巴菲特演讲[五篇模版]

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第一篇:巴菲特演讲

双语名人演讲稿巴菲特在哥伦比亚大学的讲稿(双语)

1984年在庆祝格雷罕姆与多德合著的《证券分析》发行50周年大会上,巴菲特-这位格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学的投资课上唯一给了“A+”的最优秀的学生进行了一次题为“格雷厄姆-多德都市的超级投资者们”(The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville)“的演讲,在他演讲中回顾了50年来格雷厄姆的追随者们采用价值投资策略持续战胜市场的无可争议的事实,总结归纳出价值投资策略的精髓,在投资界具有非常大的影响力。

THE SUPERINVESTORS OF GRAHAM-AND-DODDSVILLE

Tilsonfunds EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is an edited transcript of a talk given at Columbia University in 1984 commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Security Analysis,written by Benjamin Graham and David L.Dodd.This specialized volume first introduced the ideas later popularized in The Intelligent Investor.Buffett's essay offers a fascinating study of how Graham's disciples have used Graham's value investing approach to realize phenomenal success in the stock market.Is the Graham and Dodd “look for values with a significant margin of safety relative to prices” approach to security analysis out of date? Many of the professors who write textbooks today say yes.They argue that the stock market is efficient; that is,that stock prices reflect everything that is known about a company's prospects and about the state of the economy.There are no undervalued stocks,these theorists argue,because there are smart security analysts who utilize all available information to ensure unfailingly appropriate prices.Investors who seem to beat the market year after year are just lucky.“If prices fully reflect available information,this sort of investment adeptness is ruled out,” writes one of today's textbook authors.格雷厄姆与多德追求“价值远超过价格的安全保障”,这种证券分析方法是否已经过时?目前许多撰写教科书的教授认为如此。他们认为,股票市场是有效率的市场;换言之,股票价格已经充分反应了公司一切己知的事实以及整体经济情况:这些理论家认为,市场上没有价格偏低的股票,因为聪明的证券分析师将运用全部的既有资讯,以确保适当的价格。投资者能经年累月地击败市场,纯粹是运气使然。“如果价格完全反应既有的资讯,则这类的投资技巧将不存在。”一位现今教科书的作者如此与写道。

Well,maybe.But I want to present to you a group of investors who have,year in and year out,beaten the Standard & Poor's 500 stock index.The hypothesis that they do this by pure chance is at least worth examining.Crucial to this examination is the fact that these winners were all well known to me and pre-identified as superior investors,the most recent identification occurring over fifteen years ago.Absent this condition215 egotistical orangutans with 20 straight winning flips.但是,某商学院的教授可能会粗鲁地提出—项事实,如果2.25亿只猩猩参加这场大赛,结果大致上也是如此——有215只自大的猩猩将连续赢得20次的投掷。

I would argue,however,that there are some important differences in the examples I am going to present.For one thing,if(a)you had taken 225 million orangutans distributed roughly as the U.S.population is; if(b)215 winners were left after 20 days; and if(c)you found that 40 came from a particular zoo in Omaha,you would be pretty sure you were on to something.So you would probably go out and ask the zookeeper about what he's feeding them,whether they had special exercises,what books they read,and who knows what else.That is,if you found any really extraordinary concentrations of success,you might want to see if you could identify concentrations of unusual characteristics that might be causal factors.然而,我必须说明,前述事例和我即将提出的案例,两者之间存在着若干重大差异。旨先,如果(a)你所选择的2.25亿只猩猩的分布状况大致上和美国的人口分布相同;如果(b)经过20天的竞赛,只剩下215只赢家;如果(c)你发现其中有40只猩猩来自于奥玛哈的某个动物园,则其中必有蹊跷。于是,你会询问猩猩管理员各种问题,它们吃什么饲料、是否做特殊的运动、阅读什么书籍„„换言之,如果你发现成功案例有非比寻常的集中现象,则你希望判定此异常的特色是否是成功的原因。

Scientific inquiry naturally follows such a pattern.If you were trying to analyze possible causes of a rare type of cancer —— with,say,1,500 cases a year in the United States —— and you found that 400 of them occurred in some little mining town in Montana,you would get very interested in the water there,or the occupation of those afflicted,or other variables.You know it's not random chance that 400 come from a small area.You would not necessarily know the causal factors,but you would know where to search.科学的调查也遵循此一形态。如果你试图分析某种罕见的癌症原因——例如,美国每年只有1500个病例——而你发现蒙大拿州的某个矿区小镇便产生400个病例,则你必然对当地的饮水、病患的职业或其他种种变数产生兴趣。你知道,在—个小镇中发生400个病例,绝不是随机因素所造成。虽然你未必了解病因,但你知道从哪里着手调查。

I submit to you that there are ways of defining an origin other than geography.In addition to geographical origins,there can be what I call an intellectual origin.I think you will find that a disproportionate number of successful coin-flippers in the investment world came from a very small intellectual village that could be called Graham-and-Doddsville.A concentration of winners that simply cannot be explained by chance can be traced to this particular intellectual village.除了地理国家,还有其他方式可以界定起源。除了地理的起源,还有我所谓“智力的起源”。我认为各位将在投资领域发现,不成比例的铜板投掷赢家来自于一个极小的智力村庄。它可以称为“格雷厄姆一多德都市”。这个特殊智力村存在着许多赢家。这种集中现象绝非巧合所能够解释。

Conditions could exist that would make even that concentration unimportant.Perhaps 100 people were simply imitating the coin-flipping call of some terribly persuasive personality.When he called heads,100 followers automatically called that coin the same way.If the leader was part of the 215 left at the end,the fact that 100 came from the same intellectual origin would mean nothing.You would simply be identifying one case as a hundred cases.Similarly,let's assume that you lived in a strongly patriarchal society and every family in the United States conveniently consisted of ten members.Further assume that the patriarchal culture was so strong that,when the 225 million people went out the first day,every member of the family identified with the father's call.Now,at the end of the 20-day period,you would have 215 winners,and you would find that they came from only 21.5 families.Some naive types might say that this indicates an enormous hereditary factor as an explanation of successful coin-flipping.But,of course,it would have no significance at all because it would simply mean that you didn't have 215 individual winners,but rather 21.5 randomly distributed families who were winners.在某些情况下,即使非比寻常的集中现象也可能不重要。或许有100个只是模仿某一位极具说服力的领导者,而依其主张来猜测铜板的投掷结果。当他猜正面,100个追随者也会自动地做相同的猜测。如果这一位领导者是属于最后215位赢家之一,则这100也便属于同一个智力起源,这项事实便不具有任何意义,因为100个案例实际上只代表一个案例。同理,假定你生活在一个父权结构极为严密的社会,而美国每一个家庭都恰好以父亲马首是瞻。20天之后,你将发现215位赢家是来自于21.5个家庭。若干天真的分析师可能因此而认为,成功地猜测钢板投掷的结果,其中具有高度的遗传因素。当然,这实际上不具有任何意义,因为你所拥有的不是215位个别赢家,而只是21.5个随机分布的家庭。

In this group of successful investors that I want to consider,there has been a common intellectual patriarch,Ben Graham.But the children who left the house of this intellectual patriarch have called their “flips” in very different ways.They have gone to different places and bought and sold different stocks and companies,yet they have had a combined record that simply cannot be explained by the fact that they are all calling flips identically because a leader is signaling the calls for them to make.The patriarch has merely set forth the intellectual theory for making coin-calling decisions,but each student has decided on his own manner of applying the theory.我所要考虑的这一群成功投资者,共有一位共同的智力族长——本杰明·格雷厄姆。但是,这些离开此智力家族的孩童,都是依据非常不同的方法猜测他们自己的“铜板”。他们各自前往不同的地方,买卖不同的股票和企业,但他们的综合绩效绝对无法用随机因素加以解释。他们做相同的猜测,并不是因为领导者下达某一项指令,因此也无法用这种方式解释他们的表现。族知只提供了猜测铜板的智力理论,每位学生都必须自行决定如何运用这项理论。

The common intellectual theme of the investors from Graham-and-Doddsville is this: they search for discrepancies between the value of a business and the price of small pieces of that business in the market.Essentially,they exploit those discrepancies without the efficient market theorist's concern as to whether the stocks are bought on Monday or Thursday,or whether it is January or July,etc.Incidentally,when businessmen buy businesses,which is just what our Graham & Dodd investors are doing through the purchase of marketable stocks —— I doubt that many are cranking into their purchase decision the day of the week or the month in which the transaction is going to occur.If it doesn't make any difference whether all of a business is being bought on a Monday or a Friday,I am baffled why academicians invest extensive time and effort to see whether it makes a difference when buying small pieces of those same businesses.Our Graham & Dodd investors,needless to say,do not discuss beta,the capital asset pricing model,or covariance in returns among securities.These are not subjects of any interest to them.In fact,most of them would have difficulty defining those terms.The investors simply focus on two variables: price and value.来自“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的投资者所具备的共同智力结构是:他们探索企业的价值与该企业市场价格之间的差异。事实上,他们利用其间的差异,却不在意效率市场理论家所关心的问题:股票究竟在星期一或星期—:买进,或是在一月份或七月份买进„„。当企业家买进某家公司时——这正是格雷厄姆一多德都市的投资者透过上市股票所从事的行为——我怀疑有多少人会在意交易必须发生于某个月份或某个星期的第一天。如果企业的买进交易发生在星期一或星期五没有任何差别,则我无法了解学术界人士为何要花费大量的时间和精力,探讨代表该企业部分股权的交易发生时的差异。毋庸多说,格雷厄姆一多德都市的投资者并不探讨bate、资本资产定价模型、证券投资报酬本的变异数。这些都不足他们所关心的议题。事实上,他们大多数难以界定上述学术名词。他们只在乎两项实数:价格与价值。

I always find it extraordinary that so many studies are made of price and volume behavior,the stuff of chartists.Can you imagine buying an entire business simply because the price of the business had been marked up substantially last week and the week before? Of course,the reason a lot of studies are made of these price and volume variables is that now,in the age of computers,there are almost endless data available about them.It isn't necessarily because such studies have any utility; it's simply that the data are there and academicians have [worked] hard to learn the mathematical skills needed to manipulate them.Once these skills are acquired,it seems sinful not to use them,even if the usage has no utility or negative utility.As a friend said,to a man with a hammer,everything looks like a nail.面对图形分析师所研究的价量行为,我始终感觉惊讶。你是否会仅仅因为某家公司的市场价格在本周或前一周剧扬。便决定购买该企业呢?在日前电脑化的时代,人们之所以会大量研究价格与成交量的行为,理由是这两项变数拥有了无数的资料。研究未必是因为其具任何功用;而只是因为资料既然存在,学术界人士便必须努力学习操作这些资料所需要的数学技巧。—旦拥有这些技巧,不去运用它们便会带来罪恶感,即使这些技巧的运用没有任何功用,或只会带来负面功用。也在所不惜。如同一位朋友所说的,对一位持铁锤的人来说,每—样事看起来都像是钉子。

I think the group that we have identified by a common intellectual home is worthy of study.Incidentally,despite all the academic studies of the influence of such variables as price,volume,seasonality,capitalization size,etc.,upon stock performance,no interest has been evidenced in studying the methods of this unusual concentration of value-oriented winners.我认为,这一群具有共同智力起源的投资者非常值得我们研究。虽然学术界不断地对价格、成交量、季节性、资本规模以及其他变数,研究它们对股票绩效的影响,但这群以价值为导向赢家的方法却毫不受人关心。

I begin this study of results by going back to a group of four of us who worked at Graham-Newman Corporation from 1954 through 1956.There were only four —— I have not selected these names from among thousands.I offered to go to work at Graham-Newman for nothing after I took Ben Graham's class,but he turned me down as overvalued.He took this value stuff very seriously!After much pestering he finally hired me.There were three partners and four of us as the “peasant” level.All four left between 1955 and 1957 when the firm was wound up,and it's possible to trace the record of three.关于这一项绩效的研究,我首先要追溯到从1954年到 1956年间,工作于Greham—Newman公司的四位伙伴。我们总共四个人——我并不是从数以千计的对象中挑选这四个人。在我选修本杰明·格雷厄姆的课程之后,我要求进人Graham—Newman公司担任无给职的工作,但格雷厄姆却以价值高估而拒绝了我的要求。他对价值看得非常严重!经我不断地恳求,他最后答应雇我。当时公司有三位合伙股东,以及我们四位“学徒”。公司结束经营之后,我们四个人陆续在1955年到1957年间离开公司,目前只能够追踪其中三个人的投资记录。

The first example(see Table 1*正文不附表格,可参考查询文末所附的英文PDF文件)is that of Walter Schloss.Walter never went to college,but took a course from Ben Graham at night at the New York Institute of Finance.Walter left Graham-Newman in 1955 and achieved the record shown here over 28 years.Here is what “Adam Smith” —— after I told him about Walter —— wrote about him in Supermoney(1972):

第一个案例(*正文不附表格,可参考查询文末所附的英文PDF文件)是华特·史洛斯。华特从来没有念过大学,但他在纽约金融协会参加了本杰明·葛雷厄姆的夜间课程。华特在1955年离开Greham—Newman公司。以下是“亚当·史密斯”——在我和他谈论有关华特的事迹之后——在《超级金钱》(Supermoney,1972年)一书中对他所做的描述:

He has no connections or access to useful information.Practically no one in Wall Street knows him and he is not fed any ideas.He looks up the numbers in the manuals and sends for the annual reports,and that's about it.他从来不运用或接触有用的资讯。在华尔街几乎没有人认识他,所以没有人提供他有关投资的观念。他只参考手册上的数字,并要求企业寄年报给他,情况便是如此。

In introducing me to(Schloss)Warren had also,to my mind,described himself.“He never forgets that he is handling other people's money,and this reinforces his normal strong aversion to loss.” He has total integrity and a realistic picture of himself.Money is real to him and stocks are real —— and from this flows an attraction to the “margin of safety” principle.当华特介绍我们认识时,他曾经描述“他从来没有忘记自己是在管理别人的资金,这进一步强化了他对于风险的厌恶。”他有高尚的品格。并以务实的态度自持。对他来说。金钱是真实的,股票也真实的——并从此而接受了“安全边际”的原则。

Walter has diversified enormously,owning well over 100 stocks currently.He knows how to identify securities that sell at considerably less than their value to a private owner.And that's all he does.He doesn't worry about whether it it's January,he doesn't worry about whether it's Monday,he doesn't worry about whether it's an election year.He simply says,if a business is worth a dollar and I can buy it for 40 cents,something good may happen to me.And he does it over and over and over again.He owns many more stocks than I do —— and is far less interested in the underlying nature of the business; I don't seem to have very much influence on Walter.That's one of his strengths; no one has much influence on him.华特的投资组合极为分散,目前拥有的股票远越过 100支。他了解如何选股,将价格远低于其价值者出售给私人投资者。这便是他所做的一切。他不担心目前是不是一月份,不在乎今天是不是星期一,也不关心今年是不是大选年。他的想法非常单纯,如果某家公司值一美元,若我能够以40美分买进,我迟早会获利。他便是如此不断地行动:他所持有的股票种类远比我的多 ——而且比我更不关心企业的本质;我对华特似乎没有太大的影响力。这是他的长处之—,没有人能够对他产生足够的影响力。

The second case is Tom Knapp,who also worked at Graham-Newman with me.Tom was a chemistry major at Princeton before the war; when he came back from the war,he was a beach bum.And then one day he read that Dave Dodd was giving a night course in investments at Columbia.Tom took it on a noncredit basis,and he got so interested in the subject from taking that course that he came up and enrolled at Columbia Business School,where he got the MBA degree.He took Dodd's course again,and took Ben Graham's course.Incidentally,35 years later I called Tom to ascertain some of the facts involved here and I found him on the beach again.The only difference is that now he owns the beach!

第二个案例是汤姆· 科纳普,他曾经和我一起在Greham—Newman公司工作。汤姆于大战之前曾在普林斯顿大学主修化学,大战结束之后,他经常在海滩游荡。某一天,他得知大卫·多德将在可伦比亚大学开夜间投资课程。汤姆以旁听方式选修该课程,之后他对投资学科产生了浓厚的兴趣,于是正式注册进入哥伦比亚大学商学院,并且获得了MBA学位。35年之后,我拨电话给汤姆,确定某些有关此一主题的事,我发现他仍然在海滩游荡。惟—的差别是。他目前拥有一片海滩!

In 1968,Tom Knapp and Ed Anderson,also a Graham disciple,along with one or two other fellows of similar persuasion,formed Tweedy,Browne Partners,and their investment results appear in Table 2.Tweedy,Browne built that record with very wide diversification.They occasionally bought control of businesses,but the record of the passive investments is equal to the record of the control investments.在1968年,汤姆与艾德·安德生——也是葛拉汉的信徒——以及其他

一、两位有共同信念的人,组成了帝地布朗合伙公司。帝地布朗合伙公司的投资高度分散。他们偶尔会从事控制股权的投资,但其被动式的投资绩效约略等于控权式投资的表现。

Table 3 describes the third member of the group who formed Buffett Partnership in 1957.The best thing he did was to quit in 1969.Since then,in a sense,Berkshire Hathaway has been a continuation of the partnership in some respects.There is no single index I can give you that I would feel would be a fair test of investment management at Berkshire.But I think that any way you figure it,it has been satisfactory.表3是格雷厄姆-纽曼公司第三位员工的投资业绩记录。他在1957年成立巴菲特合伙公司。他做出的最明智的决策是在1969年结束合伙公司。从此之后,伯克夏。哈撒韦公司在某种程度上成为合伙公司的延续。我无法给各位单一的指数,用以合理地测试伯克夏公司的投资管理。但是,我认为各位不论如何考验它,它的表现一直都令人满意。

Table 4 shows the record of the Sequoia Fund,which is managed by a man whom I met in 1951 in Ben Graham's class,Bill Ruane.After getting out of Harvard Business School,he went to Wall Street.Then he realized that he needed to get a real business education so he came up to take Ben's course at Columbia,where we met in early 1951.Bill's record from 1951 to 1970,working with relatively small sums,was far better than average.When I wound up Buffett Partnership I asked Bill if he would set up a fund to handle all our partners,so he set up the Sequoia Fund.He set it up at a terrible time,just when I was quitting.He went right into the two-tier market and all the difficulties that made for comparative performance for value-oriented investors.I am happy to say that my partners,to an amazing degree,not only stayed with him but added money,with the happy result shown here.表四是红杉基金经理人比尔·卢昂的投资业绩记录,我在 1951年格雷厄姆的讲座中认识他。哈佛商学院毕业之后,他进入华尔街。稍后,他发觉需要接受真正的商业教育,于是参加了格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学开办的讲座,我们便相逢于1951年初。从1951年到1970年间。比尔所管理的资金规模相当小,绩效却远比大盘来得好。当我结束巴菲特合伙公司的业务时,我要求比尔成立—个基金公司,来管理我们合伙股东的资金,他于是成立了红杉基金。他成立基金的时机非常不利。他面临两个层次的市场,以及以价值为导向的投资者相当难以运作的情况。我十分乐于提及一点。我的合伙股东不仅继续委托他管理,还投入更多的资金,而且对他的表现十分赞赏。

There's no hindsight involved here.Bill was the only person I recommended to my partners,and I said at the time that if he achieved a four-point-per-annum advantage over the Standard & Poor's,that would be solid performance.Bill has achieved well over that,working with progressively larger sums of money.That makes things much more difficult.Size is the anchor of performance.There is no question about it.It doesn't mean you can't do better than average when you get larger,but the margin shrinks.And if you ever get so you're managing two trillion dollars,and that happens to be the amount of the total equity valuation in the economy,don't think that you'll do better than average!

其中并不涉及后见之明。比尔是我推荐给合伙股东的惟一人选,我当时就表示,如果他的绩效能够高出史坦普指数四个百分点,这便是非常稳固的表现。比尔的绩效远甚于此,而且所管理的资金规模不断地扩大。这使得管理愈来愈困难。资金规模是绩效的拖累,这是毫无疑问的。这并不意味当资金规模扩大,你的表现便无法超越平均水准,只是超越的幅度会缩小。如果你所管理的资金是2兆美元,则你的表现必然无法超越平均水准,因为你的资金规模便是整个股票市场的总市值。

I should add that in the records we've looked at so far,throughout this whole period there was practically no duplication in these portfolios.These are men who select securities based on discrepancies between price and value,but they make their selections very differently.Walter's largest holdings have been such stalwarts as Hudson Pulp & Paper and Jeddo Highland Coal and New York Trap Rock Company and all those other names that come instantly to mind to even a casual reader of the business pages.Tweedy Browne's selections have sunk even well below that level in terms of name recognition.On the other hand,Bill has worked with big companies.The overlap among these portfolios has been very,very low.These records do not reflect one guy calling the flip and fifty people yelling out the same thing after him.我必须补充说明一下,截至目前我们所观察的记录,投资组合在整段期间都几乎没有重叠。他们都是根据价格与价值间的差异来选股,选择的标的也截然不同。华特的最重要持股都是扎实的企业,如Hudson Pulp&Paper、Jeddo HighHand Coal、New York Trap Rock Company,即使是偶尔阅读金融版新闻的人,对这些企业的名称也耳熟能详。帝地布朗公司所选择的标的则更是名不见经传的企业。另一方面,比尔的选择标的则是大型企业。这些投资组合极少出现重叠现象。他们的记录并非由某人主导的猜测铜板,其他人则只听命附和。

Table 5 is the record of a friend of mine who is a Harvard Law graduate,who set up a major law firm.I ran into him in about 1960 and told him that law was fine as a hobby but he could do better.He set up a partnership quite the opposite of Walter's.His portfolio was concentrated in very few securities and therefore his record was much more volatile but it was based on the same discount-from-value approach.He was willing to accept greater peaks and valleys of performance,and he happens to be a fellow whose whole psyche goes toward concentration,with the results shown.Incidentally,this record belongs to Charlie Munger,my partner for a long time in the operation of Berkshire Hathaway.When he ran his partnership,however,his portfolio holdings were almost completely different from mine and the other fellows mentioned earlier.表5的投资业绩来自于我的—位朋友,他毕业于哈佛法学院,并且成立了一家主要的法律事务所。我大约在1960年认识他,并且建议说,法律作为嗜好是件好事,但是他应该做得更好。于是,他成立了一家合伙公司,他的操作方式和华特迥异,他的投资组合集中在极少数的证券,因此绩效的变动比较激烈,但他仍然依据相同的价值折价法从事投资。他愿意接受绩效的上下震荡,而他恰好是一位精神极度集中的人。他的名字是查理·蒙格,他是我在柏克夏公司从事操作的长期合伙股东。当他自己经营合伙事业时,他的投资组合和我或任何先前所提到的人完全都不同。

Table 6 is the record of a fellow who was a pal of Charlie Munger's —— another non-business school type —— who was a math major at USC.He went to work for IBM after graduation and was an IBM salesman for a while.After I got to Charlie,Charlie got to him.This happens to be the record of Rick Guerin.Rick,from 1965 to 1983,against a compounded gain of 316 percent for the S&P,came off with 22,200 percent,which probably because he lacks a business school education,he regards as statistically significant.表6 的投资业绩属于查理的一位好朋友——另一位非商学系出身的人——他毕业于南加州大学的数学系。毕业之后,他进入IBM,曾经担任推销员的工作。在我网罗查理之后,查理又网罗他。他的名字是瑞克·吉林。从1965年到]983年,史坦普指数的复利成长率为316%,而瑞克的绩效为22200%,这或许是因为他缺乏商学教育背景,他可以视为具有统计上的显著性。

One sidelight here: it is extraordinary to me that the idea of buying dollar bills for 40 cents takes immediately to people or it doesn't take at all.It's like an inoculation.If it doesn't grab a person right away,I find that you can talk to him for years and show him records,and it doesn't make any difference.They just don't seem able to grasp the concept,simple as it is.A fellow like Rick Guerin,who had no formal education in business,understands immediately the value approach to investing and he's applying it five minutes later.I've never seen anyone who became a gradual convert over a ten-year period to this approach.It doesn't seem to be a matter of IQ or academic training.It's instant recognition,or it is nothing.在此撇开主题:以40美分的价格买进一美元的纸钞,人若不能够立即接受这项概念,就永远不会接受它。它就像注射药剂。如果它无法立即抓住这个人,则我认为即使你长期地说服他,并且展示各种记录,你也无法让他接受。这是很单纯的概念,但他们就是无法领悟。类似瑞克这样的人,他完全没有正式商学教育的背景,却可以立即领会价值投资法,并且在五分钟之后便加以利用。我从来不曾见过任何人,会在10年之后才逐渐地皈依这种方法。它似乎和智商或学术训练无关。它是顿悟,否则就是拒绝。

Table 7 is the record of Stan Perlmeter.Stan was a liberal arts major at the University of Michigan who was a partner in the advertising agency of Bozell & Jacobs.We happened to be in the same building in Omaha.In 1965 he figured out I had a better business than he did,so he left advertising.Again,it took five minutes for Stan to embrace the value approach.表7是史坦。波尔米塔(Stan Perlmeter)的投资业绩。他毕业于密西根大学艺术系,是Bozell&Jacobs广告公司的合伙股东之—。我们的办公室恰好于奥玛哈市的同一幢大楼。1965年,他认为我所经营的事业比他的行业要好,于是他离开广告业。再—次地,史坦于五分钟之内就接受了价值投资法。

Perlmeter does not own what Walter Schloss owns.He does not own what Bill Ruane owns.These are records made independently.But every time Perlmeter buys a stock it's because he's getting more for his money than he's paying.That's the only thing he's thinking about.He's not looking at quarterly earnings projections,he's not looking at next year's earnings,he's not thinking about what day of the week it is,he doesn't care what investment research from any place says,he's not interested in price momentum,volume,or anything.He's simply asking: what is the business worth?

史坦所持有的股票与华特的不同。他所持有的股票也和比尔不同。他们都是独立的记录。但是,史坦买进每—支股票时,都是因为他所获得的价值高于他所支付的价格。这是他惟一的考虑。他既不参考每一季的盈余预估值,也不参考明年的盈余项估值,他不在乎当时是星期几,也不关心任何的投资研究报告,他无视价格动能、成交量与其他类似的变数。他只提出一个问题:该企业值多少钱?

Table 8 and Table 9 are the records of two pension funds I've been involved in.They are not selected from dozens of pension funds with which I have had involvement; they are the only two I have influenced.In both cases I have steered them toward value-oriented managers.Very,very few pension funds are managed from a value standpoint.Table 8 is the Washington Post Company's Pension Fund.It was with a large bank some years ago,and I suggested that they would do well to select managers who had a value orientation.表8与表9的投资业绩记录分别属于我参与的两家退休基金,它们并非是从我所参与的十几种退休基金中选择出来的,他是唯一两家我能够影响其投资决策的退休基金。在这两家基金中,我引导他们转变为价值导向的投资管理人,只胡非常少数的基金是基于价值进行投资管理的。表8是华盛顿邮报公司退休基金(the Washington Post Company's Pension Fund)的投资业绩记录。几年之前,他们委托一家大型银行管理基金,后来,我建议他们聘请以价值为导向的基金经理,这样能够使投资业绩更好。*本段采用刘建位的翻译

As you can see,overall they have been in the top percentile ever since they made the change.The Post told the managers to keep at least 25 percent of these funds in bonds,which would not have been necessarily the choice of these managers.So I've included the bond performance simply to illustrate that this group has no particular expertise about bonds.They wouldn't have said they did.Even with this drag of 25 percent of their fund in an area that was not their game,they were in the top percentile of fund management.The Washington Post experience does not cover a terribly long period but it does represent many investment decisions by three managers who were not identified retroactively.正如你在投资记录中所看到的那样,从他们更换基金经理之后,其整体投资业绩在所有基金中一直名列前茅。华盛顿邮报公司要求基金经理人至少保持25 %的资金投资于债券,而债券未必是基金经理人的投资选择。因此,我在表中也将其债券投资业绩包括在内,而这些数据表明他们其实并没有什么特别的债券专业技巧,他们也从未这样吹嘘进自己,虽然有25%的资金投资于他们并不擅长的债券领域,从而拖累了他们的投资业绩,但其基金管理业绩水平仍然名列前一百名之内。华盛顿邮报公司退休基金的投资尽管并没有经过一个很长的市场低迷时期的考验,但仍然足以证明三位基金经理的许多投资决策并非后见之明。*本段为编辑增加,采用刘建位的翻译

Table 9 is the record of the FMC Corporation fund.I don't manage a dime of it myself but I did,in 1974,influence their decision to select value-oriented managers.Prior to that time they had selected managers much the same way as most larger companies.They now rank number one in the Becker survey of pension funds for their size over the period of time subsequent to this “conversion” to the value approach.Last year they had eight equity managers of any duration beyond a year.Seven of them had a cumulative record better than the S&P.The net difference now between a median performance and the actual performance of the FMC fund over this period is $243 million.FMC attributes this to the mindset given to them about the selection of managers.Those managers are not the managers I would necessarily select but they have the common denominators of selecting securities based on value.表9的投资业绩属于FMC公司退休基金,我本人没有管理过这家基金的一分钱,但我的确在1974年影响了他们的决策,说服他们选择以价值为导向的基金经理。在此之前,他们采取与其他大型企业相同的方式来选择基金经理。在他们转向价值投资策略之后,其投资业绩目前在贝克退休基金调查报告(the Becker survey of pension funds)中超越其他同等规模基金而名列第一。1983年时,该基金共有8位任职1年以上的基金经理,其中7位累积投资业绩超过标准普尔指数。在此期间,FMC基金的实际业绩表现与基金平均业绩表现的净回报差额是2.43亿美元,FMC将此归功于他们与众不同的基金经理选择倾向,这些基金经理未必会是我个人中意的选择,但他们都具有一个共同的特点,即基于价值来选择股票。*本段采用刘建位的翻译

So these are nine records of “coin-flippers” from Graham-and-Doddsville.I haven't selected them with hindsight from among thousands.It's not like I am reciting to you the names of a bunch of lottery winners —— people I had never heard of before they won the lottery.I selected these men years ago based upon their framework for investment decision-making.I knew what they had been taught and additionally I had some personal knowledge of their intellect,character,and temperament.It's very important to understand that this group has assumed far less risk than average; note their record in years when the general market was weak.While they differ greatly in style,these investors are,mentally,always buying the business,not buying the stock.A few of them sometimes buy whole businesses.Far more often they simply buy small pieces of businesses.Their attitude,whether buying all or a tiny piece of a business,is the same.Some of them hold portfolios with dozens of stocks; others concentrate on a handful.But all exploit the difference between the market price of a business and its intrinsic value.以上这9项投资业绩记录都来自于“格雷厄姆一多德都市” 的“铜板投掷者”,是我根据他们的投资决策架构,在多年前便选定了他们。我了解他们所接受过的训练,而且知道他们的智慧、个性和脾气。我们务必了解,这群人只承担了一般水准以下的风险;留意他们在股市疲弱期间的记录。他们的投资风格虽然大不相同,但心态上始终恪守:买进的标的是企业,而非企业的股票。他们当中有些人偶尔会买下整个企业,但是他们经常只是购买企业的—小部分。不论买进整体或一部分的企业,他们所秉持的态度完全相同。在投资组合,有些人持有几十种的股票;有些人则集中少数几支股票。但是,每个人都受惠于企业市场价格与其内含价值之间的差值。I'm convinced that there is much inefficiency in the market.These Graham-and-Doddsville investors have successfully exploited gaps between price and value.When the price of a stock can be influenced by a “herd” on Wall Street with prices set at the margin by the most emotional person,or the greediest person,or the most depressed person,it is hard to argue that the market always prices rationally.In fact,market prices are frequently nonsensical.我相信市场上存在着许多没有效率的现象。这些来自于“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的投资人成功地掌握了价格与价值之间的缺口。华尔街的“群众”可以影响股票价格,当最情绪化的人、最贪婪的或最沮丧的人肆意驱动股价时,我们很难辩称市场价格是理性的产物。事实上,市场经常是不合理的。

I would like to say one important thing about risk and reward.Sometimes risk and reward are correlated in a positive fashion.If someone were to say to me,“I have here a six-shooter and I have slipped one cartridge into it.Why don't you just spin it and pull it once? If you survive,I will give you $1 million.” I would decline —— perhaps stating that $1 million is not enough.Then he might offer me $5 million to pull the trigger twice —— now that would be a positive correlation between risk and reward!

我想提出有关报酬与风险之间的重要关系。在某些情况下,报酬与风险之间存在着正向关系。如果有人告诉我“我有一支六发弹装的左轮枪,并且填装一发子弹。你可以任意地拨动转轮,然后朝自己扣一次扳机。如果你能够逃过一功,我就赏你100万美元。”我将会拒绝这项提议——或许我的理由是100万美元太少了。然后,他可能建议将奖金提高为500万美元,但必须扣两次扳机 ——这便是报酬与风险之间的正向关系!

The exact opposite is true with value investing.If you buy a dollar bill for 60 cents,it's riskier than if you buy a dollar bill for 40 cents,but the expectation of reward is greater in the latter case.The greater the potential for reward in the value portfolio,the less risk there is.在价值投资法当中,情况恰巧相反。如果你以60美分买进一美元的纸钞,其风险大于以40美分买进一美元的纸钞,但后者报酬的期望值却比较高。以价值为导向的投资组合,其报酬的潜力愈高,风险愈低。

One quick example: The Washington Post Company in 1973 was selling for $80 million in the market.At the time,that day,you could have sold the assets to any one of ten buyers for not less than $400 million,probably appreciably more.The company owned the Post,Newsweek,plus several television stations in major markets.Those same properties are worth $2 billion now,so the person who would have paid $400 million would not have been crazy.我可以举一个简单的例子:在1973年,华盛顿邮报公司的总市值为8千万美元。在这一天,你可以将其资产卖给十位买家之一,而且价格不低于4亿美元,甚至还能更高。该公司拥有华盛顿邮报、商业周刊以及数家重要的电视台。这些资产目前的价值为4亿美元,因此愿意支付4亿美元的买家并非疯子。

Now,if the stock had declined even further to a price that made the valuation $40 million instead of $80 million,its beta would have been greater.And to people that think beta measures risk,the cheaper price would have made it look riskier.This is truly Alice in Wonderland.I have never been able to figure out why it's riskier to buy $400 million worth of properties for $40 million than $80 million.And,as a matter of fact,if you buy a group of such securities and you know anything at all about business valuation,there is essentially no risk in buying $400 million for $80 million,particularly if you do it by buying ten $40 million piles of $8 million each.Since you don't have your hands on the $400 million,you want to be sure you are in with honest and reasonably competent people,but that's not a difficult job.现在,如果股价继续下跌,该企业的市值从8千万美元跌到4 千万美元,其bate值也上升。对于用bate值衡量风险的人来说,更低的价格使它受得更有风险。这真是仙境中的爱丽丝。我永远无法了解,用4千万美元,而非8千万美元购买价值4亿美元的资产,其风险竟然更高。事实上,如果你买进一堆这样的证券,而且稍微了解所谓的企业评价,则用8千万美元的价格买进4亿美元的资产,这笔交易基本上没有风险,尤其是分别以800万美元的价格买进10种价值4000万美元的资产,其风险更低。因为你不拥有4亿美元,所以你希望能够确实找到诚实而有能力的人,这并不困难。

You also have to have the knowledge to enable you to make a very general estimate about the value of the underlying businesses.But you do not cut it close.That is what Ben Graham meant by having a margin of safety.You don't try and buy businesses worth $83 million for $80 million.You leave yourself an enormous margin.When you build a bridge,you insist it can carry 30,000 pounds,but you only drive 10,000 pound trucks across it.And that same principle works in investing.另外,你必须有知识,而且能够粗略地估计企业的价值。但是,你不需要精密的评价知识。这便是本杰明·葛拉厄姆所谓的安全边际。你不必试图以8000万美元的价格购买价值8300万美元的企业。你必须让自己保有相当的缓冲。架设桥梁时,你坚持载重量为3万磅,但你只准许1万磅的卡车穿梭其间。相同的原则也适用于投资领域。

In conclusion,some of the more commercially minded among you may wonder why I am writing this article.Adding many converts to the value approach will perforce narrow the spreads between price and value.I can only tell you that the secret has been out for 50 years,ever since Ben Graham and Dave Dodd wrote Security Analysis,yet I have seen no trend toward value investing in the 35 years that I've practiced it.There seems to be some perverse human characteristic that likes to make easy things difficult.The academic world,if anything,has actually backed away from the teaching of value investing over the last 30 years.It's likely to continue that way.Ships will sail around the world but the Flat Earth Society will flourish.There will continue to be wide discrepancies between price and value in the marketplace,and those who read their Graham & Dodd will continue to prosper.有些具备商业头脑的人可能会怀疑我撰写本文的动机:更多人皈依价值投资法,将会缩小价值与价格之间的差距。我只能够如此告诉各位,自从本杰明·格雷厄姆与大卫 ·多德出版《证券分析》,这个秘密已经流传了50年,在我奉行这项投资理论的35年中,我不曾目睹价值投资法蔚然成风。人的天性中似乎存在着偏执的特色,喜欢把简单的事情弄得更复杂。最近30年来,学术界如果有任何作为的话,乃完全背离了价值投资的教训。它很可能继续如此。船只将环绕地球而行。但地平之说仍会畅行无阻。在市场上,价格与价值之间还会存在着宽广的差值,而奉行格雷厄姆与多德理论的人也会繁荣不绝。

第二篇:巴菲特经典演讲

巴菲特经典演讲

引言

耐心的花五分钟读完全文,不会没有收获的。本文为Buffett在Columbia Business School的讲演。

格雷厄姆与多德追求“价值远超过价格的安全保障”,这种证券分析方法是否已经过时?目 前许多撰写教科书的教授认为如此。他们认为,股票市场是有效率的市场;换言之,股票价格已经充分反应了公司一切己知的事实以及整体经济情况:这些理论家认为,市场上没有价格偏低的股票,因为聪明的证券分析师将运用全部的既有资讯,以确保适当的价格。投资者能经年累月地击败市场,纯粹是运气使然。“如果价格完全反应既有的资讯,则这类的投资技巧将不存在。”一位现今教科书的作者如此与写道。

或许如此!但是,我要提供一组投资者的绩效供各位参考,他们长期的表现总是超越史坦普500种 股价指数。他们的绩效即使纯属巧合,这项假说至少也值得我们加以审查。审

查的关键事实是,我早就熟识这些赢家,而且长年以来便视他们为超级投资者,最近的 认知也有十五年之久。缺少这项条件——换言之,如果我最近才从成千上万的记录中挑选几个名字,并且在今天早上提供给各位——我建议各位立即停止阅读本文。我必须说明,所有的这些记录都经过稽核。我必须再说明,我认识许多上述经理人的客户,他们长年以来所收取的支票确实符合既有的记录。

在进行审查之前,我要各位设想—场全国性的掷铜板大赛。让我们假定,全美国2.25亿的人口在明天早晨起床时都掷出一枚一美元的铜板。早晨太阳升起时,他们都走到门外掷铜板,并猜铜板出现的正面或反面。如果猜对了,他们将从猜错者的手中赢得一美元。每天都有输家遭到淘汰,奖金则不断地累积。经过十个早晨的十次投掷之后,全美国约有2.2万人连续十次猜对掷铜板的结果。每人所赢得的资金约超过1000美元。

现在,这群人可能会开始炫耀自己的战绩,此乃人的天性使然。他们可能保持谦虚的态度,但在鸡尾酒宴会中,他们偶尔会以此技巧吸引异性的注意,并炫耀其投掷铜板的奇异洞

察力。

假定赢家都可以从输家手中得到适当的奖金,再经过十天,约有215个人连续二十次猜对掷铜板的结果,每个人并赢得大约100万美元的奖金。输家总共付出2.25亿美元,赢家则得到2.25亿美元。

这时候,这群人可能完全沉迷在自己的成就中:他们可能开始著书立说:“我如何每天早晨工作30秒,而在二十天之内将—美元变成100万美元。”更糟的是,他们会在全国各地参加讲习会,宣扬如何有效地投掷铜板,并且反驳持怀疑态度的教授说,“如果这是不可能的事,为什么会有我们这215个人呢?”

但是,某商学院的教授可能会粗鲁地提出—项事实,如果2.25亿只猩猩参加这场大赛,结果大致上也是如此——有215只自大的猩猩将连续赢得20次的投掷。

然而,我必须说明,前述事例和我即将提出的案例,两者之间存在着若干重大差异。旨先,如果(a)你所选择的2.25亿只猩猩的分布状况大致上和美国的人口分布相同;如果(b)经过20天的竞赛,只剩下215只赢家;如果(c)你发现其中有40只猩猩来自于奥玛哈的某个动物园,则其中必有蹊跷。于是,你会询问猩猩管理员各种问题,它们吃什么饲料、是否做特殊的运动、阅读什么书籍„„换言之,如果你发现成功案例有非比寻常的集中现象,则你希望判定此异常的特色是否是成功的原因。

科学的调查也遵循此一形态。如果你试图分析某种罕见的癌症原因——例如,美国每年只有1500个病例——而你发现蒙大拿州的某个矿区小镇便产生400个病例,则你必然对当地的饮水、病患的职业或其他种种变数产生兴趣。你知道,在—个小镇中发生400个病例,绝不是随机因素所造成。虽然你未必了解病因,但你知道从哪里着手调查。

除了地理国家,还有其他方式可以界定起源。除了地理的起源,还有我所谓“智力的起源”。我认为各位将在投资领域发现,不成比例的铜板投掷赢家来自于一个极小的智力村

庄.它可以称为“格雷厄姆一多德都市”。这个特殊智力村存在着许多赢家.这种集中现象绝非巧合所能够解释。

在某些情况下,即使非比寻常的集中现象也可能不重要。或许有100个只是模仿某一位极具说服力的领导者,而依其主张来猜测铜板的投掷结果。当他猜正面,100个追随者也会自动地做相同的猜测。如果这一位领导者是属于最后215位赢家之一,则这100也便属于同一个智力起源,这项事实便不具有任何意义,因为100个案例实际上只代表一个案例。同理,假定你生活在一个父权结构极为严密的社会,而美国每一个家庭都恰好以父亲马首是瞻。20天之后,你将发现215位赢家是来自于21.5个家庭。若干天真的分析师可能因此而认为,成功地猜测钢板投掷的结果,其中具有高度的遗传因素。当然,这实际上不具有任何意义,因为你所拥有的不是215位个别赢家,而只是21.5个随机分布的家庭。

我所要考虑的这一群成功投资者,共有一位共同的智力族长——本杰明·格雷厄姆。但是,这些离开此智力家族的孩童,都是依据非常不同的方法猜测他们自己的“铜 板”。他们各自前往不同的地方,买卖不同的股票和企业,但他们的综合绩效绝对无法用随机因素加以解释。他们做相同的猜测,并不是因为领导者下达某一项指 令,因此也无法用这种方式解释他们的表现。族长只提供了猜测铜板的智力理论,每位学生都必须自行决定如何运用这项理论。

来自“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的投资者所具备的共同智力结构是:他们探索企业的价值与该企业市场价格之间的差异。事实上,他们利用其间的差异,却不在意效率市 场理论家所关心的问题:股票究竟在星期一或星期五买进,或是在一月份或七月份买进„„。当企业家买进某家公司时——这正是格雷厄姆一多德都市的投资者透 过上市股票所从事的行为——我怀疑有多少人会在意交易必须发生于某个月份或某个星期的第一天。如果企业的买进交易发生在星期一或星期五没有任何差别,则我无法了解学术界人士为何要花费大量的时间和精力,探讨代表该企业部分股权的交易发生时的差异。毋庸多说,格雷厄姆一多德都市的投资者并不探讨bate、资本资产定价模型、证券投资报酬本的变异数。这些都不是他们所关心的议题。事实上,他们大多数难以界定上述学术名词。他们只在乎两项实数:价格与价值。

面对图形分析师所研究的价量行为,我始终感觉惊讶。你是否会仅仅因为某家公司的市场价格在本周或前一周剧扬.便决定购买该企业呢?在目前电脑化的时代,人们之所以会大量研究价格与成交量的行为,理由是这两项变数拥有了无数的资料。研究未必是因为其具任何功用;而只是因为资料既然存在,学术界人士便必须努力学习操作这些资料所需要的数学技巧。—旦拥有这些技巧,不去运用它们便会带来罪恶感,即使这些技巧的运用没有任何功用,或只会带来负面功用也在所不惜。如同一位朋友所说的,对一位持铁锤的人来说,每—样事看起来都像是钉子。

我认为,这一群具有共同智力起源的投资者非常值得我们研究。虽然学术界不断地对价格、成交量、季节性、资本规模以及其他变数,研究它们对股票绩效的影响,但这群以价值为导向赢家的方法却毫不受人关心。

关于这一项绩效的研究,我首先要追溯到从1954年到1956年间,工作于Greham—Newman公司的四位伙伴。我们总共四个人——我并不是从数以千计的对象中挑选这四个人。在我选修本杰明·格雷厄姆的课程之后,我要求进人Graham

—Newman公司担任无给职的工作,但格雷厄姆却以价值高估而拒绝了我的要求。他对价值看得非常严重!经我不断地恳求,他最后答应雇我。当时公司有三位合伙股东,以及我们四位“学徒”。公司结束经营之后,我们四个人陆续在1955年到1957年间离开公司,目前只能够追踪其中三个人的投资记录。

第一个案例是华特·史洛斯。华特从来没有念过大学,但他在纽约金融协会参加了本杰明·葛雷厄姆的夜间课程。华特在1955年离开Greham—Newman公司。

以下是“亚当·史密斯”——在我和他谈论有关华特的事迹之后——在《超级金钱》(Supermoney,1972年)一书中对他所做的描述:

他从来不运用或接触有用的资讯。在华尔街几乎没有人认识他,所以没有人提供他有关投资的观念。他只参考手册上的数字,并要求企业寄年报给他,情况便是如此。

当华特介绍我们认识时,他曾经描述“他从来没有忘记自己是在管理别人的资金,这进一步强化了他对于风险的厌恶。”他有高尚的品格.并以务实的态度自持。对他来说.金钱是真实的,股票也真实的——并从此而接受了“安全边际”的原则。

华特的投资组合极为分散,目前拥有的股票远越过100支。他了解如何选股,将价格远低于其价值者出售给私人投资者。这便是他所做的一切。他不担心目前是不是一月份,不在乎今天是不是星期一,也不关心今年是不是大选年。

他的想法非常单纯,如果某家公司值一美元,若我能够以40美分买进,我迟早会获利。他便是如此不断地行动:他所持有的股票种类远比我的多——而且比我更不关心企业的本质;我对华特似乎没有太大的影响力。这是他的长处之—,没有人能够对他产生足够的影响力。

第二个案例是汤姆·科纳普,他曾经和我一起在Greham—Newman公司工作。汤姆于大战之前曾在普林斯顿大学主修化学,大战结束之后,他经常在海滩游荡。某一天,他得知大卫·多德将在可伦比亚大学开夜间投资课程。汤姆以旁听方式选修该课程,之后他对投资学科产生了浓厚的兴趣,于是正式注册进入哥伦比亚大学商学院,并且获得了MBA学位。35年之后,我拨电话给汤姆,确定某些有关此一主题的事,我发现他仍然在海滩游荡。惟—的差别是.他目前拥有一片海滩!

在1968年,汤姆与艾德·安德生——也是葛拉汉的信徒——以及其他

一、两位有共同信念的人,组成了帝地布朗合伙公司。帝地布朗合伙公司的投资高度分散。他们偶尔会从事控制股权的投资,但其被动式的投资绩效约略等于控权式投资的表现。

我在1957年成立巴菲特合伙公司。我认为我做的最明智的决定之一是在1969年结束营业。从此之后,伯克夏公司在某种程度上仍然从事相关的投资业务。我无法给各位单一的指数,用以合理地测试伯克夏公司的投资管理。但是,我认

为各位不论如何考验它,它的表现一直都令人满意。

红杉基金经理人比尔·卢昂,我在1951年格雷厄姆的讲座中认识他。哈佛商学院毕业之后,他进入华尔街。稍后,他发觉需要接受真正的商业教育,于是参加了格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学开办的讲座,我们便相逢于1951年初。从1951年到1970年 间。比尔所管理的资金规模相当小,绩效却远比大盘来得好。当我结束巴菲特合伙公司的业务时,我要求比尔成立—个基金公司,来管理我们合伙股东的资金,他于是成立了红杉基金。他成立基金的时机非常不利。他面临两个层次的市场,以及以价值为导向的投资者相当难以运作的情况。我十分乐于提及一点.我的合伙股东不 仅继续委托他管理,还投入更多的资金,而且对他的表现十分赞赏。

其中并不涉及后见之明。比尔是我推荐给合伙股东的惟一人选,我当时就表示,如果他的绩效能够高出史坦普指数四个百分点,这便是非常稳固的表现。比尔的绩效远甚于此,而且所管理的资金规模不断地扩大。这使得管理愈来愈困难。资金规模是绩效的拖累,这是毫无疑问的。这并不意味当资金规模扩大,你的表现便无法超越平均水准,只是超越的幅

度会缩小。如果你所管理的资金是2兆美元,则你的表现必然无法超越平均水准,因为你的资金规模便是整个股票市场的总市值。

我必须指出,截至目前我们所观察的记录,投资组合在整段期间都几乎没有重叠。他们都是根据价格与价值间的差异来选股,选择的标的也截然不同。华特的最重要持股都是扎实的企业,如Hudson Pulp&Paper、Jeddo HighHand Coal、New York Trap Rock Company,即使是偶尔阅读金融版新闻的人,对这些企业的名称也耳熟能详。帝地布朗公司所选择的标的则更是名不见经传的企业。另一方面,比尔的选择标的则是大型企业。这些投资组合极少出现重叠现象。他们的记录并非由某人主导的猜测铜板,其他人则只听命附和。

我的另—位朋友,他毕业于哈佛法学院,并且成立了一家主要的法律事务所。我大约在1960年认识他,并且建议说,法律作为嗜好是件好事,但是他应该做得更好。于是,他成立了一家合伙公司,他的操作方式和华特迥异,他的投资组合集中在极少数的证 券,因此绩效的变动比较激烈,但他仍然依据相同的价值折价法从事投资。他愿意接受绩效的上

下震荡,而他恰好是一位精神极度集中的人。他的名字是查理·蒙格,他是我在柏克夏公司从事操作的长期合伙股东。当他自己经营合伙事业时,他的投资组合和我或任何先前所提到的人完全都不同。

查理的一位好朋友——另一位非商学系出身的人——他毕业于南加州大学的数学系。毕业之后,他进入IBM,曾经担任推销员的工作。在我网罗查理之后,查理又网罗他。他的名字是瑞克·吉林。从1965年到]983年,史坦普指数的复利成长率为316%,而瑞克的绩效为22200%,这或许是因为他缺乏商学教育背景,他可以视为具有统计上的显著性。

在此撇开主题:以40美分的价格买进一美元的纸钞,人若不能够立即接受这项概念,就永远不会接受它。它就像注射药剂。如果它无法立即抓住这个人,则我认为即使你长期地说服他,并且展示各种记录,你也无法让他接受。这是很单纯的概念,但他们就是无法领悟。类似瑞克这样的人,他完全没有正式商学教育的背景,却可以立即领会价值投资法,并且在五分钟之后便加以利用。我从来不曾见过任何人,会在10年之后才逐渐地皈依这种方法。它似乎和智商或学术

训练无关。它是顿悟,否则就是拒绝。

史坦毕业于密西根大学艺术系,是Bozell&Jacobs广告公司的合伙股东之—。我们的办公室恰好于奥玛哈市的同一幢大楼。1965年,他认为我所经营的事业比他的行业要好,于是他离开广告业。再—次地,史坦于五分钟之内就接受了价值投资法:

史坦所持有的股票与华特的不同。他所持有的股票也和比尔不同。他们都是独立的记录。但是,史坦买进每—支股票时,都是因为他所获得的价值高于他所支付的价 格。这是他惟一的考虑。他既不参考每一季的盈余预估值,也不参考明年的盈余项估值,他不在乎当时是星期几,也不关心任何的投资研究报告,他无视价格动能、成交量与其他类似的变数。他只提出一个问题:该企业值多少钱?

这些“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的“铜板投掷者”,是我根据他们的投资决策架构,在多年前便选定了他们。我了解他们所接受过的训练,而且知道他们的智慧、个性和脾气。我们

务必了解,这群人只承担了一般水准以下的风险;留意他们在股市疲弱期间的记录。他们的投资风格虽然大不相同,但心态上始终恪守:买进的标的是企业,而非企业的股票。他们当中有些人偶尔会买下整个企业,但是他们经常只是购买企业的—小部分。不论买进整体或一部分的企业,他们所秉持的态度完全相同。在投资组合,有些人持有几十种的股票;有些人则集中少数几支股票。但是,每个人都受惠于企业市场价格与其内含价值之间的差值。

我相信市场上存在着许多没有效率的现象。这些来自于“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的投资人成功地掌握了价格与价值之间的缺口。华尔街的“群众”可以影响股票价格,当最情绪化的人、最贪婪的或最沮丧的人肆意驱动股价时,我们很难辩称市场价格是理性的产物。事实上,市场经常是不合理的。

我想提出有关报酬与风险之间的重要关系。在某些情况下,报酬与风险之间存在着正向关系。如果有人告诉我“我有一支六发弹装的左轮枪,并且填装一发子弹。你可以任意地拨动转轮,然后朝自己扣一次扳机。如果你能够逃过一劫,我就赏你100万美元。”我将会拒绝这项提议——或许我的理

由是100万美元太少了。然后,他可能建议将奖金提高为500万美元,但必须扣两次扳机——这便是报酬与风险之间的正向关系!

在价值投资法当中,情况恰巧相反。如果你以60美分买进一美元的纸钞,其风险大于以40美分买进一美元的纸钞,但后者报酬的期望值却比较高。以价值为导向的投资组合,其报酬的潜力愈高,风险愈低。

我可以举一个简单的例子:在1973年,华盛顿邮报公司的总市值为8千万美元。在这一天,你可以将其资产卖给十位买家之一,而且价格不低于4亿美元,甚至还能更高。该公司拥有华盛顿邮报、商业周刊以及数家重要的电视台。这些资产目前的价值为4亿美元,因此愿意支付4亿美元的买家并非疯子。

现在,如果股价继续下跌,该企业的市值从8千万美元跌到4千万美元,其bate值也上升。对于用bate值衡量风险的人来说,更低的价格使它受到更高风险。这真是仙境中的爱丽

丝。我永远无法了解,用4千万美元,而非8千万美元购买价值4亿美元的资产,其风险竟然更高。事实上,如果你买进一堆这样的证券,而且稍微了解所谓的企业评价,则用8千万美元的价格买进4亿美元的资产,这笔交易基本上没有风险,尤其是分别以800万美元的价格买进10种价值4000万美元的资产,其风险更低。因为你不拥有4亿美元,所以你希望能够确实找到诚实而有能力的人,这并不困难。

另外,你必须有知识,而且能够粗略地估计企业的价值。但是,你不需要精密的评价知识。这便是本杰明·葛拉厄姆所谓的安全边际。你不必试图以8000万美元的价格购买价值8300万美元的企业。你必须让自己保有相当的缓冲。架设桥梁时,你坚持载重量为3万磅,但你只准许1万磅的卡车穿梭其间。相同的原则也适用于投资领域。

有些具备商业头脑的人可能会怀疑我撰写本文的动机:更多人皈依价值投资法,将会缩小价值与价格之间的差距。我只能够如此告诉各位,自从本杰明·格雷厄姆与大卫·多德出版《证券分析》,这个秘密已经流传了50年,在我奉行这项投资理论的35年中,我不曾目睹价值投资法蔚然成风。人的天性中似乎存在着偏执的特色,喜欢把简单的事情弄得更复杂。最近30年来,学术界如果有任何作为的话,乃完全背离了价值投资的教训。它很可能继续如此。船只将环绕地球而行。但地平之说仍会畅行无阻。在市场上,价格与价值之间还会存在着宽广的差值,而奉行格雷厄姆与多德理论的人也会繁荣不绝.

第三篇:巴菲特最著名的演讲

巴菲特最著名的演讲——价值投资为什么能够持续战胜市场

每个人都期望自己能成功,但是我们后来者的成功建立在大师的肩膀上才能少走弯路,才能有所突破。自然科学的发展也证明了这一点,就像爱因斯坦不可能出现在 原始社会的部落中一样,原始社会没有发现相对论的基础,也不会出现这么伟大的科学家了。人类发展的历史永远是螺旋式的上升,可以有反复、甚至有倒退,向上 的趋势将永远不变,直到最后的崩溃,崩溃的结果是另一个智慧生命的开始,宇宙间的一切都是周而复始。

有些朋友会说,前人的东西往往是不对的,是应该批判的。但是我们能够批判的依据和思想从哪里来,不要告诉我,你从没受过人类的教育,就能够批判,其实也是来自于前人思想的积累。希望朋友们能认真的读,如果能有所收获也就达到目的了,能够突破的话就要恭喜你了!

巴菲特最著名的演讲:价值投资为什么能够持续战胜市场

每个价值投资人的投资业绩都来自于利用企业股票市场价格与其内在价值之间的差异。

——巴菲特

价值投资策略最终要归根于本杰明·格雷厄姆(Benjamin Graham)的思想。1934年年底,他与戴维·多德(David Dodd)合作完成了他酝酿已久的《证券分析》(Security Analysis)。这部划时代的著作标志着证券分析业和价值投资思想的诞生。这本巨著在过去70年间共发行了五版,被誉为投资者的“圣经”。

纽约证券分析协会强调,格雷厄姆“对于投资的意义就像欧几里得对于几何学、达尔文对于生物进化论一样重要“。格雷厄姆“给这座令人惊叹而为之却步的城市 ——股票市场绘制了第一张可以依赖的地图,他为价值投资奠定了方XX的基础,而在此之前,股票投资与赌博几乎毫无差别。价值投资没有格雷厄姆,就如同共产 主义没有马克思——原则性将不复存在。”人们通常认为是格雷厄姆确立了证券分析的原则,所以格雷厄姆被尊称为”现代证券分析之父“。

1984年,在哥伦比亚大学纪念格雷厄姆与多德合著的《证券分析》出版50周年的庆祝活动中,巴菲特——这位格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学的投资课上唯一给了 “A+”的最优秀的学生进行了一次演讲,他在演讲中回顾了50年来格雷厄姆的追随者们采用价值投资策略持续战胜市场的无可争议的事实,总结归纳出价值投资 策略的精髓,在投资界具有非常大的影响力...编者:

“格雷厄姆—多德都市的超级投资者们”作为巴菲特最著名的演讲名留青史,广为流传。巴菲特在中国十周年纪念八,从英文原版入手,尽可能罗列相关资料推出此次中英文对照的饕餮盛宴。敬请各位入席。

格雷厄姆-多德都市的超级投资者们

THE SUPERINVESTORS OF GRAHAM-AND-DODDSVILLE -巴菲特1984年在哥伦比亚大学的著名演讲

1984 年在庆祝格雷罕姆与多德合著的《证券分析》发行50周年大会上,巴菲特-这位格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学的投资课上唯一给了“A+”的最优秀的学生进行了一次 题为“格雷厄姆-多德都市的超级投资者们”(The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville)”的演讲,在他演讲中回顾了50年来格雷厄姆的追随者们采用价值投资策略持续战胜市场的无可争议的事实,总结归纳出价值投资策略的精髓,在投资界具有非常大的影响力。

THE SUPERINVESTORS OF GRAHAM-AND-DODDSVILLE Tilsonfunds EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is an edited transcript of a talk given at Columbia University in 1984 commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Security Analysis , written by Benjamin Graham and David L.Dodd.This specialized volume first introduced the ideas later popularized in The Intelligent Investor.Buffett's essay offers a fascinating study of how Graham's disciples have used Graham's value investing approach to realize phenomenal success in the stock market.Is the Graham and Dodd ”look for values with a significant margin of safety relative to prices“ approach to security analysis out of date? Many of the professors who write textbooks today say yes.They argue that the stock market is efficient;that is, that stock prices reflect everything that is known about a company's prospects and about the state of the economy.There are no undervalued stocks, these theorists argue, because there are smart security analysts who utilize all available information to ensure unfailingly appropriate prices.Investors who seem to beat the market year after year are just lucky.”If prices fully reflect available information, this sort of investment adeptness is ruled out,“ writes one of today's textbook authors.格雷厄姆与多德追求“价值远超过价格的安全保障”,这种证券分析方法是否已经过时?目前许多撰写教科书的教授认为如此。他们认为,股票市场是有效率的市场; 换言之,股票价格已经充分反应了公司一切己知的事实以及整体经济情况:这些理论家认为,市场上没有价格偏低的股票,因为聪明的证券分析师将运用全部的既有 资讯,以确保适当的价格。投资者能经年累月地击败市场,纯粹是运气使然。“如果价格完全反应既有的资讯,则这类的投资技巧将不存在。”一位现今教科书的作 者如此与写道。

Well, maybe.But I want to present to you a group of investors who have, year in and year out, beaten the Standard & Poor's 500 stock index.The hypothesis that they do this by pure chance is at least worth examining.Crucial to this examination is the fact that these winners were all well known to me and pre-identified as superior investors, the most recent identification occurring over fifteen years ago.Absent this condition215 egotistical orangutans with 20 straight winning flips.但是,某商学院的教授可能会粗鲁地提出—项事实,如果2.25亿只猩猩参加这场大赛,结果大致上也是如此——有215只自大的猩猩将连续赢得20次的投掷。

I would argue, however, that there are some important differences in the examples I am going to present.For one thing, if(a)you had taken 225 million orangutans distributed roughly as the U.S.population is;if(b)215 winners were left after 20 days;and if(c)you found that 40 came from a particular zoo in Omaha, you would be pretty sure you were on to something.So you would probably go out and ask the zookeeper about what he's feeding them, whether they had special exercises, what books they read, and who knows what else.That is, if you found any really extraordinary concentrations of success, you might want to see if you could identify concentrations of unusual characteristics that might be causal factors.然而,我必须说明,前述事例和我即将提出 的案例,两者之间存在着若干重大差异。旨先,如果(a)你所选择的2.25亿只猩猩的分布状况大致上和美国的人口分布相同;如果(b)经过20天的竞赛,只剩下215只赢家;如果(c)你发现其中有40只猩猩来自于奥玛哈的某个动物园,则其中必有蹊跷。于是,你会询问猩猩管理员各种问题,它们吃什么饲料、是否做特殊的运动、阅读什么书籍„„换言之,如果你发现成功案例有非比寻常的集中现象,则你希望判定此异常的特色是否是成功的原因。

Scientific inquiry naturally follows such a pattern.If you were trying to analyze possible causes of a rare type of cancer--with, say, 1,500 cases a year in the United States--and you found that 400 of them occurred in some little mining town in Montana, you would get very interested in the water there, or the occupation of those afflicted, or other variables.You know it's not random chance that 400 come from a small area.You would not necessarily know the causal factors, but you would know where to search.科学的调查也遵循此一形态。如果你试图分析某种罕见的癌症原因——例如,美国每年只有1500个病例——而你发现蒙大拿州的某个矿区小镇便产生400个病例,则你必然对当地的饮水、病患的职业或其他种种变数产生兴趣。你知道,在—个小镇中发生400个病例,绝不是随机因素所造成。虽然你未必了解病因,但你知道从哪里着手调查。

I submit to you that there are ways of defining an origin other than geography.In addition to geographical origins, there can be what I call an intellectual origin.I think you will find that a disproportionate number of successful coin-flippers in the investment world came from a very small intellectual village that could be called Graham-and-Doddsville.A concentration of winners that simply cannot be explained by chance can be traced to this particular intellectual village.除了地理国家,还有其他方式可以界定起源。除了地理的起源,还有我所谓“智力的起源”。我认为各位将在投资领域发现,不 成比例的铜板投掷赢家来自于一个极小的智力村庄.它可以称为“格雷厄姆多德都市”。这个特殊智力村存在着许多赢家.这种集中现象绝非巧合所能够解释。

Conditions could exist that would make even that concentration unimportant.Perhaps 100 people were simply imitating the coin-flipping call of some terribly persuasive personality.When he called heads, 100 followers automatically called that coin the same way.If the leader was part of the 215 left at the end, the fact that 100 came from the same intellectual origin would mean nothing.You would simply be identifying one case as a hundred cases.Similarly, let's assume that you lived in a strongly patriarchal society and every family in the United States conveniently consisted of ten members.Further assume that the patriarchal culture was so strong that, when the 225 million people went out the first day, every member of the family identified with the father's call.Now, at the end of the 20-day period, you would have 215 winners, and you would find that they came from only 21.5 families.Some naive types might say that this indicates an enormous hereditary factor as an explanation of successful coin-flipping.But, of course, it would have no significance at all because it would simply mean that you didn't have 215 individual winners, but rather 21.5 randomly distributed families who were winners.在某些情况下,即使非比寻常的集中现象也可能不重要。或许有100个只是模仿某一位极具说服力的领导者,而依其主张来猜测铜板的投掷结果。当他猜正面,100个追随者也会自动地做相同的猜测。如果这一位领导者是属于最后215位赢家之一,则这100也便属于同一个智力起源,这项事实便不具有任何意义,因 为100个案例实际上只代表一个案例。同理,假定你生活在一个父权结构极为严密的社会,而美国每一个家庭都恰好以父亲马首是瞻。20天之后,你将发现 215位赢家是来自于21.5个家庭。若干天真的分析师可能因此而认为,成功地猜测钢板投掷的结果,其中具有高度的遗传因素。当然,这实际上不具有任何意 义,因为你所拥有的不是215位个别赢家,而只是21.5个随机分布的家庭。

In this group of successful investors that I want to consider, there has been a common intellectual patriarch, Ben Graham.But the children who left the house of this intellectual patriarch have called their ”flips“ in very different ways.They have gone to different places and bought and sold different stocks and companies, yet they have had a combined record that simply cannot be explained by the fact that they are all calling flips identically because a leader is signaling the calls for them to make.The patriarch has merely set forth the intellectual theory for making coin-calling decisions, but each student has decided on his own manner of applying the theory.我所要考虑的这一群成功投资者,共有一位共同的智力族长——本杰明·格雷 厄姆。但是,这些离开此智力家族的孩童,都是依据非常不同的方法猜测他们自己的“铜板”。他们各自前往不同的地方,买卖不同的股票和企业,但他们的综合绩 效绝对无法用随机因素加以解释。他们做相同的猜测,并不是因为领导者下达某一项指令,因此也无法用这种方式解释他们的表现。族知只提供了猜测铜板的智力理 论,每位学生都必须自行决定如何运用这项理论。

The common intellectual theme of the investors from Graham-and-Doddsville is this: they search for discrepancies between the value of a business and the price of small pieces of that business in the market.Essentially, they exploit those discrepancies without the efficient market theorist's concern as to whether the stocks are bought on Monday or Thursday, or whether it is January or July, etc.Incidentally, when businessmen buy businesses, which is just what our Graham & Dodd investors are doing through the purchase of marketable stocks--I doubt that many are cranking into their purchase decision the day of the week or the month in which the transaction is going to occur.If it doesn't make any difference whether all of a business is being bought on a Monday or a Friday, I am baffled why academicians invest extensive time and effort to see whether it makes a difference when buying small pieces of those same businesses.Our Graham & Dodd investors, needless to say, do not discuss beta, the capital asset pricing model, or covariance in returns among securities.These are not subjects of any interest to them.In fact, most of them would have difficulty defining those terms.The investors simply focus on two variables: price and value.来自“格雷厄姆多德都市”的投资者所具备的共同智力结构是:他们探索企业的价值与该企业市场价格之间的差异。事实上,他们利用其间的差异,却不在意效率市 场理论家所关心的问题:股票究竟在星期一或星期—:买进,或是在一月份或七月份买进„„。当企业家买进某家公司时——这正是格雷厄姆多德都市的投资者透 过上市股票所从事的行为——我怀疑有多少人会在意交易必须发生于某个月份或某个星期的第一天。如果企业的买进交易发生在星期一或星期五没有任何差别,则我 无法了解学术界人士为何要花费大量的时间和精力,探讨代表该企业部分股权的交易发生时的差异。毋庸多说,格雷厄姆多德都市的投资者并不探讨bate、资 本资产定价模型、证券投资报酬本的变异数。这些都不足他们所关心的议题。事实上,他们大多数难以界定上述学术名词。他们只在乎两项实数:价格与价值。

I always find it extraordinary that so many studies are made of price and volume behavior, the stuff of chartists.Can you imagine buying an entire business simply because the price of the business had been marked up substantially last week and the week before? Of course, the reason a lot of studies are made of these price and volume variables is that now, in the age of computers, there are almost endless data available about them.It isn't necessarily because such studies have any utility;it's simply that the data are there and academicians have [worked] hard to learn the mathematical skills needed to manipulate them.Once these skills are acquired, it seems sinful not to use them, even if the usage has no utility or negative utility.As a friend said, to a man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail.面对图形分 析师所研究的价量行为,我始终感觉惊讶。你是否会仅仅因为某家公司的市场价格在本周或前一周剧扬.便决定购买该企业呢?在日前电脑化的时代,人们之所以会 大量研究价格与成交量的行为,理由是这两项变数拥有了无数的资料。研究未必是因为其具任何功用;而只是因为资料既然存在,学术界人士便必须努力学习操作这 些资料所需要的数学技巧。—旦拥有这些技巧,不去运用它们便会带来罪恶感,即使这些技巧的运用没有任何功用,或只会带来负面功用.也在所不惜。如同一位朋 友所说的,对一位持铁锤的人来说,每—样事看起来都像是钉子。

I think the group that we have identified by a common intellectual home is worthy of study.Incidentally, despite all the academic studies of the influence of such variables as price, volume, seasonality, capitalization size, etc., upon stock performance, no interest has been evidenced in studying the methods of this unusual concentration of value-oriented winners.我认为,这一群具有共同智力起源的投资者非常值得我们研究。虽然学术界不断地对价格、成交量、季节性、资本规模以及其他变数,研究它们对股票绩效的影响,但这群以价值为导向赢家的方法却毫不受人关心。

I begin this study of results by going back to a group of four of us who worked at Graham-Newman Corporation from 1954 through 1956.There were only four--I have not selected these names from among thousands.I offered to go to work at Graham-Newman for nothing after I took Ben Graham's class, but he turned me down as overvalued.He took this value stuff very seriously!After much pestering he finally hired me.There were three partners and four of us as the ”peasant“ level.All four left between 1955 and 1957 when the firm was wound up, and it's possible to trace the record of three.关于这一项绩效的研究,我首先要追溯到从 1954年到1956年间,工作于Greham—Newman公司的四位伙伴。我们总共四个人——我并不是从数以千计的对象中挑选这四个人。在我选修本杰 明·格雷厄姆的课程之后,我要求进人Graham—Newman公司担任无给职的工作,但格雷厄姆却以价值高估而拒绝了我的要求。他对价值看得非常严重!经我不断地恳求,他最后答应雇我。当时公司有三位合伙股东,以及我们四位“学徒”。公司结束经营之后,我们四个人陆续在1955年到1957年间离开公 司,目前只能够追踪其中三个人的投资记录。

The first example(see Table 1*正文不附表格,可参考查询文末所附的英文PDF文件)is that of Walter Schloss.Walter never went to college, but took a course from Ben Graham at night at the New York Institute of Finance.Walter left Graham-Newman in 1955 and achieved the record shown here over 28 years.Here is what ”Adam Smith“--after I told him about Walter--wrote about him in Supermoney(1972): 第一个案例(*正文不附表格,可参考查询文末所附的英文PDF文件)是华特·史洛斯。华特从来没有念过大学,但他 在纽约金融协会参加了本杰明·葛雷厄姆的夜间课程。华特在1955年离开Greham—Newman公司。以下是“亚当·史密斯”——在我和他谈论有关华 特的事迹之后——在《超级金钱》(Supermoney,1972年)一书中对他所做的描述:

He has no connections or access to useful information.Practically no one in Wall Street knows him and he is not fed any ideas.He looks up the numbers in the manuals and sends for the annual reports, and that's about it.他从来不运用或接触有用的资讯。在华尔街几乎没有人认识他,所以没有人提供他有关投资的观念。他只参考手册上的数字,并要求企业寄年报给他,情况便是如此。

In introducing me to(Schloss)Warren had also, to my mind, described himself.”He never forgets that he is handling other people's money, and this reinforces his normal strong aversion to loss.“ He has total integrity and a realistic picture of himself.Money is real to him and stocks are real--and from this flows an attraction to the ”margin of safety“ principle.当华特介绍我们认识时,他曾经描述“他从来没有忘记自己是在管理别人的资金,这进一步强化了他对于风险的厌恶。”他有高尚的品格.并以务实的态度自持。对他来说.金钱是真实的,股票也真实的——并从此而接受了“安全边际”的原则。

Walter has diversified enormously, owning well over 100 stocks currently.He knows how to identify securities that sell at considerably less than their value to a private owner.And that's all he does.He doesn't worry about whether it it's January, he doesn't worry about whether it's Monday, he doesn't worry about whether it's an election year.He simply says, if a business is worth a dollar and I can buy it for 40 cents, something good may happen to me.And he does it over and over and over again.He owns many more stocks than I do--and is far less interested in the underlying nature of the business;I don't seem to have very much influence on Walter.That's one of his strengths;no one has much influence on him.华特的投资组合极为分散,目前拥有的股票远越过 100支。他了解如何选股,将价格远低于其价值者出售给私人投资者。这便是他所做的一切。他不担心目前是不是一月份,不在乎今天是不是星期一,也不关心今 年是不是大选年。他的想法非常单纯,如果某家公司值一美元,若我能够以40美分买进,我迟早会获利。他便是如此不断地行动:他所持有的股票种类远比我的多 ——而且比我更不关心企业的本质;我对华特似乎没有太大的影响力。这是他的长处之—,没有人能够对他产生足够的影响力。

The second case is Tom Knapp, who also worked at Graham-Newman with me.Tom was a chemistry major at Princeton before the war;when he came back from the war, he was a beach bum.And then one day he read that Dave Dodd was giving a night course in investments at Columbia.Tom took it on a noncredit basis, and he got so interested in the subject from taking that course that he came up and enrolled at Columbia Business School, where he got the MBA degree.He took Dodd's course again, and took Ben Graham's course.Incidentally, 35 years later I called Tom to ascertain some of the facts involved here and I found him on the beach again.The only difference is that now he owns the beach!第二个案例是汤姆· 科纳普,他曾经和我一起在Greham—Newman公司工作。汤姆于大战之前曾在普林斯顿大学主修化学,大战结束之后,他经常在海滩游荡。某一天,他得 知大卫·多德将在可伦比亚大学开夜间投资课程。汤姆以旁听方式选修该课程,之后他对投资学科产生了浓厚的兴趣,于是正式注册进入哥伦比亚大学商学院,并且 获得了MBA学位。35年之后,我拨电话给汤姆,确定某些有关此一主题的事,我发现他仍然在海滩游荡。惟—的差别是.他目前拥有一片海滩!

In 1968, Tom Knapp and Ed Anderson, also a Graham disciple, along with one or two other fellows of similar persuasion, formed Tweedy, Browne Partners, and their investment results appear in Table 2.Tweedy, Browne built that record with very wide diversification.They occasionally bought control of businesses, but the record of the passive investments is equal to the record of the control investments.在1968年,汤姆与艾德·安德生——也是葛拉汉的信徒——以及其他

一、两位有共同信念的人,组成了帝地布朗合伙公司。帝地布朗合伙公司的投资高度分散。他们偶尔会从事控制股权的投资,但其被动式的投资绩效约略等于控权式投资的表现。

Table 3 describes the third member of the group who formed Buffett Partnership in 1957.The best thing he did was to quit in 1969.Since then, in a sense, Berkshire Hathaway has been a continuation of the partnership in some respects.There is no single index I can give you that I would feel would be a fair test of investment management at Berkshire.But I think that any way you figure it, it has been satisfactory.表3是格雷厄姆-纽曼公司第三位员工的投资业绩记录。他在1957年成立巴菲特合伙公司。他做出的最明智的决策是 在1969年结束合伙公司。从此之后,伯克夏.哈撒韦公司在某种程度上成为合伙公司的延续。我无法给各位单一的指数,用以合理地测试伯克夏公司的投资管 理。但是,我认为各位不论如何考验它,它的表现一直都令人满意。

Table 4 shows the record of the Sequoia Fund, which is managed by a man whom I met in 1951 in Ben Graham's class, Bill Ruane.After getting out of Harvard Business School, he went to Wall Street.Then he realized that he needed to get a real business education so he came up to take Ben's course at Columbia, where we met in early 1951.Bill's record from 1951 to 1970, working with relatively small sums, was far better than average.When I wound up Buffett Partnership I asked Bill if he would set up a fund to handle all our partners, so he set up the Sequoia Fund.He set it up at a terrible time, just when I was quitting.He went right into the two-tier market and all the difficulties that made for comparative performance for value-oriented investors.I am happy to say that my partners, to an amazing degree, not only stayed with him but added money, with the happy result shown here.表四是红杉基金经理人比尔·卢昂的投资业绩记录,我在 1951年格雷厄姆的讲座中认识他。哈佛商学院毕业之后,他进入华尔街。稍后,他发觉需要接受真正的商业教育,于是参加了格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学开办的讲 座,我们便相逢于1951年初。从1951年到1970年间。比尔所管理的资金规模相当小,绩效却远比大盘来得好。当我结束巴菲特合伙公司的业务时,我要 求比尔成立—个基金公司,来管理我们合伙股东的资金,他于是成立了红杉基金。他成立基金的时机非常不利。他面临两个层次的市场,以及以价值为导向的投资者 相当难以运作的情况。我十分乐于提及一点.我的合伙股东不仅继续委托他管理,还投入更多的资金,而且对他的表现十分赞赏。

There's no hindsight involved here.Bill was the only person I recommended to my partners, and I said at the time that if he achieved a four-point-per-annum advantage over the Standard & Poor's, that would be solid performance.Bill has achieved well over that, working with progressively larger sums of money.That makes things much more difficult.Size is the anchor of performance.There is no question about it.It doesn't mean you can't do better than average when you get larger, but the margin shrinks.And if you ever get so you're managing two trillion dollars, and that happens to be the amount of the total equity valuation in the economy, don't think that you'll do better than average!其中并不涉及后见之明。比尔是我介绍给合伙股东的惟一人选,我当时就表示,如果他的绩效能够高出史坦普指数四个百分点,这便 是非常稳固的表现。比尔的绩效远甚于此,而且所管理的资金规模不断地扩大。这使得管理愈来愈困难。资金规模是绩效的拖累,这是毫无疑问的。这并不意味当资 金规模扩大,你的表现便无法超越平均水准,只是超越的幅度会缩小。如果你所管理的资金是2兆美元,则你的表现必然无法超越平均水准,因为你的资金规模便是 整个股票市场的总市值。(未完)

参考资料:

* 英文来源http://www.xiexiebang.com

《THE INTELLIGENT INVESTOR》(The Fourth Revised Edition)*中文翻译:《巴菲特投资策略全书》、《投资与投机-拉近巴菲特与索罗斯》、罗伯特.P.迈斯《全面解读巴菲特》、VALUE杂志2006年4月号:刘建位编译:巴菲特最著名的演讲――价值投资为什么能够持续战胜市场

相关背景资料

本文依据1984年沃伦.巴菲特在哥伦比亚大学发表的演讲编辑而成,这次讲演是为了纪念本杰明.格雷厄姆和大卫.多德合著的《证券分析》发行50周年。这本专业的著作最先引入了一些理念,这些理念此后在本杰明.格雷厄姆的《聪明的投资者》一书中被发扬光大。

――沃伦.巴菲特

《证券分析》一书是全球公认的一部经典著作。在经过5次再版,并发表60多年之后,它们被大量印刷。它对现代投资界的影响,以及格雷厄姆对这一行业的巨大贡献 无论怎么评价却不为过。在这部独创性的著作发表50周年的纪念日,哥伦比亚商学院(Columbia school of Business)召开了一次研讨会.纪念这部由两位杰出的本学院教师担纲的具有创见性的作品的发表。巴菲特,作为学院最著名的校友之一,同对也是格雷厄 姆价值学说的最著名的现代倡导者,被应邀做演讲。出席1984年那天的研讨会的人当中有大学教授、研究员、其他学术界人士以及许多投资专业人士。他们中许 多人仍坚信现代证券投资理论和有效市场理论的正确性。巴菲特,如我们所知,仍然坚定地反对这一理论。在这次题为“格雷厄姆—多德都市的超级投资者们”(The superinvestors of Greham-and-Doddsville)的演讲中,巴菲特讲了一些故事,开了一些并非花俏的玩笑.静静地但却坚决地毁灭了有效市场理论赖以生存的基 础。这是一篇沃伦·巴菲特式的经典演讲。

I should add that in the records we've looked at so far, throughout this whole period there was practically no duplication in these portfolios.These are men who select securities based on discrepancies between price and value, but they make their selections very differently.Walter's largest holdings have been such stalwarts as Hudson Pulp & Paper and Jeddo Highland Coal and New York Trap Rock Company and all those other names that come instantly to mind to even a casual reader of the business pages.Tweedy Browne's selections have sunk even well below that level in terms of name recognition.On the other hand, Bill has worked with big companies.The overlap among these portfolios has been very, very low.These records do not reflect one guy calling the flip and fifty people yelling out the same thing after him.我必须补充说明一下,截至目前我们所观察的记录,投资组合在整段期间都几乎没有重叠。他 们都是根据价格与价值间的差异来选股,选择的标的也截然不同。华特的最重要持股都是扎实的企业,如Hudson Pulp&Paper、Jeddo HighHand Coal、New York Trap Rock Company,即使是偶尔阅读金融版新闻的人,对这些企业的名称也耳熟能详。帝地布朗公司所选择的标的则更是名不见经传的企业。另一方面,比尔的选择标 的则是大型企业。这些投资组合极少出现重叠现象。他们的记录并非由某人主导的猜测铜板,其他人则只听命附和。

Table 5 is the record of a friend of mine who is a Harvard Law graduate, who set up a major law firm.I ran into him in about 1960 and told him that law was fine as a hobby but he could do better.He set up a partnership quite the opposite of Walter's.His portfolio was concentrated in very few securities and therefore his record was much more volatile but it was based on the same discount-from-value approach.He was willing to accept greater peaks and valleys of performance, and he happens to be a fellow whose whole psyche goes toward concentration, with the results shown.Incidentally, this record belongs to Charlie Munger, my partner for a long time in the operation of Berkshire Hathaway.When he ran his partnership, however, his portfolio holdings were almost completely different from mine and the other fellows mentioned earlier.表5的投资业 绩来自于我的—位朋友,他毕业于哈佛法学院,并且成立了一家主要的法律事务所。我大约在1960年认识他,并且建议说,法律作为嗜好是件好事,但是他应该 做得更好。于是,他成立了一家合伙公司,他的操作方式和华特迥异,他的投资组合集中在极少数的证券,因此绩效的变动比较激烈,但他仍然依据相同的价值折价 法从事投资。他愿意接受绩效的上下震荡,而他恰好是一位精神极度集中的人。他的名字是查理·蒙格,他是我在柏克夏公司从事操作的长期合伙股东。当他自己经 营合伙事业时,他的投资组合和我或任何先前所提到的人完全都不同。

Table 6 is the record of a fellow who was a pal of Charlie Munger's--another non-business school type--who was a math major at USC.He went to work for IBM after graduation and was an IBM salesman for a while.After I got to Charlie, Charlie got to him.This happens to be the record of Rick Guerin.Rick, from 1965 to 1983, against a compounded gain of 316 percent for the S&P, came off with 22,200 percent, which probably because he lacks a business school education, he regards as statistically significant.表6 的投资业绩属于查理的一位好朋友——另一位非商学系出身的人——他毕业于南加州大学的数学系。毕业之后,他进入IBM,曾经担任推销员的工作。在我网罗查 理之后,查理又网罗他。他的名字是瑞克·吉林。从1965年到]983年,史坦普指数的复利成长率为316%,而瑞克的绩效为22200%,这或许是因为 他缺乏商学教育背景,他可以视为具有统计上的显著性。One sidelight here: it is extraordinary to me that the idea of buying dollar bills for 40 cents takes immediately to people or it doesn't take at all.It's like an inoculation.If it doesn't grab a person right away, I find that you can talk to him for years and show him records, and it doesn't make any difference.They just don't seem able to grasp the concept, simple as it is.A fellow like Rick Guerin, who had no formal education in business, understands immediately the value approach to investing and he's applying it five minutes later.I've never seen anyone who became a gradual convert over a ten-year period to this approach.It doesn't seem to be a matter of IQ or academic training.It's instant recognition, or it is nothing.在此撇开主题:以40美分的价格买进一美元的纸钞,人若不能够立即接受这项概 念,就永远不会接受它。它就像注射药剂。如果它无法立即抓住这个人,则我认为即使你长期地说服他,并且展示各种记录,你也无法让他接受。这是很单纯的概 念,但他们就是无法领悟。类似瑞克这样的人,他完全没有正式商学教育的背景,却可以立即领会价值投资法,并且在五分钟之后便加以利用。我从来不曾见过任何 人,会在10年之后才逐渐地皈依这种方法。它似乎和智商或学术训练无关。它是顿悟,否则就是拒绝。

Table 7 is the record of Stan Perlmeter.Stan was a liberal arts major at the University of Michigan who was a partner in the advertising agency of Bozell & Jacobs.We happened to be in the same building in Omaha.In 1965 he figured out I had a better business than he did, so he left advertising.Again, it took five minutes for Stan to embrace the value approach.表7是史坦.波尔米塔(Stan Perlmeter)的投资业绩。他毕业于密西根大学艺术系,是Bozell&Jacobs广告公司的合伙股东之—。我们的办公室恰好于奥玛哈市的同一幢 大楼。1965年,他认为我所经营的事业比他的行业要好,于是他离开广告业。再—次地,史坦于五分钟之内就接受了价值投资法。

Perlmeter does not own what Walter Schloss owns.He does not own what Bill Ruane owns.These are records made independently.But every time Perlmeter buys a stock it's because he's getting more for his money than he's paying.That's the only thing he's thinking about.He's not looking at quarterly earnings projections, he's not looking at next year's earnings, he's not thinking about what day of the week it is, he doesn't care what investment research from any place says, he's not interested in price momentum, volume, or anything.He's simply asking: what is the business worth? 史坦所持有的股票与华特的不同。他所持有的股票也和比尔不同。他们都是独立的记录。但是,史坦买进每—支股票时,都是因为他所获得的价值高于他所支付的价格。这是他惟一的考虑。他既不参考每一季的盈余预估值,也不参考明年的盈余项估值,他不在乎当时是星期几,也不关心任何的投资研究报告,他无视价格动能、成交量与其他类似的变数。他只提出一个问题:该企业值多少钱? Table 8 and Table 9 are the records of two pension funds I've been involved in.They are not selected from dozens of pension funds with which I have had involvement;they are the only two I have influenced.In both cases I have steered them toward value-oriented managers.Very, very few pension funds are managed from a value standpoint.Table 8 is the Washington Post Company's Pension Fund.It was with a large bank some years ago, and I suggested that they would do well to select managers who had a value orientation.表8与表9的投资业绩记录分别属于我参与的两家退休基金,它们 并非是从我所参与的十几种退休基金中选择出来的,他是唯一两家我能够影响其投资决策的退休基金。在这两家基金中,我引导他们转变为价值导向的投资管理人,只胡非常少数的基金是基于价值进行投资管理的。表8是华盛顿邮报公司退休基金(the Washington Post Company's Pension Fund)的投资业绩记录。几年之前,他们委托一家大型银行管理基金,后来,我建议他们聘请以价值为导向的基金经理,这样能够使投资业绩更好。*本段采用 刘建位的翻译

As you can see, overall they have been in the top percentile ever since they made the change.The Post told the managers to keep at least 25 percent of these funds in bonds, which would not have been necessarily the choice of these managers.So I've included the bond performance simply to illustrate that this group has no particular expertise about bonds.They wouldn't have said they did.Even with this drag of 25 percent of their fund in an area that was not their game, they were in the top percentile of fund management.The Washington Post experience does not cover a terribly long period but it does represent many investment decisions by three managers who were not identified retroactively.正如你在投资记录中所看到的那样,从他们更换基金经理之后,其整体投资业绩在所有基金中 一直名列前茅。华盛顿邮报公司要求基金经理人至少保持25 %的资金投资于债券,而债券未必是基金经理人的投资选择。因此,我在表中也将其债券投资业绩包括在内,而这些数据表明他们其实并没有什么特别的债券专业技 巧,他们也从未这样吹嘘进自己,虽然有25%的资金投资于他们并不擅长的债券领域,从而拖累了他们的投资业绩,但其基金管理业绩水平仍然名列前一百名之 内。华盛顿邮报公司退休基金的投资尽管并没有经过一个很长的市场低迷时期的考验,但仍然足以证明三位基金经理的许多投资决策并非后见之明。*本段为编辑增 加,采用刘建位的翻译

Table 9 is the record of the FMC Corporation fund.I don't manage a dime of it myself but I did, in 1974, influence their decision to select value-oriented managers.Prior to that time they had selected managers much the same way as most larger companies.They now rank number one in the Becker survey of pension funds for their size over the period of time subsequent to this ”conversion“ to the value approach.Last year they had eight equity managers of any duration beyond a year.Seven of them had a cumulative record better than the S&P.The net difference now between a median performance and the actual performance of the FMC fund over this period is $243 million.FMC attributes this to the mindset given to them about the selection of managers.Those managers are not the managers I would necessarily select but they have the common denominators of selecting securities based on value.表9的投资业绩属于FMC公司退休基金,我本人没有管理过这家基金的一分钱,但我的确在1974年影响了他们 的决策,说服他们选择以价值为导向的基金经理。在此之前,他们采取与其他大型企业相同的方式来选择基金经理。在他们转向价值投资策略之后,其投资业绩目前 在贝克退休基金调查报告(the Becker survey of pension funds)中超越其他同等规模基金而名列第一。1983年时,该基金共有8位任职1年以上的基金经理,其中7位累积投资业绩超过标准普尔指数。在此期 间,FMC基金的实际业绩表现与基金平均业绩表现的净回报差额是2.43亿美元,FMC将此归功于他们与众不同的基金经理选择倾向,这些基金经理未必会是 我个人中意的选择,但他们都具有一个共同的特点,即基于价值来选择股票。*本段采用刘建位的翻译 So these are nine records of ”coin-flippers“ from Graham-and-Doddsville.I haven't selected them with hindsight from among thousands.It's not like I am reciting to you the names of a bunch of lottery winners--people I had never heard of before they won the lottery.I selected these men years ago based upon their framework for investment decision-making.I knew what they had been taught and additionally I had some personal knowledge of their intellect, character, and temperament.It's very important to understand that this group has assumed far less risk than average;note their record in years when the general market was weak.While they differ greatly in style, these investors are, mentally, always buying the business, not buying the stock.A few of them sometimes buy whole businesses.Far more often they simply buy small pieces of businesses.Their attitude, whether buying all or a tiny piece of a business, is the same.Some of them hold portfolios with dozens of stocks;others concentrate on a handful.But all exploit the difference between the market price of a business and its intrinsic value.以上这9项投资业绩记录都来自于“格雷厄姆一多德都市” 的“铜板投掷者”,是我根据他们的投资决策架构,在多年前便选定了他 们。我了解他们所接受过的训练,而且知道他们的智慧、个性和脾气。我们务必了解,这群人只承担了一般水准以下的风险;留意他们在股市疲弱期间的记录。他们 的投资风格虽然大不相同,但心态上始终恪守:买进的标的是企业,而非企业的股票。他们当中有些人偶尔会买下整个企业,但是他们经常只是购买企业的—小部 分。不论买进整体或一部分的企业,他们所秉持的态度完全相同。在投资组合,有些人持有几十种的股票;有些人则集中少数几支股票。但是,每个人都受惠于企业 市场价格与其内含价值之间的差值。

I'm convinced that there is much inefficiency in the market.These Graham-and-Doddsville investors have successfully exploited gaps between price and value.When the price of a stock can be influenced by a ”herd“ on Wall Street with prices set at the margin by the most emotional person, or the greediest person, or the most depressed person, it is hard to argue that the market always prices rationally.In fact, market prices are frequently nonsensical.我相信市场上存在着许多没有效率的现象。这些来自于“格雷厄姆一多德都市”的投资人成功地掌握了价格与价值之间的缺口。华尔街的“群众”可以影响股票价格,当最情绪化的人、最贪婪的或最沮丧的人肆意驱动股价时,我们很难辩称市场价格是理性的产物。事实上,市场经常是不合理的。

I would like to say one important thing about risk and reward.Sometimes risk and reward are correlated in a positive fashion.If someone were to say to me, ”I have here a six-shooter and I have slipped one cartridge into it.Why don't you just spin it and pull it once? If you survive, I will give you $1 million." I would decline--perhaps stating that $1 million is not enough.Then he might offer me $5 million to pull the trigger twice--now that would be a positive correlation between risk and reward!我想提出有关报酬与风险之间的重要关系。在某些情况下,报酬与风 险之间存在着正向关系。如果有人告诉我“我有一支六发弹装的左轮枪,并且填装一发子弹。你可以任意地拨动转轮,然后朝自己扣一次扳机。如果你能够逃过一 功,我就赏你100万美元。”我将会拒绝这项提议——或许我的理由是100万美元太少了。然后,他可能建议将奖金提高为500万美元,但必须扣两次扳机 ——这便是报酬与风险之间的正向关系!The exact opposite is true with value investing.If you buy a dollar bill for 60 cents, it's riskier than if you buy a dollar bill for 40 cents, but the expectation of reward is greater in the latter case.The greater the potential for reward in the value portfolio, the less risk there is.在价值投资法当中,情况恰巧相反。如果你以60美分买进一美元的纸钞,其风险大于以40美分买进一美元的纸钞,但后者报酬的期望值却比较高。以价值为导向的投资组合,其报酬的潜力愈高,风险愈低。

One quick example: The Washington Post Company in 1973 was selling for $80 million in the market.At the time, that day, you could have sold the assets to any one of ten buyers for not less than $400 million, probably appreciably more.The company owned the Post , Newsweek , plus several television stations in major markets.Those same properties are worth $2 billion now, so the person who would have paid $400 million would not have been crazy.我可以举一个简单的例子:在1973年,华盛顿邮报公司的总市值为8千万美元。在这一天,你可以将其资产卖给十位买家之一,而且价格不低于4亿美元,甚至还能更高。该公司拥有华盛顿邮报、商业周刊以及数家重要的电视台。这些资产目前的价值为4亿美元,因此愿意支付4亿美元的买家并非疯子。

Now, if the stock had declined even further to a price that made the valuation $40 million instead of $80 million, its beta would have been greater.And to people that think beta measures risk, the cheaper price would have made it look riskier.This is truly Alice in Wonderland.I have never been able to figure out why it's riskier to buy $400 million worth of properties for $40 million than $80 million.And, as a matter of fact, if you buy a group of such securities and you know anything at all about business valuation, there is essentially no risk in buying $400 million for $80 million, particularly if you do it by buying ten $40 million piles of $8 million each.Since you don't have your hands on the $400 million, you want to be sure you are in with honest and reasonably competent people, but that's not a difficult job.现在,如果股价继续下跌,该企业的市值从8千万美元跌到4 千万美元,其bate值也上升。对于用bate值衡量风险的人来说,更低的价格使它受得更有风险。这真是仙境中的爱丽丝。我永远无法了解,用4千万美元,而非8千万美元购买价值4亿美元的资产,其风险竟然更高。事实上,如果你买进一堆这样的证券,而且稍微了解所谓的企业评价,则用8千万美元的价格买进4亿 美元的资产,这笔交易基本上没有风险,尤其是分别以800万美元的价格买进10种价值4000万美元的资产,其风险更低。因为你不拥有4亿美元,所以你希 望能够确实找到诚实而有能力的人,这并不困难。

You also have to have the knowledge to enable you to make a very general estimate about the value of the underlying businesses.But you do not cut it close.That is what Ben Graham meant by having a margin of safety.You don't try and buy businesses worth $83 million for $80 million.You leave yourself an enormous margin.When you build a bridge, you insist it can carry 30,000 pounds, but you only drive 10,000 pound trucks across it.And that same principle works in investing.另外,你必须有知识,而且能够粗略地估计企业的价值。但 是,你不需要精密的评价知识。这便是本杰明·葛拉厄姆所谓的安全边际。你不必试图以8000万美元的价格购买价值8300万美元的企业。你必须让自己保有 相当的缓冲。架设桥梁时,你坚持载重量为3万磅,但你只准许1万磅的卡车穿梭其间。相同的原则也适用于投资领域。

In conclusion, some of the more commercially minded among you may wonder why I am writing this article.Adding many converts to the value approach will perforce narrow the spreads between price and value.I can only tell you that the secret has been out for 50 years, ever since Ben Graham and Dave Dodd wrote Security Analysis , yet I have seen no trend toward value investing in the 35 years that I've practiced it.There seems to be some perverse human characteristic that likes to make easy things difficult.The academic world, if anything, has actually backed away from the teaching of value investing over the last 30 years.It's likely to continue that way.Ships will sail around the world but the Flat Earth Society will flourish.There will continue to be wide discrepancies between price and value in the marketplace, and those who read their Graham & Dodd will continue to prosper.有些具备商业头脑的人可能会怀疑我撰写本文的动机:更多人皈依价值投资法,将会缩小价值与价格之间的差距。我只能够如此告诉各位,自从本杰明·格雷厄姆与大卫 ·多德出版《证券分析》,这个秘密已经流传了50年,在我奉行这项投资理论的35年中,我不曾目睹价值投资法蔚然成风。人的天性中似乎存在着偏执的特色,喜欢把简单的事情弄得更复杂。最近30年来,学术界如果有任何作为的话,乃完全背离了价值投资的教训。它很可能继续如此。船只将环绕地球而行。但地平之说 仍会畅行无阻。在市场上,价格与价值之间还会存在着宽广的差值,而奉行格雷厄姆与多德理论的人也会繁荣不绝。

第四篇:巴菲特演讲【哈佛大学毕业典礼】

巴菲特的一次演讲

(一)我想先讲几分钟的套话,然后我就主要来接受你们的提问。我想谈的是你们的所思所想。我鼓励你们给我出难题,畅所欲言,言无不尽。(原文:我希望你们扔些高难度的球,如果你们的投球带些速度的话,我回答起来会更有兴致)你们几乎可以问任何问题,除了上个礼拜的Texas A&M的大学橄榄球赛,那超出我所能接受的极限了。我们这里来了几个SunTrust(译者注:美国一家大型商业银行)的人。我刚刚参加完Coca Cola的股东大会(译者注:Warren Buffet的投资公司是Coca Cola的长期大股东之一),我坐在吉米●威廉姆斯边上。吉米领导了SunTrust多年。吉米一定让我穿上这件SunTrust的T恤到这来。我一直试着让老年高尔夫联盟给我赞助,但是都无功而返。没想到我在SunTrust这,却做的不错。吉米说,基于SunTrust存款的增长,我会得到一定比例的酬劳。所以我为SunTrust鼓劲。(译者注:巴菲特在开玩笑)

关于你们走出校门后的前程,我在这里只想讲一分钟。你们在这里已经学了很多关于投资方面的知识,你们学会如何做好事情,你们有足够的IQ能做好,你们也有动力和精力来做好,否则你们就不会在这里了。你们中的许多人都将最终实现你们的理想。但是在智能和能量之外,还有更多的东西来决定你是否成功,我想谈谈那些东西。实际上,在我们Omaha(译者注:Berkshire Hathaway公司的总部所在地)有一位先生说,当他雇人时,他会看三个方面:诚信,智能,和精力。雇一个只有智能和精力,却没有诚信的人会毁了雇者。一个没有诚信的人,你只能希望他愚蠢和懒惰,而不是聪明和精力充沛。我想谈的是第一点,因为我知道你们都具备后两点。在考虑这个问题时,请你们和我一起玩玩这个游戏。你们现在都是在MBA的第二年,所以你们对自己的同学也应该都了解了。现在我给你们一个来买进10%的你的一个同学的权利,一直到他的生命结束。你不能选那些有着富有老爸的同学,每个人的成果都要靠他自己的努力。我给你一个小时来想这个问题,你愿意买进哪一个同学余生的10%。你会给他们做一个IQ测试吗,选那个IQ值最高的?我很怀疑。你会挑那个学习成绩最好的吗,我也怀疑。你也不一定会选那个最精力充沛的,因为你自己本身就已经动力十足了。你可能会去寻找那些质化的因素,因为这里的每个人都是很有脑筋的。你想了一个小时之后,当你下赌注时,可能会选择那个你最有认同感的人,那个最有领导才能的人,那个能实现他人利益的人,那个慷慨,诚实,即使是他自己的主意,也会把功劳分予他人的人。所有这些素质,你可以把这些你所钦佩的素质都写下来。(你会选择)那个你最钦佩的人。然后,我这里再给你们下个跘儿。在你买进10%你的同学时,你还要卖出10%的另外一个人。这不是很有趣吗?你会想我到底卖谁呢?你可能还是不会找IQ最低的。你可能会选那个让你厌恶的同学,以及那些令你讨厌的品质。那个你不愿打交道的人,其他人也不愿意与之打交道的人。是什么品质导致了那一点呢?你能想出一堆来,比如不够诚实,爱占小便宜等等这些,你可以把它们写在纸的右栏。当你端详纸的左栏和右栏时,会发现有意思的一点。能否将橄榄球扔出60码之外并不重要,是否能在9秒3之内跑100码也不重要,是否是班上最好看的也无关大局。真正重要的是那些在纸上左栏里的品质。如果你愿意的话,你可以拥有所有那些品质。那些行动,脾气,和性格的品质,都是可以做到的。它们不是我们在座的每一位力所不能及的。再看看那些右栏里那些让你厌恶的品质,没有一项是你不得不要的。如果你有的话,你也可以改掉。在你们这个年纪,改起来比在我这个年纪容易得多,因为大多数这些行为都是逐渐固定下来的。人们都说习惯的枷锁开始轻得让人感受不到,一旦你感觉到的时候,已经是沉重得无法去掉了。我认为说得很对。我见过很多我这个年纪或者比我还年轻10岁,20岁的人,有着自我破坏性习惯而又难以自拔,他们走到哪里都招人厌恶。他们不需要那样,但是他们已经无可救药。但是,在你们这个年纪,任何习惯和行为模式都可以有,只要你们愿意,就只是一个选择的问题。就象本杰明●格拉姆(上个世纪中叶著名的金融投资家)一样,在他还是十几岁的少年时,他四顾看看那些令人尊敬的人,他想我也要做一个被人尊敬的人,为什么我不象那些人一样行事呢?他发现那样去做并不是不可能的。他对那些令人讨厌的品质采取了与此相反的方式而加以摒弃。所以我说,如果你把那些品质都写下来,好好思量一下,择善而从,你自己可能就是那个你愿意买入10%的人!更好的是你自己本就100%的拥有你自己了。这就是我今天要讲的。

下面就让我们开始谈谈你们所感兴趣的。我们可以从这儿或那儿举起的手开始。(二)问题:你对日本的看法?

巴菲特:我不是一个太宏观的人。现在日本10年期的贷款利息只有1%。我对自己说,45年前,我上了本杰明●格拉姆的课程,然后我就一直勤勤恳恳,努力工作,也许我应该比1%挣的多点吧?看上去那不是不可能的。我不想卷入任何汇率波动的风险,所以我会选择以日元为基准的资产,如地产或企业,必须是日本国内的。我唯一需要做的就是挣得比1%多,因为那是我资金的成本。可直到现在,我还没有发现一家可以投资的生意。这真的很有趣。日本企业的资产回报率都很低。他们有少数企业会有4%,5%,或6%的回报。如果日本企业本身赚不了多少钱的话,那么其资产投资者是很难获得好的回报的。当然,有一些人也赚了钱。我有一个同期为本杰明●格拉姆工作过的朋友。那是我第一次买股票的方法,即寻找那些股票价格远低于流动资本的公司,非常便宜但又有一点素质的公司。我管那方法叫雪茄烟蒂投资法。你满地找雪茄烟蒂,终于你找到一个湿透了的,令人讨厌的烟蒂,看上去还能抽上一口。那一口可是免费的。你把它捡起来,抽上最后一口,然后扔了,接着找下一个。这听上去一点都不优雅,但是如果你找的是一口免费的雪茄烟,这方法还值得做。不要做低回报率的生意。时间是好生意的朋友,却是坏生意的敌人。如果你陷在糟糕的生意里太久的话,你的结果也一定会糟糕,即使你的买入价很便宜。如果你在一桩好生意里,即使你开始多付了一点额外的成本,如果你做的足够久的话,你的回报一定是可观的。我现在从日本没发现什么好生意。也可能日本的文化会作某些改变,比如他们的管理层可能会对公司股票的责任多一些,这样回报率会高些。但目前来看,我看到的都是一些低回报率的公司,即使是在日本经济高速发展的时候。说来也令人惊奇,因为日本这样一个完善巨大的市场却不能产生一些优秀的高回报的公司。日本的优秀只体现在经济总量上,而不是涌现一些优质的公司(译者注:对中国而言,这样的问题何止严重10倍!)。这个问题已经给日本带来麻烦了。我们到现在为止对日本还是没什么兴趣。只要那的利息还是1%,我们会继续持观望态度。

问题:有传闻说,你成为长期资金管理基金的救场买家?你在那里做了什么?你看到了什么机会?(译者注:长期资金管理基金是一家著名的对冲基金。1994年创立。创立后的头些年盈利可观,年均40%以上。但是,在1998年,这家基金在4个月里损失了46个亿,震惊世界)

巴菲特:在最近的一篇财富杂志(封面是鲁本●默多克)上的文章里讲了事情的始末。有点意思。是一个冗长的故事,我这里就不介绍来龙去脉了。我接了一个非常慎重的关于长期资金管理基金的电话。那是4个星期前的一个星期五的下午吧。我孙女的生日Party在那个傍晚。在之后的晚上,我会飞到西雅图,参加比尔●盖茨的一个12天的阿拉斯加的私人旅程。所以我那时是一点准备都没有的。于是星期五我接了这个电话,整个事情变得严重起来。在财富的文章发表之前,我还通了其他一些相关电话。我认识他们(译者注:长期资金管理基金的人),他们中的一些人我还很熟。很多人都在所罗门兄弟公司工作过。事情很关键。美联储周末派了人过去(译者注:纽约)。在星期五到接下来的周三这段时间里,纽约储备局导演了没有联邦政府资金卷入的长期资金管理基金的救赎行动。我很活跃。但是我那时的身体状况很不好,因为我们那时正在阿拉斯加的一些峡谷里航行,而我对那些峡谷毫无兴趣。船长说我们朝着可以看到北极熊的方向航行,我告诉船长朝着可以稳定接收到卫星信号的方向航行(才是重要的)(译者注:巴菲特在开玩笑,意思是他在船上,却一直心系手边的工作)。星期三的早上,我们出了一个报价。那时,我已经在蒙塔那(译者注:美国西北部的一个州)了。我和纽约储备局的头儿通了话。他们在10点会和一批银行家碰头。我把意向传达过去了。纽约储备局在10点前给在怀俄明(译者注:美国西北部的一个州)的我打了电话。我们做了一个报价。那确实只是一个大概的报价,因为我是在远程(不可能完善细节性的东西)。最终,我们对2.5亿美元的净资产做了报价,但我们会在那之上追加30到32.5亿左右。Berkshire Hathaway(巴菲特的投资公司)分到30个亿, AIG有7个亿, Goldman Sachs有3个亿。我们把投标交了上去,但是我们的投标时限很短,因为你不可能对价值以亿元计的证券在一段长时间内固定价格,我也担心我们的报价会被用来作待价而沽的筹码。最后,银行家们把合同搞定了。那是一个有意思的时期。

整个长期资金管理基金的历史,我不知道在座的各位对它有多熟悉,其实是波澜壮阔的。如果你把那16个人,象John Meriwether, Eric Rosenfeld,Larry Hilibrand,Greg Hawkins, Victor Haghani,还有两个诺贝尔经济学奖的获得者,Myron Scholes和Robert Merton,放在一起,可能很难再从任何你能想像得到的公司中,包括象微软这样的公司,找到另外16个这样高IQ的一个团队。那真的是一个有着难以臵信的智商的团队,而且他们所有人在业界都有着大量的实践经验。他们可不是一帮在男装领域赚了钱,然后突然转向证券的人。这16个人加起来的经验可能有350年到400年,而且是一直专精于他们目前所做的。第3个因素,他们所有人在金融界都有着极大的关系网,数以亿计的资金也来自于这个关系网,其实就是他们自己的资金。超级智商,在他们内行的领域,结果是他们破产了。这于我而言,是绝对的百思不得其解。如果我要写本书的话,书名就是“为什么聪明人净干蠢事”。我的合伙人说那本书就是他的自传(笑)。这真的是一个完美的演示。就我自己而言,我和那16个人没有任何过节。他们都是正经人,我尊敬他们,甚至我自己有问题的时候,也会找他们来帮助解决。他们绝不是坏人。但是,他们为了挣那些不属于他们,他们也不需要的钱,他们竟用属于他们,他们也需要的钱来冒险。这就太愚蠢了。这不是IQ不IQ的问题。用对你重要的东西去冒险赢得对你并不重要的东西,简直无可理喻,即使你成功的概率是100比1,或1000比1。如果你给我一把枪,弹膛里一千个甚至一百万个位臵,然后你告诉我,里面只有一发子弹,你问我,要花多少钱,才能让我拉动扳机。我是不会去做的。你可以下任何注,即使我赢了,那些钱对我来说也不值一提。如果我输了,那后果是显而易见的。我对这样的游戏没有一点兴趣。可是因为头脑不清楚,总有人犯这样的错。有这样一本一般般的书,却有着一个很好的书名,“一生只需富一次”。这再正确不过了,不是码?如果你有一个亿开始,每年没有一点风险的可以挣10%,有些风险,但成功率有99%的投资会赚20%。一年结束,你可能有1.1个亿,也可能有1.2个亿,这有什么区别呢?如果你这时候过世,写亡讯的人可能错把你有的1.2个亿写成1.1个亿了,有区别也变成没区别了(笑)。对你,对你的家庭,对任何事,都没有任何一点点不同。但是万一有点闪失的话,特别是当你管理他人的钱时,你不仅仅损失了你的钱,你朋友的钱,还有你的尊严和脸面。我所不能理解的是,这16个如此高智商的能人怎么就会玩这样一个游戏。简直就是疯了。某种程度上,他们的决定基本上都依赖于一些事情。他们都有着所罗门兄弟公司的背景,他们说一个6或7西格玛的事件(指金融市场的波动幅度)是伤他们不着的。他们错了,历史是不会告诉你将来某一金融事件发生的概率的。他们很大程度上依赖于数学统计,他们认为关于股票的(历史)数据揭示了股票的风险。我认为那些数据根本就不会告诉你股票的风险!我认为数据也不会揭示你破产的风险。也许他们现在也这么想了?事实上,我根本不想用他们来作例子,因为他们的经历换一种形式,很可能发生在我们中的每个人身上。我们在某些关键之处存在着盲点,因为我们懂得太多的其他地方。正象Henry Gutman所说的,破产的多是两类人:一是一窍不通者;一是学富五车者。这其实是令人悲哀的。我们是从来不借钱的,即使有保险做担保。即使是在我只有1万块钱的时候,我也决不借钱。借钱能带来什么不同玛?我只凭我一己之力时我也乐趣无穷。一万,一百万,和一千万对我都没有什么不同。当然,当我遇到类似紧急医疗事件的情况下会有些例外。基本上,在钱多钱少的情况下,我都会做同样的事情。如果你从生活方式的角度来想想你们和我的不同,我们穿的是同样的衣服,当然我的是SunTrust给的;我们都有机会喝上帝之泉(说这话的时候,巴菲特开了一瓶可乐),我们都去麦当劳,好一点的,奶酪皇后(译者注:即DairyQueen,一家类似于麦当劳的快餐店),我们都住在冬暖夏凉的房子里,我们都在平面大电视上看Nebraska和Texas A&M(美国的两所大学)的橄榄球比赛,我们的生活没什么不同,你能得到不错的医疗,我也一样,唯一的不同可能是我们旅行的方式不同,我有我的私人飞机来周游世界,我很幸运。但是除了这个之外,你们再想想,我能做的你们有什么不能做呢?我热爱我的工作,但是我从来如此,无论我在谈大合同,还是只赚一千块钱的时候。我希望你们也热爱自己的工作。如果你总是为了简历上好看些就不断跳槽,做你不喜欢的工作,我认为你的脑子一定是进了水。我碰到过一个28岁的哈佛毕业生,他一直以来都做得不错。我问他,下一步你打算做些什么?他说,可能读个MBA吧,然后去个管理资询的大公司,简历上看着漂亮点。我说,等一下,你才28岁,你做了这么多事情,你的简历比我看到过的最好的还要强十倍,现在你要再找一个你不喜欢的工作,你不觉得这就好像把你的性生活省下来到晚年的时候再用吗?是时候了,你就要去做的(不能老等着)。(这是一个比喻)但是我想我把我的立场告诉了他。你们走出去,都应该选择那些你热爱的工作,而不是让你的简历看上去风光。当然,你的爱好可能会有变化。(对那些你热爱的工作,)每天早上你是蹦着起床的。当我走出校园的时候,我恨不得马上就给格拉姆干。但是我不可能为他白干,于是他说我要的工资太高了(所以他没有要我)。但我总是不停地bug他,同时我自己也卖了3年的证券,期间从不间断地给他写信,聊我的想法,最终他要了我,我在他那儿工作了几年。那几年是非常有益的经验。我总是做我热爱的工作。抛开其他因素,如果你单纯的高兴做一项工作,那么那就是你应该做的工作。你会学到很多东西,工作起来也会觉得有无穷的乐趣。可能你将来会变。但是(做你热爱的工作),你会从工作中得到很多很多。起薪的多寡无足轻重。不知怎么,扯得远了些。总之,如果你认为得到两个X比得到一个让你更开心,你可能就要犯错了。重要的是发现生活的真谛,做你喜欢做的。如果你认为得到10个或20个X是你一切生活的答案,那么你就会去借钱,做些短视,以及不可理喻的事情。多年以后,不可避免地,你会为你的所作所为而后悔。

序:至此,巴菲特的演讲终于过半。

问题:讲讲你喜欢的企业吧, 不是企业具体的名字,而是什么素质的企业你喜欢?

巴菲特:

我只喜欢我看得懂的生意,这个标准排除了90%的企业。你看,我有太多的东西搞不懂。幸运的是,还是有那么一些东西我还看得懂。

设想一个诺大的世界里,大多数公司都是上市的,所以基本上许多美国公司都是可以买到的。让我们从大家都懂的事情上开始讲吧(巴菲特举起他的可乐瓶),我懂得这个,你懂得这个,每个人都懂这个。这是一瓶樱桃可乐,从1886年起就没什么变化了。很简单,但绝不容易的生意。我可不想要对竞争者来说很容易的生意,我想要的生意外面得有个城墙,居中是价值不菲的城堡,我要负责的、能干的人才来管理这个城堡。

我要的城墙可以是多样的,举例来说,在汽车保险领域的GEICO(译者注:美国一家保险公司),它的城墙就是低成本。人们是必须买汽车保险的,每人每车都会有,我不能卖20份给一个人,但是至少会有一份。消费者从哪里购买呢?这将基于保险公司的服务和成本。多数人都认为(各家公司的)服务基本上是相同的或接近的,所以成本是他们的决定因素。所以,我就要找低成本的公司,这就是我的城墙。

当我的成本越比竞争对手的低,我会越加注意加固和保护我的城墙。当你有一个漂亮的城堡,肯定会有人对它发起攻击,妄图从你的手中把它抢走,所以我要在城堡周围建起城墙来。

三十年前,柯达公司的城墙和可口可乐的城墙是一样难以逾越的。如果你想给你6个月的小孩子照张像,20年或50年后你再来看那照片,你不会象专业摄影师那样来衡量照片质量随着时间的改变,真正决定购买行为的是胶卷公司在你的心目中的地位。柯达向你保证你今天的照片,20年,50年后看起来仍是栩栩如生,这一点对你而言可能恰恰是最重要的。30年前的柯达就有那样的魅力,它占据了每个人的心。在地球上每个人的心里,它的那个小黄盒子都在说,柯达是最好的。那真是无价的。

现在的柯达已经不再独占人们的心。它的城墙变薄了,富士用各种手段缩小了差距。柯达让富士成为奥林匹克运动会的赞助商,一个一直以来由柯达独占的位臵。于是在人们的印象里,富士变得和柯达平起平坐起来。与之相反的是,可口可乐的城墙与30年前比,变得更宽了。你可能看不到城墙一天天的变化。但是,每次你看到可口可乐的工厂扩张到一个目前并不盈利,但20年后一定会的国家,它的城墙就加宽些。企业的城墙每天每年都在变,或厚或窄。10年后,你就会看到不同。

我给那些公司经理人的要求就是,让城墙更厚些,保护好它,拒竞争者于墙外。你可以通过服务,产品质量,价钱,成本,专利,地理位臵来达到目的。我寻找的就是这样的企业。那么这样的企业都在做什么生意呢?我要找到他们,就要从最简单的产品里找到那些(杰出的企业)。因为我没法预料到10年以后,甲骨文,莲花,或微软会发展成什么样。比尔●盖茨是我碰到过的最好的生意人。微软现在所处的位臵也很好。但是我还是对他们10年后的状况无从知晓。同样我对他们的竞争对手10年后的情形也一无所知。

虽然我不拥有口香糖的公司,但是我知道10年后他们的发展会怎样。互联网是不会改变我们嚼口香糖的方式的,事实上,没什么能改变我们嚼口香糖的方式。会有很多的(口香糖)新产品不断进入试验期,一些以失败告终。这是事物发展的规律。如果你给我10个亿,让我进入口香糖的生意,打开一个缺口,我无法做到。这就是我考量一个生意的基本原则。给我10个亿,我能对竞争对手有多少打击?给我100个亿,我对全世界的可口可乐的损失会有多大?我做不到,因为,他们的生意稳如磐石。给我些钱,让我去占领其他领域,我却总能找出办法把事情做到。

所以,我要找的生意就是简单,容易理解,经济上行得通,诚实,能干的管理层。这样,我就能看清这个企业10年的大方向。如果我做不到这一点,我是不会买的。基本上来讲,我只会买那些,即使纽约证交所从明天起关门五年,我也很乐于拥有的股票。如果我买个农场,即使五年内我不知道它的价格,但只要农场运转正常,我就高兴。如果我买个公寓群,只要它们能租出去,带来预计的回报,我也一样高兴。

人们买股票,根据第二天早上股票价格的涨跌,决定他们的投资是否正确,这简直是扯淡。正如格拉姆所说的,你要买的是企业的一部分生意。这是格拉姆教给我的最基本最核心的策略。你买的不是股票,你买的是一部分企业生意。企业好,你的投资就好,只要你的买入价格不是太离谱。

这就是投资的精髓所在。你要买你看得懂的生意,你买了农场,是因为你懂农场的经营。就是这么简单。这都是格拉姆的理念。我6、7岁就开始对股票感兴趣,在11岁的时买了第一只股票。我沉迷于对图线,成交量等各种技术指标的研究。然后在我还是19岁的时候,幸运地拿起了格拉姆的书。书里说,你买的不是那整日里上下起伏的股票标记,你买的是公司的一部分生意。自从我开始这么来考虑问题后,所以一切都豁然开朗。就这么简单。

我们只买自己谙熟的生意。在坐的每一个人都懂可口可乐的生意。我却敢说,没人能看懂新兴的一些互联网公司。我在今年的Berkshire Hathaway的股东大会上讲过,如果我在商学院任教,期末考试的题目就是评估互联网公司的价值,如果有人给我一个具体的估价,我会当场晕倒的(笑)。我自己是不知道如何估值的,但是人们每天都在做!

如果你这么做是为了去竞技比赛,还可以理解。但是你是在投资。投资是投入一定的钱,确保将来能恰当幅度地赚进更多的钱。所以你务必要晓得自己在做什么,务必要深入懂得(你投资的)生意。你会懂一些生意模式,但绝不是全部。问题:就如你刚才所说,你已经讲了事情的一半,那就是去寻找企业,试着去理解商业模式,作为一个拥有如此大量资金的投资者,你的积累足以让你过功成身退。回到购买企业的成本,你如何决定一个合适的价格来购买企业?

巴菲特:

那是一个很难作出的决定。对一个我不确信(理解)的东西,我是不会买的。如果我对一个东西非常确信,通常它带给我的回报不会是很可观的。为什么对那些你只有一丝感觉会有40%回报的企业来试手气呢?我们的回报不是惊人的高,但是一般来讲,我们也不会有损失。

1972年,我们买了See’s Candy(一家糖果公司)。See’s Candy每年以每磅1.95美元的价格,卖出1千6百万磅的糖果,产生4百万的税前利润。我们买它花了2千5百万。我和我的合伙人觉得See’s Candy有一种尚未开发出来的定价魔力,每磅1.95美元的糖果可以很容易地以2.25的价钱卖出去。每磅30分的涨价,1千6百万磅就是额外的4百80万呀,所以2千5百万的购买价还是划算的。

我们从未雇过咨询师。我们知道在加州每个人都有一个想法。每个加州人心中对See’s Candy都有一些特殊的印象,他们绝对认这个牌子的糖。在情人节,给女孩子送See’s Candy的糖,她们会高兴地亲它。如果她们把糖扔在一边,爱理不理,那我们的生意就糟糕了。只要女孩子亲吻我们的糖,那就是我们要灌输给加州人脑子里的,女孩子爱亲See’s Candy的糖。如果我们能达到这个目标,我们就可以涨价了。我们在1972年买的See’s Candy,那之后,我们每年都在12月26日,圣诞节后的第一天,涨价。圣诞节期间我们卖了很多糖。今年,我们卖了3千万磅糖,一磅赚2个美元,总共赚了6千万。十年后,我们会赚得更多。在那6千万里,5千5百万是在圣诞节前3周赚的。耶稣的确是我们的好朋友(笑)。这确实是一桩好生意。

如果你再想想,关于这生意的重要一点是,多数人都不买盒装巧克力来自己消费,他们只是用它来做为生日或节日的馈赠礼品。情人节是每年中最重要的一天。圣诞节是迄今为止最最重要的销售季节。女人买糖是为了圣诞节,她们通常在那前后2-3周来买。男人买糖是为了情人节。他们在回家的路上开着车,我们在收音机节目里放广告,“内疚,内疚”,男人们纷纷从高速路上出去,没有一盒巧克力在手,他们是不敢回家的。

情人节是销售最火的一天。你能想像,在情人节那天,See’s Candy的价钱已经是11美元一磅了(译者注:又涨价了)。当然还有别的牌子的糖果是6美元一磅。当你在情人节的时候回家(这些都是关于See’s Candy深入人心的一幕幕场景,你的那位接受你的礼品,由衷地感谢你,祝福剩下的一年),递给你的那位(6块钱的糖),说,“亲爱的,今年我买的是廉价货”?这绝不可能行得通!

在某种程度上,有些东西和价格是没关系的,或者说,不是以价格为导向的。这就像迪斯尼。迪斯尼在全世界卖的是16.95或19.95美元的家庭影像制品。人们,更具体的说,那些当妈妈的对迪斯尼有着特殊的感情。在座的每个人在心中对迪斯尼都有着一些情愫。如果我说环球影视,它不会唤起你心中的那种特殊情愫;我说20世纪福克斯公司,你也不会有什么反应。但是迪斯尼就不同。这一点在全世界都如此。当你的年纪变老的时候,那些(迪斯尼的)影像制品,你可以放心让小孩子每天在一边看几个小时。你知道,一个这样的影片,小孩子会看上20遍。当你去音像店时,你会坐在那儿,把十几种片子都看上一遍,然后决定你的孩子会喜欢哪一部?这种可能性很小。别的牌子卖16.95,而迪斯尼的卖17.95,你知道买迪斯尼的不会错,所以你就买了。在某些你没有时间的事情上,你不一定非要做高质量的决定。而作为迪斯尼而言,就可以因此以更高的价格,卖出多得多的影片。多好的生意!而对其他牌子来讲,日子就不那么好过了。

梦想家们一直努力打造出类似于迪斯尼概念的品牌,来同它在世界范围内竞争,取代人们心中对迪斯尼的那份特殊情愫。比如,环球影视吧,妈妈们不会在音像店里买他们的片子,而放弃迪斯尼的。那是不可能发生的。可口可乐是在全球范围内和喜悦的情绪关联在一起的。不管你花多少钱,你想让全世界的50亿人更喜欢RC可乐(译者注:巴菲特杜撰出来的饮料牌子),那是做不到的。你可以搞些诡计,做折扣促销,等等,但都是无法得逞的。这就是你要的生意,你要的城墙。

第五篇:巴菲特语录

巴菲特语录:

You can't make a good deal with a bad person.和一个道德品质败坏的人,无法完成一桩好交易。

It's easier to stay out of trouble than it is to get out of trouble.与其杀死毒龙,不如避开毒龙。

The market, like the Lord, helps those who help themselves.But unlike the Lord, the market does not forgive those who know not what they do.市场就象上帝,只帮助那些努力的人;但与上帝不同,市场不会宽恕那些不清楚自己在干什么的人。

My idea of a group decision is to look in the mirror.[<巴菲特如是说>书上的翻译是:我觉得对镜成二人就是集体决策] The reaction of weak management to weak operations is often weak accounting.对于企业而言,糟糕的运作加上混乱的管理,结果常常是一笔糊涂帐。

You can always juice sales by going down-market, but it's hard to go back upmarket.当市场下跌时,你轻易的将好东西打折变卖,但是一旦市场向上,再想买回来,难之又难。You have to think for yourself.It always amazes me how high-IQ people mindlessly imitate.I never get good ideas talking to other people.你必须独立思考。我常常惊讶于:一些智商极高的人在市场上无意识的跟随大众,和这些人聊天对于我毫无益处。

In looking for someone to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence, and energy.But the most important is integrity because if they don't have that, the other two qualities, intelligence and energy, are going to kill you.在你雇佣人之前,你需要确认他的三项素质:正直诚实,聪明能干,精力充沛。但是最重要的是正直诚实,因为如果他不正直诚实而又具备了聪明能干和精力充沛,你的好日子也就到头了。

Never ask a barber if you need a haircut.千万不要问理发师是否需要理发。

A public-opinion poll is no substitute for thought.一个公开的民意测验无法代替思考。

If you let yourself be undisciplined on the small things, you will probably be undisciplined on the large things as well.如果你在小事上无原则,那么大事上一样没有原则。

The fact that people are full of greed, fear, or folly is predictable.The sequence is not predictable.人性的弱点总是充满贪婪、恐惧或者是愚蠢,这是完全可以预测的,但是我们无法预测这种人性弱点的发生顺序。

We also believe candor benefits us as managers.The CEO who misleads others in public may eventually mislead himself in private.我相信,坦诚的公司的管理层会使投资人受益。那些在公开场所误导别人的CEO最终会在私下里误导自己。

What we learn from history is that people don't learn from history.我在历史中学到的唯一东西就是:大众从未从历史中汲取教训。

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