economic rebirth and the global economy was roaring ahead.在那时,汇聚于此的成员国正处在一个美好新世界的巅峰上,一个黄金时代正在它们眼前铺展开来。日本的经济正在浴血重生,全球经济也在不断轰鸣向前。
Just look at how far we have come.Look at the remarkable rise in living standards, measured by real GDP per capita: nearly 3½ times higher for the world, 4 times higher for Japan, a stunning 9½ times higher for emerging Asia.World trade volumes are 16 times higher.And, led by China, half a billion people in Asia alone have pulled themselves out of poverty over the past few decades.且看一看我们的成就吧。先看看生活水平的大幅提升,若以人均实际GDP来衡量,全世界几乎上升了3.5倍,日本上升了4倍,亚洲新兴经济体则上升了9.5倍,多么令人惊叹的数字!再看看世界贸易量,如今已增加了16倍。另外,过去几十年里,在以中国为首的亚洲国家中,已有5亿人口脱离了贫困。
As we look ahead today, our world is being reshaped once again by a number of big megatrends.如今,当我们展望未来时,我们的世界正在诸多重大趋势中得到重新塑造。
Big demographic changes are taking place: vast numbers of young people in rising economic regions;graying populations in advanced and major emerging economies;and more and more women participating in the economy.By 2035, Africa will have the world’s largest labor force of more than a billion people—more than India or China.But by then, there will also be more than a billion people aged over 65 in the world.人口构成正在发生巨大改变:在逐渐崛起的经济地区,青年人口数量巨大;在先进经济体和主要新兴经济体,人口日趋老龄化;参与经济活动的妇女数量与日俱增。到2035年,非洲将拥有世界最大的劳动力市场,劳动人口将超过10亿——多于印度或中国。但是到那时,全世界65岁以上人口也将超过10亿。
Economic power is spreading from west to east, and prosperity has begun to move from north to south.Emerging markets and developing economies now account for half of world GDP, up from a quarter in 1964.经济实力正由西向东扩散,经济繁荣正开始从北向南转移。如今,在全世界GDP中,新兴市场和发展中经济体已占到一半的比重,而在1964年,其比重仅有四分之一。
The communications and technology innovations are propelling our economies and societies to ever-greater heights.An infinity of interconnections binds us together, opening up a portal of a billion possibilities for every one of us.Today, nearly 3 billion people are connected to the internet—truly a worldwide web.通讯和技术革新在不断推升经济和社会发展。数不尽的纽带将我们联结在一起,为每一个人开启了一扇通往无数可能的大门。今天,有将近30亿人与互联网相连——这的确是一个名符其实的万维网。
In short, the sands of the global economy are shifting.总之,全球经济的流沙正在不断漂移。
The strength and dynamism of Asia is obvious.This also holds true for other emerging regions.When I was in Brazil earlier this year, for example, I witnessed a female president, Dilma Rousseff, absolutely determined to pursue inclusive growth and push forward her agenda of reducing inequality.We can learn a lot from those regions that had their time of trauma.亚洲呈现了明显的实力和活力。这种实力和活力在其他新兴地区也是同样存在的。比如,今年早些时候,我在出访巴西时了解到,巴西女总统迪尔玛∙罗塞夫已下 定决心,要实现包容性增长,并不断推进减轻不平等方面的日程。我们能从那些经历过创伤的地区学到很多。
Europe too is going through a historical process of integration, however laborious.Yes, the Eurozone is being severely tested, and it must keep pushing ahead with implementing the policy initiatives it has announced.But we should also recognize that deeper banking and fiscal integration, alongside deep-seated structural reforms, will fortify its economic foundations and lay the groundwork for a stronger and more resilient union in the future.欧洲也在经历一体化的历史进程,而这是一个艰难的过程。的确,欧元区正在经受严峻的考验,必须要落实其宣布的政策倡议,不断向前推进。但我们还应当认识到,银行业和财政一体化程度的加深,再加上深层次的结构性改革,将增强该地区经济基础,为在将来建设一个更强大、更有抵御能力的联盟铺平道路。
The Middle East, too, is transforming.And yes, the road ahead will be fraught with difficulty.But with commitment, and with external support, I am confident that the promises of the Arab transformation will shine through as a beacon of hope.When I met with President Morsi of Egypt, he spoke to me of his resolve to pursue ambitious economic reforms underpinned by strong and democratic institutions, and he is delivering.中东地区也在不断转变。前进的道路确实会困难重重。但我相信,只要有了决心,有了外部的支持,阿拉伯国家转型的前景将成为我们的希望之光。在我与埃及总统穆尔西会晤时,他向我表达了坚定的决心,即,要在强有力的民主制度的基础上推进目标远大的经济改革。他正在履行这一承诺。
Sub-Saharan Africa is also breaking through—growing strongly and steadily after decades of stagnation.Of course, there is still a long way to go to win the long war against poverty.But old stereotypes are fading fast, with the rise of fast-growing “frontier markets” attracting lots of outside interest.Look at Nigeria, a country I visited earlier this year.This is a country that for many years squandered its inheritance of oil riches, but now is growing impressively—helped by dynamic reforms and strong leadership.撒哈拉以南非洲地区也取得了突破性进展——在长达几十年的停滞之后,这一地区出现了强劲、稳定的增长。当然,要想打赢抗击贫困的持久战,还有很长的路要走。但是,旧时的成见在快速消退,“前沿市场”的崛起和飞速增长又引来了大量的外部关注。我们来看一下尼日利亚的情况。我曾在今年早些时候出访过该国。很多年以来,该国一直都倚仗着丰富的石油资源,而如今,它正以令人赞叹的速度不断增长——这得益于充满活力的改革和强有力的领导。
These changes are shaping our future.这些变化正在塑造我们的未来。
But there are big challenges as well.We must not get carried away.As you will have seen from our forecasts, the global recovery is still too weak.Job prospects for untold millions are still too scarce.The gap between rich and poor is still too wide.但我们也面临着重大的挑战。我们决不能沾沾自喜。正如我们的预测所反映的那样,全球复苏仍极为脆弱。几百万人口的就业前景仍极为渺茫。贫富差距仍极为悬殊。There is a tough road ahead to turn our optimism into reality.要想将我们的乐观期待变为现实,我们还要经历一段艰辛的旅途。
B.Navigating the Road Ahead B.向前路挺进
This brings to me to my second point—how do we successfully navigate that road? How do we manage this change?
由此,我要谈谈第二点——如何才能顺利走过这条道路?我们应如何应对这一变化?
I see three milestones: 我认为,应实现三个具有里程碑意义的目标:
• Putting the crisis behind us;
摆脱危机困境;
• Completing reform of the financial sector;and
完成金融部门改革;
• Addressing inequality and building inclusive growth.解决不平等问题,实现包容性增长。
Putting the crisis behind us 摆脱危机困境
The first priority, clearly, is to get beyond the crisis and restore growth—especially to end the scourge of unemployment.显然,我们首要的目标就是要摆脱危机的困扰,恢复经济增长——特别是要终结就业危机。
We know the package of policies that can get us there: accommodative monetary policy;the right pace of fiscal adjustment, mindful of not undercutting growth but with solid and realistic plans to bring debt down over the medium term;finishing the banking sector clean-up;and structural reforms to boost productivity and growth.All of this should be complemented by a rebalancing of global demand toward the dynamic emerging markets.我们清楚可以通过哪些政策来实现这个目标:采取宽松的货币政策;以适当步伐进行财政调整,同时注意不妨碍经济增长,但要通过坚实的、符合实际的计划在中期内降低债务水平;完成银行部门的清理整顿;开展旨在促进生产力和增长的结构性改革。在采取这些政策的同时,还应当恢复全球需求的平衡,使之更多地面向充满活力的新兴市场。
Let us not delude ourselves: without growth, the future of the global economy is in jeopardy.我们决不能自欺欺人:如果没有增长,全球经济的未来就会岌岌可危。
Perhaps the greatest roadblock will be the huge legacy of public debt, which now averages almost 110 percent of GDP for the advanced economies—the highest level since World War II.This leaves governments highly exposed to subtle shifts in confidence.It also ties their hands, especially as they seek to build the infrastructure of the 21th century while respecting social promises.The needs of rapidly aging populations will add to these pressures.或许,最大的障碍是遗留下来的巨额公共债务,在先进经济体,公共债务平均已接近GDP的110%,这是自二战以来的最高水平。在此情况下,市场信心稍有波动,政府就会受到极大的影响。巨额公共债务也束缚了政府的手脚,特别是当它们试图建设21世纪基础设施并履行社会承诺之时。而快速老龄化人口的需求又将加重这些压力
One lesson is clear from history—reducing public debt is incredibly difficult without growth.High debt, in turn, makes it harder to get growth.我们可以从历史中得到一个明确的教训——若无经济增长,公共债务的缩减便将极难实现。而高债务水平又会给增长带来更多障碍。
The road ahead of us is narrow and long.我们前方的道路是狭窄而漫长的。
The key now is to move from deliberation to action on the policies we know are needed, and to move together and on all fronts.We are multiple players, but it is a single game—a game of increasing complexity that can be a positive-sum game.当前的重点是,要将思考转变为行动,真正落实我们认为必要的政策,在所有领域共同采取行动。这是一场多方参与、目标一致的游戏——一场越来越复杂、但各方最终都受益的游戏。
A better financial system 改善金融体系
My second milestone is a better financial system.We know that it is crucial to the modern global economy.第二个里程碑性的目标是要改善金融体系。我们知道,这一点对于当代全球经济而言至关重要
But we need to move beyond the system that gave us the crisis—a financial sector where some, as the ancient Greeks might say, toyed with hubris and unleashed nemesis.但我们的行动需要超越这个给我们带来危机的体系,按古希腊人的话来说,这个体系充满了狂妄自大和肆意的天罚。
Today, despite some progress, the system is not yet much safer than at the time of Lehman.It is still too complex;activities are still too concentrated in large institutions;and the specter of too-important-to fail still haunts the sector.Continuing excesses and scandals show that the culture has not really changed.当前,尽管已有些许进展,但与雷曼事件时期相比,这个体系的安全程度并未显著增强。体系本身仍过于复杂;体系内的活动仍过度集中在大型金融机构中;“太重要而不能倒闭”的问题仍像幽灵一样逡巡于整个金融部门。持续不断的过度做法和丑闻都在说明,我们的金融文化并未真正改变。So, as a matter of urgent priority, we must complete the agenda of financial sector reform: better regulation, better supervision, better resolution of cross-border entities, sensible incentives in financial institutions, and a level playing field for the sector.因此,我们必须将金融部门改革作为最紧迫的工作,早日完成改革日程:改善管理,改善监督,改善跨境实体的破产解决方式,建立金融机构有效的激励机制,为该部门创造公平的竞争环境。
We are making progress, especially on the Basel III agenda for better capital and liquidity buffers.But I fear that we are losing momentum, both on implementing the agreed reforms and on making more progress in areas like derivatives, shadow banking, and too-important-to-fail institutions.我们正在不断取得进展,特别是在有关加强资本和流动性缓冲的“巴塞尔III”日程下的进展。但我担心,无论是实施既定改革,还是就衍生品、影子银行和“太重要而不能倒闭”机构等问题进一步探索,这一势头在逐渐减弱。
Many in the industry are concerned about the costs of new regulations.Are these concerns valid? A recent IMF study shows that better regulation will nudge bank lending rates up, but by relatively little.We also found that increasing capital buffers to appropriate levels helps growth, not hurts it.Reforming financial sector taxation can also help reduce excessive risk-taking and leverage.业内很多人士都对新监管规定成本的问题忧心忡忡。这些担忧是否必要呢?基金组织近期的一项研究表明,更好的监管将推升银行贷款利率,但幅度相对较小。我们还发现,如将资本缓冲增加到适当水平,将有助于增长,而非遏制增长。对金融部门税收进行的改革也可能有助于减少过度冒险和杠杆化做法
The bottom line is that the costs of reform are affordable.The costs of complacency are not.We have been there.只要改革的成本是可负担的,就没有超出我们的底线。但自满带来的成本却远非如此。我们曾经有过那样的经历。
One further point: the financial system can help ease the transition to more balanced global growth.Right now, emerging Asia accounts for about a third of world savings.Developing local financial markets can redirect more of these savings into emerging Asia’s own backyard—to the people on the edge of prosperity who need it most.另外还要说明的一点是,金融体系可能有助于推动向更均衡的全球增长的转变。目前,在世界总储蓄中,亚洲新兴经济体的储蓄量约占三分之一。通过开发本地金融市场,亚洲新兴经济体可以将更多的储蓄转移到自己的后院,即,转移到那些处于繁荣边缘、最需要这些资金的人们的手中。
Inequality and inclusive growth 不平等和包容性增长
This brings me to my third milestone: inequality and the quality of growth in our future world.Really, this is about the human dimension of policymaking.我接下来要谈谈第三个里程碑性的目标,针对的是未来世界中的不平等问题和增长的质量。事实上,这与政策制定中人的因素有关。Growth is essential for the future global economy, but it must be a different kind of growth.A growth that is not simply the fallout from unfettered globalization.A growth that is inclusive.增长是未来全球经济的关键所在,但它必须是另一种形式的增长。这种增长并非仅是不受约束的全球化进程的结果。它应是包容性的。
Recent IMF research tells us that less inequality is associated with greater macroeconomic stability and more sustainable growth.This has profound policy implications.基金组织的近期研究告诉我们,不平等程度的减轻将带来更稳定的宏观经济和更可持续的增长。这里包含着深刻的政策启示。
It means focusing on efficiency but also keeping equity in mind when setting fiscal policy.It means fairness in sharing the burden of adjustment, and protecting the weak and vulnerable.It means better financial inclusion, so that all have access to credit and financial markets.It means better transparency and governance, so that the doors of opportunity are open to all—and if they close, one knows why.它意味着,在制定财政政策时,重点是效率,同时也要关注平等问题。它意味着,在共担财政调整负担、保护脆弱和易受影响群体的过程中,要注意实现公平。它意味着,应增强金融包容性,以使所有人都可以进入信贷和金融市场。它意味着,要加强透明度,完善治理,以确保机会的大门向所有人敞开——如果这扇门关上了,我们知道是为什么
So again, three points on which our future global economy will turn: getting beyond the crisis, improving the financial system, building a new kind of growth.所以,我想再强调一遍,未来的全球经济将有赖于三个目标的实现,即:摆脱危机困境,改善金融体系,实现新形式的增长。
C.The Future IMF—Serving our Members in the New World C.未来的基金组织——在新世界里服务于我们的成员国
What does all of this mean for the future of the IMF? 这些对于基金组织的未来意味着什么呢?
Transcending everything I have said so far is the need for greater cooperation.A world that is bound together must be a world that works together—a world that, in the words of the great Indian poet Tagore, “has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls”.在我之前所说的一切之上,是对加强合作的呼吁。一个紧密相连的世界同时也须是一个紧密合作的世界——正如伟大的印度诗人泰戈尔所言,这样的一个世界“没有被狭隘的国家围墙分割开来”。
So while multilateral institutions were important in the past, they are even more important for our future.所以,在过去曾产生重要影响的多边机构也将在未来发挥更重要的作用。
And the IMF is a premier forum for this kind of global cooperation.而基金组织将成为开展此类全球合作的一个重要的论坛。
This crisis has changed us—new approaches, new tools, new relevance.The key contours of the future IMF are emerging—but they are built on our past and what we were mandated to do by our founders.这场危机改变了我们——新方法、新工具、新经验。基金组织的未来轮廓正逐渐浮现出来,但是,这建立在以往的成就之上,建立在基金组织创立者向我们赋予的职责之上。
So what should the Fund look like for the future? 那么,未来的基金组织是什么样的呢?
First off: the IMF must always be a trusted adviser.首先:基金组织应始终是一个可信赖的顾问。
Advice is sometimes difficult—both giving and receiving!Over the past year, we made a number of big judgment calls—some controversial.The call to recapitalize European banks;the call for a larger European financial firewall;the call for a more balanced approach to fiscal adjustment;the call for urgent attention to the fiscal cliff.These were tough calls, but it is our job to make them—to be an objective, independent arbiter of economic issues, especially during hard times.有时,无论是提供建议还是接受建议,都并非易事。过去一年里,我们提出了很多项事关重大的要求——某些还引发了争议。包括:要求对欧洲银行注资;要求扩建欧洲金融防火墙;要求以更均衡的方式进行财政调整;要求对财政悬崖问题给予迫切关注。提出这些要求并不容易,但这却是我们的职责所在——我们应当是一个客观、独立的经济问题仲裁人,在经济困难时期尤为如此。
Now the Fund must push ahead and adapt even more to the shifting realities and priorities of the modern global economy, the world of vast interconnections.So we are focusing more than ever on economic and policy spillovers—how what happens in one country affects others.如今,基金组织须继续前行,更好地适应当今全球经济不断变化的现实和重点,更好地适应这个高度交织的世界。所以,我们将比以往更加注重经济和政策的溢出效应,也就是说,一个国家的动向会如何影响到其他国家。
Our new Integrated Surveillance Decision, for example, will help cross-fertilize country-level and global surveillance, shining a light on cross-border effects.Our new External Sector Report sharpens our assessment of policies from a multilateral perspective, including exchange rates.And our new Financial Surveillance Strategy substantially strengthens our focus on a sector that is at the very heart of national and global stability concerns.比如,我们新出台的综合监督决定将使国家层面与全球层面的监督彼此促进,同时重点关注跨境效应。我们新一期的《对外部门报告》强化了多边视角下的政策评估,包括对汇率政策的评估。我们新制定的金融监督战略将极大增强我们对金融部门的关注,凸显出这一部门作为国家和全球稳定问题之核心的重要地位。
Second: the IMF must have the resources necessary to stand by its membership in this world of interconnections.其次:在这个紧密相连的世界里,基金组织须拥有必要的资源以向其成员国提供支持。
So far during the crisis, we have committed $540 billion and disbursed $157 billion in 126 lending programs—57 non-concessional, 69 concessional.We are helping all kinds of countries with all kinds of problems—financing to help adjustment and transition, insurance to prevent contagion and certify good policies.And we are doing so with more flexibility and sensitivity to social conditions—for example, by calling for a longer period of fiscal adjustment in some countries.自危机爆发至今,我们已做出5400亿美元贷款的承诺,并已向126项贷款计划拨付了1570亿美元。这些贷款计划中,有57项是非优惠贷款,69项是优惠贷款。我们将帮助不同的国家解决各类不同的问题——为调整和转型提供融资支持,为防范危机蔓延提供保险,以及认证良好政策等等。面对复杂的社会状况,我们的行动有了更高的灵活度和反应度——例如,我们已要求某些国家延长财政调整时间。
Your decision earlier this year to boost our resources by $456 billion is a huge vote of confidence in the Fund, bringing our total lending power to over $1 trillion.And recently, using windfall profits from gold sales, you have also come through for the low-income countries—ensuring that we have enough resources in our Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust for concessional lending in the years to come.你们在今年早些时候做出了4560亿美元的增资决定,这是你们向基金组织投出的一张极有份量的信任票,我们的总贷款能力由此增加到了1万亿美元以上。最近,通过利用黄金出售意外利润,你们又成功地为低收入国家提供了资金保障——确保我们在未来几年里有充足的资金提供减贫与增长信托项下的优惠贷款。
Rest assured, your investments will be put to good use—helping to end crises, to prevent crises, to reduce the human costs of crises.请放心,你们的出资必将用于其应有的目的——它将有助于终止危机、防范危机、减少危机带来的人的成本。
A final but crucial point about the Fund for the future: it must truly reflect global ownership.关于未来的基金组织,还有最后一点,但也是极为重要的一点:它必须真正反映出全球共有的性质。
We need an IMF that represents the world, looks like the world, and in which the world finds a safe and comfortable home.我们所需要的基金组织应该能代表全世界,反映出全世界面貌,并为全世界人民提供安全、舒适的归宿。
In this context, the reforms agreed in 2010 represent the biggest governance change in our history.As a result: 6 percent in quotas will shift to the dynamic emerging and developing countries, or 9 percent in total since the start of the previous 2006 reform.For the first time, Brazil, China, India, and Russia will all be among our top ten shareholders.For the first time, for any international financial institution, we will have an all-elected Executive Board.因此,在2010年商定的各项改革是我们有史以来最重要的治理改革。改革的结果:有活力的新兴和发展中国家的份额将增加6%,或者说,自此前2006年改革启动至今,份额总体增加幅度将达到9%。巴西、中国、印度和俄罗斯均首次位居前十大股东之列。我们的执董会成员将全部由选举产生,这一制度在所有国际金融机构中还是前所未有的。
The good news is that we have made great progress toward this reform.We have reached most of the major milestones—over 75 percent of consents for the quota increase, more than 120 countries for Board reform.Now we must push ahead to get the 85 percent of voting power required to complete the Board reform and the 2010 package.令人欣慰的是,我们已朝着这一改革方向取得了长足的进展,实现了大部分具有里程碑意义的主要目标——超过75%的成员国已同意了份额增资,超过120个成员国已同意了执董会改革。如今,我们须进一步推进这一举措,为执董会改革和2010 年一揽子改革方案的实施获得85%表决权的同意
We can see the finish line.It is close, and today—here in Tokyo—I am again urging our membership to reach it.我们已经能看到终点线了。它就在不远处,而今天,站在这里,我要再次敦促各成员国向着这一终点继续奋进。
Mr.Chairman, Governors: this is the IMF we have been building, and will continue to build, with your support.It is yours.An IMF for all seasons and all peoples.A servant of the membership, of the world, of the people.主席先生,各位理事:这就是我们在你们的支持下努力构建并将不断巩固的基金组织。这是你们的基金组织。一个陪伴所有人度过所有不同时期的基金组织。它将服务于所有成员国,服务于全世界,服务于全人类。
Conclusion: The Spirit of Tokyo—Cooperation 结论:东京精神——合作精神
As I conclude today, let me thank and pay tribute once again to our Japanese hosts.Japan is truly the champion of multilateralism and global cooperation.It is a friend of the IMF, and we are now celebrating 60 years of partnership.在我结束今天的讲话之前,请允许我再次向日本主办方致以诚挚的谢意和敬意。日本是当之无愧的多边主义和全球合作楷模。它是基金组织的朋友,我们双方的合作关系如今已走到了第60个年头。
Let me express my deep appreciation to the magnificent, world class, staff of the IMF.I have never been more impressed by a group of dedicated professionals who work day and night to support our member countries.同时也请允许我向那些能力出众、素质一流的基金组织工作人员表达深深的谢意。我为这样一个专业人员队伍而赞叹,他们日以继夜、全情投入地工作,为成员国提供持续不断的支持,这使我深受感动。
I also wish to thank the Fund’s Executive Directors for all their great guidance and collegiality.And I would like to thank you, the members, for your constant support, for believing in us.我还要感谢基金组织的各位执董,感谢他们的正确指导和出色管理。我还要感谢你们,所有成员国,感谢你们一如既往的支持和信任。
One final reflection: as part of these Meetings, we offered an essay contest for Japanese students to share their thoughts on the IMF and the global economy.We had many wonderful, inspiring, entries.The finalists are with us today.Could they please stand up? 最后,我还想提及一点,作为本届年会的一个相关活动,我们举办了一场日本学生作文比赛,请学生们就基金组织和全球经济话题各抒己见。我们收集到了很多文思精妙、颇具启发性的文章。最终进入决赛的选手今天也来到了这里。可否站起来让大家认识一下?
One essay in particular stuck in my mind.It was written by a young woman named Nao Yonemoto.有一篇文章给我的印象最为深刻。它的作者是一位名叫米本奈绪的女学生。
Nao talked about a famous incident in Japanese history, when two warlords—Shingen Takeda and Kenshin Uesugi—were fighting for supremacy.When one warlord found out that the other was short of salt—an especially valuable commodity in those days—he sent him some from his own personal supply.奈绪提到了日本历史上一个著名的事件,两位名将——武田信玄与上杉谦信——为了权力地位发生争斗。在那个年代,盐是一种价值极高的商品,当其中一人发现他的对手没有了食盐供应时,就从自己的供给中取出一部分送给了他。
And so we have the great Japanese proverb: “give salt to your opponent”.In other words, be generous to those in need, even if they are different from you, or not on your team.The message? Helping each other in difficult times is the only way forward.由此,就有了这样一句日本谚语:“送盐予敌”。也就是说,要对那些需要帮助的人慷慨相助,即使他们与你格格不入,甚或与你为敌。这说明了什么呢?在困境中,只有彼此扶持,才能不断前行。
Mr.Chairman, Governors: the spirit of cooperation is the only way forward.I saw that spirit in Sendai the other day.I saw it as I traveled throughout our member countries over the past year.I see it again on your faces this morning.主席先生,各位理事:合作精神是推动我们向前的唯一动力。不久前,我在仙台看到了这种精神。过去一年里,当我走访各成员国时,也看到了这种精神。今天在这里,我从你们的神情中又再次看到了这种精神。
It is the spirit of our Meetings.May you travel back with it when you go home.这就是我们的会议所秉持的精神。希望大家把这种精神带回去。
Thank you.谢谢。
第五篇:世界银行行长金墉在美国东北大学2013届毕业典礼上的演讲
Commencement Address for Northeastern University’s Class of 2013 在美国东北大学2013届毕业典礼上的演讲
World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim 世界银行行长金墉
Boston, Massachusetts, United States 马萨诸塞州的波士顿,美国
May 3, 2013 2013年5月3日
President Joseph E.Aoun, Distinguished faculty members and administrators, Members of the Class of 2013, Ladies and gentlemen
约瑟夫·E·奥恩校长,尊敬的各位教职员工,2013届毕业班的全体同学们,女士们,先生们,It’s a great privilege to be here today with all of you, especially the members of the Class of 2013 and your families and friends.You should be very proud.This is a day for memories, a day to savor.A day, also, to join in honoring those who two weeks ago responded so courageously in the face of tragedy—including Northeastern students and staff who provided critical care and support to victims of the attack.今天在这里与在座的各位、特别是2013届毕业生以及你们的家人和朋友欢聚一堂,是一个莫大的荣幸。你们应该感到非常自豪,这是难以忘怀的一天,值得体味的一天,这一天我们也要对那些在两周前勇敢面对悲剧的人们、包括东北大学的学生和员工致敬,他们为爆炸受害者提供了重要的关爱和支持。
It’s an honor for me to stand before you today just at the moment when you are leaving this great University and about to step into your life, the script of which is yet to be written.Throughout my years in the academy, I’ve loved commencements because they embody those rare moments in our modern culture when ritual, tradition and a bit of pageantry brighten our lives.此时此刻,我站在各位面前,正值你们即将离开这所伟大的学府,即将踏入你们的人生,人生脚本还是一张白纸之际,我深感荣幸。在我投身学术界的岁月里,我曾很喜欢毕业典礼,因为它代表着我们现代文化中那些罕见的时刻,当仪式、传统和一点点排场照亮了我们的人生。
But I’m sure many of you are more than a little concerned about what the future will bring, and I just want to say to you today that not only is your future uncertain, but the overwhelming likelihood is that it’s far more uncertain than you think.And you know what, that’s a good thing.A recent study by a group of psychologists in the journal Science found that people are extremely poor at predicting their futures.The study showed that, for example, a typical 20-year-old woman’s predictions for life changes in the next decade of her life were not nearly as radical as the typical 30-year-old woman’s recollection of how much she had changed in her 20s.In other words, 20-year-olds had little idea of just how much they would change over the next ten years.This sort of discrepancy persisted among respondents all the way into their 60s.但是我敢肯定,你们中许多人对于未来将会带来什么很有点担心,我今天只是想对你们说,不仅仅是你们的未来不确定,而最大的可能性是,它远比你所想的更不确定。你们知道吗,这是一件好事。几位心理学家最近在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇研究论文,他们发现人极其不擅长预测自己的未来。他们的研究显示,例如,一个典型的20岁女性对自己未来十年人生变化的预测绝不像一个典型的30岁女性对自己在20来岁时有多大变化的回忆那么激进。换句话说,20岁的人对于自己在未来十年会有多大变化几乎没有概念。这种差异在受访者中一直延续到60多岁的人。
This study’s findings are essentially the story of my life.In fact, even before I was born, given the obstacles my parents faced, I would never have predicted that I would, in fact, be born.My father spent his childhood in North Korea and, at the age of 17, escaped across the border into South Korea, leaving his parents, his brothers and sisters, his entire extended family--everything he had ever known – behind.He had no money.Still, he managed to enroll in the Seoul National University Dental School and became a dentist.He told me stories about how he had so little money he often could only afford to buy lunch from the illegal noodle vendors on the street.Once when he was eating his contraband pasta next to the vendor, police came and chased after the vendors and their customers.But while he ran, my father kept eating his noodles because he knew he wouldn’t be able to afford another bowl for some time.这项研究结果基本上也是我的人生故事。事实上,即使在我出生之前,鉴于我的父母所面临的重重障碍,事实上我都不敢预测我还会出生。我的父亲在北朝鲜度过了他的童年,他在17岁那年偷越边境逃到韩国,离开他的父母、他的兄弟姐妹、他的所有亲朋好友,离开了他所熟悉的一切。他身无分文。但他还是设法进了首尔国立大学牙科学院,后来成为一名牙医。他告诉我,他口袋里只有一点点钱,常常只能买得起街上非法小摊贩卖的面条当午餐。有一次,他正在无照小摊旁边吃面,警察来了,警察赶走了小摊贩和他们的顾客。但我的父亲一边跑一边还在吃他的面,因为他知道他还得过一段时间才能再买得起一碗面。
My mother was born in China near Shanghai among a small community of Korean expatriates.After returning to Korea, on a day she will never forget, her mother--my grandmother--went outside to hang the laundry and never returned, probably either kidnapped or killed by North Korean soldiers.With the war closing in around her, at the age of 15, my mother became a refugee and literally walked, with her younger brother on her back, for 200 miles to escape the fighting.Luckily, she was able to resume her schooling in a tent in the southern city of Masan.She was a good student and with great luck she received a scholarship from a secret women’s society in the United States and was able to enroll as a freshman at Scarritt College in Nashville, Tennessee.我的母亲出生在中国上海附近的一个韩国侨民居住的小社区。回到韩国后,有一天,她永远都不会忘记,她的母亲也就是我的外祖母出去晾衣服就再也没有回来,她可能是被北朝鲜士兵绑架或杀害了。随着战争的临近,我的母亲在15岁时成了难民,为了躲避战火,她背着她的小弟弟徒步走了200英里。幸运的是,她在南部马山市的一顶帐篷里得以继续学业。她是一个好学生,非常幸运地获得了美国一个秘密妇女学会提供的奖学金,进入田纳西州纳什维尔的斯卡里特学院。
Through almost unthinkably divergent and unlikely paths, my parents ended up meeting in New York City at a Christmas party that gathered together the few hundred Korean students who were living in the United States at that time.They fell in love, married in New York, where my older brother was born, then returned to Korea.通过几乎是无法想象的完全不同和不可能的路径,我的父母最终在纽约市的一次圣诞聚会上邂逅相遇,那次圣诞聚会聚集了几百名当时居住在美国的韩国学生。他们坠入爱河,在纽约缔结良缘,生下我哥哥,然后回到韩国。
I was born in Seoul and when I was five, my family moved back to the United States and we eventually settled in Muscatine, Iowa.My father opened his dental practice, and my mother set to work on her PhD in philosophy at the University of Iowa.In the late 60’s, influenced by my mother’s passion for social justice, we watched the civil rights and anti-war movements unfold from our living room in Muscatine.We lived, as you can tell, the classic All-American, Korean family grows up in a small town in Iowa story.We fully embraced our lives in the heartland of this great country.我出生在首尔,在我五岁时我的家人搬回到美国,我们最终定居在爱荷华州的马斯卡廷,我的父亲开了自己的牙科诊所,我的母亲在爱荷华大学研修博士学位。在上世纪60年代,受我母亲热衷于社会公正的影响,我们看到民权和反战运动从马斯卡廷我们家的客厅展开。你们可以想象,我们有着在爱荷华州一个小镇的经典的美籍韩国家庭中成长的经历,我们完全拥抱了在这个伟大国家中心地带的生活。
As you might imagine, there weren’t a lot of Asians in Iowa in the 60’s and 70’s but happily, one of the most popular shows at that time was Kung Fu, the story of a former Shaolin priest, half-Chinese, half-American, who comes to the United States to find his American father.So while we were outsiders in Iowa in a profound sense, at least the bully kids left us alone, because they thought all Asians knew Kung Fu.I played quarterback on the high school football team--but don’t be too impressed, we had the longest losing streak in the nation by the time I was done with my senior year.Years and years went by without a single victory.It was said that grandfathers of my teammates had contributed to the multi-generational streak.正如你们可以想象,在60年代和70年代爱荷华州的亚洲人并不多,但令人高兴的是,当时最受欢迎的一个节目是《功夫》,故事讲的是一个少林和尚,一半中国血统,一半美国血统,到美国来寻找他的美国父亲。所以,虽然我们从深层意义上讲在爱荷华州属于外人,但至少爱欺负人的孩子不招惹我们,因为他们认为所有的亚洲人都会功夫。我在高中橄榄球队打四分卫,但别以为我们有多了不起,在我大四的时候我们是全国连败最长的队。一年又一年,我们一次都没赢过,有人说,我同学的爷爷们早就为子孙后代的连败打下了基础。
After high school, I eventually ended up at Brown University, and I remember one particular day vividly.My father picked me up at the airport after I flew back to Muscatine from Providence, and when we were driving home, he asked me, ―So what are you thinking of studying?‖
高中毕业后,我最终考进了布朗大学,有一天我尤其记忆犹新。我从普罗维登斯飞回马斯卡廷,我的父亲到机场接我,在我们开车回家的路上,他问我,―那么你想学什么呢?‖
I told him I was excited about philosophy and political science.我说我对哲学和政治学很感兴趣。
I thought I could make a difference in the world and I was thinking of going into politics.我认为我可以改变这个世界,我在考虑从政。
My father put on the blinker, pulled off the road, and turned off the car.我父亲打开车子的闪光灯,把车开到路边停下。
He turned to me in the back seat.他转过身来对坐在后座上的我说:
―Look,‖ he said, ―once you finish your medical residency, you can do anything you want.‖ ―瞧,你只要完成了医生实习期,就可以做任何你想做的事情。‖
You see, my father knew all about uncertainty.He knew that it’s impossible to be sure about where you might end up in life.And he worried that his own success might have deprived his children of the opportunity to understand deeply the meaning of running away from the noodle police while, of course, finishing your noodles.He wanted me to have a skill and he wanted me to butt my head up against the joy but also the hard reality of finishing medical school, finishing residency and caring for patients in life-or-death situations.你们看,我的父亲十分懂得不确定性。他很清楚,一个人不可能知道自己最终会做什么,而且他很担心自己的成功有可能会使自己的子女没有机会深入理解从警察身边跑开、当然同时还要吃完剩下的面条意味着什么。他希望我掌握一门本领,他希望我能够有效地抵抗读完医学院、完成实习期和在生与死的情景中照顾患者的喜悦与残酷的现实。
I’m so grateful to my father.我很感谢我的父亲。
So far I’ve told you that life is uncertain, but you already knew that.What I really want you to know is that you have abundant tools to face that uncertainty and to lead an extraordinary life, even beyond your wildest dreams.到目前为止,我告诉你们说人生是不确定的,但你们已经了解了这一点。我真正想让你们了解的是,你们拥有大量的工具来直面这种不确定性,成就不平凡的人生,甚至超出你最疯狂的梦想。
Roy Baumeister is a psychologist who has devoted his career to studying the qualities in human beings that lead them to achieve what he calls ―positive outcomes.‖ In this fascinating field, researchers have found that two traits are most consistently associated with success: intelligence and willpower.In Baumeister’s book entitled Willpower, we learn that efforts to permanently increase intelligence have failed, but people can in fact improve their willpower.Baumeister and his colleagues have shown that taking certain actions to improve willpower is the surest way to a more successful life.Moreover, they’ve shown that willpower is like a muscle that can be built with practice, but also that if you don’t actively exercise your willpower, your capacity to do so will atrophy just like your stomach muscles if you stop doing sit-ups.They’ve even learned that because willpower is associated with a certain part of your brain, maintaining glucose levels in your blood to feed that part of your brain is critical for sustaining your willpower!
罗伊·鲍迈斯特是一位心理学家,终生研究带领人类成就他称之为―积极的结果‖的人类素质。在这个令人着迷的领域,研究人员发现,有两个特质始终与成功相伴:智力和意志力。从鲍迈斯特所著的《意志力》一书中,我们了解到,虽然永久地提高智力的努力归于失败,但人其实是可以提高自身的意志力的。鲍迈斯特和他的同事们已经证明,采取某些行动来提高意志力,是实现更成功的人生的最可靠的途径。此外,他们也已证明,意志力就像肌肉,可以通过锻炼来强化,而且如果你不积极锻炼你的意志力,你的能力就会像你的腹部肌肉一样,在停止做仰卧起坐之后会出现萎缩。他们甚至还了解到,由于意志力与大脑的某些部位有关,保持血液里的血糖水平来滋养大脑的这个部位对于维持意志力至关重要!
Looked at from another angle, a group of researchers has shown that, more than talent, practice is what determines mastery over any given skill or ability.Malcolm Gladwell, in his book Outliers, popularized an important body of work that showed that the path to mastery required 10,000 hours of practice.Books with titles like ―talent is overrated‖ have been published to make the point.从另一个角度看,一些研究人员已经证明,与天赋相比,实践才是决定能否掌握任何技能或能力的主要因素。马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在他的《局外人》一书中推广的一项重要研究成果表明,达到精通之路需要10000个小时的练习,《天赋被高估了》等书的出版就是为了说明这一点。
Now I want you to know that there’s really good news here, especially for Northeastern graduates.By graduating today, you’ve shown your families and the world that you have plenty of IQ points to accomplish anything you set out to achieve.Willpower, discipline and focus--the essential qualities for success that everyone needs--are in your hands to develop and build.As Baumeister shows in his book, you can indeed go to the willpower gym and come out mentally buff, ready to take on the world.现在,我希望你们了解,这实际上是个好消息,尤其是对东北大学的毕业生来说。通过今天的毕业,你们已经向家人和世界证明,你们有足够的智商完成你们决定去做的任何事情。意志力、纪律和专注——每个人都需要的成功的必备素质——就掌握在你们手中,靠你们去开发和建立。鲍迈斯特在他的书中揭示,你的确可以去意志力健身房,强健精神,准备好挑战世界。
Now about the 10,000 hours it takes to achieve mastery.Well, because you’ve studied here at Northeastern, you’ve got a head start.My own estimate is that, through your cooperative education in which you’ve received both classroom knowledge and practical knowledge, you all deserve at least a couple of thousand hours of discount off the standard 10,000.Good for you and congratulations!
现在来谈谈达到精通所需要的10,000个小时。嗯,由于你们已完成在东北大学的学业,你们已经有了一个良好的开端。我个人的估计是,通过合作式教育,你们学到了课堂知识和实践知识,你们可以至少从10,000个标准小时中扣除2000个小时。干得好,祝贺你们!
But in addition to thinking about uncertainty and willpower, there’s one more thing I want you to try to will yourself to remember today.I want you to think about how you can use time effectively and for good in this complex world.但是,除了思考不确定性和意志力之外还有一件事,我希望你们能够用自己的意志力记住今天,我希望你们想一想怎样才能有效地利用时间,在这个复杂的世界里持之以恒。
Back in Iowa, my mother used to read to me the writings of Martin Luther King, Jr.In Dr.King’s ―Letter from a Birmingham Jail,‖ he writes about understanding the urgency of the present.He writes about an experience with a white moderate--an ally of the civil rights movement--who wrote to him saying that he, Dr.King, was in too great a hurry and that ―the lessons of Christ take time to come to earth.‖ African Americans, the moderate argued, would eventually--eventually--be granted their full civil rights.早在爱荷华州时,我的母亲曾经读马丁·路德·金的著作给我听。金博士在 ―寄自伯明翰监狱的信‖中写了他对现实紧迫性的理解。他写道与一位白人温和派人士、民权运动盟友的交流,此人写信给他,说他金博士过于性急,―基督的教义传播人世,总要花费时日‖。这位温和派人士认为,非裔美国人最终——他是说最终——会获得完全的民权。
Dr.King responded, and I quote: “Such an attitude stems from a tragic misconception of time and a strangely irrational notion that there is something in the flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills.Actually, time itself is neutral.It can be used destructively or constructively.More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than the people of goodwill.We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people, but for the appalling silence of the good people.” End quote.金博士回应说,我在此引用他的话:―这样的态度乃源自对时间的可悲误解,源自一种不合理的奇特观念,认为在时间之流当中,会有什么东西必将疗治所有的邪恶。实际上,时间是中立的东西;它可以用于建设,也可以用于破坏。我越发觉得,邪恶的人之利用时间,将会比善良的人更其有效。我们得在这一代进行忏悔,不仅因坏人们充满仇恨的言辞与行为,也因好人们骇人听闻的沉默。‖引语完。
With all the willpower I can muster, I try to bring the sense of urgency in Dr.King’s words to my work today.I do this with an understanding that I still have no idea of what the future may bring.After all, I had no idea that I would not only get my medical degree but also a PhD in anthropology.I had no idea that I would help found an organization, Partners in Health, with my colleague Paul Farmer and eventually work in 10 countries around the world.I had no idea that my experience at Partners In Health would lead to my taking charge of the World Health Organization’s HIV/AIDS efforts and starting a campaign to treat 3 million people by the year 2005.And with only minimal experience in academic administration, I became President of Dartmouth College.Finally, completely out of the blue, last year President Obama asked me to stand as a candidate to lead the World Bank Group.我集中全部的意志力,试图将金博士所说的紧迫感带入我今天的工作。我这样做是因为我了解我仍不知道未来可能会带来什么。毕竟,我没有想到我不仅获得了医学学位,而且还获得了人类学博士学位。我没有想到,我会和我的同事保罗·法莫一起帮助创建了一个机构―健康伙伴‖,并最终在全世界10个国家开展了工作。我没有想到我在―健康伙伴‖的工作经历会导致我主管世界卫生组织的艾滋病工作,并开展了一场到2005年治疗3万名艾滋病患者的运动。我只有很少的学术管理经验,却担任了达特茅斯学院的院长。最后,就如晴天霹雳一般,去年奥巴马总统邀请我作为领导世界银行集团的候选人之一。
Always with some trepidation, I embraced these unexpected opportunities, and now I find myself in one of the most interesting jobs in the world.The World Bank Group is an extraordinary organization, founded in the 1940’s to rebuild Europe after World War II.Over the 66 years of its existence, it has become the premier development institution in the world.虽然总是有些诚惶诚恐,但我接受了这些意外的机会,现在我发现自己做的是世界上最有意思的工作之一。世界银行集团是一个非同寻常的机构,成立于1940年,初衷是在二战之后重建欧洲。在其存在的66年里,它已成为世界上最大的发展机构。
Just two weeks ago, our governing body endorsed a target to end extreme poverty by 2030--just 17 years from now.Our Governors, who are made up of the Ministers of Finance and Development of 188 member countries, also endorsed a goal to boost shared prosperity, so that the bottom 40% of income earners in our member states can share in economic growth.Our Governors also emphasized that prosperity must be shared with future generations, which means that we will be leaders in tackling climate change.Climate change has the potential to wipe out many of the development gains of the past decades and plunge people back into poverty.就在两周前,我们的理事会批准了一个目标,即,到2030年,从现在起在短短17年时间里终结极度贫困。我们的理事会由188个成员国的财政和发展部长组成,他们还通过一个目标,就是促进共享繁荣,使我们成员国里处于收入最底层的40%人口可以分享经济增长的成果。我们的理事会还强调,必须让子孙后代共享繁荣,这就意味着我们将在应对气候变化方面发挥领导作用。气候变化有可能使过去数十年的发展成果毁于一旦,使人民重新陷入贫困。
By setting such bold targets for our organization and setting an expiration date for extreme poverty in the world, our Governors have given us the gift of focus and urgency.We will now use time to drive forward what we hope will be a signal achievement in human history.通过给我们的机构设定这种大胆的目标,为消除世界上的极度贫困设定期限,我们的理事会赋予我们着眼点和紧迫感。现在,我们要花时间来推进我们期望成为人类历史上的一项标志性成就。
In closing, my challenge to you is this: set bold goals, deliberately and consciously build your willpower, and use your time well.You are so fortunate.Northeastern’s co-op program and emphasis on experiential learning make this one of the most innovative educational models in the world today.With co-op options now in more than 70 countries, in all types of organizations, this University has given you an unexcelled preparation for global citizenship.As countries around the world, including the United States, search for ways to overhaul higher education, they’re looking to Northeastern’s example.Through your hard work in these past four years, you’ve acquired something exceptional: the foundations for critical and self-critical thinking, joined to the practical skills to solve tough problems in the real world.最后,我对你们提出的挑战是:设定大胆的目标,有意识和自觉地建立自己的意志力,用好你们的时间。你们是如此幸运,东北大学的合作教育计划和对体验式学习的重视,是当今世界上最具创新性的教育模式之一。合作模式已在70多个国家、各种类型的机构中推广,这所大学为你们成为全球公民做了极好的铺垫。世界各国、包括美国都在寻找改革高等教育的路径,他们也在研究东北大学的案例。通过你们在过去四年的努力,你们获得了一些特殊的资质:批判和自我批判思维的基础,结合解决现实世界中棘手问题的实用技能。
These are extraordinary qualifications.They give you power--and responsibility.这些都是非凡的资质,它们赋予你们力量,还有责任。
Like my father on the streets of Seoul--though in a different way--you face a world of uncertainty.Don’t fear that uncertainty.Embrace it.Use it.Uncertainty means that nothing is predetermined.Uncertainty means that the future is yours to shape--with the force of your will, the force of your intellect, and the force of your compassion.Uncertainty is freedom.Take that freedom and run with it.And don’t forget to eat some noodles as you go.You’ll need the glucose.就像在首尔街头的我的父亲,虽然以不同的方式,你们都面对着一个充满不确定性的世界。不要害怕这种不确定性,去拥抱它,去利用它。不确定性意味着没有什么是预先确定的。不确定性意味着未来需要你们去塑造,用你们的力量,你们的意志,你们智慧的力量,你们同情心的力量。不确定性就是自由,抓住这种自由,带着它奔跑吧,别忘了一边跑一边吃点面条,你需要葡萄糖。
Thank you very much, and congratulations to the graduating class.谢谢各位,祝贺毕业班的同学们!