二。名词和主谓一致(高考英语语法复习)

第一篇：二。名词和主谓一致(高考英语语法复习)

二．名词和主谓一致

1.名词的数

（1）.常见的不可数名词：advice.news.progress.money.furniture.fun.equipment.weather.luck.homework.housework.information.bread.medicine.clothing.wealth.sope.rice这些词在使用中不可乱套汉语而使用复数或加不定冠词（2）.有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses.clothes.trousers（裤子）.ashes(灰尘).congrstulations.in high spirit（以很高的热情）.It is good manners to do sth.（做某事有礼貌）

（3）.有些名词既可以作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意义不同。Workun.工作 cn.作品，著作

roomun.空间 cn.房间

Experience un.经验

cn.经历

paperun.纸 cn.论文、试卷、文件（4）.名词的修饰词

只能修饰可数名词的有：each,either,neither, another, these, Those,both,(a)few, several, many, agreat/good many, dozens of等 只能修饰不可数名词的有：（a）little, much, a bit of, a great dealof, a large amount of 等。

既可修饰可数又可修饰不可数的有：some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of 等。2.名词的单复数

（1）.绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。friend→friends;cat→cats;style→styles;sport→sports;piece→pieces(2).凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。

bus→buses;;fox→foxes;match→matches;flash→flashes box →boxes;watch →watches;actress →actresses;class →classes;dress →dresses;sandwich →sandwiches;toothbrush →toothbrushes;waitress（女侍者）→waitresses

(3).以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。candy→candies;lady→ladies;story→stories strawberry →strawberries;baby →babies;library →libraries;dictionary →dictionaries;activity →activities

(4).以-o结尾的名词，加-es，或加-s构成复数。-es:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿。Negroes.heroes.echoes.potatoes.Tomatoes zero既可加-s，也可加-es(5).以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般直接加-s,但下列词需要将-f或-fe去掉，加-ves 为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半

Self-selves, life-lives, thief-thieves, wife-wives, knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves, half-halves *staff(员工)→staves;scarf（围巾）→scarves(6).常见单复同形的名词 Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, series, means, fish, fruit（其中fish，fruit表示种类是，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits）（7）.集合名词

a.形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数

这类集合名词包括family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。

His family is large.他的家是个大家庭。

His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。This class are reading English now.这个班的学生在读英语。

c.形式为单数，但意义永远为复数

这类集合名词包括cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n)连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。People will laugh at you.人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。

Many cattle were killed for this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如： five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50头牛 c.形式为复数，意义也为复数 这类集合名词包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。

Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。3.名词的所有格

表示人或物所属关系时,我们就需要使用名词所有格。如：“奶奶的房子”表示为“grandma's house”。名词所有格的构成有以下规则：(1).一般情况下，在名词的末尾加“'s”构成。如：Mike's bike迈克的自行车,Tom's books汤姆的书.(2).以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只在其末尾加’如：my parents' car我父母的车,our teachers' books我们老师的书。

(3).表示几个人共同拥有的东西时，只在最后一个名字上加所有格。如：Jenny and Joan's bedroom詹妮和琼共同拥有的卧室;但如果是分别拥有的东西就要在每个名字上加所有格.如:Tim's and Jack's toy cars提姆和杰的玩具车。

(4).名词所有格后面有指地点等的名词时，有的习惯上可以省去不用。如：The doctor's(office)医生诊所;my uncle's(house)我叔叔的家;The barber's(shop)理发店。

(5).“of+名词”属格。

The window of the classroom教室的窗户 the capital of China中国的首都 The weather of ShangHai上海的天气.(6).双重所有格

即’s属格和of属格结合起来表示所有关系 A book of my friend’s.4.名词作定语

作定语的名词往往是说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。

作定语的名词有以下三种形式：

（1）.一般用单数形

a meeting room 会议室 morning exercise早操 a story book 故事书a shoe shop 鞋店

（2）.man, woman要与所修饰的名词的单复数一致。a woman teacher 一位女教师

two women teachers 两位女教师

（3）.sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用复数形式。a sports meet 运动会 a goods train 货车

customs house 海关 a sales manager 营业主任 *名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别;所有格表示所属关系 The girl friend 女朋友

The girl’s friend那位女孩的朋友 5.主谓一致（1）就近原则 a.由并列结构或连词（either…or，neither…nor，not…but，not only…but also，or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。

Neither his parents nor Tom is at home.Tom和他的父母都不在家。

b.在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。

There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。

There comes the bus.汽车来了。

c.在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。

I know the man who is talking to my father.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。

d.在强调句(It’s ….that/who….)中，who/that又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。

It is Mary's brother who was injured in the car accident.是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。

(2).意义一致原则

a.”every/each/no+名词+and every/each/no+名词”作主语时，谓语用单数。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.b.”one+单数名词+and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One apple and a half was on table.c.”more than one +单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。More than one student has failed the exam.d.”many a+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Many a child was playing there.（3）。语法一致原则

只要确定主语时单数意义，则谓语用单数，主语是复数意义，则谓语用复数。

a.不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数

b.“one, either, neither, each of+复数名词或代词”作主语时，谓语通常用单数形式。

Either of the stories is very funny.c.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Ten pounds was missing from the box.d.a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来确定谓语的单复数。This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been ordered, e.”a number of+复数名词意思是“许多…”,表示复数意义；“the number of+复数名词意思是“…的数目”，表示单数概念。“the population of…”意思是“...的人口数量，”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但是如果有分数、百分数等修饰，指具体的其中多少人，表达复数意义，谓语动词常用复数形式。“the average of…”意思是“...的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

The number of the student in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China ia large and most of the population are famers.f.主语后有with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as等修饰时，谓语动词的数要和这些词汇前面的名词的数保持一致 Mr.Greentogether with his children goes to the park every Sunday.g.“the+adj.”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数，如果个别人或表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。

The disabled are well taken care of in this country.The dead in the accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University.h.分数、百分数或all, some, the rest, , half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义来确定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.练习

请用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

1.Three years _______(have)passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_______(be)really a long time.2._______(be)everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon? 3.My family _______(be)the largest one in our village.Besides, my family ______(be)all party members.4.The whole class ________(be)now listening to the teacher attentively.5.The news ______(be)very exciting.6.To learn one or two foreign languages _______(be)very important nowadays.7.The last and most difficult lesson _______(be)Lesson 14.8.I, who _______ your friend, will try my best to help you.9.The scientist and engineer _______(have)invented a new machine.10.Alice，together with her friends，_______(be)punished for having broken the school rules.11.Every girl and every boy _______(have)the right to join the club.12.—_______(be)either she or you to go and attend the meeting?—Neither she nor I________(be).13.Ancient and modern history _____(be)the subjects we are studying.14.Many a scientist _______(have)devoted their lives to science.15.The old _______(be)respected in our country.16.We each _____(have)strong points and each of us on the other hand ______(have)weak points.17.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.(offer)

18.The police _______(be)determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______(have)almost given up all hope.19.Only one of the students who ______ present______ to speak at the meeting.(be)

20.When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.(not decide)

21.Reading magazines and novels ________ helpful.(be)

22.It's not you but Mr.Anderson who _______ to answer for the incident.(be)

23.The number of people invited ______fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.(be)24.I don't think the poor _________ always poor.(be)25.At the meeting each man and each woman _______ praised by the manager yesterday.(be)

26.One and a half days ________ what I need.(be).27.Sixty percent of the work______.(do)

28.______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?(be)29.Such films as _____ shown yesterday ______ not worth seeing again.(be)

30.Three fourths of the earth's surface ______ covered with water..(be)31.About 85 percent of the students _______ good , and part of them _____ interested in biology.(be)

32.Politics ______ now taught in all schools..(be)33.Our headmaster and secretary ______ kind and strict.(be)

34.More than one girl _______ late for class this morning.(be)

35.Many a student ______ in the exam.(fail)36.No boy and no girl ______ waiting for the bus.(be)37.Great quantities of fish __________________ in the river in the past few days(catch)38.This is the one of the books on the subject that ______ ever been written in Chinese(have)

39.The world's supplies of oil ________ gradually _______ up with the development of industry and the increase of cars(use)(现在进行时)40.The population of China______over 12 million and eighty percent of them _______peasants.(be)41.All but one ______ here just now.(be)42.More than 60 percent of world’s radio programs _______ in English.(be)43.A large number of students of this school ______ fond of playing football(be)44.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China now.(study)

45.Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child, and they will go a long way.(be)

46.Apples of this kind _______ good.(taste)

47.The Olympic Games _______ held every four years.(be)48.No one but her parents ______ it.(know)

49.The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.(be)

50.It is she who _______ wrong.(be)51.Twenty of us are old.The rest _______ young.52.The Smiths ______ to move into the new building(be)53.Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.(be)54.The watch and chain ______ of gold(make)55.Half the eggs ______ bad.(be)

56.There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.(be)57.A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.(be)58.Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.(have)59.My driving license, rather than my credit cards, ______lost.(be)60.Every hour and every minute ______ important.(be)

答案与解析：

1.have;is。表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时，通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式（第二空）;若强调数目，谓语动词用复数形式（第一空）。

2.Is。不定代词anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

3.is;are。集体名词family, class等作主语时，如果强调整体（第一空），谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体（第二空），则用复数形式。4.are。

5.is。某些名词以-s结尾，表面看是复数形式，实际上是单数概念，如physics, news等，它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。6.is。当主语是不定式短语，-ing形式短语或主语从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。

7.is。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，如果表示的是同一概念，谓语动词一般用单数。该句意为“最后一课十四课是最难的一课。” 8.am。

9.has。两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，当and不表示并列意 义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。

10.was。主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如用with，along with，as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。11.has。两个并列的名词由each，every，no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。

12.Is;am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or，either...or, neither...nor或 not only...but also等连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。

13.are。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数。

14.has。“many a + 单数名词”作主语时，表达的是复数意义，但谓语动词要用单数。

15.are。“the+形容词 / 过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。16.have, has

17is offered 18are, have are ,is is not decided 21 is is, 23was, were 24 are 25 was 26 is has been done 28 Are were, are 30 is 31 are, are

is 33 is

was 35 has failed

is

have been caught

38.has

39.are being;used 40is;are

41were

are 43.are

studies

45is

taste 47 are…four

knows

has50 is 51 are

are

is

54.is made 55 are

is

are 58 has59 is

is

第二篇：英语语法主谓一致

主谓一致

Step1 定义

1.语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2.意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式上一致。eg.I am seventeen.She is sixteen.There is a desk in the room.There are no chairs in it.They have not come yet.Step2.Rules

1.例句

 is the biggest city in China. lies in North America. is read all over china. plays an important part in the world affairs.归纳：表示国家、城市、人名、书名、报纸、杂志及组织等专有名词作主语，通常作为整体看，谓语动词用单数

2.例句

 is a professor from a university. plays an important part in our national economy  has come to the meeting. do not agree. were over there.归纳: And 连接两个名词做主语，若and前后的名词指的是同一个人或物，谓语用单数。若指的是不同的人或物，谓语用复数。

3.例句

 are twin sisters. were surprised when they heard the news. was in the room. likes it.归纳：由and连接的两个单数名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。如在分词前由

every, each, no, many a时，谓语动词用单数。

4.例句

 was in the classroom. was getting on the bus. is to blame. Mr.Smith, his wife and children, is arriving in Beijing next

Monday.归纳：由with, together with, as well as, besides, except, along with, including, rather than等连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词根据第一个名词来判断。

5.例句

 is a large one with seven members. is a big one. 归纳：集合名词做主语，若表示整体时谓语用单数，若表示集体中的成员时

谓语用复数。

6.例句

is a long distance. is a large sum of money. is a long time.归纳：有些表示时间、数量、金钱、距离等的名词可以作为一个整体来对待，谓语动词用单数。

7.例句

have been tried. has been tried. is at the other end of the town. were closed for lack of raw material.归纳：有些单复数同型的名词，要根据意思决定谓语动词的形式。

8.例句

 Walking on the moon is very difficult. What he said is wrong. To walk with him is a great pleasure. Smoking is harmful to people’s health.归纳：动名词、不定式或从句做主语时，谓语用单数。

9.例句

are taken good care of in our village. were sent to hospital immediately. are for the plan, but the poor are against it.gives pleasure to all.归纳：定冠词the 加上某些形容词，如the rich, the wounded, the old, the dead, the

sick 等表示一类人，谓语用复数。表示一类物，用单数。

10.例句

 am to go.is wholly right. am going to be punished for playing computer games

after school.归纳：当两个主语由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接时，谓

语动词与邻近的主语保持一致。

11.例句

 is a computer and many books for you. were many pictures of him on the wall.归纳：Here, there 引导的句子，谓语动词也采用就近原则。

12.例句

is covered with water. were bad.归纳：分数或百分数做主语时，谓语动词根据后面的名词来判断。若名词为

可数名词，谓语用复数，若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数

13.例句

 None of them has arrived yet at the area. None of them have arrived yet. Neither of them knows the answers. Neither of them know the answers.归纳：代词none, neither 有时作单数看，有时作复数看待，主要 根据说话人的意思来判断。

14.例句

 have been to shanghai. has been to shanghai.归纳：“One of+复数名词” 后的定语从句中的谓语用复数，而“the(only/very)one of+复数名词”后的定语从句中的谓语用单数

15.例句

 Everyone is here. Everything is ready.归纳：Everybody, everyone, someone ,nobody, everything, nothing, something等

不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数

Step3.Exx.1.Mike and John’s __________.A.father is a teacherB.fathers are teachers

C.father are teacherD.fathers are teachers

2.Three fourths of the homework ________ today.A.has finishedB.has been finished

C.have finishedD.have been finished

3.Jane is the only one of the best students in her class who _______ by their teacher.A.are praisedB.is praisedC.praiseD.praised

4.The whole class _____ the teacher attentively.A.are listening toB.is listening toC.are listening D.is listening

5.The United States of America___one of the most developed countries in the world.A.isB.areC.wasD.were

6.Nobody_______to smoke in the cinema.A.allowsB.allowC.is allowedD.are allowed

7.Mary as well as her sisters______Chinese in China.A.are studying B.have studied C.is studying D.study

8.I, who_______your teacher,will try my best to help you with your study.A.beB.amC.areD.is

9.The rich _______ not always happy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have

10.Many a man ______ come to help me.A.haveB.hasC.doesD.had

11.No one but her parents _______ it.A.knowB.knowsC.is knowingD.are knowing

单元检测

一． 单词拼写

1.The old man came in, with two young men ______（搀扶）his body.2.Flying across the high mountain for the first time is a great a___________.3.Devoted to the cause of education all her life, she was r________ by all the

people in her country.4.________（鉴于）his age, he did it quite well.5.His first song was __________（给予灵感）by the memory of his mother.二． 完成句子

6.She worked hard to _______ ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ ________ not to use them.她努力工作让尽可能多的国家同意不再使用他们。

7.But the evening _______ _______ all __________.但是到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。

8.________ unusual _________ __________ in the forest.对女性来说住进大森林是一件稀罕的事。

9.Why not study a medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and ______ __ her good work?

为什么不像林巧稚一样在医学院学习然后继续她高尚的工作呢？

10.They are _______ ________ ________ to learners of English.他们对学习英语的人很有帮助。

三． 单项选择

11.It can be said that reaching the agreement so quickly was a great ____ for the

meeting

A.appointmentB.achievementC.progressD.accident

12.----What are the students _____ about?

-----Whether Senior Three students should join in the coming school sports meet.A.quarrelingB.inspiringC.fightingD.arguing

13.______ the stars carefully, and you will find that they are not shining themselves..A.ObserveB.NoticeC.Glance atD.Mind

14.Although there are many _____ programs on TV, I think it’s wise of you not to

sit watching too much.A.worthB.worthwhileC.meaninglessD.sensible

15.Actually, the newly-published English magazine is not _______ to enlarge vocabulary.A.intendedB.instructedC.writtentD.translated

16.______ with so many fans of the famous Super Girl, the stadium is hard for us to enter.A.CrowdingB.To be crowdedC.CrowdedD.Crowded out

17.It’s my daily duty to have the English newspapers ______ to the senior students.A.printedB.publishedC.deliveredD.advertised

18.I was about to give up my effort to work on the puzzle when a good idea ___ me.A.attackedB.beatC.caughtD.hit

19.It was foolish of him to _____ his notes during that important test, and as a result,he got punished.A.stick toB.refer toC.keep toD.point to

20.In a way, I think we both won---I won the game, but you won my _______.A.supportB.favourC.respectD.impression

21.Greatly _____, the students made up their minds to carry _____ the experiment.A.inspiring;outB.inspired;on

C.having inspired;throughD.to be inspired;away

22.----What is his suggestion?

-----Just guess the meaning of it whenever you _____ a new word in reading.A.come intoB.come atC.come acrossD.come about

23.______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will

always be in demand.A.WhileB.SinceC.AsD.If

24.-----Anything different today?

-----Er, no teacher and no student______ absent today, which means all _______ present at the meeting.A.are;areB.was;wereC.were;wasD.is;is

25.-----Am I free to run around here?

-------_______.Don’t you know the school rules?

A.Behave yourselfB.Believe in yourself

C.Cheer upD.Never mind

第三篇：集合名词VS主谓一致

Collective Noun 定义

集合名词（英语：Collective noun）是语言学上的一个专有名词，意指一种可用来指称一群对象的字，而这些对象，可以是人、动物、或是一群概念等事物。举例而言，在英语中，“一群狮子”可称为“a pride of lions”，此时“pride”为一个集合名词。

词语信息

“集合名词”是名词的一个特殊子类，表示集合，描述成群成组的事物。析而言之，又可分为“可分集合名词”和“不可分集合名词”。

词语释义

可分集合名词：该类事物可以个体化，可用集合量词计数，同时也可以用除“一”以外的个体量词计数。

示例：干警，愿意指公安部门中干部和警察的合称，可以说“寒冷的子夜，一批干警仍在一线执勤”，也可以说“五位公安干警受到了表彰”，但不能说“我作为一名普通的司法干警，也可以为普通百姓办事”。

不可分集合名词：该事物不可以个体化，即不受个体量词修饰。除了可用集合量词修饰之外，有时还可以受容器量词、度量词或不定量词修饰。

示例：可以说“上海港停靠了很多船舶”，但不能说“上海港停靠了一条（只，艘）船舶”。

“军火”，是武器和弹药的总称，没有专用的个体量词修饰它，但有可用的集合量词，如：一批军火。同时也可以用容器量词、度量词和不定量词度量，如“一车军火”、“三吨军火”。

应注意，有部分词原意是表示集合，但现在词意有所变化。例如“图书”，原指图画和书，现在泛指书籍，如“北大图书馆珍藏了几百万册图书”，也可以说“我今天借了一本图书”。本、册是个体量词，“图书”是能受个体量词修饰的名词，所以是个体名词，而不是集合名词。“书本”不能受个体量词的修饰，是集合名词。

分类

第一类

形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数这类集合名词。包括family(家庭Y: 'Times New Roman'">family(，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较并体会：His family is large.他的家是个大家庭。His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。This class are reading English now.这个班的学生在读英语。

这个班的学生在读英语。

第二类

形式为单数，但意义永远为复数这类集合名词。包括cattle(牛，牲畜)cattle(，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n)连用，但可与the连用(连用)。如：People will laugh at you.人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。Many cattle were

killed for this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如：five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50头牛

第三类

形式为复数，意义也为复数这类集合名词。包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。如：Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer.如果货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。

第四类

形式为单数，意义也为单数这类集合名词。包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), scenery(), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。如：Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。<>Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗?The thief stole all her jewelry.小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。The hospital has no decent equipment.这家医院没有像样的设备。The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry.人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。注：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如：a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器

第五类

补充几个常考的集合名词除上面提到的四类集合名词外，以下几个集合名词也应重点注意：

1.hair(头发，毛发)

指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词(不可数)；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词(可数)。如：My hair has grown very long.我的头发已长得很长了。The police found two hairs there.警察在那儿找到了两根头发。

2.mankind(人类)

人是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：This is an invention that benefits mankind.这是一项造福人类的发明。Mankind has its own problems.人类有自己的问题。注：mankind 表示“mankind 人(类)”时，虽不可数，但有时却可以表示复数意义，尤其是当其表语是复数时。如：Mankind are intelligent animals.人是理智的动物。

3.fruit(水果)

作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：He doesn’t eat much fruit.他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country.他在乡下种水果。但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即a fruit 指一种水果，fruits 指多种水果。比较：fruits Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。

主谓一致

一、某些有生命的集合名词（表示人或者动物），本身有单／复数之分。其为单数时，若作主语，则谓语可用单数／复数。主要依据说话者强调的重点而定，若强调许多个体，谓语用复数；若强调一个整体，则用单数。其为复数时，不言而喻，谓语必

须用复数。注意：此类名词单复数的意义并不完全相同，汉译时一定要当心。如army（一国之军队），armies（多国部队）；couple（一对夫妇），couples（多对夫妇）；等。常见的此类集合名词有：army，association，audience，band，board，cast，clan，class，clique，club，college，committee，company，community，congregation（教民，会众），council（市议会，理事会），couple，crew，crowd，enemy，family，firm，fleet，flock，folk，gang，government，group，jury，kingdom，mob（暴民，暴徒），navy，opposition，orchestra，pack，pair，party，personnel，profession，population，staff，school，team，tribe（部落，部民），union，university等。

1．The staff is／are hardworking．

2．The audience were moved to tears．

3．The lecturer draws large audiences．

4．The whole school was punished．

5．The class consists of 40 students．

6．This class are diligent．

7．The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it．

8．One tenth of the population of Egypt is／are Christian．

二、某些有生命的集合名词，本身无复数形式，作主语时，谓语通常用复数。常见的此类集合名词有：cattle，clergy，faculty（教职工），herd，mankind，military，militia（民团、民兵），people，police，poultry（家禽），swine（猪），vermin，womankind等。

9．There are three people waving at us．

10．The police haven't arrived yet．

11．There are verm in here．

12．Some people are never satisfied．

13．The police／military have surrounded the building．

【注】people作民族讲时有复数形式。如： There are 56 peoples in China．

三、某些有生命的集合名词，本身无复数形式，其后可跟单／复数谓语动词。常见的此类集合名词有：aristocracy，bourgeoisie（资产阶级），church，elite（精英），gentry，intelligentsia（知识分子），laity（外行），livestock，majority，minority，proletariat（无产阶级），offspring，public，swarm，youth等。

14．The youth today is ／are better off than we used to be．

15．Her offspring is ／are like her in every respect．

16．The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman．

【注】youth除了作集合名词以外，还可以作可数和不可数名词。如：

Youth is the tim e for action；age is the tim e for repose．

Som e youths don't like jazz．

四、某些表示国家、公司、机构、运动队等名称的专有名词也可当作集合名词使用，其后通常跟单／复数谓语动词。常见的此类集合名词有：Arsenal，BBC，Congress，Krem lin，Liverpool，Macm illan，Netherlands，Parliament，Pentagon，Vatican（梵蒂冈），White House等。

17．Arsenal is ／are playing well in this season．

18．Macmillan have ／has made a good profit this year．

19．The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican．

20．The Netherlands has ／have a monarchy．

21．The BBC is showing the program on Saturday．

22．Liverpool is leading 1—0．

23．Liverpool are attacking again．

五、某些无生命的集合名词（表示物）作主语时，通常被看成不可数名词，谓语用单数。常见的此类集合名词有：aircraft，baggage，clothing，crockery，cutlery（刀剪，餐具），equipment，foliage（树叶），footwear，furniture，glassware，hardware，hosiery，jewellery，luggage，machinery，merchandize，poetry，pottery，silverware，stationery，underclothing，underwear，vegetation，weaponry等。

24．All the furniture in my room is new．

25．The merchandize has arrived undamaged．

26．There is not much vegetation in deserts．

27．The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped．

28．Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates．

29．The machinery is driven by electrici-ty

第四篇：主谓一致专题)

主谓一致

主谓一致指的是主语和位于动词在“数”的方面一定要保持一致，而这种一致关系通常是由下列三种原则支配的

一、语法一致：主语是单数形式或不可数名词，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语用复数形式，位于也用复数形式。

The library does not open until nine o’clock.The Great Wall draws numbers of tourists every year.The best reward I get from teaching is the joy of seeing my students grow and develop.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.二、意义一致原则：主语虽在语法形式上是复数形式，但意义上是单数，谓语动词也要用单数；主语虽在语法形式上不是复数形式，但意义上时复数，谓语动词也要用复数。Cattle are grazing peacefully on the pasture.The police have arrested a lot of suspects.Two miles is a long walk for the 80-year-old man.One thousand dollars is a large sum of money for the couple.Five pounds is enough.Twenty years is a long time on one’s life.三、就近原则：有时谓语动词的形式是和它最近的词（或词组）保持一致的。Neither you nor I am right.Not only the boy but also his parents enjoy playing that game.Twenty percent of students are from Wuhan.Only half of the members agree with him.易出现问题的地方：

一、集体名词与以“s”结尾的名词作主语时主谓一致 1.people, cattle, police, poultry, militia, youth等形式上是单数，但意义上时复数，所以谓语用复数。

The police are questioning him.People often hear him telling about his experience in the Second World War.The militia are determined to fight the enemy to the finish.2.audience, committee, family, government, group, staff, team, public, class, crew, arm等若表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数，若强调成员或个体，谓语动词用复数。His family are proud of him.His family is not very large.The audience burst into thunderous applause.A large audience was watching their performance.某些表示疾病的词，如mumps, arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, diabetes等，以及某些表示游戏的词，如cards, ninepins, darts, bowls, marbles, billiards, chequers等，它们在形式上虽然是复数，但在意义上是单数，因此谓语动词要用单数。Sometimes mumps is rather dangerous.Arthritis is not a kind of infectious disease.Marbles is greatly enjoyed by the children here.Diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.4.某些以-ics 结尾的表示学科的词，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, linguistics, optics, electronics, acoustics等，形式上是复数形式，但意义上是单数，因此谓语动词要用单数。

Some students say physics is much more interesting than mathematics.I don’t think linguistics is difficult to learn.但当这些词不表示“学科”时，有时可当复数用，谓语动词也要用复数。

Statistics show that the divorce rate in China is much higher than ten years ago.Politics have never interested her.5.以“s”结尾的国家、组织、机构等虽然形式上是复数，但却表示单数意义，所以谓语动词要用单数形式。

Some people say the United States is a large “melting pot”.The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945.但表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“s”结尾的专有名词常被看成是复数，谓语动词也要用复数。The Niagara Falls attracts tourists from many countries every year.The Rocky Mountains are vast and spectacular.6.某些表示由两部分组成的物体的名词在形式和意义上都是复数如：scissors, pants, trousers, shorts, glasses, spectacles, jeans等，谓语动词也用复数。His glasses were broken this morning.Your trousers are in the wardrobe.另外还有一些常以“s”结尾的词，如：contents, archives, arms, goods, suburbs, stairs, earnings, surroundings, belongings, particulars等也通常被看成是复数，作主语时谓语也用复数形式。

The suburbs are more and more seriously polluted.The surroundings are very beautiful.All his belongings are in that big bag.二、表示数量概念的名词（或词组）作主语时主谓一致

1.表示时间、距离、价值、重量等的名词或词组作主语时，常把这些数量看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

Seven months is needed to translate this book into Chinese.Five hundred miles is a long distance.Where is the ten dollars I gave you yesterday? 2.“分数或百分数+of„”构成的短语作主语，如果of后面是单数，谓语动词用单数；如果of后面是复数，谓语动词要用复数。Two-thirds of the gasoline has been used.Over forty percent of the employees are women.Ninety percent of the wasteland has been turned into rice fields.Three-fifths of the trees have been cut down.3.“all(half, most, some, the rest, none等）+of„”构成的短语作主语，如果of后面是复数，谓语动词用复数；如果of后面是单数，谓语动词也用单数。All of his energy has been used up.All of the restaurants are closed.Most of the oil is imported from Saudi Arabian.Most of the rubbish has been removed from the playground.4.“lots（plenty, heaps, loads, scads等）+of„”构成的短语作主语时，如果of 后gender是复数，谓语动词也用复数；如果of后跟的是不可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数 Plenty of time has been spent on this experiment.Loads of friends have come to attend his wedding.Scads of money has been wasted in the past 2 years.5.当“many a+名词”或“more than one+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Many a customer complains about the poor quality of the washing machines.More than one train was delayed.6.“a portion(series, pile, panel, kind, sort, type等)+of+名词”构成的短语作主语，谓语动词用单数（无论名词时单数还是复数）。A portion of the products is being inspected.A series of questions was asked by the students.A pile of reference books is on his desk.7.“a number(或numbers)of +可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数形式，但a great deal（an amount, a quantity)of +不可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A large number of workers were dismissed.Numbers of houses were destroyed.A great deal of time has been wasted.但the number of „作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式 The number of students is increasing.8.“an average(或total)of +名词复数”构成的短语作主语，谓语动词一般用复数。An average of 500 students graduate from this school every year.A total of 200 bicycles were sold last month.但the average（或total)of +名词复数作主语时谓语要用单数形式

The average of students who graduate from this school every year is 500.9.“a group(crowd, gang, flock, herd)of +可数名词复数”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词既可以单数也可以用复数。

A group of people was /were standing under the big tree.A gang of gunmen was/were robbing the jeweler's.A herd of cows was/were grazing there.三、并列结构作主语时主谓一致

1.由and或both„and„连接的并列结构作主语，如果意义为单数，谓语动词就用单数；如果意义为复数，谓语动词就要用复数。

Asia, Africa and Latin America make up the third world.Both families and society are responsible for juvenile delinquency.下面由and连接的并列结构表面上是复数，实际上表示复数意义，所以谓语动词要用复数。Chinese and America culture are quite different.What they have said and done are quite disappointing.当each„and each„, every„and every„, no„and no„作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式

Each boy and each girl was given an apple.Every teacher and every student was looking at him.No bus and no taxi was found in the street.2.由or, either..or„, neither„nor„, not only„but also„连接的并列结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与离它最近的主语保持一致。Neither he nor I am able to get there in ten minutes.Not only he but also I am curious about this.Neither her husband nor the doctors have told her about her condition.3.由某些介词或准并列连词连接的短语作主语，谓语动词的形式应与真正的主语保持一致。

常见的这类介词有：with, along with, together with, besides, in addition to, except, but, like, including等，准并列连词有：as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, rather than等。

Practical experience as well as formal education is considered very important in today’s job market.No one except hi relatives helps him.The bus driver, as much as the passengers, was very impatient.Jack, like many other children, often dreams of travelling in the space.The school, rather than the parents, is mainly responsible for the children’s safety.四、动名词、不定式和短语作主语时主谓一致

动名词或不定式短语作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。To err is human.To learn three foreign languages at the same time is very difficult.Smoking is very harmful to one’s health.Walking is the easiest way to exercise.五、名词性从句作主语时主谓一致 名词性从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数

Whether you go or not makes no difference to me.It’s quite obvious that they have nor received the letter.How the plan is to be carried out still needs to be discussed.六、there be„ 句型中的主谓一致

be 动词的形式由它后面的主语决定，但当be 动词后是并列结构作主语时，遵循就近原则，be动词的形式要与它最近的主语保持一致。There are servants in the house.There is no water on the moon.There are a lot of spectators in the stadium.七、定语从句中的主谓一致

定语从句中谓语动词的单、复数形式是由先行词所决定的。That’s the young man who comes to the library every week.Yesterday they visited the palaces which were built 200 years ago.在one of+名词复数+定语从句的句型中，定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，但当one 前有the或the only 时，谓语动词用单数：

She is one of the few passengers who were not killed in the crash.This is the only one of the books which is worth reading.

第五篇：冠词和主谓一致复习

Grammar : 冠词

冠词是虚词，它不能单独使用。只能附在一个名词上说明这个名词。冠词分为不定冠a(an)词和定冠词the。不定冠词一般表示泛指；定冠词一般表示特指。

二、不定冠词a(an)的用法

A.不定冠词a(an)用于单数可数名词前。a用于辅音字母开始的词前；an用于元音字母开始的词前。如：a girl an English book B.不定冠词用来表示类别，指某一类人或某一类事物中的一个(泛指)。如： His father is a doctor.I work in a middle school in Beijing.C.不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，可以表示其全类(泛指)。如： An English teacher teaches the students how to learn English.三、定冠词the的用法

① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。

如：He bought an English-Chinese dictionary this morning.The dictionary is very good.② 用于单数可数名词前，表示整体或类别。

如：The panda is a rare animal.此句等于：A panda is a rare animal.= Pandas are rare animals.③ 用来表示世界上独一无二的事物。

如：the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world ④ 用于表示阶级、党派的名词前。

如：the Chinese Communist Party, the working class the proletariat 无产阶级 ⑤ 常用于含有普通名词或形容词的专有名词前。

A.用于许多江海，山脉，群岛等名词前：

The Yellow River The East Sea the Himalayas the Pacific Ocean

B.用于由普通名词构成的国名：

The People’s Republic of China the United States

C.用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前：

the United Nations the State Council the Tang dynasty the People’s Daily

the Summer Palace the Peace Hotel the British Museum ⑥ 用于表示方位的名词前。

如：the east the southwest the middle the Far East on the left ⑦ 用于乐器名词前，但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词。

如：play the piano play the violin play erhu

⑧ 用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待。

如：When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us.The Smiths watch TV every day.⑨ 用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物。

如：the poor the rich the living the young

the wounded the oppressed the beautiful ⑩ 用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前。

如：Shanghai is the biggest city in china.After the game, the first thing they wanted to do was to take a hot bath.四、零冠词用法

① 表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前，不用冠词。

Now people are living a happy life.Trees are planted everywhere.② 不含普通名词的专有名词，表示泛指的物质名词和抽象名词前，不用冠词。

We are studying English.He is leaving for America this year.It is pleasant to walk in soft snow.Love is always stronger than hatred.③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰，不用冠词。

I like this picture better.Is that your book?

Take their chairs away!I do not have any money on me.As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。

She likes spring while I like summer.We have no classes on Saturday.The Long March started in October 1934.⑤ 表示只有一人担任的职务、头衔的名词前，不用冠词。

We have elected him our monitor.⑥ 三餐饭的名词前，一般不用冠词。

When do you have lunch? After supper we usually take a walk.⑦ 节假日等名词前，不用冠词。

Children all wear their best clothes on National Day.People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.注意：在eve后有of短语则要加定冠词：

on the eve of National Day on the eve of New Year’s Day ⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名词前，不用冠词。

play basketball play chess ⑨ 作表语用表示程度的形容词最高级前，不用冠词。

Your help was most timely.This method is most effective.注意：如果有比较范围，形容词最高级前必须加定冠词：

Of all methods, this is the most effective.⑩ 在某些固定词组里，名词前不用冠词。

on foot

by train/ boat / plane…

in fact

as a matter of fact in class

in church

in danger

in hospital

in town in bed

at home

at school

at daybreak

at sunrise

at dusk

at sunset

at night

at noon

go to school go to class

go to bed

from morning till night

from victory to victory

from door to door

五、注意事项

① 当man作人类讲时，用零冠词。Man will conquer nature.② 某些抽象名词具体化时是可数名词，其前可加a。surprise, fire, joy，He is a success as a teacher.Long Jing is a famous tea in China.③ a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不不熟悉的人。

A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside.④ 在某些句型中可加a

It is a pity that you have missed the chance.It is a shame / a pleasure / a honour for sb.to do sth.⑤ word 作消息讲时，用零冠词。Word came that he would go abroad

Grammar: 主谓一致

1.语法主谓一致

主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式：主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。2.意义上一致

(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。单数形式表示复数意义的词有people, police, audience等。(2)主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数或不可数，谓语动词用单数。形复意单(不可数)的词有：news, maths, physics等。3.就近原则

谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语，如there be句型或用连词either...or...，neither...nor...,not only...but also等。

4.要注意的几个问题。

(1)class, family, team, country, school等集合名词作主语时，如果指整体，用单数；如果指每个成员，用复数。

如:His family are watching TV in the sitting room.His family is very big.(2)trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors单独作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of或pairs of连用时，谓语动词与pair的数保持一致。

如：The pair of glasses fits you well.Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men.

(3)名词性物主代词后的动词单复数，取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：ours(=Our Party)is a great party.Your shoes are black, mine(=my shoes)are brown.5.当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well as等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语单、复数而定。

如：Mr Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.6.the+adj表示一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：The old are going to be looked after well.7.and连接并列主语、谓语动词通常用复数，但如果指同个人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词无冠词。

如：A speaker and writer is coming tomorrow.(同一个人)A speaker and a writer are coming tomorrow.(两个人)8.Every A and every B/Each A and each B/No A and no B作主语时，谓语动词 用单数，其中A、B代表单数名词。9.The number of+...，谓语动词用单数。

A number of+...，谓语动词用复数，相当于a lot of。如：The number of the students in our class is 50.A number of students are learning Japanese now.10.在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 Behind the house are some trees.11.表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.12.几分之几/half of/part of/the rest of+n/pron.作主语，谓语动词由后面的n/pron决定。而one of+n/pron作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

如：Two thirds of the bread was eaten.13.名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。

如：The doctor's is on the other side of the street.14.表示“一段时间”“一段距离”“一些钱”的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：Six miles is too far for an old man to walk.15.关系代词who, that, which在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数与先行词一致。如：Those who want to go have signed their names here.16.疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词根据说话人所表达的意思决定单复数。如：

Who live next door? It's Zhang and Liu./Who lives next door? It's Liu.【典型例题解析】

例1 The rich ________ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have

解析the + adj.表示一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数，故选A。例2 The Olympic Games _______ held every______ years.A.is，four B.are，four C.is，five D.are，five 解析 每四年一次的奥林匹克往往看作复数。故选B。例3 No one but her classmates ______it.A.know B.knows C.is knowing D.are knowing

解析 当主语后跟有but引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数按but前面部分的单复数而定。故选B。

例4 解析表示一些钱的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，故选D。例5 No bird and no beast _______ on the lonely island.A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees

解析 No...and no...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。故选B。【选讲例题】

例6 Look, here come some _______.A.dog B.horse C.deer D.cow

解析 some后的复数名词只有deer,故选C。

例7 The number of students of this school ______ large.

A.are B.have not C.isn't D.aren't 解析 The number of+...，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故选C。

于指物，其意为“没有任何东西”：

No one [Nobody] wants to go there.没有人想去那儿。

She said nothing.她什么也没说。

5.用none表示。意为“没有人或物”：

英语中常用的否定词

除否定词not可用于构成否定句外，还有其他一些否定词语可以表示否定：

1.用no表示。其意为“没有”：

We have no children of our own.我们没有自己的孩子。

I’ve got no news from him.我没听到他的消息。【注】no后接名词时也可换成not any：

I have no [not any] friends here.我在这儿没有朋友。

2.用never表示。其意为“从不”：

I have never been there.我从未去过那儿。

That will never do.那决不行。

3.用little, few表示。little用于指不可数名词，few用于指可数名词，均表示“很少”：

There is little time left.没什么时间了。

Few people like snakes.很少有人喜欢蛇。【注】若在其前用不定冠词，则表示肯定意义：

There is a little time left.还有点点时间。

A few people like snakes.有少数人喜欢蛇。

4.用nobody, no one, nothing表示。nobody和no one用于指人，其意为“没有人”；nothing用

None of the pupils knew the answer.学生中谁都不知道答案。

None of this milk can be used.这牛奶一点都不能用了。

6.用neither表示。意为“两者都不”：

I like neither of the books.这两本书我都不喜欢。

Neither of us enjoy getting up early.我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。

7.用seldom表示。意为“很少”：

The children are seldom ill.这些孩子很少生病。

It seldom snows here.这儿很少下雪。

8.用hardly表示。意为“几乎不”：

He hardly ever eats meat.他几乎从不吃肉。

Jim is hardly ever late.吉姆几乎从不迟到。

9.用too„to表示。该结构虽不含否定词，但含有否定含义，意为“太„以致不能„”：

It is too late to do anything now.现在要做什么已为时太晚。

I’m too tired to go any farther.我太累了，走不动了。