第一篇:黑洞的大一英语演讲
General relativity predicts a particularly dense dark objects.Evolution of massive stars in their late collapse occurs, the dense material in particular, it has one called “event horizon” of the closed border, a black hole hidden in a huge gravitational field, due to the gravitational field so strong, including in particular photon光量子(the composition of light particles粒子), including any material can only be entered could not escape.The formation of a black hole minimum mass star's core is about three times the solar mass质量, of course, this is the last star of nuclear quality, rather than main sequence stars in the period of quality.In addition to this stellar-class black hole, there are other sources of black holes-the so-called micro-black holes may be formed in the early universe, the so-called supermassive black holes may exist in the central galaxy.A black hole can be found through the concept of electronic equipment.(laser light for instance)The black hole within its borders to prevent any outsiders to see anything, which is the object known as the “black hole” of the reason.We were unable to observe the reflection of light it can only be affected indirectly understand the objects around the black hole.Having said that, but the black hole still has its borders, namely “event horizon(horizon).”
The ergosphere(能层,黑洞周围假设区)is an oblate spheroid region outside of the event horizon, where objects cannot remain stationary.It is assumed that the evolution of stellar black hole of death matter, is in a special super-massive stars collapse generated.In addition, the quality of a black hole must be larger than the Chandrasekhar limit of stellar evolution to the end of the form, quality, smaller than the Chandrasekhar limit of the star is unable to form a black hole.Next introduce one famous formula ,it was declared by Hawking to describe the black hole’s state.The formula for the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy(S)of a black hole, which depends on the area of the black hole(A).The constants are the speed of light(c), the Boltzmann constant(k), Newton's constant(G), and the Planck constant(h
Finally, present you a picture of the black hole.
第二篇:大一英语演讲
Learn to relax
Good afternoon ladies and gentlman,I am very glad to be here to make this short speech for you.As you know, there are more and more problems caused by stress from so many aspects that we must learn to relax so that our pressure can be released.So today I want to say something about how to relax..Stress exists in your study.You want to learn all the subjects well? you want to make full use of your time studying? you want to be better than others? In these situations, you will inevitably meet stress,and if you do not treat it seriously, it will lead to bad results.But if you can make use of it , maybe it can motivate your potential and make you study better.Stress exists in your daily life.You want to make enough money to support your education? You want to be accepted by the people around you? You want to make the realationship between you and your friends harmonious? Then you will fell stressful, and you should learn to overcome your stress.learn to release stress, and you will have a better living environment.Stress also exists in working area.You want to be well-paid? You want to get promotion? You want to have a brighter future? And then you will probably meet stress.Learning to release stress is the key to be a succeessful person..But how to relax? How to release the stress? How to overcome it and make use of it?
I have been in great stress when I was fighting for the college entrence examination last year!As you know, it is a hard time we don’t want to recall any more.But the exam was around the corner, and I was so nervous that I could not pay my attention to my study.I was afraid of getting a low grade and be caught up by others,I was afriend of be fail on the big day.I knew I must do some thing.So I asked my teacher for advice, she said: “it is no use worrying about something thathas not yet happened, just do something to delight yourself.Don’t think about it for the moment , and enjoy yourself for a while.” I was confused at first but I followed her advice afterwhile.I went to a cinema and watched a comdy , getting rid of the stress for a while.And when I went back to study, I am refreshed.So, in my opinion, it is not that difficult to reduce your stress!You can ask your tearchers or your classmates or your best friends for help.Just tell them what you are worried about.That is also a kind of release.You can do something to delight yourself, for example, you can play basketball for a while, you can surf the internet for a moment or you can just stay in a quiet place where no persons can bother you.Do remember, when you have stress, release it!Don’t hold it all the time.I remembered once Mr Kris told me in his speech that no mater how small the burden was , if you hold it all the time, it wouldl become a big burden for you to continue to carry on!So it is with stress, we should learn to relase the stress in time or take advantage of the motivation function of stress and be happier.Learn to relax, be a wise person in life!
At last I want to say something to our teacher Miss Caroline, I am glad to be your student this year,and I know you will not come to China to teach us next semester, I just want to thank you for your efforts for us and I wish you a happy holiday with your family.Finally, I hope you can find your Mr Right when you are back in America as soon as possilbe!We won’t forget you!
Thanks
第三篇:《黑洞》论文
论黑洞
摘要:黑洞(Black
hole)是现代广义相对论中,宇宙空间内存在的一种密度无限大,体积无限小的天体,所有的物理定理遇到黑洞都会失效。
黑洞是由质量足够大的恒星在核聚变反应的燃料耗尽而死亡后,发生引力坍缩产生的。黑洞的质量极其巨大,而体积却十分微小,它产生的引力场极为强劲,以至于任何物质和辐射在进入到黑洞的一个事件视界(临界点)内,便再无法逃脱,甚至目前已知的传播速度最快的光(电磁波)也逃逸不出。
黑洞无法直接观测,但可以借由间接方式得知其存在与质量,并且观测到它对其他事物的影响。借由物体被吸入之前的因高热而放出紫外线和X射线的“边缘讯息”,可以获取黑洞存在的讯息。并且,我们可以根据史瓦西半径,可计算出一个天体要维持形态的最小半径,根据黑洞的半径可反推算其质量。
一、黑洞的物质介绍
“黑洞”这个名字,总是令人遐想联翩。那么,究竟什么是“黑洞”呢?
这个名字的第一个字“黑”,表明它不会向外界发射或反射任何光线,也不会发射或反射其他形式的电磁波——无论是波长最长的无线电波还是波长最短的γ射线。因此人们无法看见它,它绝对是“黑”的。第二个字“洞”,说的是任何东西只要一进入它的边界,就休想再溜出去了,它活像一个真正的“无底洞”。[3]
也许有人会想:假如我用一只超级巨大的探照灯对准黑洞照过去,像照妖镜照住“妖怪”那样,黑洞不就“现原形”了吗?错了!射向黑洞的光无论有多强,都会被黑洞全部“吞噬”,不会有一点反射。这个“无底洞”,照样还是那么“黑”。把这种奇特的天体称为“黑洞”,真是太妙了。黑洞并不是科学家在一夜之间突然想到的。早在1798年,法国科学家拉普拉斯就根据牛顿建立的力学理论推测:“一个直径像地球、密度为太阳250倍的发光恒星,在其引力作用下,将不允许它的任何光线到达我们这里。”
这话是什么意思呢?我们不妨先从宇宙飞船说起。宇宙飞船要摆脱地球的引力进入行星际空间,速度至少要达到11.2千米/秒,否则它就永远逃不出地球引力的控制。这11.2千米/秒的速度,就是任何物体从地球引力场中“逃逸”出去所需的最低速度,称为地球的“逃逸速度”。太阳的引力比地球引力强大得多,因此太阳的逃逸速度也要比地球的大得多,为618千米/秒。再进一步,要是一个天体的逃逸速度达到了光速,那么就连光线也不可能从它那里逃逸出去了。这样的天体就是黑洞,拉普拉斯所说的那个恒星便是生动的一例。光是宇宙间跑得最快的东西,既然连光都逃不出黑洞,那么其他一切东西也就休想逃出去了。
随着科学的发展,人们对黑洞的认识也越来越深入。如今,关于黑洞的更准确的说法是:“黑洞是广义相对论预言的一种特殊天体。它的基本特征是有一个封闭的边界,称为黑洞的‘视界’;外界的物质和辐射可以进入视界,视界内的东西却不能逃逸到外面去。”正因为黑洞如此“只进不出、贪得无厌”,所以才有了一个不雅的外号:“太空中最自私的怪物”。
不过,事情也不是那么简单。出乎人们意料,黑洞这个“怪物”,有时候竟然还十分“慷慨”。这又是怎么一回事呢?原来,在20世纪70年代,英国科学家霍金等人以量子力学为基础,对黑洞作了更缜密的考察,结果发现黑洞会像“蒸发”那样稳定地往外发射粒子。考虑到这种“蒸发”,黑洞就不再是绝对“黑”的了。霍金还证明,每个黑洞都有一定的温度,而且质量越小的黑洞温度就越高,质量越大的黑洞,其温度反而越低。大黑洞的温度很低,蒸发也很微弱;小黑洞的温度很高,蒸发也很猛烈,类似剧烈的爆发。一个质量像太阳那么大的黑洞,大约需要一年才能蒸发殆尽;但是质量和一颗小行星相当的小黑洞,竟然会在一秒钟内就蒸发得干干净净!
二、黑洞的形成根据广义相对论,引力场将使时空弯曲。当恒星的体积很大时,它的引力场对时空几乎没什么影响,从恒星表面上某一点发的光可以朝任何方向沿直线射出。而恒星的半径越小,它对周围的时空弯曲作用就越大,朝某些角度发出的光就将沿弯曲空间返回恒星表面。
等恒星的半径小到一特定值(天文学上叫“史瓦西半径”)时,就连垂直表面发射的光都被捕获了。到这时,恒星就变成了黑洞。说它“黑”,是指它就像宇宙中的无底洞,任何物质一旦掉进去,“似乎”就再不能逃出。实际上黑洞真正是“隐形”的,当一颗恒星衰老时,它的热核反应已经耗尽了中心的燃料(氢),由中心产生的能量已经不多了。这样,它再也没有足够的力量来承担起外壳巨大的重量。所以在外壳的重压之下,核心开始坍缩,直到最后形成体积小、密度大的星体,重新有能力与压力平衡。
三、光被吸收的原因
光的发展可以分为几个时期,萌芽时期、几何光学时期、波动光学时期、量子光学时期以及现代光学时期。
17世纪,意大利格里马第首先得到光的衍射现象。他发现点光源的情况下,一根直杆的影子比假设光沿直线传播应有的宽度稍微大一点,也就是说光不严格安智贤传播,而会绕过障碍物前进。接着1672-165年间胡克也观察到衍射现象。并且和玻意耳独立研究了薄膜产生的彩色干涉条纹。这些都是光的波动性的萌芽。
在1801年杨氏通过著名的“杨氏双缝干涉实验”满意地揭示了白光下薄膜颜色的由来。还第一次测定了光的波长。1815年菲尼耳补充了惠更斯原理。形成了人们熟知的惠更斯-菲尼耳原理,运用这个原理不仅仅能圆满地解释光在均匀的各向同性的介质中直线传播,还能解释光通过障碍物时发生的衍射现象。因此,它成为了波动光学的一个重要原理。
1900年普克郎引进量子概念后,解决了波动理论不能解释的黑体辐射问题,并且得到了黑体辐射公式。他的理论开始突破经典物理在围观的束缚。打开了认识光的微粒性的途径。第一个完全肯定光除了波动性还有粒子性的是爱因斯坦在1905年发表的论文中。指出电磁辐射不仅被发射和吸收是以能量的微粒的形式出现而且以是速度c在空间当中运动。即光以微粒的形式存在。因此,即使是光,也无法逃逸出黑洞。
四、黑洞的观测
黑洞的确无法观测到,但是黑洞引力产生的现象却可以被科学家观测到:(1)双星吸积,即黑洞对周围恒星的吸积现象是可以被观测的.(2)黑洞接近无限大的引力可以某恒星的光线弯曲很厉害产生的引力透镜让我们看到恒星的全貌,即使该恒星背面我们没有黑洞帮忙是永远也看不到的.(3)黑洞吸积物质会产生非常强大的X射线暴.我们的科学家就是通过这些现象再加以计算推断就知道是不是黑洞了.许多黑洞的四周都环绕着一些天体,通过观察这些天体的行为,可以推断出黑洞的存在。然后,使用所猜测黑洞四周的天体运动测量值便可以计算黑洞质量。
您要寻找的就是那些运动表现似乎受到周围巨大质量影响的星体或气盘。例如,倘若某个可见星体或气盘在不稳定地运动或旋转,但又找不到附近有导致这种运动的可见原因。并且这种不明因素产生了某种效应,而这种效应似乎是由质量比太阳大三倍的天体(由于质量太大而不可能是中子星)造成的。那么,这种运动就有可能是黑洞导致的。然后,可以通过观测黑洞对可见天体产生的效应来估算黑洞质量。
例如,在星系NGC
4261的核心,有一个旋转的棕色螺旋形吸积盘。该吸积盘的大小与太阳系相当,但重量是太阳的12亿倍。既然存在质量如此巨大的吸积盘,就暗示着它的内部可能有一个黑洞。
五、黑洞质量的计算
根根据史瓦西半径,可计算出一个天体要维持形态的最小半径,根据黑洞的半径可反推算其质量,Rs=2Gm/c^2
推导过程:
由
F=GmM/r^2
得知
r
越小
则F越大
而引力F
正比于
物体吸引落下速度V
且速度V最大值为c
求星体半径临界直(V=c之
r
临界直)
;
即史瓦西半径
由
F=ma=mg
得
GMm/r^2
=
mg
故
g
=
GM/r^2
由固定重力场位能得非固定重力场位能公式
a.将
E=mgh
代换成E=GMmh/r^2
且
h=r
故
E=GMm/r
表位能
b.列受星体吸引物质之速度与位能对应式
求得临界半径r(史瓦西半径)
1/2
mv^2
=
GMm/r
做
洛伦兹
变换
1/2
mv^2/√(1-v^2/c^2)=
GMm/r√(1-v^2/c^2)
得到r
=
2GM/V^2
当v=c
求r之临界直
则全式可得
Rs
=
2GM/c^2
;
Rs为史瓦西半径
;
左为史瓦西半径公式
(G为引力常数
M为恒星质量
c为光速)
如果仅从史瓦西半径
看,所有半径尺度和质量大小的黑洞的存在都是可能的参考文献:
《光学教程》姚启钧著
《时间简史》霍金著
《果壳中的宇宙》霍金著
《广义相对论》爱因斯坦著
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第四篇:大一新生英语演讲:如何才能受人欢迎
welcome and hello.it's great to have you here.let me tell you how to be popular.we all want to be liked and admired.we all want to be surrounded by friends.here's how to achieve that goal.just be yourself.act the way you want to be treated.popularity will come your way.first,improve your appearance.start exercising daily.start eating responsibly.being healthy feels great.being healthy gives you confidence.being in shape attracts people to you.be neat and well-dressed.be clean and well-groomed.your appearance says a lot about you.then,smile like crazy.a smile works like magic.a smile opens doors and wins friends.a smile says “i like you.”
“i'm so glad to see you.”
“you really make my day.”
a smile cheers people up.a smile warms up a heart.it's like sunshine on a cloudy day.next,put others first.put yourself in their shoes.please their interests before your own.become a great listener.ask wonderful questions.encourage people to talk.be a people person.enjoy making others feel important.enjoy cheering them up when they're down.in addition,be sincere.always compliment.show your respect.never gossip.never judge other people.focus on improving yourself.don't forget to be generous.you must “live to give.”
you must also give to “really live.”
in conclusion,let go of your ego.let kindness be your guide.you'll be popular in no time.don't be phony.it will backfire on you.it's more important to be true.thanks for your attention.now,go have a great day.go out and enjoy being popular!
第五篇:黑洞记录片观后感
黑洞影评
200亿高龄的宇宙,浩瀚无比,无奇不有,黑洞就是一个令所有天文学家感兴趣却又捉摸不透的天体。
黑洞的定义是:由一个只允许外部物质和辐射进入而不允许物质和辐射从中逃离的边界即视界所规定的时空区域。乍一听,确实很迷惑,再仔细点解释就是:一种引力极强的天体,就连光也不能逃脱。当恒星的半径小到一定程度,小于史瓦西半径时,就连垂直表面发射的光都无法逃逸了。这时恒星就变成了黑洞。说它“黑”,是指它就像宇宙中的无底洞,任何物质一旦掉进去,“似乎”就再不能逃出。由于黑洞中的光无法逃逸,所以我们无法直接观测到黑洞。然而,可以通过测量它对周围天体的作用和影响来间接观测或推测到它的存在。那么黑洞是怎么出现的呢?黑洞(Black hole)是根据现代的广义相对论所预言的,在宇宙空间中存在的一种质量相当大的天体。黑洞是由质量足够大的恒星在核聚变反应的燃料耗尽而死亡后,发生引力坍缩而形成。黑洞的质量是如此之大,它产生的引力场是如此之强,以致于任何物质和辐射都无法逃逸,就连光也逃逸不出来。由于类似热力学上完全不反射光线的黑体,故名为黑洞。
了解了黑洞这么多东西,我首先想到的是为之奋斗的众多科学家,他们到底付出了多少努力来计算这些东西。历史上第一个意识到一个致密天体密度可以达到连光都无法逃逸的人是英国地理学家john michell,他在1783年写给亨利·卡文迪许的一封信中提出这个
想法,他认为一个和太阳同等质量的天体,如果半径只有3公里,那么这个天体是不可见的,因为光无法逃离天体表面。1796年,法国物理学家拉普拉斯曾预言:“一个质量如250个太阳,而直径为地球的发光恒星,由于其引力的作用,将不允许任何光线离开它。由于这个原因,宇宙中最大的发光天体,却不会被我们看见”。黑洞会发出耀眼的光芒,体积会缩小,甚至会爆炸。当英国物理学家史迪芬·霍金于1974年做此预言时,整个科学界为之震动。霍金的理论是受灵感支配的思维的飞跃,他结合了广义相对论和量子理论。他发现黑洞周围的引力场释放出能量,同时消耗黑洞的能量和质量。当黑洞的质量越来越小时,它的温度会越来越高。这样,当黑洞损失质量时,它的温度和发射率增加,因而它的质量损失得更快。这种“霍金辐射”对大多数黑洞来说可以忽略不计,因为大黑洞辐射的比较慢,而小黑洞则以极高的速度辐射能量,直到黑洞的爆炸。
一直就对黑洞了解甚少,也没有想过去了解它,但在马克思课上
看了关于黑洞的纪录片,对黑洞了解了许多,产生了浓厚的兴趣,希望科学家们能够早日探索到黑洞,帮我们更深的认识宇宙。
材料成型及控制工程
贺兵斌