第一篇:机械 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
附件1:外文资料翻译译文
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
Venketesh N.Dubey 英国设计学院,工程和计算机,伯恩茅斯大学,普尔
Jian S.Dai 伦敦大学国王学院,英国伦敦大学,伦敦
摘要
目的—为了展示设计一种可以折叠复杂几何形状的纸盒的多功能包装机的可行性。设计/方法/方式—这项研究对各种几何形状的纸盒进行研究,将纸盒分为适当的类型以及机器可以实现的操作;把能加工这些纸盒,并进行机械建模和仿真,且最终可以设计和开发的包装机概念化。
研究结果—这种多功能包装机已经被证明是可能的。只需将这种多功能包装机小型化,并对它投资以促进其发展,这种机器可以成为现实。
研究限制因素/问题—本研究的目的是证明这种包装机的原理,但实际应用需要考虑结合传感器给出了一个紧凑的、便携式系统。
创意/价值—这项设计是独一无二的,并已被证明可以折叠各种复杂形状的纸盒。关键字:机器人技术 包装 自动化 文章类型:研究论文简介
产品包装是关键的工业领域之一,以自动化为首要权益。任何产品流通到消费者手中需要某种形式的包装,无论是食品、礼品或医疗用品。因此,对高速的产品包装有持续的需求。对于周期性消费品和精美礼品,这项需求更是大大增加。它们要求包装设计新颖且有吸引力,以吸引潜在客户。通常这类产品用外观精美、形状复杂的纸盒递送。如果采用手工方法进行包装,不仅令工人感到乏味且操作复杂,也费时和单调。
对于简单的纸盒包装,通过使用沿传送带布置的专用机器,已经获得了实现。这些机器只能处理固定类型的纸盒,任何形状和结构的变化很难纳入到系统之中。在大多数情况下,它们需要进行超过40种变化以适应同种类型但大小不同的纸盒,这就意味着每一个特定类型的纸盒需要一条包装生产线。从一种类型到另一种类型的纸盒折叠组装生产线的转换将会使资本支出增加。因为这些限制因素和转换生产线的相关成本,包装的灵活性将会失去。
因此,作为一种补充,手工生产线被引进以适应不同类型的纸盒的生产,从而解决转换生产线的问题。它们承担了大约10%的工作订单,并被用作生产促销产品的组装生产线。但是,问题仍然存在,手工生产线上的管理员和操作工需要一个长时间的学习过程,而且与机器生产线不同,劳动伤害主要是源于扭手动作。此外,手工生产线通常被认为是一个季节性的生产力,仍然需要专门的机器长年运行,以节约成本和时间。设计师追求奇幻和独特的纸盒包装以响应竞争激烈的市场,使包装工作更加困难。纸盒的风格和类型的频繁变化和小批量生产对纸盒装配和包装生产线提出了挑战,为此需要设计一种灵活的机器。
因此,这项责任放在了包装行业的身上,在可编程和可重构系统的帮助下充分加快转换过程以处理不同类型的纸盒。这种灵活的和高度可重构的系统的开发需要进行系统的分析和综合每个部件,即纸盒和纸盒的折叠模式、包装纸盒的机器、完整的组装操作。一种这样的方法(Lu和Akella,2000年)已经公布了,该方法使用固定装置来折叠纸盒。虽然这种方法能完成纸盒所有折叠操作,但实施的工作只是处理一个简单的矩形箱,其固定的自动装置被安装在指定的位置。但是,对于复杂几何体纸盒,需要对纸盒和折叠机构进行综合考虑,从而实现包装生产线的柔性自动化。
在复杂纸盒的折叠操作及工序分析方面,作者开展了大量的研究,并诉诸于图形理论、螺旋理论、矩阵理论且以一种空间结构表示纸盒;及其研究纸盒移动性和分析其结构外形(Dai and Rees Jones,1997a,b,c,1999;Dubey et al.1999a,b,c;Dubey and Dai,2001)。本文介绍从事设计能处理复杂几何形状纸盒的可重构纸盒折叠机的研究。设计和原理的需要
该项目被列在许多化妆品和香水供应商的愿望列表上,如伊丽莎白雅顿和卡尔文·克莱恩,并被Unilever Research UK积极地考虑了数年。他们愿意支持任何一种能够使用一些替代手段从而实现整个花式纸盒包装过程自动化的研究思想。结果,这个
23一台电动机驱动做垂直运动以及转动,从而使纸盒达到包装操作所需的任何位置。手指的关节直接通过关节马达驱动,整个系统需要控制14个轴。这些考量是基于高度的可重构性与控制最小数量的轴。
指尖的设计进行了专门地考虑,因为它们必须执行上一节所讨论的各种操作功能。受手工包装过程的启发,指尖设计采用带有V型槽的尖头。根据手工包装的需要,使其手指能在纸盒上施加“戳”和“挤”的力。该尖头用于戳操作,在V型槽的挤压下,纸板打开以进行塞操作。除了提供戳力和挤力,二自由度手指的Y形部分还能给扁平纸板提供暂时的推力。在有限自由度的情况下,这样的设计可以提供许多灵活的操作功能以处理不同构造不同类型的纸盒。
该模型提供了机器运行所需的全部运动信息(Dubey and Crowder,2003年)。包装机的参数模型已经被开发出来(Workspace4,1998年),几何外形和尺寸设计的改变可以非常容易地纳入到模型中,包括结构的验证。这也使机器部件的运动参数能在加工之前就得以确定。包装纸盒时,在纸盒上定位各种接触点,通过记录的各种接触点的位移,就可以实现手指的纸箱之间的运动的连通性。纸箱上的接触点可以由折叠次序的几何表示鉴别(Dubey and Dai,2001)。这些接触点用于测量每个手指关节的偏移量。将这些位移数据进行插值运算,生成最优手指路径,尽量减少不必要的手指运动,从而减少包装的周期时间。从模型中获得的插补数据可以下载,用以驱动手指。当前的研究工作是基于纸盒的几何特征及其折叠次序的研究,使整个包装过程可以实现自动化(迪比等,2000),而不是借助于纸盒的仿真。
图5显示了当纸盒折叠时,手指跟踪纸盒上的接触点。模拟模型为包装机器的设计以及控制提供了许多有价值的信息。例如,在维度和结构决定之前,模拟模型可用来检查机器的几何以及结构。通过改变模型的基本尺寸参数,任何新的机械零件几何信息都可直接获得。在纸盒的折叠过程中所得的运动数据和轨迹可用于手指系统控制。目前,模拟运动参数不可从直接整合到控制器中,因此这些数据都必须以数据文件的形式输入到控制器中。不过,这种方法可全面地校核折叠次序,然后下载这些数据并输入到控制器中。
插图2 另一种纸盒的包装机 讨论和结论
本文提出了一份灵活的、可重构的装配和包装系统。本研究的目的是设计一个可以处理不同几何形状的纸盒可重构的装配和包装系统。最初的想法是要开发一个可以展示对不同风格和复杂形状的纸盒的适应能力的系统。结果表明,该包装机可以折叠两个完全不同形状的纸盒。在任何情况下,折叠周期约为45s。虽然这不是一个优化的折叠时间,但是采用在线数据传输有望减少周期时间至30秒或更少。虽然一个非常灵活的纸盒包装机在用于车间生产之前仍有许多问题需要解决。不过,本研究的目的是验证面向包装行业的快速转换技术。
未来需要改进的部分包括优化手指导轨,使用力反馈触觉传感器,以避免纸板上的压力过大,且将在真空装置中进行折叠操作。还建议将仿真模型与实际机器相结合,使其能下载在线数据。X-Y工作台可用电机驱动和控制,实现自动重构。这些先进的技术,将使整个包装过程自动化, 从纸盒的二维图开始,然后确定其运动学特性并生成运动序列到完成产品包装。此外,如果能小型化,还计划将灵活的、可重构的机械手安装在一个机器人手臂上以得到更高灵活性。该系统不仅能进行纸盒折叠,也可以在折叠的同时将产品放入纸盒中。这将减少包装时间,也能够迎接对不断变化的高端私人产品包装需求的高度适应性的挑战。参考文献
Dai, J.S.(1996a), “Survey and business case study of the exterous reconfigurable assembly
metamorphic mechanism”, paper presented at Tenth World Congress on the Theory of Machine and Mechanisms(IFToMM), pp.98-103.Lu, L.and Akella, S.(2000), “Folding cartons with fixtures: a motion planning approach”, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, Vol.16 No.4, pp.346-56.Workspace4w(1998), User’s Guide, Robot Simulations Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne.附件2:外文原文
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第二篇:机械_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
Venketesh N.Dubey British School of Design, engineering and computers, Bournemouth University, Poole
Jian of S.Dai King's College London, University of London, London 摘要
目的—为了展示设计一种可以折叠复杂几何形状的纸盒的多功能包装机的可行性。
设计/方法/方式—这项研究对各种几何形状的纸盒进行研究,将纸盒分为适当的类型以及机器可以实现的操作;把能加工这些纸盒,并进行机械建模和仿真,且最终可以设计和开发的包装机概念化。
研究结果—这种多功能包装机已经被证明是可能的。只需将这种多功能包装机小型化,并对它投资以促进其发展,这种机器可以成为现实。
研究限制因素/问题—本研究的目的是证明这种包装机的原理,但实际应用需要考虑结合传感器给出了一个紧凑的、便携式系统。
创意/价值—这项设计是独一无二的,并已被证明可以折叠各种复杂形状的纸盒。关键字:机器人技术 包装 自动化 文章类型:研究论文 简介
产品包装是关键的工业领域之一,以自动化为首要权益。任何产品流通到消费者手中需要某种形式的包装,无论是食品、礼品或医疗用品。因此,对高速的产品包装有持续的需求。对于周期性消费品和精美礼品,这项需求更是大大增加。它们要求包装设计新颖且有吸引力,以吸引潜在客户。通常这类产品用外观精美、形状复杂的纸盒递送。如果采用手工方法进行包装,不仅令工人感到乏味且操作复杂,也费时和单调。
对于简单的纸盒包装,通过使用沿传送带布置的专用机器,已经获得了实现。这些机器只能处理固定类型的纸盒,任何形状和结构的变化很难纳入到系统之中。在大多数情况下,它们需要进行超过40种变化以适应同种类型但大小不同的纸盒,这就意味着
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
每一个特定类型的纸盒需要一条包装生产线。从一种类型到另一种类型的纸盒折叠组装生产线的转换将会使资本支出增加。因为这些限制因素和转换生产线的相关成本,包装的灵活性将会失去。
因此,作为一种补充,手工生产线被引进以适应不同类型的纸盒的生产,从而解决转换生产线的问题。它们承担了大约10%的工作订单,并被用作生产促销产品的组装生产线。但是,问题仍然存在,手工生产线上的管理员和操作工需要一个长时间的学习过程,而且与机器生产线不同,劳动伤害主要是源于扭手动作。此外,手工生产线通常被认为是一个季节性的生产力,仍然需要专门的机器长年运行,以节约成本和时间。设计师追求奇幻和独特的纸盒包装以响应竞争激烈的市场,使包装工作更加困难。纸盒的风格和类型的频繁变化和小批量生产对纸盒装配和包装生产线提出了挑战,为此需要设计一种灵活的机器。
因此,这项责任放在了包装行业的身上,在可编程和可重构系统的帮助下充分加快转换过程以处理不同类型的纸盒。这种灵活的和高度可重构的系统的开发需要进行系统的分析和综合每个部件,即纸盒和纸盒的折叠模式、包装纸盒的机器、完整的组装操作。一种这样的方法(Lu和Akella,2000年)已经公布了,该方法使用固定装置来折叠纸盒。虽然这种方法能完成纸盒所有折叠操作,但实施的工作只是处理一个简单的矩形箱,其固定的自动装置被安装在指定的位置。但是,对于复杂几何体纸盒,需要对纸盒和折叠机构进行综合考虑,从而实现包装生产线的柔性自动化。
在复杂纸盒的折叠操作及工序分析方面,作者开展了大量的研究,并诉诸于图形理论、螺旋理论、矩阵理论且以一种空间结构表示纸盒;及其研究纸盒移动性和分析其结构外形(Dai and Rees Jones,1997a,b,c,1999;Dubey et al.1999a,b,c;Dubey and Dai,2001)。本文介绍从事设计能处理复杂几何形状纸盒的可重构纸盒折叠机的研究。设计和原理的需要
该项目被列在许多化妆品和香水供应商的愿望列表上,如伊丽莎白雅顿和卡尔文·克莱恩,并被Unilever Research UK积极地考虑了数年。他们愿意支持任何一种能够使用一些替代手段从而实现整个花式纸盒包装过程自动化的研究思想。结果,这个项目是由英国和荷兰联合利华财团赞助,以探索开发一种可处理各种形状和尺寸的纸盒的柔性包装机的可行性。这项研究由手工包装流程的研究开始,揭示了当从简单的纸盒的生产转换到一个复杂的纸盒的生产时,要求包装机具有较高的灵活性(Dai, 1996年)。
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
为了归纳折叠步骤,对各种形状的纸盒进行了研究,并把纸盒分类,如图3所示。它也显示了纸盒包装所涉及的各种操作。尤其是要注意,大多数纸盒必须经过三个步骤,竖立、插入[1]和闭合。但除了托盘式纸盒以外,在其他情况下,依据纸盒外形的复杂程度,其包装步骤涉及各种操作(其中有些如上所述)。
图3 纸盒包装操作
设计一种建造和折叠这种纸盒的机械系统需要考虑以下几点: ● 多功能。提供各种操作功能,包括拨、折、挤和扭操作。● 灵活。能够以不同的方式达到操作位置。● 控制最小数量的轴。降低系统的复杂性。
● 可重构性。处理各种不同几何形状的可折叠的纸盒。
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
● 可编程性。同时地、循序地控制多个轴的运动。
一个可以提供精细动作及操作功能的灵活的系统,需要使用有关节的手指状的链接。这样的手指安装在一个活动底座上,例如X-Y工作台或环形导轨,以此保证系统可重新构建和处理不同形状和尺寸的纸盒。控制器的架构应能够独立地驱动各轴。该设计应提供所有的操作功能,而又不使系统变地复杂,如此使其成为一个具经济效益的解决方案。包装机
基于上述标准原始设计被概念化和模型化,如图4所示。人手能够演示各种功能是基于人手的灵活性和功能的多样性。该设计有四个手指,两个是三自由度的,两个是二自由度的。三自由度的手指通过下方的关节做偏转运动(Y),依靠其余两个关节作俯仰运动(P),从而形成YP-P构型。二自由度手指只能在一个二维平面内做俯仰运动。
图4 包装机模型
手指被安装在导轨上,可沿导轨滑动而且导轨本身可以作横向移动。手指都安装在旋转底座上,使这些轴能够进行适当的调整。两钳手在平行于手指水平导轨的方向上做推进运动,如模型所示。挡板附着在钳手上,并被安装在下方的关节上,当进行推挤操作时,它们可以沿着纸盒的轮廓运动。纸盒放置在该方形底座底部的中心处,底座是由一台电动机驱动做垂直运动以及转动,从而使纸盒达到包装操作所需的任何位置。手指的关节直接通过关节马达驱动,整个系统需要控制14个轴。这些考量是基于高度的可重构性与控制最小数量的轴。
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
指尖的设计进行了专门地考虑,因为它们必须执行上一节所讨论的各种操作功能。受手工包装过程的启发,指尖设计采用带有V型槽的尖头。根据手工包装的需要,使其手指能在纸盒上施加“戳”和“挤”的力。该尖头用于戳操作,在V型槽的挤压下,纸板打开以进行塞操作。除了提供戳力和挤力,二自由度手指的Y形部分还能给扁平纸板提供暂时的推力。在有限自由度的情况下,这样的设计可以提供许多灵活的操作功能以处理不同构造不同类型的纸盒。
该模型提供了机器运行所需的全部运动信息(Dubey and Crowder,2003年)。包装机的参数模型已经被开发出来(Workspace4,1998年),几何外形和尺寸设计的改变可以非常容易地纳入到模型中,包括结构的验证。这也使机器部件的运动参数能在加工之前就得以确定。包装纸盒时,在纸盒上定位各种接触点,通过记录的各种接触点的位移,就可以实现手指的纸箱之间的运动的连通性。纸箱上的接触点可以由折叠次序的几何表示鉴别(Dubey and Dai,2001)。这些接触点用于测量每个手指关节的偏移量。将这些位移数据进行插值运算,生成最优手指路径,尽量减少不必要的手指运动,从而减少包装的周期时间。从模型中获得的插补数据可以下载,用以驱动手指。当前的研究工作是基于纸盒的几何特征及其折叠次序的研究,使整个包装过程可以实现自动化(迪比等,2000),而不是借助于纸盒的仿真。
图5显示了当纸盒折叠时,手指跟踪纸盒上的接触点。模拟模型为包装机器的设计以及控制提供了许多有价值的信息。例如,在维度和结构决定之前,模拟模型可用来检查机器的几何以及结构。通过改变模型的基本尺寸参数,任何新的机械零件几何信息都可直接获得。在纸盒的折叠过程中所得的运动数据和轨迹可用于手指系统控制。目前,模拟运动参数不可从直接整合到控制器中,因此这些数据都必须以数据文件的形式输入到控制器中。不过,这种方法可全面地校核折叠次序,然后下载这些数据并输入到控制器中。
图5 机械手折叠纸盒
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人 试验机
利用从模型中获得的三维信息,所开发的包装机采用三个线性电动机;两个用于驱动钳手,一个用于控制旋转平台的垂直运动。十个日本安川电气提供的高扭矩、高性能电动机被用在手指关节处,这些电动机规格为:尺寸,Φ30× 30毫米;重量,70克;转矩,0.7Nm/22.5rpm;传动比,80:1,谐波传动;光学编码器,96脉冲/转。这意味着10cm的手指可以提供7N的压力,足以折叠这些花式礼品纸盒了。该控制器架构采用四个运动控制程序卡片,每个卡片可以控制多达四个轴(Dubey and Crowder,2003年)。这些卡片支持C语言编程的运动控制,它也有一个G代码编程界面,用于快速检验和模拟加工。该统还采用了气动连接,用以连接吸盘,控制器可以通过吸盘控制启停开关。目前采用转动转盘的方式将纸盒从一个位置移到另一个位置并定位(今后还计划用指尖上的V形槽),完成抓取操作。这将有利于处理平整的纸盒板,防止其滑动(Dubey et al., 1999年)。
为了建立用于构建及折叠纸盒的包装系统的功能,在确定模型和包装机两者的几何结构相同之后,从模型中生成的数据文件反馈到控制器。数据文件用单独的一行存储电机协调运行的运动数据,而后续行有下一阶段的运动控制参数。因此,控制程序按顺序读取数据,并产生相应的中断,同时发送操作命令。如此,手指能并行地、连续地重复
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人 讨论和结论
本文提出了一份灵活的、可重构的装配和包装系统。本研究的目的是设计一个可以处理不同几何形状的纸盒可重构的装配和包装系统。最初的想法是要开发一个可以展示对不同风格和复杂形状的纸盒的适应能力的系统。结果表明,该包装机可以折叠两个完全不同形状的纸盒。在任何情况下,折叠周期约为45秒。虽然这不是一个优化的折叠时间,但是采用在线数据传输有望减少周期时间至30秒或更少。虽然一个非常灵活的纸盒包装机在用于车间生产之前仍有许多问题需要解决。不过,本研究的目的是验证面向包装行业的快速转换技术。
未来需要改进的部分包括优化手指导轨,使用力反馈触觉传感器,以避免纸板上的压力过大,且将在真空装置中进行折叠操作。还建议将仿真模型与实际机器相结合,使其能下载在线数据。X-Y工作台可用电机驱动和控制,实现自动重构。这些先进的技术,将使整个包装过程自动化, 从纸盒的二维图开始,然后确定其运动学特性并生成运动序列到完成产品包装。此外,如果能小型化,还计划将灵活的、可重构的机械手安装在一个机器人手臂上以得到更高灵活性。该系统不仅能进行纸盒折叠,也可以在折叠的同时将产品放入纸盒中。这将减少包装时间,也能够迎接对不断变化的高端私人产品包装需求的高度适应性的挑战。
一个复杂纸盒的包装机器人
Dubey, V.N., Dai, J.S.and Stamp, K.J.(2000), “Knowledgebased carton specification system”, Science and Technology Report, Unilever Research, Bedford.Dubey, V.N., Dai, J.S., Stamp, K.J.and Rees Jones, J.(1999b), “Kinematic simulation of a metamorphic mechanism”, paper presented at Tenth World Congress on the Theory of Machine and Mechanisms(IFToMM), pp.98-103.Lu, L.and Akella, S.(2000), “Folding cartons with fixtures: a motion planning approach”, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, Vol.16 No.4, pp.346-56.Workspace4w(1998), User’s Guide, Robot Simulations Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne.
第三篇:机器人外文翻译(文献翻译_中英文翻译)
外文翻译
外文资料:
Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development.It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology.It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development.But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave.So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories.is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation.So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small.Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly.Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot.It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement.So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom.We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom.Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc.These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference.It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc.It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming.The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up.This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas.If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited.Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside.a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate.This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery.This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man;friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend.In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend.Robots will create the jobs issue.We believe that there would not be a “robot appointment of workers being laid off” situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料:
机器人
首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景,机器人技术的发展,它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果,同时,为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术,它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入,就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果,也是人类自身发展的必然结果,那么随着人类的发展,人们在不断探讨自然过程中,在认识和改造自然过程中,需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动,实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造,这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。
机器人有三个发展阶段,那么也就是说,我们习惯于把机器人分成三类,一种是第一代机器人,那么也叫示教再现型机器人,它是通过一个计算机,来控制一个多自由度的一个机械,通过示教存储程序和信息,工作时把信息读取出来,然后发出指令,这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果,再现出这种动作,比方说汽车的点焊机器人,它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后,它总是重复这样一种工作,它对于外界的环境没有感知,这个力操作力的大小,这个工件存在不存在,焊的好与坏,它并不知道,那么实际上这种从第一代机器人,也就存在它这种缺陷,因此,在20世纪70年代后期,人们开始研究第二代机器人,叫带感觉的机器人,这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉,比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比,有了各种各样的感觉,比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候,它实际上力的大小能感觉出来,它能够通过视觉,能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋,它能通过一个触觉,知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人,也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段,叫智能机器人,那么只要告诉它做什么,不用告诉它怎么去做,它就能完成运动,感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能,那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义,但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在,而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展,智能的概念越来越丰富,它内涵越来越宽。
下边我简单介绍一下工业机器人的一些情况。到目前为止,工业机器人是最成熟,应用最广泛的一类机器人,世界总量目前已经销售110万台,这是1999年的统计,但这110万台在已经进行装备使用的是75万台,这个量也是不小的。总体情况看,日本在工业机器人这一块,是首位的,成为机器人的王国,美国发展也很迅速,目前在新安装的台数方面,已经超过了日本,中国刚开始进入产业化的阶段,已经研制出多种工业机器人样机,已有小批量在生产中使用。
点焊机器人主要是针对汽车生产线,提高生产效率,提高汽车焊接的质量,降低工人的劳动强度的一种机器人。它的特点是通过机器人对两个钢板进行点焊的时候,需要承载一个很大的焊钳,一般在几十公斤以上,那么它的速度要求在每秒钟一米五到两米这样的高速运动,所以它一般来说有五到六个自由度,负载三十到一百二十公斤,工作的空间很大,大概有两米,这样一个球形的工作空间,运动速度也很高,那么自由度的概念,就是说,是相对独立运动的部件的个数,就相当于我们人体,腰是一个回转的自由度,我们大臂可以抬起来,小臂可以弯曲,那么这就三个自由度,同时腕部还有一个调整姿态来使用的三个自由度,所以一般的机器人有六个自由度,就能把空间的三个位置,三个姿态,机器人完全实现,当然也有小于六个自由度的,也有多于六个自由度的机器人,只是在不同的需要场合来配置。
第二类是服务机器人,随着工业化的发展,尤其近十年以来,机器人的发展的应用领域在不断拓宽,目前一个很重要的特征,大家都知道,机器人已经从制造业逐渐转向了非制造业和服务行业,刚才谈的汽车制造属于是制造业,但服务行业包括清洁、加油、救护、抢险、救灾这些等等,都属于非制造行业和服务行业,那么这里边跟工业机器人相比,它有一个很重要的不同,它主要是一个移动平台,它能够移动、去运动,上面有一些手臂进行操作,同时还装有一些像力觉传感器和视觉传感器、超声测距传感器等等。它对周边的环境进行识别,来判断它的运动,完成某种工作,这是服务机器人的基本的一个特点。
例如,家务机器人主要体现在像一些对地毯和地板定期的它能够进行清扫和吸尘,它这个机器人很有意思,它有传感器,它能够把家具和人能识别出来,它自动的按照一种规律,能根据路径把地面全部的清扫干净,这也是家务中一些机器人的表现。
那么医疗机器人,是近五年来发展比较迅速的一个新的应用领域。如果人手术的时候,医生来手术,一个是疲劳,另一个人手操作的精度还是有限的。在德国一些大学里面,面向人的脊椎,如腰间盘突出这种病,进行识别以后,能够自动地用机器人来辅助进行定位,进行操作和手术。像美国已经有一千多例机器人对人眼球进行手术,这样的机器人,还包括通过遥控操作的办法,实现对人的胃肠这种手术,大家在电视里边看到,一个机械手,大概有手指这样粗细的一个机械手,通过插入腹脏以后,人在屏幕上操作这个机器手,同时对它用激光的方法对病灶进行激光的治疗,这样的话,人就不用很大幅度地破坏人的身体,这实际对人的一种解放,是非常好一种机器人,医疗机器人它也很复杂,一方面它完全自动去完成各种工作,是有困难的,一般来说都是人来参与,这是美国开发的一个林白手术这样一个例子,人通过在屏幕上,通过一个遥控操作手来控制另一个机械手,实现通过对人的腹腔进行手术,前几年我们国家展览会上,美国已经成功的实现了对人的心脏瓣膜的手术和搭桥手术,这已经在机器人领域中,引起了很大的轰动,还包括,AESOP的这种外科手术机器人,它实际上通过一些仪器能够对人的一些病变进行检查,通过一个机械手就能够实现对人的某些部位进行手术,还包括遥操作机械手,以及多个医生可以在机器人共同参与下进行手术,包括机器人给大夫医生拿钳子、镊子或刀子来代替护士的工作,同时把照明能够自动的给医生的动作联系起来,医生的手到哪儿,照明就去哪儿,这样非常好的,一个医生的助手。
机器人是人类的得力助手,能友好相处的可靠朋友,将来我们会看到人和机器人会存在一个空间里边,成为一个互相的助手和朋友。机器人会不会产生饭碗的问题。我们相信不会出现“机器人上岗,工人下岗”的局面,因为人们随着社会的发展,实际上把人们从繁重的体力和危险的环境中解放出来,使人们有更好的岗位去工作,去创造更好的精神财富和文化财富。
第四篇:机械臂的外文文献以及翻译
附件1:外文资料翻译译文
机械手
机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务,在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点,尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力,在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展, 出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时, 大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低;后者因设计复杂, 需较多继电器,接线繁杂, 易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力, 保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率, 提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域,是一门跨学科综合技术。
一、工业机械手的概述
机械手是一种能自动化定位控制并可重新编程序以变动的多功能机器,它有多个自由度,可用来搬运物体以完成在各个不同环境中工作。在工资水平较低的中国,塑料制品行业尽管仍属于劳动力密集型,机械手的使用已经越来越普及。那些电子和汽车业的欧美跨国公司很早就在它们设在中国的工厂中引进了自动化生产。但现在的变化是那些分布在工业密集的华南、华东沿海地区的中国本土塑料加工厂也开始对机械手表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣,因为他们要面对工人流失率高,以及为工人交工伤费带来的挑战。
随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展,特别是改革开发以后,自动化程度的迅速提高,实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或操作钎焊、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业自化,已愈来愈引起我们重视。
机械手是模仿着人手的部分动作,按给定的程序、轨迹和要求实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动机械装置。
在现实生活中,你是否会发现这样一个问题。在机械工厂里,加工零件装料的时候是不是很烦的,劳动生产率不高,生产成本大,有时候还会发生一些人为
事故,导致加工者受伤。想想看用什么可以来代替呢,加工的时候只要有几个人巡视一下,且可以二十四个小时饱和运作,人行吗?回答是肯定的,但是机械手可以来代替它。
生产中应用机械手可以提高生产的自动化水平和劳动生产率;可以减轻劳动强度、保证产品质量、实现安全生产;尤其是在高温、高压、低温、低压、粉尘、易爆、有毒气体和放射性等恶劣的环境中能够代替人进行正常的工作。想到这里我就很想设计一个机械手,来用于生产实际中。
为什么选着设计机械手用气动来提供动力:气动机械手是指以压缩空气为动力源驱动的机械手。用气压驱动与其他能源驱动比较有以下优点:1.空气取之不竭,用过之后排入大气,不需要回收和处理,不污染环境。(环保的概念)2.空气的沾性很小,管路中压力损失也很小(一般气路阻力损失不到油路的千分之一),便于远距离输送。3.压缩空气的工作压力较低(一般为4~8公斤/每平方厘米),因此对动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。4.与液压传动相比,它的动作和反应都快,这是气动突出的优点之一。5.空气介质清洁,亦不会变质,管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方:1.由于空气的可压缩性,致使气动工作的稳定性差,因而造成执行机构运动速度和定为精度不易控制。2.由于使用气压较低,输出力不可能太大,为了增加输出力,必然使整个气动系统的结构尺寸加大。
用气压驱动与用其他能源驱动比较有以下优点:
空气取之不竭,用过之后排入大气,不需回收和处理,不污染环境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致对生产发生严重的影响。
空气的粘性很小,管路中压力损失也就很小,便于远距离输送。
压缩空气的工作压力较低,因此对气动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。一般说来,往复运动推力在1~2吨以下采用气动经济性较好。
与液压传动相比,它的动作和反应都快,这是气动的突出优点之一。空气介质清洁,亦不会变质,管路不易堵塞。
它可安全地应用在易燃、易爆和粉尘大的场合。又便于实现过载自动保护.二﹑机械手的组成
机械手的形式是多种多样的,有的较为简单,有的较为复杂,但基本的组成
形式是相同的,一般由执行机构、传动系统、控制系统和辅助装置组成。
1.执行机构
机械手的执行机构,由手、手腕、手臂、支柱组成。手是抓取机构,用来夹紧和松开工件,与人的手指相仿,能完成人手的类似动作。手腕是连接手指与手臂的元件,可以进行上下、左右和回转动作。简单的机械手可以没有手腕。支柱用来支撑手臂,也可以根据需要做成移动。
2.传动系统
执行机构的动作要由传动系统来实现。常用机械手传动系统分机械传动、液压传动、气压传动和电力传动等几种形式。
3.控制系统
机械手控制系统的主要作用是控制机械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度进行动作,简单的机械手一般不设置专用的控制系统,只采用行程开关、继电器、控制阀及电路便可实现动传动系统的控制,使执行机构按要求进行动作.动作复杂的机械手则要采用可编程控制器、微型计算机进行控制。三﹑ 机械手的分类和特点
机械手一般分为三类:第一类是不需要人工操作的通用机械手。它是一种独立的不附属于某一主机的装置。它可以根据任务的需要编制程序,以完成各项规定的操作。它的特点是具备普通机械的性能之外,还具备通用机械、记忆智能的三元机械。第二类是需要人工才做的,称为操作机。它起源于原子、军事工业,先是通过操作机来完成特定的作业,后来发展到用无线电讯号操作机来进行探测月球等。工业中采用的锻造操作机也属于这一范畴。第三类是用专用机械手,主要附属于自动机床或自动线上,用以解决机床上下料和工件送。这种机械手在国外称为“Mechanical Hand”,它是为主机服务的,由主机驱动;除少数以外,工作程序一般是固定的,因此是专用的。
主要特点:
(1)机械手(上下料机械手、装配机械手、搬运机械手、堆垛机械手、助力机械手、真空搬运机、真空吸吊机、省力吊具、气动平衡器等)。
(2)悬臂起重机(悬臂吊、电动环链葫芦吊、气动平衡吊等)
(3)导轨式搬运系统(悬挂轨道、轻型轨道、单梁起重机、双梁起重机)
(4)工业机械手的应用
机械手是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来,随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用,机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术,它更加促进了机械手的发展,使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。
机械手虽然目前还不如人手那样灵活,但它具有能不断重复工作和劳动、不知疲劳、不怕危险、抓举重物的力量比人手大等特点,因此,机械手已受到许多部门的重视,并越来越广泛地得到了应用,例如:
(1)机床加工工件的装卸,特别是在自动化车床、组合机床上使用较为普遍。(2)在装配作业中应用广泛,在电子行业中它可以用来装配印制电路板,在机械行业中它可以用来组装零部件。
(3)可在劳动条件差,单调重复易子疲劳的工作环境工作,以代替人的劳动。(4)可在危险场合下工作,如军工品的装卸、危险品及有害物的搬运等。(5)宇宙及海洋的开发。
(6)军事工程及生物医学方面的研究和试验。
助力机械手:又称平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手动移载机等,是一种无重力化手动承载系统,一种新颖的、用于物料搬运时省力化操作的助力设备,属于一种非标设计的系列化产品。针对客户应用需求,量身定制的个案创作。
一种模拟人手操作的自动机械,它可按固定程序抓取﹑搬运物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。应用机械手可以代替人从事单调﹑重复或繁重的体力劳动,实现生产的机械化和自动化,代替人在有害环境下的手工操作,改善劳动条件,保证人身安全。20世纪40年代后期,美国在原子能实验中,首先采用机械手搬运放射性材料,人在安全室操纵机械手进行各种操作和实验。50年代以后,机械手逐步推广到工业生产部门,用于在高温﹑污染严重的地方取放工件和装卸材料,也作为机床的辅助装置在自动机床﹑自动生产线和加工中心中应用,完成上下料或从刀库中取放刀具并按固定程序更换刀具等操作。机械手主要由手部机构和运动机构组成。手部机构随使用场合和操作对象而不同,常见的有夹持﹑托持和吸附等类型。运动机构一般由液压﹑气动﹑电气装置驱动。机械手可独立地实现伸缩﹑旋转和昇降等运动,一般有2~3个自由度。机械手广泛用于机械製造
﹑冶金﹑轻工和原子能等部门。
能模仿人手和臂的某些动作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬运物件或操作工具的自动操作装置。它可代替人的繁重劳动以实现生产的机械化和自动化,能在有害环境下操作以保护人身安全,因而广泛应用于机械制造、冶金、电子、轻工和原子能等部门。机械手通常用作机床或其他机器的附加装置,如在自动机床或自动生产线上装卸和传递工件,在加工中心中更换刀具等,一般没有独立的控制装置。有些操作装置需要由人直接操纵,如用于原子能部门操持危险物品的主从式操作手也常称为机械手。
机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式,如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构,使手部完成各种转动(摆动)、移动或复合运动来实现规定的动作,改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势......机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置,它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来,随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用,机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术,它更加促进了机械手的发展,使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作,减轻人类劳动强度,提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用,在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装,加工工件的搬运、装卸,特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前,机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元,它适应于中、小批量生产,可以节省庞大的工件输送装置,结构紧凑,而且适应性很强。当工件变更时,柔性生产系统很容易改变,有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种,提高产品质量,更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离,应用规模和产业化水平低,机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高,从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此,进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。
附件2:外文原文
Manipulator
Robot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment.Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots.It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability.The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development.With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity.However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device.The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient;the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues.Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency.Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.First, an overview of industrial manipulator Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple
degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments.Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular.Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production.But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention.Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem.In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured.Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity;can reduce labor intensity, ensuring
product quality, to achieve safe production;particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people.Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot.With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1.Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment.(Concept of environmental protection)2.Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small(typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport.3.Compressed air of the working pressure is low(usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered.4.With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding.5.The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline.But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1.As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled.2.As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large;in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantages: Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment.Accidental or a
small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production.Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered.In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline.It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions.Also easy to realize automatic overload protection.Second, the composition, mechanical hand
Robot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the , Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1.Implementing agencies Manipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars.Hands are crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions.Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement.A simple mechanical hand can not wrist.Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed.2.Transmission The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system.Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.3.Control System Manipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action.Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristics
Robots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand.It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device.It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions.It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery.The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft.It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon.Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category.The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery.This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the “Mechanical Hand”, which is the host of services, from the host-driven;exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features: First, mechanical hand(the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes(cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system(hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of hand Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device.In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1)Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common.(2)In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to assemble parts and components.(3)The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4)May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling,dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on.(5)Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products.Customer application needs, creating customized cases.Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑ handling objects or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions.Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous ﹑ repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety.The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation.50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation.Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions.Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping ﹑ support and adsorption type of care.Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic ﹑ ﹑ electrical device drivers.Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable ﹑ rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom.Robots are widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixed procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device.It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors.Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc.generally do not have a separate control device.Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans;such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions.Task of hand is holding the workpiece(or tool)components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding.Sports organizations, so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation(swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device.In recent
years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity.Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used.At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC.The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable.When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition.At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary.Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.
第五篇:1300外文文献翻译
Agricultural Land and Regulation in the Transition Economy of Russia Ekaterina Gnedenko1 & Michael Kazmin2 Published online: 7 July 2015 # International Atlantic Economic Society 2015 JEL Classification C10.L33.O57.Q00 This research note explores the link between farmland conversion and existing land regulation in Russia.We conclude that land regulation is lagging the new market trends in the transition economy of Russia.As market forces continue to penetrate the economy, apparent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local land-use planning and regulation preclude more effective use of land.Responding to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science and Education provided funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland loss.Our unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan region.The econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and land-use zoning in the simultaneous equations framework.While the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still thin.Farmland deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property rights.The state-owned farmland is still significant.Our Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as well.As a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in quality.During the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by 10.5 million hectares(7.9 % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former USSR.In particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old land-use zoning laws prohibiting the change of land status.However, strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of zoning.The results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzoned-for agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of Moscow.The estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is −0.3.A corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial areas.This signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to land.The other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in common with the market price of farmland.When the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from it.Coupled with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates(0.3 % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental transfers.According to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we collected.The insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of farmland and hastens its conversion.The results of the econometric analysis indicate lack of statistical significance between the assessed value of farmland and farmland quantity in the Moscow region, making the farmland tax rate an ineffective instrument in land policy.This missing link between the farmland quantity and existing land policies may render these policies not just ineffective but even wasteful.Innovative approaches such as the retention of development rights by the government might represent a temporary solution.The increasing reliance on local governance in solvinglocal problems would imply improved land-use and public finance planning and,perhaps, a slower farmland conversion trend.俄罗斯经济转型中的农业用地与监管
Ekaterina Gnedenko1 & Michael Kazmin2。在线出版:2015年7月7日。国际大西洋经济学会2015。冻胶分类C10。L33。O57。Q00 本研究报告探讨了俄罗斯农地转换与现有土地规制之间的关系。我们的结论是,土地监管滞后于俄罗斯转型经济的新市场趋势。由于市场力量继续渗透经济,在地方土地利用规划和管理方面显然存在管理和法律问题,妨碍了更有效地利用土地。为了应对吸引农业投资的需要,俄罗斯科学和教育部为我们的研究项目提供了资金,该项目涉及对政府政策和农田损失之间相互依赖关系的主要数据收集和计量分析。我们独特的数据集包含社会经济、人口和空间。2010年莫斯科都市地区39个市辖区的地理数据。通过对该数据集的计量分析,探讨了在联立方程框架下,耕地数量、其评估值、私有化耕地占比、农地税和土地利用区划之间的关系。
虽然俄罗斯房地产市场发展迅速,但农业用地市场仍很薄弱。农田交易是有限的,部分原因是土地产权的不确定性挥之不去。国有农田仍然很重要。我们的莫斯科地区数据显示,私有化耕地和耕地面积的比例之间存在着强烈的正相关关系,尽管单独和集体私有化耕地的比例仅为57%。禁止向外国人直接出售农田,也禁止减少潜在的外国投资。因此,农地占用的面积一直在稳步下降,质量也在不断恶化。在1990年至2005年期间,俄罗斯的可耕种土地减少了1050万公顷(占耕地面积的7.9%)。
由于缺乏经验和足够的知识,地方政府只能依靠前苏联提供的土地保护政策。特别是,为了遏制主要农田的流失,监管机构保留了禁止改变土地状况的旧土地用途分区法。然而,强大的发展压力和广泛的腐败往往会消灭分区制的理想效果。我们的计量分析结果表明,靠近莫斯科城市和人口增长对农田的数量有显著的负面影响,即使是在严格的农业地区,这表明莫斯科的首都地区的城市压力很大。在人口增长方面,耕地面积的估计弹性为0.3。非法改变土地状况的一种腐败做法,反映在土地仍然被归为联邦土地登记册上的土地的土地被转变为住宅或工业区的事实。这标志着一个管理问题,也许可以通过引进更灵活的分区和增加地方政府的责任范围和土地的财产权来解决。
其他经济工具不可或缺的土地政策、土地评估,也是基于前实践后共产主义时期的联邦法律规定的一般公式,考虑土壤生产力标准,地貌景观的灌溉的存在,但仍然没有与市场价格的农田。农业土地税计算时的评估价值的百分比农田,这通常是低于其实际市场价值,当地政府发展当地的农业基础设施不感兴趣或增加农业用地基地,因为他们将无法获得任何重大税收优惠。再加上联邦政府规定的低税率(占农业和居住用地评估价值的0.3%),这将导致当地税收收入不足,并过度依赖政府间转移。根据我们对莫斯科地区的数据,虽然地方倾向于征收最高允许的税率,但地方预算的土地税收收入的平均份额仅为5%。据我们收集的数据显示,由于各城市的农田平均分摊价值比目前的平均销售价格低1000倍,这并不令人惊讶。
由于土地价值被低估而导致的地方土地税收不显著,导致地方基础设施投资不足,进一步抑制了农田价值,加快了土地流转。经济计量分析结果表明,在莫斯科地区,耕地和耕地数量的评估价值缺乏统计意义,使得农地税率在土地政策中是无效的。耕地数量和现有土地政策之间缺失的联系可能使这些政策不仅无效,甚至是浪费。政府保留发展权利等创新办法可能是一种临时解决办法。在解决地方问题上日益依赖地方治理,将意味着改善土地利用和公共财政规划,也许还会减缓农地转换的趋势。