TED如何在六个月内学好一门语言 演讲稿

第一篇：TED如何在六个月内学好一门语言 演讲稿

TEDx-LearnAnyLanguage6Months

Chris Lonsdale Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think? Maybe even part of who you are as a person? Well I’ve had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning? Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school.And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn’t have to go to school at all.Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster? And this began when I was very, very young, when I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you’re sleeping, and you’re supposed to be learning from this.A good idea, unfortunately it doesn’t work.But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas and we’ve had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point.In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process.What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native.But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively?

Now this a really, really important question in today’s world.We have massive challenges with environment we have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can’t communicate we’re really going to have difficulty solving these problems.So we need to be able to speak each other’s languages, this is really, really important.The question then is how do you do that.Well, it’s actually really easy.You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it’s already working and then you identify the principles and apply them.It’s called modelling and I’ve been looking at language learning and modelling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.Now when I say this, most people think I’m crazy, this is not possible.So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it’s all about expanding our limits.In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it’s got shorter and shorter.100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn’t fly.Except it does and we all know this.How does heavy stuff fly? We reorganise the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case.And today we’ve gone ever further, so you can fly a car.You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars.We now have cars in the world that can fly.And there’s a different way to fly that we’ve learned from squirrels.So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.No, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn’t say everybody but a lot of people think they can’t draw.However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can 2 actually learn to draw in five days.So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this.Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do.And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,’ so that’s how I look like when I’m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding.So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.How: there are five principles and seven actions.There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.The first is that you need talent.Let me tell you about Zoe.Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: ‘you’re completely useless,’ ‘you’re not talented,’ ‘give up,’ ‘you’re a waste of time’ and she was very, very depressed.And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn’t matter.People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who’ve been here for ten years, who don’t speak a word of Chinese.Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada have been there ten, twenty year and they don’t speak any English.Immersion per se doesn’t not work, why? Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.When you don’t speak a language you’re like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won’t learn.So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to;first: the four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways.Especially when you’re talking about learning.Come with me on a journey through a forest.You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don’t.You go another fifty metres and you see this.You should be paying attention.Another fifty metres, if you haven’t been paying attention, you see this.And at this point, you’re paying attention.And you’ve just learned that this is important, it’s relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you’re going to pay attention to and therefore you’re going to remember it.If it’s related to your personal goals then you’re going to pay attention to it, if it’s relevant you’re going to remember it.So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.Which brings us to tools.We master tool by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.So let me share a story.A keyboard is a tool.Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this.That’s a tool.I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school;Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese.And one night we had a crisis.We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one.As a kid does.When I first arrived in China I didn’t speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.I spent eight hours sitting in the dining care talking to one of the guards on the train, he took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more.But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn’t even made any effort to learn that.What had happened, I’d absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle.When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language 3 unconsciously.And this is really, really well documented now, it’s something called comprehensible input and there’s twenty or thirty years of research on this, Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.So, comprehension works.Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.In many, many ways it’s about physiological training.A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn’t understand what people were saying.And people started asking her: ‘are you deaf?’ and she was.English deaf.Because we have filters in our brain that filter n the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we’re not.And if you can’t hear it, you won’t understand it and if you can’t understand it, you’re not going to learn it.So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.And there are ways to do that but it’s physiological training.Speaking takes muscle.You’ve got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand.If you’ve ever done a new sport for a couple of days, and you know how your body feels? And it hurts? If your face is hurting you’re doing it right.And the final principle is state.Psycho-physiological state.If you’re sad, angry, worried, upset, you’re not going to learn.Period.If you’re happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, you’re going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.If you’re one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word you’re hearing, you will go nuts, because you’ll be incredibly upset all the time, because you’re not perfect.If you’re comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand, you’re going to be fine, you’ll be relaxed and you’ll be learning quickly.So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take? Number one: listen a lot.I call it brain soaking.You put yourself in a context where you’re hearing tons and tons of a language and it doesn’t matter if you understand it or not.You’re listening to patterns, you’re listening to things that repeat, you’re listening to things that stand out.So, just soak your brain in this.The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words.You go well how do I do that, I don’t know the words, well, you understand what these different postures mean.Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language.From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, you’re understanding, you’re acquiring through comprehensible input.And you can also use patterns that you already know.If you’re a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.The third action: start mixing.You probably have never thought of this but if you’ve got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things.Language is a creative process.What do babies do? Okay: Me.Bat(h).Now.Okay, that’s how they communicate.So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesn’t have to be perfect it just has to work.And when you’re doing this you focus on the core.What does that mean? Well any language is high frequency content.In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything you’re ever going to say in daily communication.3000 words gives you 98% of anything you’re going to say in daily conversation.You got 3000 words, you’re speaking the language.The rest is icing on the cake.And when you’re just begging with a new language start with the tool box.Week number one in your new language 4 you say things like: ‘how do you say that?’ ‘I don’t understand,’ ‘repeat that please,’ ‘what does that mean,’ all in your target language.You’re using it as a tool, making it useful to you, it’s relevant to learn other things about the language.It’s by week two that you should be saying things like: ‘me,’ ‘this,’ ‘you,’ ‘that,’ ‘give,’ you know, ‘hot,’ simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, communicating like a baby.And by the third or fourth week, you’re getting into what I call glue words.‘Although,’ ‘but,’ ‘therefore,’ these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing you to make more complex meaning.At that point you’re talking.And when you’re doing that, you should get yourself a language parent.If you look at how children and parent interact, you’ll understand what this means.When a child is speaking, it’ll be using simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange, sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don’t understand it.But the parents do.And so the kid has a safe environment, gets confidence.The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands.So we have a comprehensible input environment that’s safe, we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue.So you get yourself a language parent, who’s somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you understand the message.There are four rules of a language parent.Spouses by the way are not very good at this, okay? But the four rules are, first of all, they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you’re way off beat.Secondly, they will never correct your mistakes.Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know.The sixth thing you have to do, is copy the face.You got to get the muscles working right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand you.There’s a couple of things you do.One is that you hear how it feels, and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules, then you’re going to be able to pick it up.And if you can’t get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this: [slides].And the final idea here, the final action you need to take is something that I call “direct connect.” What does this mean? Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them.Really inefficient.What you need to do is realise that everything you know is an image inside your mind, it’s feelings, if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the flames, so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway.So I call it ‘same box, different path.’ You come out of that pathway, you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation.And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious.So, there are five principles that you need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you’re going to improve.And remember these are things under your control as the learner.Do them all and you’re going to be fluent in a second language in six months.Thank you.

第二篇：TED演讲_如何在六个月内学会一门外语

Are you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think? Maybe even part of who you are as a person?

Well I‟ve had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is how can you speed up learning? Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school.And if you learn really fast you probably wouldn‟t have to go to school at all.Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster? And this began when I was very, very young.When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you are sleeping, and you are supposed to be learning from this.A good idea, unfortunately it doesn‟t work.But,hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas.And we‟ve had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point.In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process.What was really cool was that in six months, I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native.But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down tohow can you help a normal adult learn a new language quicklyeasily and effectively?Now this is a really, really important question in today s world.We have massive challenges with environment.We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can‟t communicate we are really going to have difficulty solving these problems.So we need to be able to speak each other‟s languages.This is really, really important.The question then is how do you do that？Well, it‟s actually really easy.You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it‟s already working and then you identify the principles and apply them.It‟s called modeling and I‟ve been looking at language learning and modeling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.Now when I say this, most people think I‟m crazy, this is not possible.So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it‟s all about expanding our limits.In 1950, everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it‟s got shorter and shorter.100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn‟t fly.Except it does and we all know this.How does heavy stuff fly? We reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case.And today we‟ve gone ever further, so you can fly a car.You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousanddollars.We now have cars in the world that can fly.And there‟s a different way to fly that we‟ve learned from squirrels.So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn‟t say everybody but a lot of people think they can‟t draw.However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can actually learn to draw in five days.So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this.Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do.And I looked at this and went„wow‟, so that‟s how I look like when I‟m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding.So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.How: there are five principles and seven actions.There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.The first is that you need talent.Let me tell you about Zoe.Zoe came fromAustralia, went toHolland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying:„you‟re completely useless,‟ „you‟re not talented,‟ „give up,‟„you‟re a waste of time‟ and she was very,very depressed.And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn‟t matter.People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who‟ve been here for ten years, who don t speak a word of Chinese.Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don‟t speak any English.Immersion per se doesn‟t not work, why?Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.When you don‟t speak a language you‟re like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won‟t learn.So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to? First, there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways.Especially when you‟re talking about learning.Come with me on a journey through a forest.You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don‟t.You go another fifty metres and you see this.You should be paying attention.Another fifty metres, if you haven t been paying attention, you see this.And at this point, you‟re paying attention.And you‟ve just learned that this is important, it‟s relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you‟re going to pay attention to and therefore you‟re going to remember it.If it‟s related to your personal goals then you‟re going to pay attention to it, if it‟s relevant you‟re going to remember it.So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.Which brings us to tools.We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.So let me share a story.A keyboard is a tool.Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this.That‟s a tool.I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school.Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to typeChinese.And one night we had a crisis.We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one.As a kid does.When I first arrived in China, I didn‟t speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the traine took an interest in me for some reasonand we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece understood more and more.But what was really coolwas two weeks laterwhen people were talking Chinese around me, was understanding some of this andI hadn‟t even made any effort to learn that.What had happened? I‟d absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle.When you first understand the messagethen you will acquire the language unconsciously.And this is really, really well documented now, it‟s something called comprehensible input and there‟s twenty or thirty years of research on this.StephenKrashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal studythe green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.So,comprehension works.Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.In many,many ways it‟s about physiological training.A womanI know fromTaiwan did great atEnglish at school,she gotA grades all the way through,went through college,A grades,went to theUSand found she couldn‟t understand what people were saying.And people started asking her:„are you deaf?‟ And she was.English deaf.Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we‟re not.And if you can‟t hear ityou won‟t understand it and if you can‟t understand ityou‟re not going to learn it.So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.And there are ways to do that but it‟s physiological training.Speaking takes muscle.You‟ve got forty three muscles in your faceyou have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand.If you‟ve ever done a new sport for a couple of daysthen you know how your body feels.And it hurts.If your face is hurting you‟re doing it right.And the final principle is state.Psycho-physiological state.If you‟re sad,angry,worried,upset,you‟re not going to learn.Period.If you‟re happyrelaxedin anAlpha brain state,curious,you‟re going to learn really quickly,and very specifically, you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.If you‟re one of those people who needs to understand100%every word you‟re hearing,you will go nuts,because you‟ll be incredibly upset all the timebecause you‟re not perfect.If you‟re comfortable with getting some,not getting some,just paying attention to what you do understand,you‟re going to be fine,you‟ll be relaxed and you‟ll be learning quickly.So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take?

Number one: listen a lot.I call it brain soaking.You put yourself in a context where you‟re hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn‟t matter if you understand it or not.You‟re listening to the rhythm, you‟re listening to the patterns that repeat, you‟re listening to things that stand out.Sojust soak your brain in this.The second actionis that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words.You go“Well how doI do that?”, I don‟t know the words.Wellyou understand what these different postures mean.Human communication is body language in many,many waysso much body language.From body language you can understand a lot of communicationtherefore,you‟re understanding,you‟re acquiring through comprehensible input.And you can also use patterns that you already know.If you‟re aChinese speaker ofMandarin andCantonese and you goVietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation,becauseVietnamese is about30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.The third action:start mixing.You probably have never thought of this but if you‟ve got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things.Language is a creative process.What do babies do? Okay:me,bat(h),now,okaythat‟s how they communicate.So start mixingget creative,have fun with it, it doesn‟t have to be perfect it just has to work.And when you‟re doing this you focus on the core.What does that mean? Well any language has high frequency content.InEnglish, 1000words covers85%of anything you‟re ever going to say in daily communication.3000words gives you 98% of anything you‟re going to say in daily conversation.You got 3000wordsyou‟re speaking the language.The rest is icing on the cake.And when you‟re just begging with a new language start with the tool box.Week number one in your new language you say things like: „how do you say that?‟„I don‟t understand,‟ „repeat that please,‟ „what does that mean,‟ all in your target language.You‟re using it as a toolmaking it useful to you,it‟s relevant to learn other things about the language.It‟s by week two that you should be saying things like:„me,‟ „this,‟„you,‟„that,‟ „give,‟you know,„hot,‟ simple pronouns,simple nouns,simple verbs,simple adjectives,communicating like a baby.And by the third or fourth weekyou‟re getting into whatI call glue words.„Although,‟„but,‟ „therefore,‟these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together,allowing you to make more complex meaning.At that point, you‟re talking.And when you‟re doing thatyou should get yourself a language parent.If you look at how children and parents interact,you‟ll understand what this means.When a child is speaking,it‟ll be using simple words,simple combinations,sometimes quite strange,sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don‟t understand it.But the parents do.And so the kid has a safe environment,gets confidence.The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands.So we have a comprehensible input environment that‟s safe,we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue.So you get yourself a language parent,who‟s somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal,but pay attention to help you understand the message.There are four rules of a language parent.Spouses by the way are not very good at this,okay? But the four rules are,first of all,they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you re way off beat.Secondly,they will never correct your mistakes.Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know.The sixth thing you have to dois copy the face.You‟ve got to get the muscles working rightso you can sound in a way that people will understand you.There‟s a couple of things you do.One is that you hear how it feels,and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face,but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules,then you‟re going to be able to pick it up.And if you can‟t get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this:[slides].And the final idea herethe final action you need to take is something thatI call“direct connect.”What does this mean? Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them.Really inefficient.What you need to do is realize that everything you know is an image inside your mind,it‟s feelings,if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling,you can see the flames,so what you dois you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway.SoI call it„same box,different path.‟

You come out of that pathway,you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation.And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious.Sothere are five principles that you need to work with,seven actions,if you do any of them,you‟re going to improve.And remember these are things under your control as the learner.Do them all and you‟re going to be fluent in a second language in six months.Thank you

5个原则：

1.Focus on language content that is relevant to you.专注和你日常相关的语言内容。

2.Use your language as a tool to communicate from day 1.从学习这门语言的第一天开始，就把它当做你的交流方式。

3.When you understand the message you will acquire the language unconsciously.当你明白含义之后，你会慢慢不知不觉地习得这门语言。

4.Language is not about accumulating a lot of knowledge but is rather a type of physiological training.语言学习不是大量知识的积累，而更像是一种生理训练。

5.Psycho-physiological state matters – you need to be happy, relaxed, and most importantly, you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.Don‟t try to understand every detail as it will drive you crazy.心理状态和生理状态都很重要：你需要愉快、放松，最重要的是对于模棱两可要有一定容忍性。对于细枝末节不要过于纠结，因为那会把你逼疯的。

The seven actions are: 7个行动：

1.Listen a lot – it doesn‟t matter if you understand or not.Listen to rhythms and patterns.多听——理解与否不重要，尽管去听吧！去听听语言节奏和说话模式。

2.Focus on getting the meaning first, before the words.Body language and facial expressions can help.先专注理解整体意思，再弄清单词含义。身体语言和面部表情会有所帮助。3.Start mixing, get creative, and use what you‟re learning 开始混合，创造话语并使用你所学到的一切。

4.Focus on the core – use the most commonly-use the words, and use the language to learn more 把注意力集中在核心部分——使用高频词汇，利用你已经学会的东西学到更多。

5.Get a language parent – someone who is fluent in the language and who will do their best to understand what you mean;who will not correct your mistakes;who will feedback their understanding of what you‟re saying using correct language, and uses words that you know.找个语伴——能流利讲这门语言的人，或者能尽可能理解你说什么的人。注意，语伴不会纠正你的错误，但能够用正确的语言、你明白的语言来对你的表现做出反馈。

6.Copy the face – watch native speakers and observe their face, and particular their mouth moves when they‟re speaking.模仿面部表情——有些人的母语正是你要学习的新语言，你要观看他们讲话，观察他们的面部表情、尤其是讲话时的嘴型。

7.“Direct connect” to the target language – find ways to connect words directly with images and other internal representations.在大脑和目的语之间建立“直接联系”——想办法让语言和大脑中的图像或其他内部表象产生直接联系。

第三篇：TED演讲如何在6个月内学会一门外语

TED爆红演讲：如何在6个月内学会一门外语？

Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think? 你是否曾经把一个问题留在心中很久，结果它已经成为你的一种思路？ Maybe even part of who you are as a person? 甚至可能已经成为你自己的一部分？

Well I've had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning? 我思考了一个问题很多很多年，就是：你怎样才能加快自己学习的速度？ Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school.那么，这是一个很有趣的问题，因为如果你可以加快自己的学习的速度，你就可以花更少时间在学校里。

And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn't have to go to school at all.如果你真的可以学习得特别快，你可能根本就不用去上学。

Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster? 在我小时候，上学还凑合，但我常常发现上学会阻碍学习，因此在心里面我有了这样一个问题：怎样才能学得更快呢？

And this began when I was very, very young.When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you're sleeping, and you're supposed to be learning from this.(这个想法)在我很小时候已经开始了，大约我11岁的时候，我给前苏联的研究者写了一封关于睡眠学习的信，所谓“睡觉学习”，就是拿一个磁带录音机放在你床边，等你入眠后机器开始播放磁带，(然后)目的是通过这种方式来学习。A good idea, unfortunately it doesn't work.一个好主意，不幸的是它行不通。

But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas and we've had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.但睡眠学习确实打开了研究其他领域的大门，并且我们从研究这个问题开始已经有了一些惊人的发现。

I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point.从那开始我对心理学充满热情，直到现在我已经投入了几十年的时间从事心理学相关的不同研究和工作。

In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.1981年，我来到了中国，并且我决定在两年内我的汉语要达到像中文母语者一样的水平。

Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.呐，你需要明白的是在20世纪80年代初，所有人都认为汉语是真的很难学，一个西方人可能学习10年或以上也未必能学好。

And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process.还有，我带着一种不同的想法，就是把心理学对这个问题研究所得的全部结论运用到我学习的过程当中。

What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native.特别棒的是我在六个月内能说流利的中文，不久后，我达到了中文母语者的水平。But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively? 但我看到周围那些来自不同国家的人在为学习中文苦苦挣扎，中国人在为学习英文或其他语言苦苦挣扎，因此我的问题便细化到：怎样帮助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地学会第二门语言。

Now this is a really, really important question in today's world.要强调的是，在今天的世界里这是一个非常非常重要的问题。

We have massive challenges with environment.We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can't communicate we're really going to have difficulty solving these problems.我们需要面对大量的(有关)环保问题的挑战，我们需要面对很多社会混乱和战争的挑战，各种各类事情在发生，如果我们不能沟通那我们将难以解决这些问题。So we need to be able to speak each other's languages.This is really, really important.因此，我们需要能够说对方的语言。这真的非常重要。

The question then is how do you do that？ Well, it's actually really easy.接下来的问题是，怎样做到？这实际上是很容易的。

You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it's already working and then you identify the principles and apply them.看看你周围那些已经做到的人，寻找在什么情况下，它是有效的，识别这些原则后好好利用它们。

It's called modeling and I've been looking at language learning and modeling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.这是一种高科技模仿，而我已经用这种方法研究语言学习大约15到20年了。And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.接着多年的观察，我得到的结论是，任何一个成年人能在6个月内把任何外语学得流利。

Now when I say this, most people think I'm crazy, this is not possible.So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it's all about expanding our limits.呐，当我说成年人能在6个月内学会任何一种外语，大多数人都认为我疯了，这是不可能的。因此，先让我提醒在座各位关于人类历史的进展，所有人类历史都是在扩展我们的极限。

In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it's got shorter and shorter.在20世纪50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分钟1英里的成绩是不可能的，后来罗杰·班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而从那开始跑1英里的时间变得越来越短。100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn't fly。100年前，每个人都相信重的物体不能飞。

Except it does and we all know this.How does heavy stuff fly? 它不但可以飞，而且我们大家都知道这个事实。那么，重物是怎样飞的呢？ We reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case.我们观察大自然的原理，在此是鸟飞行的原理，根据这些我们重新组织材料来使重物可以飞。

And today we've gone ever further, so you can fly a car.You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars.如今，我们甚至走得更远，你可以驾驶一辆会飞的汽车。你可以花几十万美元购买一辆这样的汽车。

We now have cars in the world that can fly.我们现在有了会飞的汽车了。

And there's a different way to fly that we've learned from squirrels.在能飞的松鼠的身上我们学会了另一种不同的方式来飞。

So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.你只要做的是去复制一只飞鼠如何飞的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一只飞鼠那样可以在天空中飞翔。

Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn't say everybody but a lot of people think they can't draw.那么，大多数人，很多人，我不会说所有人，但很多人认为他们不会画画。However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can actually learn to draw in five days.然而这里有一些重要的原则，5个原则你可以利用来学习画画并且实际上你可以在5天内学会。

So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this.如果你平时画成这样，那么你学习5天这些原则然后应用它们，5天后，你可以画成这样。

Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do.我知道这是真的，因为那是我第一次画的，5天后我应用了这些原则，我可以做到这样。

And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,' so that's how I look like when I'm concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding.当我看着这个，我“哇”了一声，那就是我非常强烈的，专注到我大脑快要爆炸的样子呀！

So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.因此，任何人都能够用5天时间学会画画，同样地，用同样的方式和逻辑，任何人都可以在6个月内学会一门外语。

How: there are five principles and seven actions.怎么做呢？ 有5个原则和7个行动可以跟随。

There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.可能有更多，但这些绝对是核心部分。

And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.进入这些点之前我想先说说两个神话并消除它们。The first is that you need talent.第一个是你需要有天赋。Let me tell you about Zoe.让我跟你们说说关于佐伊的事情。

Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: ‘you're completely useless,' ‘you're not talented,' ‘give up,' ‘you're a waste of time' and she was very, very depressed.佐伊是澳大利亚人，她去到荷兰并尝试学习荷兰语。她非常挣扎，最后人们跟她说，“没用的，”“你没有天赋，”“还是放弃吧，”“你根本就是在浪费时间。”她对此感到非常沮丧。

And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn't matter.后来，她无意中发现了这5个原则，去了巴西，并把这些原则应用到她学习葡萄牙语中，6个月内，她可以说流利的葡萄牙语了。因此，天赋不重要。

People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.人们还认为学会一门外语最好的方式就是到说该门语言的国家去。

But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who've been here for ten years, who don't speak a word of Chinese.但是看看在香港已经呆了10年的西方人，还是一句中文也不会说。

Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don't speak any English.看看那些居住在美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大10年、20年的中国人，还是不会一句英文。

Immersion per se doesn't not work, why? 只呆在一个新的国家本身是没有用的。为什么？ Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.因为溺水的人是学不会游泳的。

When you don't speak a language you're like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won't learn.当你不能说那种语言，你就像一个婴儿，如果你进入一个环境，那里全部都是成年人在叽叽呱呱的说一些你完全听不明白的话，你还是学不会。

So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to;那么，你需要注意的那5个原则是什么呢？

first: there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways.Especially when you're talking about learning.首先，有四个词，注意力、含义、关联和记忆，而这些在很多非常重要的方面是相互连接的，特别在你谈论学习的时候。Come with me on a journey through a forest.请跟随我来一趟森林之旅。

You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.你穿越森林，然后你看到一个像这样的东西。

Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don't.你可能注意到了树上的这些小标记，可能你没有注意它们。You go another fifty metres and you see this.然后你继续向前走50米，你看到了这个。You should be paying attention.你应该要注意了。

Another fifty metres, if you haven't been paying attention, you see this.再50米，如果你还没注意的话，你会看到这个。And at this point, you're paying attention.当看到这个的时候，你就会注意了。

And you've just learned that this is important, it's relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you're going to pay attention to and therefore you're going to remember it.你刚刚学习到了这个是重要的，它与你有重要关系，因为它代表这个。任何有关联的东西，任何有关你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你给注意力的就会记住的。

If it's related to your personal goals then you're going to pay attention to it, if it's relevant you're going to remember it.如果它关于你个人目标的，那么你就会注意到它，如果它与你是有关联的，你就会记住它。

So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.因此，学习一门语言的第一个原则就是注意那些与你息息相关的语言内容上。Which brings us to tools.这就让我们谈到工具。

We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.我们通过使用工具来掌握工具，而当这些工具与我们息息相关的时候，我们就可以学得很快。

So let me share a story.先让我分享一个故事。A keyboard is a tool.键盘是一个工具。

Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this.That's a tool.有不同方法打中文字。这些方法属于工具的一种。

I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school;多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校学习中文打字。

Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese.每周二、周四晚上，她都用2个小时上课，然后也在家练习，她花了9个月的时间，仍然没学会打中文字。

And one night we had a crisis.一天晚上，我们有一件紧急的事情。

We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.我们有48个小时来准备用中文发表一本训练手册。

And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.她获得了这个任务，并且我可以像你保证，在48个小时内，她学会了用中文打字。因为这是相关的、重要的、有意义的，她在使用一种工具来创造价值。So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one.As a kid does.因此，学习一门语言的第二个工具是从第一天开始，用你的语言作为一种工具来沟通，像一个孩子那样做。

When I first arrived in China I didn't speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.当我初次来到中国，我一句中文都不会说。第二个星期我乘坐火车过夜。I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train.He took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more.我花了8个小时，坐在餐车，跟一位乘警聊。因为某种原因，他对我很感兴趣。我们在那用中文聊了整夜，随着他画画、比划双手并动用他的面部表情，我逐渐地明白越来越多。

But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn't even made any effort to learn that.但是真正有趣的是，两个星期后，当人们在我周围说中文的时候，我可以明白一些而且我并没有为之付出任何努力。What had happened? 发生了什么？

I'd absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously.在火车的那晚我已经吸收了中文也是我们要说的第三个原则。当你已经理解沟通的信息含义，接下来你将不知不觉下意识的获得该语言。

And this is really, really well documented now, it's something called comprehensible input and there's twenty or thirty years of research on this.Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.而且这是有充足的证据证明的，我们把它称之为“可明白输入”，而这个概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此领域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申发布了各类不同的学术研究成果，而这些数据来自他的一个报告。

The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.条形图里面的紫色部分显示不同语言测试的成绩。

The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.紫色代表那些通过正式学习和学习语法的人，绿色的代表那些通过可明白输入学习的人。

So, comprehension works.因此，可明白意思的输入是有效的。

Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.理解是很关键的而学语言本身不仅仅是获取大量的知识。In many, many ways it's about physiological training.在很多方面，更多的是生理的训练。

A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn't understand what people were saying.我认识的一位来自台湾的女士，上学时英文成绩很好，大学英语也很优秀。后来，她到了美国，竟然发现自己听不懂别人在说什么。And people started asking her: ‘are you deaf?' 然后人们开始问她：“你是聋的吗？” And she was.English deaf.她确实是英语聋子。

Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we're not.因为在我们大脑里有一些过滤器会帮助我们过滤熟悉的语言声音进入脑子里，而把不熟悉的语言声音过滤出去。

And if you can't hear it, you won't understand it and if you can't understand it, you're not going to learn it.如果你听不到，你不会明白；你听不明白，你将不能学会它。So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.因此，你必须能够听到这些声音。And there are ways to do that but it's physiological training.这里有一些方法来做到，但这些是生理上的训练。Speaking takes muscle.说话需要用到肌肉。

You've got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand.在你的脸上有43块肌肉，你必须协调好这些肌肉来发声，让别人明白你的话。If you've ever done a new sport for a couple of days, then you know how your body feels.And it hurts.如果你曾经有做过几天新的运动，你会知道你的身体有什么感觉。有点酸疼。If your face is hurting you're doing it right.如果你的面部有这种酸疼的感觉，那就对了。And the final principle is state.最后一个原则是状态。Psycho-physiological state.心理生理的状态。

If you're sad, angry, worried, upset, you're not going to learn.Period.如果你伤心、生气、担心、沮丧，你将不能学会。绝对是这样。

If you're happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, you're going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.如果你是在一个开心的，放松的，好奇的大脑状态下，你将很快学会，而且，需要明确的一点是，你需要忍受歧义。

If you're one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word you're hearing, you will go nuts, because you'll be incredibly upset all the time, because you're not perfect.如果你是那种在听的时候需要百分百听明白别人在说的每一个词儿 的人之一，你会因为你无时无刻(的)沮丧感和你的不完美而发疯了。

If you're comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand, you're going to be fine, you'll be relaxed and you'll be learning quickly.如果你对听明白一些、听不明白一些而感到舒服，并把注意力放在你明白的部分，你将会学好，而且你的状态越轻松，你将学得越快。

So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take? 那么在这5个原则上，你还需要哪7个行动呢？ Number one: listen a lot.第一，多听。

I call it brain soaking。我把它叫做泡脑子。

You put yourself in a context where you're hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn't matter if you understand it or not。你把自己置放在听很多很多语言的环境当中，听得明白与否无关重要。You're listening to the rhythm ,you're listening to the patterns that repeat, you're listening to things that stand out。

在听的时候，你是在听它的节奏、听它重复的模式、听凸出来的词语。So, just soak your brain in this.像这个泡泡你的脑子。

The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words.第二个行动是在获取单词之前先获取它的意思。You go “Well how do I do that?”，你可能在想，这个我怎么知道的呢？

I don't know the words.Well, you understand what these different postures mean.我不知道那些单词！但你可以理解那些不同手势代表的含义。

Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language.身体语言占领人类交流的一大部分。

From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, you're understanding, you're acquiring through comprehensible input.从身体语言，你可以理解很多对话内容，因此，你通过可明白输入理解、获取它的含义。

And you can also use patterns that you already know.你还可以利用你已经知道的模式。

If you're a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.如果你是说国语和粤语，当你去到越南，你可以明白60%的日常用语，因为越南话有30%的国语和30%的粤语。The third action: start mixing.第三个行动：开始混合。

You probably have never thought of this but if you've got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things.你可能之前没有想过这个，但如果你有10个动词，10个名词和10个形容词，你可以说1000句不同的话。

Language is a creative process.语言是创造的过程。What do babies do? 孩子是怎么做的呢？ Okay: me, bat(h)，now，okay, that's how they communicate.我，澡澡，现在。。这就是他们说话的方式。

So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesn't have to be perfect it just has to work.所以现在开始混合、创造并从中获得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能沟通就好。And when you're doing this you focus on the core.而且当你这样做的时候，你把注意力放在核心上。What does that mean? 这意味着什么？

Well any language has high frequency content.任何语言都有它的高频内容。

In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything you're ever going to say in daily communication.英语有1000个高频词覆盖你85%的日常交流。

3000 words give you 98% of anything you're going to say in daily conversation.而3000个高频词将覆盖98%的日常交流。

You got 3000 words, you're speaking the language.你有3000个高频词，你将可以说一门外语。The rest is icing on the cake.剩余的是锦上添花。

And when you're just beginning with a new language start with the tool box.当你开始学习一门外语，从工具箱开始。

Week number one in your new language you say things like: ‘how do you say that?' 第一周，你会用新语言说一些像这样的话“那个你怎么说？” ‘I don't understand,' “我不明白，”

‘repeat that please,' “请重复，”

‘what does that mean,' “那是什么意思”，all in your target language.全都用你的目标语言。

You're using it as a tool, making it useful to you, it's relevant to learn other things about the language.你把它当做工具来用，并且利用好它，这对学习该门语言的其他东西是有重大关系的。

It's by week two that you should be saying things like: ‘me,' ‘this,' ‘you,' ‘that,' ‘give,' you know, ‘hot,' simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, communicating like a baby.第二周，你应该会说一些像“我”、“这个”、“你”、“那个”、“给”、“热”，像个孩子一样用这些简单的代词、名词、动词、形容词来沟通。

And by the third or fourth week, you're getting into what I call glue words.然后第三或第四周，你会进入我称为“胶水词”的这部分。

‘Although,' ‘but,' ‘therefore,' these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing you to make more complex meaning。“虽然”、“但是”、“因此”，这些逻辑工具帮助你把语言的小块紧密地结合在一起，让你制造更多复杂的意思。At that point you're talking。

在那个阶段，你已经进入说话的阶段了！。

And when you're doing that, you should get yourself a language parent.当你这样做的时候，你应该给自己找位语言家长。

If you look at how children and parents interact, you'll understand what this means.如果你看看孩子和父母之间的互动，你会明白这个什么意思的。

When a child is speaking, it'll be using simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange, sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don't understand it.当一个孩子说话，它会用简单的词，简单的组合，而有时候会发生奇怪甚至是非常怪的声音，如果不是家里人根本就不懂它在说什么。But the parents do.但是父母却知道。

And so the kid has a safe environment, gets confidence.因此，孩子有个安全的环境，然后变得有自信。

The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands.父母用孩子可以理解的身体语言和简单句子跟他们说话。

So we have a comprehensible input environment that's safe, we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue.因此我们有一个很安全的可明白输入的环境。我们知道这个有用，不然的话我们都不会说自己的母语。

15:55 So you get yourself a language parent, who's somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you understand the message.因此你可以给自己找个语言家长，他是对你感兴趣的一个人，可以跟你沟通得上的，也可以是能够帮助你理解的同龄人。There are four rules of a language parent.语言家长有四个规则。

Spouses by the way are not very good at this, okay? 顺便说一下，配偶在这里没有那么好，明白吗？

But the four rules are, first of all, they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you're way off beat.那么4条规则是，第一，他们会尽可能地理解你的意思，哪怕你脱离节拍。Secondly, they will never correct your mistakes.第二，他们从来不会纠正你的错误。

Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know.第三，他们会理解你说的话并给出反馈，好让你适当地回应并获得反馈，并且他们也是说你知道的单词。

The sixth thing you have to do, is copy the face.第六件事你需要做的就是模仿面部表情。

You've got to get the muscles working right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand you.你需要把肌肉部位用得准确，别人才可以听明白你发出的声音。There's a couple of things you do.达到此目的，你需要做几件事情。

One is that you hear how it feels, and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules, then you're going to be able to pick it up.第一，听它是什么感觉的并感觉它是怎样发出声音的，从你的脸上获得反馈。如果条件理想的话，你可以看着母语者并观察他们的面部，让你下意识地吸收这些规则，然后你将能够获取到它。And if you c an't get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this: [slides].如果你没有母语者可以看着学习的话，你可以用像这样的东西。

And the final idea here, the final action you need to take is something that I call “direct connect.” 最后一个行动是你需要“直接联系”。What does this mean? 什么意思呢？

Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them.大多数人学习外语几乎都是用母语的单词对照目标语言，反复地在心中念并尝试记住它们。

Really inefficient.这样做效率真的很低。

What you need to do is realize that everything you know is an image inside your mind, it's feelings, 你需要做的是意识到你所知道的事情在你的脑海里都有一个画面和感觉。if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the flames, 如果你说到“火”，你可以闻到那个烟味，你可以听到那燃烧的爆裂声，你可以看到那火焰，so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway.所以你需要做的是进入那些意象和有关的所有的记忆力，然后从另一条通道出来。

So I call it ‘same box, different path.' 我把这叫做“殊途同归”(同一个盒子，不同的路)。

You come out of that pathway, you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation.你从那条通道出来，你将建立这种技能并且越来越熟练地把新的声音连接到你心里已经知道的画面去。

And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious.往后你甚至很擅长走这个过程，甚至是无意识的。

So, there are five principles that you need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you're going to improve。

因此，你需要运用的那5个原则和7个行动，如果你运用其中任何一个，都将得到进步。

And remember these are things under your control as the learner.并且记住，作为学习者，这些事情都在你的掌控之下。

Do them all and you're going to be fluent in a second language in six months.如果你做到以上全部，你将会在六个月内学会流利的外语。Thank you.谢谢。

（音频及文本来源：新浪教育。本文为TED演讲，讲师介绍：Chris Lonsdale.国际心理学家、语言学家、教育家。香港龙氏顾问行董事长，香港第三支耳朵国际教育集团董事长，功夫英语创始人之一。）

第四篇：Ted语言的力量演讲稿2020[范文模版]

语言是文化战争中最基本的武器。这就像是我们的步枪，我们每一人都拥有，我们可以用它去塑造一个中国的形象。一起来看看Ted语言的力量演讲稿2020，欢迎查阅!

Ted语言的力量演讲稿1

放学回家，我把比大秤砣还重的书包放在沙发上，就开始写作业，刚写了五六个字，肚子就叫得比喇叭都要响。于是我就跑到厨房里，向妈妈讨口饭吃。忽然想起了老师留的三句话，就赶紧对妈妈说了。

我说了第一句：“妈妈，您辛苦了!”刚说完，妈妈就回敬我一句：“你缺心眼呀，没看见我正在做菜吗?”看来这句话不好使，我再来说第二句话。于是我又说：“妈妈，您歇会儿吧!”可妈妈又说：“你是不是喝了迷魂汤了，没看见我正在忙着呢吗?我歇了，你吃什么，难道你还能吃草呀?”看来这句话还不行，我还得把第三句话给用上，我就对妈妈说：“那妈妈，我来帮您吧!”“你可得了吧，你做的菜比臭豆腐还难吃，赶快去写作业吧!”

唉，说了这么多，妈妈连个笑脸都没有，反而被浇了一盆凉水，要不是老师留了这三句话的作业，我才不讨这没趣呢。妈妈肯定是忙坏了，才对我的关心漠然处之。妈妈的话也真够打击人的了，这样的话以后还要不要再说呢?不知道。

这使我想起了聋青蛙的故事。那个故事发生在一个大土坑里。两只青蛙掉进了深坑，怎么也跳不出来，其它的青蛙都劝它们，不要费力气了，出不来的。其中一只倒地死去，可另一只青蛙是聋子，以为它们在鼓励它，就一直跳，最后它终于跳了出来。

这让我知道了语言的力量是多么神奇!不要吝啬你的赞美之辞，感激之情，把它说出来，这个世界会更美丽。

Ted语言的力量演讲稿2

大家好!我是来自某年某班的某某，今天我演讲的题目是《语言的力量》。

古语有云“沉默是金”，但在我的眼里，沉默是铁。

我曾看过一篇文章，讲的是一个刚步入社会的青年由于总是秉承“多干少说”的观念做事，不去展露自己的才能，导致失去了一个很重要的机会。这个故事不正是我们大多数人的真实写照吗?语言，一定要表达出来，才能发挥它的力量。更何况，我们生活在一个信息如此发达的时代，不去表达怎么行呢?

时代在变，人自然也要紧随其后。人们总说“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，那么同样也可以说：语言是智慧的殿堂。若是将这些观点引入历史之中，不也有很多鲜活的例子吗?例如，妇嬬皆知的诸葛亮舌战群儒、墨子劝楚、晏子使楚……

我们不能说任何语言都是好的，因为总有那么一些人云亦云的语言，可是也有那么多好的语言供我作文https://www.xiexiebang.com/们学习品鉴，难道不是?

语言往往是促进社会发展的一大推力。人类刚诞生时，“集体”这个概念对他们来说，是可有可无。但人类的众多分支里，智人却凭借着“讲八卦”的能力，形成了比其他人类分支更为庞大的集体，并最终凭借这项能力消灭了其他人类分支，称霸地球。

可能有人会问，凭什么说是语言的力量让他们统治地球的?

我可以这样回答你：语言的最初作用就是凝聚人心。在其他人类分支还忙于狩猎采集时，我们的祖先就凭借着一时的奇思妙想，学会了其他人类分支还未学到的“讲八卦”，这也是他们能成功聚在一起的重要原因之一。

语言是最甘甜的琼浆，是最珍贵的宝藏，同时也是这个世上最美的赞歌。语言的力量，永远是智慧殿堂里最强大的武器。让我们学好语言，正确运用语言的强大力量吧!

谢谢大家，我的演讲完毕!

Ted语言的力量演讲稿3

希特勒曾经说过：“推动历史发展的只有两种力量，宗教的力量和语言的力量。”

语言的力量!他自己就是一个语言家，正是他的言语将他推上了至高无上的政治王座。变得无比疯狂，强大。再回想我国古代，战国时期，七国争霸，那些纵横于政治舞台之上，活跃于各国之间，最终留名青史的人，不也都是靠着一条三寸不烂之舌吗?语言的力量，推动历史的力量!

中国人越来越爱说朝鲜人民的笑话了，越来越爱说这个致力于让人民吃上米饭的国家的笑话了，这个住着世界上最幸福的人民的国家。

朝鲜人民说：“这个世界上，我们是最幸福!”

朝鲜人来到了中国探亲，忽遇一农家小院，遂入，发现地上有一铁碗，里面盛满了白米饭，还有一些肉片，想不起自己是在多少年前吃过这样的饭了，她异常感动，“中国人民其实真幸福!”正当这时，这家的草狗跑进来，或论好听一点中国田园犬，回来吃饭了，而饭就是地上那碗……

又记一朝鲜官员来到中国考察，西装革履，十分体面，中国人民当然也十分好客，夜夜都是五星级，待他走了，中国人傻了眼，五星级宾馆，被洗劫空了……

记得我们小学老师论过：“去朝鲜，就可以有大富翁的感觉……”

虽然事实十分残酷，但中国人这样不好，幸灾乐祸，更何况自己也好不到哪里去，最后还伤害了人家民族自尊心。

又想起了那句“这世界上，我们最幸福”的口号，但这一次，它却是如此的空洞，飘渺，微弱。朝鲜人民万岁，共产主义万岁!

语言，是事实的表现，是时代批评者的利剑，事实家的武器。但当其与事实不负，甚至相互矛盾时，他的力量终究也只是一时的，强大却稍纵即逝。

回首历史，强大的德意志终是灰飞烟灭，希特勒死于残垣断壁之中，六国虽在说客的舌下联合抗秦，但最终还是为强秦所征服。语言家所创造出的历史，最终还是被历史大潮所湮灭。

这就是语言的力量，所谓创造历史的力量，卖弄它的小丑们呀!终会为历史所唾弃。

Ted语言的力量演讲稿4

我家邻居刘老师，人称刘老，他自称刘姥姥。54岁那年，他从教学第一线退下来，决定去私立学校打工，以实现旅游兼考察的计划。

一天，刘姥姥打开电脑，在网上寻找用人单位，选中一家，他便发去一封长信，全面介绍自己。从本科毕业到教研组长，从年年获奖到15年任教高三毕业班，洋洋洒洒千余字，他把信投入信箱，像发出请柬，专等客人的到来。可是等来的是不快：对方问他是不是特级教师，他像受到了污辱，便不再搭理人家。

第二天，刘姥姥继续寻思招聘的事。打开电脑，读着昨天的信，他笑了，平庸，没一点特色，还语文教师呢。在言不由衷的吹嘘随处可见的时代，你诚恳之至，甚至脱得光光，一丝不挂地站到别人面前，未必就能得到他的信任;相反只给他一个朦胧的背影，说不定他会追着要见你呢。于是，他将长信浓缩成一组

数字排比：“有一位高中语文教师，54岁年龄，44岁精力，34岁抱负，24岁饭量，没有特级教师的光环，但有特别骄人的业绩，愿借贵校平台施展自己的教学才华，不知赏识否?”他把短信发给一所学校，说来也巧，第二天，校长就打来电话，让他前去应试。

在这所学校干了一年，刘姥姥又带着特制的名片去拜访另一所学校。他赶到该校，负责人不在，只有招生部一位女士在班。他说明来意，女士断然回绝：“学校不缺语文教师。”刘姥姥掏出名片，女士接过一看，一组数字呈现在她的眼前：55岁年龄，45岁精力，35岁抱负，25岁饭量。女士看罢数字，脸上多云转晴，笑着说：“刘老师真会说话。”刘姥姥说：“说和写是语文教师的专长，如果能和你同事，一定与你好好切磋说和写问题。”女士一改先前的态度：“刘老师，我一定向校长推荐你。”几天后，刘姥姥接到了这所学校的电话，排比句又一次征服了招聘单位。

两年后，刘姥姥想去北京闯荡。一家高考复习班招聘语文教师，言明只招中青年教师。刘姥姥相信自己的实力，更相信语言的力量，再一次改动排比句，把它编进电子邮件：“刘某某，男，57岁年龄，47岁精力，37岁抱负，27岁饭量，没有特级教师的光环，但有特别骄人的业绩，你给我一个平台，我还你一个惊喜。”排比句再次发生效力，校长电话邀请，很快在北京见面。

有人崇拜权力，权力是一种力量，其实语言又何尝不是一种力量呢!刘姥姥今年58，明年59，相信他还会用他智慧的语言赢得更多的信任和尊重，在人生舞台上演出更精彩的节目。

Ted语言的力量演讲稿5

每当打开博客网页，总是先看看自己上一次发表的文章题目后面是否挂上了个“精”字，如果有个“精”字，总是心花怒放，手舞足蹈。明明知道自己的文章怎么也拿不上大雅之堂，何谈得上是精品文章，老师给个好的评价，也只不过是对自己的鼓励和鞭策罢了。然而，为什么如此在乎，如此兴奋，想了好久，还是难以用几句话准确无误地表达出来。几年前我的邻居李老师给我讲的发生在他的同事身上的故事对我表达或者很有帮助。

下面就听听这个故事吧。

李老师的同事姓王，对书法很是兴趣，经常利用课余时间练笔，不少同学经常围拢在他身边，耳濡目染，自然影响了很多学生。学生自发成立了一个书法兴趣小组，请王老师予以指导。由于是初中学生，而且是没有任何门槛的自愿参加，因此水平低、参差不齐是在所难免了。一次，一个学习成绩平平的男孩很拘禁的将自己的习作递给了王老师，王老师仔细端详了好几遍怎么也找不出什么优点，笔画似锯齿，结构不严禁，但是王老师微微一笑用“不错，竖直，横平”的言语进行鼓励。过了几天，这个男孩又捧着自己的习作来到王老师的面前，显然这次大方多了，王老师看了看他的习作，又评价到：“不错，笔划匀称，结构也较严紧”。两年过去了，在毕业那年，这个男孩不但成了一个书法特招生，而且在他所考取的学校中专业课成绩第一名。男孩捧着特招通知书，向王老师道谢，王老师依然是那一句的“不错……”

看着这个男孩，学校的老师、家长不禁感慨万千。语言力量如此之大，如果第一次王老师看到他的习作后，指三道四，这也不行，那也不该，横挑鼻子竖挑眼，也就少了一个书法爱好者，也就少了一个书法专业特招生，多了一个家庭思想包袱，因为凭他的学习成绩说什么也不会升入高的一级学校深造。这就是为人师的艺术，以宽容之心，以长远的目光，发现和培养学生兴趣，循循善诱，培养学生身上每一个闪光点，静静等待百炼成钢的那一天。

故事结束了。听这个故事的你是否和我一样的想法：我们这里的老师也是这样，因为他们知道，老师的一句温馨的话语，一点小小的鼓励，对于我们也许是一辈子的文字情缘。

Ted语言的力量演讲稿2020

第五篇：杨澜在TED的演讲稿

Yang Lan: The generation that's remaking China

The night before I was heading for Scotland, I was invited to host the final of “China's Got Talent” show in Shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium.Guess who was the performing guest?Susan Boyle.And I told her, “I'm going to Scotland the next day.” She sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few words in Chinese.[Chinese]So it's not like “hello” or “thank you,” that ordinary stuff.It means “green onion for free.” Why did she say that? Because it was a line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle--a 50-some year-old woman, a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, who loves singing Western opera, but she didn't understand any English or French or Italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in Chinese.(Laughter)And the last sentence of Nessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was “green onion for free.” So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that, 80,000 live audience sang together.That was hilarious.So I guess both Susan Boyle and this vegetable vendor in Shanghai belonged to otherness.They were the least expected to be successful in the business called entertainment, yet their courage and talent brought them through.And a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their dreams.Well, being different is not that difficult.We are all different from different perspectives.But I think being different is good, because you present a different point of view.You may have the chance to make a difference.My generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of China that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30 years.I remember that in the year of 1990,when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in Beijing, Great Wall Sheraton--it's still there.So after being interrogated by this Japanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, “So, Miss Yang, do you have any questions to ask me?”I summoned my courage and poise and said,“Yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?” I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel.That was the first day I set my foot in a five-star hotel.Around the same time, I was going through an audition--the first ever open audition by national television in China--with another thousand college girls.The producer told us they were looking for some sweet, innocent and beautiful fresh face.So when it was my turn, I stood up and said, “Why [do] women's personalities on television always have to be beautiful, sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? Why can't they have their own ideas and their own voice?” I thought I kind of offended them.But actually, they were impressed by my words.And so I was in the second round of competition, and then the third and the fourth.After seven rounds of competition, I was the last one to survive it.So I was on a national television prime-time show.And believe it or not, that was the first show on Chinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script.(Applause)And my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.Well after a few years, I decided to go to the U.S.and Columbia University to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started my own media company, which was unthought of during the years that I started my career.So we do a lot of things.I've interviewed more than a thousand people in the past.And sometimes I have young people approaching me say, “Lan, you changed my life,” and I feel proud of that.But then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country.I was in Beijing's bidding for the Olympic Games.I was representing the Shanghai Expo.I saw China embracing the world and vice versa.But then sometimes I'm thinking, what are today's young generation up to? How are they different, and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of China, or at large, the world?

So today I want to talk about young people through the platform of social media.First of all, who are they? [What] do they look like? Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei--20 years old, beautiful.She showed off her expensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog, which is the Chinese version of Twitter.And she claimed to be the general manager of Red Cross at the Chamber of Commerce.She didn't realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost a turmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross.The controversy was so heated that the Red Cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and the investigation is going on.So far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title--probably because she feels proud to be associated with charity.All those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend,who used to be a board member in a subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce.It's very complicated to explain.But anyway, the public still doesn't buy it.It is still boiling.It shows us a general mistrust of government or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in the past.And also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.Microblog boomed in the year of 2010, with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled.Sina.com, a major news portal, alone has more than 140 million microbloggers.On Tencent, 200 million.The most popular blogger--it's not me--it's a movie star, and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans.About 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people, under 30 years old.And because, as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government,social media offers an opening to let the steam out a little bit.But because you don't have many other openings, the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.So through microblogging, we are able to understand Chinese youth even better.So how are they different? First of all, most of them were bornin the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy.And because of selected abortion by families who favored boys

to girls, now we have ended up with 30 million more young men than women.That could pose a potential danger to the society, but who knows;we're in a globalized world, so they can look for girlfriends from other countries.Most of them have fairly good education.The illiteracy rate in China among this generation is under one percent.In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college.But they are facing an aging China with a population above 65 years old coming up with seven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030.And you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially, and taking care of them when they're sick.So it means young coupleswill have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.So making a living is not that easy for young people.College graduates are not in short supply.In urban areas, college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 U.S.dollars a month, while the average rent is above $500.So what do they do? They have to share space--squeezed in very limited space to save money--and they call themselves “tribe of ants.” And for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their first apartment.That ratio in Americawould only cost a couple five years to earn, but in China it's 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing real estate price.Among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are young people.They find themselves sort of sandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas.Most of them don't want to go back to the countryside, but they don't have the sense of belonging.They work for longer hours with less income, less social welfare.And they're more vulnerable to job losses, subject to inflation,tightening loans from banks, appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from Europe or America for the products they produce.Last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern OEM manufacturing compound in China: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease.But they died because of all different personal reasons.But this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental, of these migrant workers.For those who do return back to the countryside,they find themselves very welcome locally,because with the knowledge, skills and networksthey have learned in the cities, with the assistance of the Internet, they're able to create more jobs,upgrade local agriculture and create new businessin the less developed market.So for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.These diagrams show a more general social background.The first one is the Engels coefficient,which explains that the cost of daily necessitieshas dropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms of family income, to about 37-some percent.But then in the last two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising living cost.The Gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4.Now it's 0.5--even worse than that in America--showing us the income

inequality.And so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility.And also, the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful is quite widespread.So any accusations of corruptionor backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging, we can see what young people care most about.Social justice and government accountability runs the first in what they demand.For the past decade or so, a massive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports on the forced demolition of private property.And it has aroused huge anger and frustrationamong our young generation.Sometimes people get killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest.So when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the Internet,people cry for the government to take actions to stop this.So the good news is that earlier this year, the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition and passed the right to order forced demolition from local governments to the court.Similarly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the Internet.We heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food.And guess what, we have faked beef.They have sorts of ingredients that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef.And then lately, people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop.So all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the Internet.And fortunately, we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.While young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life.China is soon to pass the U.S.as the number one market for luxury brands--that's not including the Chinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere.But you know what, half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S.dollars.They're not rich at all.They're taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status.And this is a girl explicitly saying on a TV dating show that she would rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle.But of course, we do have young people who would still prefer to smile, whether in a BMW or [on] a bicycle.So in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called “naked” wedding, or “naked” marriage.It does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show their commitment to true love.And also, people are doing good through social media.And the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogsfor food processing was spotted and stopped on the highway with the whole country watchingthrough microblogging.People were donating money, dog food and offering

volunteer work to stop that truck.And after hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued.And here also people are helping to find missing children.A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet.After thousands of [unclear], the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging.So happiness is the most popular word we have heard through the past two years.Happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but also, it's about the environment.People are thinking about the following questions: Are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher GDP? How are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keep sustainability and stability? And also, how capable is the systemof self-correctness to keep more people contentwith all sorts of friction going on at the same time?I guess these are the questions people are going to answer.And our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.Thank you very much.