码垛机器人外文文献及翻译[5篇范例]

第一篇：码垛机器人外文文献及翻译

外文文献：

Technology status and Development trend of Stacking crane Overview Stacking crane is a special crane as of version of the warehouse and developed to appearSpecial crane, commonly referred to as the pile of chop machine, piling machine is three-dimensional storehouse of the most important lifting transportation equipment, represents the sign of three-dimensional warehouse characteristics.Its main use is: In the top shelf of the warehouse in orbit, will be located at the mouth of the goods in goods mesh;Or the opposite, take out loans in case the goods to the mouth of roadway, the loading and unloading finish homework.20 the early 70 s, China began to research the type of machine of roadway when the three-dimensional warehouse, according to not complete count, up to now has been built more than three hundred seats.Stacking machine as a three-dimensional storehouse of the most important lifting transportation equipment, also obtained fast development.2 version of the present situation of stacking crane technology.According to the current machinery industry standard, the position of the stacking crane classification of ways.E.g.by supporting mode, use, the method of control, structure, operation such as classified track.But no matter what type of stacking machine, is general by the mobile mechanism, level of lifting mechanism, manifest Taiwan and goods fork institutions, frame and electrical equipment, and other basic parts.In the present application of three-dimensional warehouse, stacking machine is the most common in the form of the structure and operation track classification.2.1 version of the good way of spider crane structure From the structure form difference at present in the warehouse stacker has a double set on structure and single pillar structure.2.1.1 double pillar stacker.Double post the stacker frame structure by two root made on the beams, and to form a rectangle beam under the framework.Pillar form well pipe and pipe.Square tube and be lifting guide rail, pipe additional hoisting guide double pillar stacker the biggest advantage is the strength and the brush sex are quite good, and smooth operation.General for lifting height, weight and higher up large speed high level of three-dimensional storehouse stacker, many with double pillar structure, double pillar stackers lifting mechanism, widespread use of the chain transmission, by motor reducer drive sprockets rotation, through the chain traction machine parts made on or along the hoisting guide for lifting movement.Due to the chain transmission used more closed chain or balance by empty asked size limit device, transmission and decorate a complicated.But positioning precision.2.1.2 single pillar stacker.Single pillar of stacker frame structure by a root of the pillar and beam.Pillar used more larger h-beam or welding production, pillar additional guide.The weight of the lighter, consume little material, so manufacturing relatively low cost, but the rigid is a bit poor.Because parts of Taiwan and the goods on the eccentricity of the opposite effect, and walk, the braking force level from the effect, make single pillar stacker in used on have limitations.Not suitable for lifting weight and the running speed of the high level of stacking machine.Single pillar stackers hoisting structure, the widespread use of the wire rope transmission, by motor reducer drive drum rotating, through the wire rope traction machine parts made on or along the lifting rails for lifting movement.For wire rope transmission, transmission and decorate relatively easy, but positioning accuracy is a bit poor.Version 2.2 of stacking crane to track the performance Stacker level drive general installation in stacker next beam, through the electricity Machine speed reducer drive wheel rotation, make stacker level concerning the direction.This ground driving way most common use.General use two bearing wheel, and along the laying on the ground track(usually also called to rail)operation.Through the bottom two groups of level round orbit direction, the top two groups in stacker guide wheel along in orbit(usually also called day rail)operation auxiliary oriented.According to the running track form difference, there is a straight line type stacker and curve operation type stacking machine.2.2.L straight lines type stacking machine.Straight line type stacker can only be in the roadway straight orbit, unable to convert roadways.Only through the other transportation equipment of transformation, such as stacker car transport.Straight line type stacker can realize the operation, and can satisfy the loading and unloading higher frequency three-dimensional storehouse homework, most widely used.2.2.2 curve operation type stacking machine.Curve operation type stacking locomotive wheels and the beam under the vertical axis of the hinged, can be in the ring or other curve orbit, can go curve, not through the other transportation equipment can then from a roadway to transfer to another roadways.Such stacker usually also called transition stacker.Curve operation type stacker in used on have limitations, only applies to the loading and unloading frequency low three-dimensional storehouse.Because not only by the turning radius to the limit, and turning special slow speed, and can't meet the person library of frequency and high warehouse operation.3.The position of the roadway stacking crane development trend.Along with the development of modern industrial production, stacking crane technology of version continuously improved and perfected.The world's major industrial countries starting point on the development of new products and reliable performance and high on the operation on pay more attention to the practicality and safety.In stacker, we shall see and world advanced nation gap, summarizing the experience find out the deficiency, break traditional ideas, has introduced new appearance and higher performance stacker.In make stacking machine has higher precision at the same time, increase speed to get shorter operation cycle and more production ability.Believe that, through our continuous efforts more high speed, safe and reliable heap when the machine will continue to digest imported from abroad domestic, make the position of stacking crane development roadway to an update to the stage.中文翻译：

有轨巷道堆垛机技术现状及发展趋势 概述

有轨巷道堆垛起重机是随着立体仓库的出现而发展起来的 专用起重机，通常简称为堆剁机，堆垛机是立体仓库中最重要的起重运输设备，是代表立体仓库特征的标志。其主要用途是：

在高层货架仓库的巷道内沿轨道运行，将位于巷道口的货物存入货格；或者相反，取出贷格内的货物运送到巷道口，完成出入库作业。2O世纪70年代初期，我国开始研究采用巷道式堆 垛机的立体仓库，据不完全统计，到目前已建成三百余座。

堆垛机做为立体仓库中最重要的起重运输设备，也得到了较快的发展。2 有轨巷道堆垛起重机的技术现状

按现行机械行业标准，有轨巷道堆垛起重机分类方式多种 多样。如按支承方式、用途，控制方式、结构、运行轨迹等分类。但无论何种类型的堆垛机，一般都由水平行走机构、起升机构、载货台及货叉机构、机架和电气设备等基本部分组成。

在目前立体仓库应用中，堆垛机最常见的是按结构形式和运行轨迹分类。2．1 有轨巷道堆垛起重机的结构形式

从结构形式上区别 目前立体仓库中堆垛机有双立拄结构 和单立柱结构。2．1．1双立柱堆垛机

双立柱结构的堆垛机机架由两根立往和上横粱、下横梁组成一个长方形框架。立柱形式有方管和圆管。方管兼作起升导轨，圆管附加起升导轨 双立柱堆垛机的最大优点就是强度和 刷性都比较好，并且运行平稳。一般对于起升高度较高、起重量较大和水平运行速度高的立体仓库堆垛机、多采用双立柱结构，双立柱堆垛机的起升机构、普遍采用链条传动，由电机减速机驱动链轮转动，通过链条牵引载货台沿立拄或

起升导轨作升降运动。由于链条传动多采用封闭链或配重装置受空问尺寸限制，传动和布置较复杂，但定位精准。

2．1．2 单立柱堆垛机

单立柱结构的堆垛机机架由一根立柱和下横梁组成。立柱多采用较大的H型钢或焊接制作，立柱上附加导轨。整机重量较轻，消耗材料少，因此制造成本相对较低，但刚性稍差。由于载货台及货物对立拄的偏心作用，以及行走、制动时产生的水平惯性力作用，使单立柱堆垛机在使用上有局限性。不适于起重量大和水平运行速度高的堆垛机。单立柱堆垛机的起升结构，普遍采用钢丝绳传动，由电机减速机驱动卷筒转动，通过钢丝绳牵引载货台沿立拄或起升钢轨作升降运动。对于钢丝绳传动，传动和布置相对容易，但定位准确性稍差。

2．2 有轨巷道堆垛起重机的运行轨迹

堆垛机水平驱动装置一般安装在堆垛机下横梁上，通过电 机减速机驱动车轮转动，使堆垛机措水平方向运行。此种地面驱动方式使用最为普遍。一般用两个承重车轮，沿敷设在地面 上的轨道(通常亦叫地轨)运行。通过下部两组水平轮沿轨道运行导向，在堆垛机顶部两组导向轮沿上轨道(通常亦叫天轨)运行辅助导向。按其运行轨迹形式区别，有直线运行型堆垛机和曲线运行型堆垛机。

2．2．l 直线运行型堆垛机

直线运行型堆垛机只能在巷道内直线轨道上运行，不能自行转换巷道。只能通过其他输送设备转换巷道，如堆垛机转运车。直线运行型堆垛机可以实现高速运行，能够满足出入库频率较高的立体仓库作业，应用最为广泛。

2．2．2 曲线运行型堆垛机

曲线运行型堆垛机车轮与下横梁是通过垂直轴铰接的，能够在环形或其他曲线轨道上运行，即可走曲线，不通过其他

输送设备便可以从一个巷道自行转移到另一个巷道。此种堆垛机通常亦叫做转轨堆垛机。曲线运行型堆垛机在使用上有局限性，只适用于出入库频率较低的立体仓库。因为不但场地要受到转弯半径的限制，而且转弯时速度特别慢，不能满足出人库频率高的立体仓库作业。

3．有轨巷道堆垛起重机的发展趋势

随着现代工业生产的发展，有轨巷道堆垛起重机技术也在不断提高和完善。世界主要工业国家都把着眼点放在开发性能可靠的新产品和采用高新拄术上 更加注重实用性和安全性。

在堆垛机方面，我们应当看到和世界先进国家的差距，总结经验找出不足，打破传统思路，推出具有新的外形和更高性能的堆垛机。在使堆垛机具有更高定位精度的同时，提高运行速度，以获得更短的操作周期和更大的生产能力。

相信，通过我们的不断努力 更加高速、安全、可靠的堆 垛机将不断从国外引进消化到国内，使有轨巷道堆垛起重机发展到一个更新的阶段。

第二篇：机器人外文翻译(文献翻译_中英文翻译)

外文翻译

外文资料：

Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development.It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology.It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development.But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave.So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories.is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation.So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small.Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly.Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot.It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement.So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom.We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom.Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc.These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference.It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc.It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming.The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up.This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas.If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited.Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside.a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate.This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery.This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man;friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend.In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend.Robots will create the jobs issue.We believe that there would not be a “robot appointment of workers being laid off” situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料：

机器人

首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。

机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。

下边我简单介绍一下工业机器人的一些情况。到目前为止，工业机器人是最成熟，应用最广泛的一类机器人，世界总量目前已经销售110万台，这是1999年的统计，但这110万台在已经进行装备使用的是75万台，这个量也是不小的。总体情况看，日本在工业机器人这一块，是首位的，成为机器人的王国，美国发展也很迅速，目前在新安装的台数方面，已经超过了日本，中国刚开始进入产业化的阶段，已经研制出多种工业机器人样机，已有小批量在生产中使用。

点焊机器人主要是针对汽车生产线，提高生产效率，提高汽车焊接的质量，降低工人的劳动强度的一种机器人。它的特点是通过机器人对两个钢板进行点焊的时候，需要承载一个很大的焊钳，一般在几十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒钟一米五到两米这样的高速运动，所以它一般来说有五到六个自由度，负载三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空间很大，大概有两米，这样一个球形的工作空间，运动速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是说，是相对独立运动的部件的个数，就相当于我们人体，腰是一个回转的自由度，我们大臂可以抬起来，小臂可以弯曲，那么这就三个自由度，同时腕部还有一个调整姿态来使用的三个自由度，所以一般的机器人有六个自由度，就能把空间的三个位置，三个姿态，机器人完全实现，当然也有小于六个自由度的，也有多于六个自由度的机器人，只是在不同的需要场合来配置。

第二类是服务机器人，随着工业化的发展，尤其近十年以来，机器人的发展的应用领域在不断拓宽，目前一个很重要的特征，大家都知道，机器人已经从制造业逐渐转向了非制造业和服务行业，刚才谈的汽车制造属于是制造业，但服务行业包括清洁、加油、救护、抢险、救灾这些等等，都属于非制造行业和服务行业，那么这里边跟工业机器人相比，它有一个很重要的不同，它主要是一个移动平台，它能够移动、去运动，上面有一些手臂进行操作，同时还装有一些像力觉传感器和视觉传感器、超声测距传感器等等。它对周边的环境进行识别，来判断它的运动，完成某种工作，这是服务机器人的基本的一个特点。

例如，家务机器人主要体现在像一些对地毯和地板定期的它能够进行清扫和吸尘，它这个机器人很有意思，它有传感器，它能够把家具和人能识别出来，它自动的按照一种规律，能根据路径把地面全部的清扫干净，这也是家务中一些机器人的表现。

那么医疗机器人，是近五年来发展比较迅速的一个新的应用领域。如果人手术的时候，医生来手术，一个是疲劳，另一个人手操作的精度还是有限的。在德国一些大学里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰间盘突出这种病，进行识别以后，能够自动地用机器人来辅助进行定位，进行操作和手术。像美国已经有一千多例机器人对人眼球进行手术，这样的机器人，还包括通过遥控操作的办法，实现对人的胃肠这种手术，大家在电视里边看到，一个机械手，大概有手指这样粗细的一个机械手，通过插入腹脏以后，人在屏幕上操作这个机器手，同时对它用激光的方法对病灶进行激光的治疗，这样的话，人就不用很大幅度地破坏人的身体，这实际对人的一种解放，是非常好一种机器人，医疗机器人它也很复杂，一方面它完全自动去完成各种工作，是有困难的，一般来说都是人来参与，这是美国开发的一个林白手术这样一个例子，人通过在屏幕上，通过一个遥控操作手来控制另一个机械手，实现通过对人的腹腔进行手术，前几年我们国家展览会上，美国已经成功的实现了对人的心脏瓣膜的手术和搭桥手术，这已经在机器人领域中，引起了很大的轰动，还包括，AESOP的这种外科手术机器人，它实际上通过一些仪器能够对人的一些病变进行检查，通过一个机械手就能够实现对人的某些部位进行手术，还包括遥操作机械手，以及多个医生可以在机器人共同参与下进行手术，包括机器人给大夫医生拿钳子、镊子或刀子来代替护士的工作，同时把照明能够自动的给医生的动作联系起来，医生的手到哪儿，照明就去哪儿，这样非常好的，一个医生的助手。

机器人是人类的得力助手，能友好相处的可靠朋友，将来我们会看到人和机器人会存在一个空间里边，成为一个互相的助手和朋友。机器人会不会产生饭碗的问题。我们相信不会出现“机器人上岗，工人下岗”的局面，因为人们随着社会的发展，实际上把人们从繁重的体力和危险的环境中解放出来，使人们有更好的岗位去工作，去创造更好的精神财富和文化财富。

第三篇：机器人外文翻译

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

机 器 人

工业机器人是在生产环境中以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在 核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害的放射线的辐射。工业机器人亦能工作在装配线上将小元件装配到一起，如将电子元件安放在电路印制板，这样，工人就能从这项乏味的常规工作中解放出来。机器人也能按程序要求用来拆除炸弹，辅助残疾人，在社会的很多应用场合下履行职能。

机器人可以认为是将手臂末端的工具、传感器和（或）手爪移到程序指定位置的一种机器。当机器人到达位置后，它将执行某种任务。这些任务可以是焊接、密封、机器装料、拆卸以及装配工作。除了编程以及系统的开停之外，一般来说这些工作可以在无人干预下完成。如下叙述的是机器人系统基本术语：

1.机器人是一个可编程、多功能的机械手，通过给要完成的不同任务编制各种动作，它可以移动零件、材料、工具以及特殊装置。这个基本定义引导出后续段落的其他定义，从而描绘出一个完整的机器人系统。

2.预编程位置点是机器人为完成工作而必须跟踪的轨迹。在某些位

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

置点上机器人将停下来做某些操作，如装配零件、喷涂油漆或焊接。这些预编程点贮存在机器人的贮存器中，并为后续的连续操作所调用，而且这些预编程点想其他程序数据一样，可在日后随工作需要而变化。因而，正是这种编程的特征，一个工业机器 人很像一台计算机，数据可在这里储存、后续调用与编译。

3.机器手是机器人的手臂，它使机器人能弯曲、延伸和旋转，提供这些运动的是机器手的轴，亦是所谓的机器人的自由度。一个机器人能有3~16轴，自由度一词总是与机器人轴数相关。

4.工具和手爪不是机器人自身组成部分，但它们是安装在机器人手臂末端的附件。这些连在机器人手臂末端的附件可使机器人抬起工件、点焊、刷漆、电弧焊、钻孔、打毛刺以及根据机器人的要求去做各种各样的工作。

5.机器人系统还可以控制机器人的工作单元，工作单元是机器人执行任务所处的整体环境，该单元包括控制器、机械手、工作平台、安全保护装置或者传输装置。所有这些为保证机器人完成自己任务而必须的装置都包括在这一工作单元中。另外，来自外设的信号与机器人通讯，通知机器人何时装配工件、取工件或放工件到传输装置上。机器人系统有三个基本部件：机械手、控制器和动力源。

A.机械手

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

机械手做机器人系统中粗重工作，它包括两个部分：机构与附件，机械手也用联接附件基座，图21-1表示了一机器人基座与附件之间的联接情况。

机械手基座通常固定在工作区域的地基上，有时基座也可以移动，在这种情况下基座安装在导轨回轨道上，允许机械手从一个位置移到另外一个位置。

正如前面所提到的那样，附件从机器人基座上延伸出来，附件就是机器人的手臂，它可以是直动型，也可以是轴节型手臂，轴节型手臂也是大家所知的关节型手臂。

机械臂使机械手产生各轴的运动。这些轴连在一个安装基座上，然后再连到拖架上，拖架确保机械手停留在某一位置。

在手臂的末端上，连接着手腕（图21-1），手腕由辅助轴和手腕凸缘组成，手腕是让机器人用户在手腕凸缘上安装不同的工具来做不同的工作。

机械手的轴使机械手在某一区域内执行任务，我们将这个区域为机器人的工作单元，该区域的大小与机械手的尺寸相对应，图21-2列举了一个典型装配机器人的工作单元。随着机器人机械结构尺寸的增加，工作单元的范围也必须相应的增加。

机械手的运动有执行元件或驱动系统来控制。执行元件或驱动系统

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

允许各轴力经机构转变为机械能，驱动系统与机械传动链相匹配。由链、齿轮和滚珠丝杠组成的机械传动链驱动着机器人的各轴。

B.控制器

机器人控制器是工作单元的核心。控制器储存着预编程序供后续调用、控制外设，及与厂内计算机进行通讯以满足产品更新的需要。

控制器用于控制机械手运动和在工作单元内控制机器人外设。用户可通过手持的示教盒将机械手运动的程序编入控制器。这些信息储存在控制器的储存器中以备后续调用，控制器储存了机器人系统的所有编程数据，它能储存几个不同的程序，并且所有这些程序均能编辑。

控制器要求能够在工作单元内与外设进行通信。例如控制器有一个输入端，它能标识某个机加工操作何时完成。当该加工循环完成后，输入端接通，告诉控制器定位机械手以便能抓取已加工工件，随后，机械手抓取一未加工件，将其放置在机床上。接着，控制器给机床发出开始加工的信号。

控制器可以由根据事件顺序而步进的机械式轮鼓组成，这种类型的控制器可用在非常简单的机械系统中。用于大多数机器人系统中的控制器代表现代电子学的水平，是更复杂的装置，即它们是由微处理器操纵的。这些微处理器可以是8位、16位或32位处理器。它们可以使得控制器在操作过程中显得非常柔性。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

控制器能通过通信线发送电信号，使它能与机械手各轴交流信息，在机器人的机械手和控制器之间的双向交流信息可以保持系统操作和位置经常更新，控制器亦能控制安装在机器人手腕上的任何工具。

控制器也有与厂内各计算机进行通信的任务，这种通信联系使机器人成为计算机辅助制造（CAM）系统的一个组成部分。

存储器。给予微处理器的系统运行时要与固态的存储装置相连，这些存储装置可以是磁泡，随机存储器、软盘、磁带等。每种记忆存储装置均能贮存、编辑信息以备后续调用和编辑。

C.动力源

动力源是给机器人和机械手提供动力的单元。传给机器人系统的动力源有两种，一种是用于控制器的交流电，另一种是用于驱动机械手各轴的动力源，例如，如果机器人的机械手是有液压和气压驱动的，控制信号便传送到这些装置中，驱动机器人运动。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

液压与气压系统

仅有以下三种基本方法传递动力：电气，机械和流体。大多数应用系统实际上是将三种方法组合起来而得到最有效的最全面的系统。为了合理地确定采取哪种方法。重要的是了解各种方法的显著特征。例如液压系统在长距离上比机械系统更能经济地传递动力。然而液压系统与电气系统相比，传递动力的距离较短。

液压动力传递系统涉及电动机，调节装置和压力和流量控制，总的来说，该系统包括：

泵：将原动机的能量转换成作用在执行部件上的液压能。阀：控制泵产生流体的运动方向、产生的功率的大小，以及到达执行部件流体的流量。功率大小取决于对流量和压力大小的控制。

执行部件：将液压能转成可用的机械能。

介质即油液：可进行无压缩传递和控制，同时可以润滑部件，使阀体密封和系统冷却。

联接件：联接各个系统部件，为压力流体提供功率传输通路，将液体返回油箱（贮油器）。

油液贮存和调节装置：用来确保提供足够质量和数量并冷却的液体。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

液压系统在工业中应用广泛。例如冲压`钢类工件的磨削几一般加工业、农业、矿业、航天技术、深海勘探、运输、海洋技术，近海天然气和石油勘探等行业，简而言之，在日常生活中有人不从液压技术中得到某种益处。

液压系统成功而又广泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液压动力传递不会象机械系统那样受到机器几何形状的制约，另外，液压系统不会像电气系统那样受到材料物理性能的制约，它对传递功率几乎没有量的限制。例如，一个电磁体的性能受到钢的磁饱和极限的限制，相反，液压系统的功率仅仅受材料强度的限制。

企业为了提高生产率将越来越依靠自动化，这包括远程和直接控制生产操作、加工过程和材料处理等。液压动力之所以成为自动化的组成部分，是因为它有如下主要的特点：

1.控制方便精确

通过一个简单的操作杆和按扭，液压系统的操作者便能立即起动，停止、加减速和能提供任意功率、位置精度为万分之一英寸的位置控制力。图13-1是一个使飞机驾驶员升起和落下起落架的液压系统，当飞行向某方向移动控制阀，压力油流入液压缸的某一腔从而降下起落架。飞行员向反方向移动控制阀，允许油液进入液压缸的另一腔，便收回起落架。

2.增力 一个液压系统（没有使用笨重的齿轮、滑轮和杠杆）能简单

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

有效地将不到一盎司的力放大产生几百吨的输出。

3.恒力或恒扭矩

只有液压系统能提供不随速度变化而变化的恒力或恒扭矩，他可以驱动对象从每小时移动几英寸到每分钟几百英寸，从每小时几转到每分钟几千转。

4.简便、安全、经济

总的来说，液压系统比机械或电气系统使用更少的运动部件，因此，它们运行与维护简便。这使得系统结构紧凑，安全可靠。例如 一种用于车辆上的新型动力转向控制装置一淘汰其他类型的转向动力装置，该转向部件中包含有人力操纵方向控制阀和分配器。因为转向部件是全液压的，没有方向节、轴承、减速齿轮等机械连接，使得系统简单紧凑。

另外，只需要输入很小的扭矩就能产生满足极其恶劣的工作条件所需的控制力，这对于因操作空间限制而需要小方向盘的场合很重要，这也是减轻司机疲劳度所必须的。

液压系统的其他优点包括双向运动、过载保护和无级变速控制，在已有的任何动力、系统中液压系统也具有最大的单位质量功率比。

尽管液压系统具有如此的高性能，但它不是可以解决所有动力传递问题的灵丹妙药。液压系统也有缺点，液压油有污染，并且泄露不可能完全避免，另外如果油液渗漏发生在灼热设备附近，大多数液压油能引起火灾。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

气压系统

气压系统是用压力气体传递和控制动力，正如名称所表明的那样，气压系统通常用空气（不用其他气体）作为流体介质，因为空气是安全、成本低而又随处可得的流体，在系统部件中产生电弧有可能点燃泄露物的场合下（使用空气作为介质）尤其安全。

在气压系统中，压缩机用来压缩并提供所需的空气。压缩机一般有活塞式、叶片式和螺旋式等类型。压缩机基本上是根据理想气体法则，通过减小气体体积来增加气体压力的。气压系统通常考虑采用大的中央空气压缩机作为一个无限量的气源，这类似于电力系统中只要将插头插入插座边可获得电能。用这种方法，压力气体可以总气体源输送到整个工厂的各个角落，压力气体可通过空气滤清器除去污物，这些污染可能会损坏气动组件的精密配合部件如阀和汽缸等，随后输送到各个回路中，接着空气流经减压阀以减小气压值适合某一回路使用。因为空气不是好的润滑油，气压系统需要一个油雾器将细小的油雾注射到经过减压阀减压空气中，这有帮助于减少气动组件精密配合运动件的磨损。

由于来自大气中的空气含不同数量的水分，这些水分是有害的，它可以带走润滑剂引起的过分磨损和腐蚀，因此，在一些使用场合中，要用空气干燥器来除去这些有还的水分。由于气压系统直接向大气排

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

气，会产生过大的噪声，因此可在气阀和执行组件排气口安装销声器来降低噪声，以防止操作人员因接触噪声及高速空气粒子有可能引发的伤害。

用气动系统代替液压系统有以下几条理由：液体的惯性远比气体大，因此，在液压系统中，当执行组件加速减速和阀突然开启关闭时，油液的质量更是一个潜在的问题，根据牛顿运动定律，产生加速度运动油液所需的力要比加速同等体积空气所需的力高出许多倍。液体比气体具有更大的粘性，这会因为内摩擦而引起更大的压力和功率损失；另外，由于液压系统使用的液体要与大气隔绝，故它们需要特殊的油箱和无泄露系统设计。气压系统使用可以直接排到周围环境中的空气，一般来说气压系统没有液体系统昂贵。

然而，由于空气的可压缩性，使得气压系统执行组件不可能得到精确的速度控制和位置控制。气压系统由于压缩机局限，其系统压力相当低（低于250psi），而液压力可达1000psi之高，因此液压系统可以是大功率系统，而气动系统仅用于小功率系统，典型例子有冲压、钻孔、夹紧、组装、铆接、材料处理和逻辑控制操作等。

第四篇：智能机器人外文翻译

Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.'The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.on this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control.The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed.The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method.The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system.The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control.in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle.With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a.tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on.A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed.Hardware is the matter foundation of the control.System and the software is the spirit of the control system.The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system.The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as 2 system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on.PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency.In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration.The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method.This can be implemented either by hardware or by software.A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward.The motor' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method.And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed.The method is tested by experiment.At last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed.The development and application of robot in the future is expected.机器人

机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。机器人产品的实用化，既解决了许多单靠人力难以解决的实际问题，又促进了工业自动化的进程。目前，由于机器人的研制和开发涉及多方面的技术，系统结构复杂，开发和研制的成本普遍较高，在某种程度上限制了该项技术的广泛应用，因此，研制经济型、实用化、高可靠性机器人系统具有广泛的社会现实意义和经济价值。

由于我国经济建设和城市化的快速发展，城市污水排放量增长很快，污水处理己经摆在了人们的议事日程上来。随着科学技术的发展和人类知识水平的提高，人们越来越认识到污水处理的重要性和迫切性，科学家和研究人员发现塑料制品在水中是用于污水处理的很有效的污泥菌群的附着体。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生产的自动化和高效率要求成为经济发展的必然。

本文结合塑料一次挤出成型机和塑料抓取机械手的研制过程中出现的问题，综述近几年机器人技术研究和发展的状况，在充分发挥机、电、软、硬件各自特点和优势互补的基础上，对物料抓取机械手整体机械结构、传动系统、驱动装置和控制系统进行了分析和设计，提出了一套经济型设计方案。采用直角坐标和关节坐标相结合的框架式机械结构形式，这种方式能够提高系统的稳定性和操作灵活性。传动装置的作用是将驱动元件的动力传递给机器人机械手相应的执行机构，以实现各种必要的运动，传动方式上采用结构紧凑、传动比大的蜗轮蜗杆传动和将旋转运动转换为直线运动的螺旋传动。机械手驱动系统的设计往往受到作业环境条件的限制，同时也要考虑价格因素的影响以及能够达到的技术水平。由于步进电机能够直接接收数字量，响应速度快而且工作可靠并无累积误差，常用作数字控制系统驱动机构的动力元件，因此，在驱动装置中采用由步进电机构成的开环控制方式，这种方式既能满足控制精度的要求，又能达到经济性、实用化目的，在此基础上，对步进电机的功率计一算及选型问题经行了分析。

在完成机械结构和驱动系统设计的基础上，对物料抓取机械手运动学和动力学进行了分析。运动学分析是路径规划和轨迹控制的基础，对操作臂进行了运动学正、逆问题的分析可以完成操作空间位置和速度向驱动空间的映射，采用齐次坐标变换法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿态随关节夹角之间的变换关系，采用几何法分析了操作臂的逆向运动学方程求解问题，对控制系统设计提供了理论依据。机器人动力学是研究物体的运动和作用力之间的关系的科学，研究的目的是为了4 满足是实时性控制的需要，本文采用牛顿-欧拉方法对物料抓取机械手动力学进行了分析，计算出了关节力和关节力矩，为步进电机的选型和动力学分析与结构优化提供理论依据。

控制部分是整个物料抓取机械手系统设计关键和核心，它在结构和功能上的划分和实现直接关系到机器人系统的可靠性、实用性，也影响和制约机械手系统的研制成本和开发周期。在控制主机的选用上，采用结构紧凑、扩展功能强和可靠性高的PC工业控制计算机作为主机，配以PCL-839卡主要承担系统功能初始化、数据运算与处理、步进电机驱动以及故障诊断等功能;同时对PCL-839卡的结构特点、功能原理和其高定位功能等给与了分析。硬件是整个控制系统以及极限位置功能赖以存在的物质基础，软件则是计算机控制系统的神经中枢，软件设计的目的是以最优的方式将各部分功能有机的结合起来，使系统具有较高的运行效率和较强的可靠性。在物料抓取机械手软件的设计上，采用的是模块化结构，分为系统初始化模块、数据处理模块和故障状态检测与处理等几部分。主控计算机和各控制单元之间全部由PCL-839卡联系，并且由该卡实现抗干扰等问题，减少外部信号对系统的影响。

步进电机的启停频率远远小于其最高运行频率，为了提高工作效率，需要步进电机高速运行并快速启停时，必须考虑它的升，降速控制问题。电机的升降速控制可以归结为以某种合理的力一式控制发送到步进电机驱动器的脉冲频率，这可由硬件实现，也可由软件方法来实现。本文提出了一种算法简单、易于实现、理论意义明确的步进电机变速控制策略:定时器常量修改变速控制方案。该方法能使步进电机加速度与其力矩——频率曲线较好地拟合，从而提高变速效率。而且它的计算量比线性加速度变速和基于指数规律加速度的变速控制小得多。通过实验证明了该方法的有效性。

最后，对论文主要研究内容和取得的技术成果进行了总结，提出了存在的问题和不足，同时对机器人技术的发展和应用进行了展望。

第五篇：机器人算法外文翻译

Improved Genetic Algorithm and Its Performance Analysis

Abstract: Although genetic algorithm has become very famous with its global searching, parallel computing, better robustness, and not needing differential information during evolution.However, it also has some demerits, such as slow convergence speed.In this paper, based on several general theorems, an improved genetic algorithm using variant chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation is proposed, and its main idea is as follows : at the beginning of evolution, our solution with shorter length chromosome and higher probability of crossover and mutation;and at the vicinity of global optimum, with longer length chromosome and lower probability of crossover and mutation.Finally, testing with some critical functions shows that our solution can improve the convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly , its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.Genetic algorithm is an adaptive searching technique based on a selection and reproduction mechanism found in the natural evolution process, and it was pioneered by Holland in the 1970s.It has become very famous with its global searching, parallel computing, better robustness, and not needing differential information during evolution.However, it also has some demerits, such as poor local searching, premature converging, as well as slow convergence speed.In recent years, these problems have been studied.In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm with variant chromosome length and variant probability is proposed.Testing with some critical functions shows that it can improve the convergence speed significantly, and its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.In section 1, our new approach is proposed.Through optimization examples, in section 2, the efficiency of our algorithm is compared with the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.And section 3 gives out the conclusions.Finally, some proofs of relative theorems are collected and presented in appendix.Description of the algorithm 1.1 Some theorems Before proposing our approach, we give out some general theorems(see

appendix)as follows: Let us assume there is just one variable(multivariable can be divided into many sections, one section for one variable)x ∈ [ a, b ] , x ∈ R, and chromosome length with binary encoding is 1.Theorem 1

Minimal resolution of chromosome is s = ba 2l1Theorem 2

Weight value of the ith bit of chromosome is

wi = bai1(i = 1,2,…l)2l1Theorem 3

Mathematical expectation Ec(x)of chromosome searching step with one-point crossover is Ec(x)= baPc 2lwhere Pc is the probability of crossover.Theorem 4

Mathematical expectation Em(x)of chromosome searching step with bit mutation is Em(x)=(b-a)Pm

1.2 Mechanism of algorithm

During evolutionary process, we presume that value domains of variable are fixed, and the probability of crossover is a constant, so from Theorem 1 and 3, we know that the longer chromosome length is, the smaller searching step of chromosome, and the higher resolution;and vice versa.Meanwhile, crossover probability is in direct proportion to searching step.From Theorem 4, changing the length of chromosome does not affect searching step of mutation, while mutation probability is also in direct proportion to searching step.At the beginning of evolution, shorter length chromosome(can be too shorter, otherwise it is harmful to population diversity)and higher probability of crossover and mutation increases searching step, which can carry out greater domain searching, and avoid falling into local optimum.While at the vicinity of global optimum, longer length chromosome and lower probability of crossover and mutation will decrease searching step, and longer length chromosome also improves resolution of mutation, which avoid wandering near the global optimum, and speeds up algorithm

converging.Finally, it should be pointed out that chromosome length changing keeps individual fitness unchanged, hence it does not affect select ion(with roulette wheel selection).1.3 Description of the algorithm

Owing to basic genetic algorithm not converging on the global optimum, while the genetic algorithm which reserves the best individual at current generation can, our approach adopts this policy.During evolutionary process, we track cumulative average of individual average fitness up to current generation.It is written as 1X(t)= GGft1avg(t)where G is the current evolutionary generation, fitness.favg is individual average When the cumulative average fitness increases to k times(k> 1, k ∈ R)of initial individual average fitness, we change chromosome length to m times(m is a positive integer)of itself , and reduce probability of crossover and mutation, which can improve individual resolution and reduce searching step, and speed up algorithm converging.The procedure is as follows:

Step 1 Initialize population, and calculate individual average fitness and set change parameter flag.Flag equal to 1.favg0, Step 2 Based on reserving the best individual of current generation, carry out selection, regeneration, crossover and mutation, and calculate cumulative average of individual average fitness up to current generation

favg;

favgStep 3 If

favg0≥k and Flag equals 1, increase chromosome length to m times of itself, and reduce probability of crossover and mutation, and set Flag equal to 0;otherwise continue evolving.Step 4 If end condition is satisfied, stop;otherwise go to Step 2.2 Test and analysis

We adopt the following two critical functions to test our approach, and compare it with the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual: f1(x,y)0.5sin2x2y20.5[10.01xy222]

x,y∈ [5,5]

[1,1] f2(x,y)4(x22y20.3cos(3πx)0.4cos(4πy))

x,y∈2.1 Analysis of convergence During function testing, we carry out the following policies: roulette wheel select ion, one point crossover, bit mutation, and the size of population is 60, l is chromosome length, Pc and Pm are the probability of crossover and mutation respectively.And we randomly select four genetic algorithms reserving best individual with various fixed chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation to compare with our approach.Tab.1 gives the average converging generation in 100 tests.In our approach, we adopt initial parameter l0= 10, Pc0= 0.3, Pm0= 0.1 and k= 1.2, when changing parameter condition is satisfied, we adjust parameters to l= 30, Pc= 0.1, Pm= 0.01.From Tab.1, we know that our approach improves convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly and it accords with above analysis.2.2 Analysis of online and offline performance

Quantitative evaluation methods of genetic algorithm are proposed by Dejong, including online and offline performance.The former tests dynamic performance;and the latter evaluates convergence performance.To better analyze online and offline performance of testing function, w e multiply fitness of each individual by 10, and we give a curve of 4 000 and 1 000 generations for f1 and f2, respectively.(a)online

(b)online

Fig.1 Online and offline performance of f1

(a)online

(b)online

Fig.2 Online and offline performance of f2

From Fig.1 and Fig.2, we know that online performance of our approach is just little worse than that of the fourth case, but it is much better than that of the second, third and fifth case, whose online performances are nearly the same.At the same time, offline performance of our approach is better than that of other four cases.Conclusion In this paper, based on some general theorems, an improved genetic algorithm using variant chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation is proposed.Testing with some critical functions shows that it can improve convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly, and its comprehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best individual.Appendix With the supposed conditions of section 1, we know that the validation of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 are obvious.Theorem 3 Mathematical expectation Ec(x)of chromosome searching step with one point crossover is baPc2lEc(x)=

where Pc is the probability of crossover.Proof

As shown in Fig.A1, we assume that crossover happens on the kth locus, i.e.parent’s locus from k to l do not change, and genes on the locus from 1 to k are exchanged.1During crossover, change probability of genes on the locus from 1 to k is 2

(“1” to “0” or “0” to “1”).So, after crossover, mathematical expectation of chromosome searching step on locus from 1 to k is

k11ba1baEck(x)wjl2j1l(2k1)

22121j12j12Furthermore, probability of taking place crossover on each locus of k1chromosome is equal, namely l Pc.Therefore, after crossover, mathematical expectation of chromosome searching step is 1Ec(x)PcEck(x)

k1lSubstituting Eq.(A1)into Eq.(A2), we obtain l1PbaP(ba)11ba1Pcl(2k1)cl[(2i1)l]c(1l)2212l212l21k1llba0, so Ec(x)Pc where l is large, l2l21Ec(x)l1

Fig.A1 One point crossover

Theorem 4 Mathematical expectation Em(x)of chromosome searching step with bit mutation Em(x)(ba)Pm, where Pm is the probability of mutation.Proof Mutation probability of genes on each locus of chromosome is equal, say Pm, therefore, mathematical expectation of mutation searching step is Em(x)=åPm·wi=åPm·i=1i=1llb-ai-1b-a·2=P··(2i-1)=(b-a)·Pm mli2-12-1

一种新的改进遗传算法及其性能分析

摘要：虽然遗传算法以其全局搜索、并行计算、更好的健壮性以及在进化过程中不需要求导而著称，但是它仍然有一定的缺陷，比如收敛速度慢。本文根据几个基本定理，提出了一种使用变异染色体长度和交叉变异概率的改进遗传算法，它的主要思想是：在进化的开始阶段，我们使用短一些的变异染色体长度和高一些的交叉变异概率来解决，在全局最优解附近，使用长一些的变异染色体长度和低一些的交叉变异概率。最后，一些关键功能的测试表明，我们的解决方案可以显著提高遗传算法的收敛速度，其综合性能优于只保留最佳个体的遗传算法。

遗传算法是一种以自然界进化中的选择和繁殖机制为基础的自适应的搜索技术，它是由Holland 1975年首先提出的。它以其全局搜索、并行计算、更好的健壮性以及在进化过程中不需要求导而著称。然而它也有一些缺点，如本地搜索不佳，过早收敛，以及收敛速度慢。近些年，这个问题被广泛地进行了研究。

本文提出了一种使用变异染色体长度和交叉变异概率的改进遗传算法。一些关键功能的测试表明，我们的解决方案可以显著提高遗传算法的收敛速度，其综合性能优于只保留最佳个体的遗传算法。

在第一部分，提出了我们的新算法。第二部分，通过几个优化例子，将该算法和只保留最佳个体的遗传算法进行了效率的比较。第三部分，就是所得出的结论。最后，相关定理的证明过程可见附录。

1算法的描述

1.1 一些定理

在提出我们的算法之前，先给出一个一般性的定理（见附件），如下：我们假设有一个变量（多变量可以拆分成多个部分，每一部分是一个变量）x ∈ [ a, b ] , x ∈ R，二进制的染色体编码是1.定理1 染色体的最小分辨率是

s =

ba l21定理2 染色体的第i位的权重值是

bai1(i = 1,2,…l)2l1定理3 单点交叉的染色体搜索步骤的数学期望Ec(x)是

wi =

Ec(x)= baPc 2l其中Pc是交叉概率

定理4 位变异的染色体搜索步骤的数学期望Em(x)是

Em(x)=(b-a)Pm

其中Pm是变异概率 算法机制

在进化过程中，我们假设变量的值域是固定的，交叉的概率是一个常数，所以从定理1 和定理3我们知道，较长的染色体长度有着较少的染色体搜索步骤和较高的分辨率；反之亦然。同时，交叉概率与搜索步骤成正比。由定理4，改变染色体的长度不影响变异的搜索步骤，而变异概率与搜索步骤也是成正比的。

进化的开始阶段，较短染色体（可以是过短，否则它不利于种群多样性）和较高的交叉和变异概率会增加搜索步骤，这样可进行更大的域名搜索，避免陷入局部最优。而全局最优的附近，较长染色体和较低的交叉和变异概率会减少搜索的步骤，较长的染色体也提高了变异分辨率，避免在全局最优解附近徘徊，提高了算法收敛速度。

最后，应当指出，染色体长度的改变不会使个体适应性改变，因此它不影响选择（轮盘赌选择）。

算法描述

由于基本遗传算法没有在全局优化时收敛，而遗传算法保留了当前一代的最佳个体，我

们的方法采用这项策略。在进化过程中，我们跟踪到当代个体平均适应度的累计值。它被写成：

1GX(t)= favg(t)Gt1其中G是当前进化的一代，favg是个体的平均适应度。

当累计平均适用性增加到最初个体平均适应度的k(k> 1, k ∈ R)倍，我们将染色体长度变为其自身的m(m 是一个正整数)倍，然后减小交叉和变异的概率，可以提高个体分辨率、减少搜索步骤以及提高算法收敛速度。算法的执行步骤如下：

第一步：初始化群体，并计算个体平均适应度favg0，然后设置改变参数的标志flag。flag设为1.第二步：在所保留的当代的最佳个体，进行选择、再生、交叉和变异，并计算当代个体的累积平均适应度favg

favg0第三步：如果

favgk 且flag = 1，把染色体的长度增加至自身的m倍，减少交叉和变异概率，并设置flag等于0;否则继续进化。

第四步：如果满足结束条件，停止；否则转自第二步。

测试和分析

我们采用以下两种方法来测试我们的方法，和只保留最佳个体的遗传算法进行比较：

f1(x,y)0.5sin2x2y20.5[10.01xy222] [5,5]

x,y∈ [1,1] f2(x,y)4(x22y20.3cos(3πx)0.4cos(4πy))

x,y∈收敛的分析

在功能测试中，我们进行了以下政策：轮盘赌选择，单点交叉，位变异。种群的规

模是60。L是染色体长度，Pc和Pm分别是交叉概率和变异概率。我们随机选择4个遗传算法所保留的最佳个体来与我们的方法进行比较，它们具有不同的固定染色体长度和交叉和变异的概率。表1给出了在100次测试的平均收敛代。

在我们的方法中，我们采取的初始参数是l0 = 10，Pc0 = 0.3，Pm0 = 0.1和k = 1.2，当满足改变参数的条件时，我们调整参数l = 30，Pc = 0.1，Pm = 0.01。

1.1 在线和离线性能的分析

Dejong提出了遗传算法的定量评价方法，包括在线和离线性能评价。前者测试动态性能，而后者评估收敛性能。为了更好地分析测试功能的在线和离线性能，我们把个体的适应性乘以10，并f1和f2分别给出了4 000和1 000代的曲线：

(a)在线

(b)离线

图1 f1的在线与离线性能

(a)在线

(b)离线

从图1和图2可以看出，我们方法的在线性能只比第四种情况差一点点，但比第二种、第三种、第五种好很多，这几种情况下的在线性能几乎完全相同。同时，我们方法的离线性能也比其他四种好很多

结论

本文提出了一种使用变异染色体长度和交叉变异概率的改进遗传算法。一些关键功能的测试表明，我们的解决方案可以显著提高遗传算法的收敛速度，其综合性能优于只保留最佳个体的遗传算法。

附件

有了第一部分中假定的条件，定理1和定理2的验证是显而易见的。下面给出定理3和定理4的证明过程：

定理3 单点交叉的染色体搜索步骤的数学期望Ec(x)是

Ec(x)= 其中Pc是交叉概率

baPc 2l证明：

如图A1所示，我们假设交叉发生在第k个基因位点，从k到l的父基因位点没有变化，基因位点1到k上的基因改变了。

在交叉过程中，1到k基因位点上的基因改变的概率为0.5(“1”变化”0”或者”0”变为”1”)，因此，交叉之后，基因位点上的染色体搜索步骤从1到k的数学期望是

k11ba1baEck(x)wjl2j1l(2k1)

22121j12j121此外，每个位点的染色体发生交叉的概率是相等的，即lPc。交叉后，染色

k体搜索步骤的数学期望是

1Ec(x)PcEck(x)k1l

把Eq.(A1)替换为Eq.(A2)，我们得到 l1PbaP(ba)11ba1Pcl(2k1)cl[(2i1)l]c(1l)l22l2l212121k1lba0，所以Ec(x)Pc 其中l是非常大的，l2l21Ec(x)l1图1 单点交叉

定理4 位变异的染色体搜索步骤的数学期望是

Em(x)(ba)Pm

其中Pm是变异概率。证明：

每个基因位点上的基因的变异概率是相等的，比如Pm，因此变异搜索步骤的数学期望是：

Em(x)=åPm·wi=åPm·i=1i=1ll

b-ai-1b-a·2=P··(2i-1)=(b-a)·Pmmli2-12-1