第一篇:孙子兵法论文题目[本站推荐]
孙子兵法论文篇目摘录
其中有些篇目可供孙子兵法作者及成书考证参考, 一同列出如下, 同道者可共赏。
篇名 中文刊名 年 期 战国时期《孙子兵法》流传述论 管子学刊 1994 01 学习的工具 知识的海洋──《孙子兵法辞典》简介 史林 1994 02
《孙子兵法》与吴越文化 文史哲 1994 01 《孙子兵法》与现代科学思维 北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1994 01
《孙子》研究的集大成之作──评《孙子兵法词典》 晋阳学刊 1994 03
《孙子》研究的集大成之作──评《孙子兵法辞典》 军事历史 1994 02
《孙子兵法》的文学成就 辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1994 02
试论《孙子兵法》在秦汉时期的流传 军事历史研究 1994 01
试论《孙子兵法》在战国时期的流传 军事历史研究 1994 02
读《孙子》的门径习韬略的通衢——《孙子兵法辞典》评介 中国图书评论 1994 01
孙子兵法指导医疗疾病的功效 管子学刊 1995 01
吴楚战争与《孙子兵法》之读解 湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1995 01
魏晋南北朝时期《孙子兵法》流传述论 军事历史研究 1995 01
《孙子兵法》修辞艺术探微 漳州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)1995 01
试析《孙子兵法》的信息观 山东图书馆季刊 1996 01
《孙子兵法》译词考释四则 管子学刊 1996 01
《孙子兵法》“而”字研究 安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版)1996 03
《孙子兵法》版本源流考略 图书馆 1997 02
《孙子兵法》决策理论的科学价值 南开经济研究 1997 01
对《孙子兵法》中战国时期两个论述细节的考证——关于《孙子兵法》《九地》篇中《四五》和《用间》篇中前人未涉及内容的解释 中国人民大学学报 1997 01
吴文化与《孙子兵法》散论 苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1997 01
198 《孙子兵法》的版本与校勘研究 南开学报(哲学社会科学版)1998 06
217 我国最早的系列军事论文及其对《孙子兵法》的启示 管子学刊 1999 01
227 《孙子兵法》以前我国军事理论一瞥 解放军外国语学院学报 1999 03
231 中国现存最古的私家著述《孙子兵法》 历史研究 1999 05
238 论《孙子兵法》对中国古代军事谋略学的构建 军事历史研究 1999 04
241 《孙子兵法》的文学成就 淮北煤师院学报(哲学社会科学版)1999 03
246 春秋时期诸子学说对《孙子兵法》的影响 周口师范高等专科学校学报 1999 01
244 《孙子兵法》的表达策略 锦州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)1999 01
245 谈谈《孙子兵法》中的统计思想及其历史借鉴 浙江统计 1999 05
261 《孙子兵法》的章法和语词训释 锦州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2000 01
265 《孙子兵法》词义疏证十则 济南大学学报 2000 03
266 《孙子兵法》释疑三则 济南大学学报 2000 03
271 对《孙子兵法》产生时间及作者的再审视 湖湘论坛 2000 04
283 作文要“胜于无形”──孙子兵法与作文谋略例说 宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版)2000 01
287 论《孙子兵法》的“求实”特征 汉中师范学院学报 2000 05
299 《孙子兵法》考略 南华大学学报(社会科学版)2000 03
319 《孙子兵法》的文学价值 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)2001 03
325 简论《孙子兵法》在国内的流传与整理 广西右江民族师专学报 2001 02
348 《孙子兵法》问世的时代背景 武警工程学院学报 2001 01
350 《孙子兵法》语言艺术探微 九江师专学报 2001 04
365 汉简两《孙子》与《孙子兵法》研究 军事历史 2002 01
366 谈对《孙子兵法》原文的理解 军事历史 2002 01
389 孙子思维的整体性辩证性跳跃性——对《孙子兵法》文义多处重述原因的探索 浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)2002 05
394 释《孙子兵法》中的“险” 浙江海洋学院学报(人文科学版)2002 04
392 《孙子兵法》的逆向思维及其启示 军事历史研究 2002 04
391 谈《孙子兵法》“时、势”思想的现代商业价值 北方经贸 2002 11
401 《醉翁亭记》仿效《孙子兵法》 文学遗产 2003 01
第二篇:孙子兵法论文
从《孙子兵法》有关将帅修养的观点谈如何提高当代大学生的素质
内容提要:
《孙子兵法》是中华民族文化的不朽之作,有着深厚的传统文化的底蕴, 《孙子兵法》是”兵学圣典”,其中涉及战争规律、政策、经济、外交、地理等多方面内容,可谓包罗万象、博大精深,其中将帅也是其中重要是主题,将帅是军队的组织者的指挥者,将帅的修养的好坏,对于军队的战斗力的强弱有着重要的作用。比如《孙子兵法》中十三篇,无篇不论将,涵盖了将帅素质各个方面。当代的大学生正处于发展的重要时期,在各方面虽然有一定的发展,但相比社会上的人来说,还是略有不足,思想还不够成熟,存在与社会脱节的现象,比如在素质问题上,处于青年时期的活跃叛逆时期,又缺乏正全面的教学。而阅读《孙子兵法》,我们可以从将帅修养中学到许多,让我们可以在自身素质的基础上得到提高。关键词:
《孙子兵法》 当代大学生
素质提高
素质教育
将帅五德
正文:
《孙子兵法》是迄今可以见到的最早的军事理论著作,它构筑了一个精美恢宏的兵学体系,影响了后世兵学发展的方向,在传统兵学中占有十分重要的地位。《孙子兵法》作为中华民族文化的不朽之作,有着深厚的传统文化底蕴。面对21世纪经济全球化、知识经济的挑战,只有从中国古代传统文化的层面去理解和研究《孙子兵法》的现代价值,才能从更大范围、更高层次去继承和发掘这笔优秀的历史文化遗产。
1.素质。
素质是指一个人在后天通过环境影响和教育训练所获得的稳定的、长期发挥作用的基本品质,包括人的思想、知识、身体、品格、气质、修养、风度等综合特征。大学生的基本素质涉及专业素质、文化素质、身体素质、心理素质、思想道德素质等许多方面,每个方面又都具有丰富的内涵。;|
在我国,素质教育的提法最早源于1988年2月的《人民日报》,当时刊出一篇由柳斌撰写的“提高劳动者素质是基础教育的根本任务”文章,从此引起学者的注意。此后,“素质教育”一词被高等教育界所广泛引用。素质教育是一个整体性、系统性的工程,这是相对于应试教育而提出的,由于应试教育忽视了学生的全面发展,以考试成绩作为衡量学生好坏的唯一标准,是一个必然导致偏才的人才观。而素质教育就是遵循教育规律,全面提高学生群体的基本素质,发展其创造性思维与创造性个性。二十一世纪是知识经济时代,是人类积极、主动利用科学技术的时代,在科技进步过程中,新兴学科、交叉学科、边缘学科以及多学科的研究层出不穷,社会需要复合性的人才。因此,我们在人才理念上应有三个转变:由重知识教育向加强能力培养教育转变;由应试教育向素质教育转变;由培养狭窄的工具型人才向适应社会发展通用型人才转变。
马克思主义关于人的全面发展的理论和江泽民对马克思关于人的全面发展理论的丰富和发展以及现代社会所提出的关于人的综合素质的培养和提高的观点,从中不难看出,加强大学生的素质建设,提高大学生的素质水平,既是社会发展、人的全面发展的核心,也是大学生完成的历史使命,实现成才目标的基础和保障。
2.素质教育的重要性
高等教育中的素质教育,不仅仅包括专业能力和专业素质,还包括思想素质和文化素质。全面推进素质教育,是我们党和国家面对世纪之交的国际国内形势和21世纪世界发展趋势所做出的战略决策。1998年教育部颁发的《关于加强大学生文化素质教育的若干意见》中明确提出,大学生的基本素质包括地四个方面:思想道德素质、文化素质、专业素质和身体心理素质。
综观当前大学生的素质现状,不容乐观,远不能适应社会发展的需要。有人说“素质,社会发展之基”,但同时也指出了当前可能出现的“五精五荒”和我国的“五轻五重”。所谓的“五精五荒”是指精于科学,荒于人学;精于电脑,荒于人脑;精于网情,荒于人情;精于商品,荒于人品;精于权力,荒于道力。存在的“五轻五重”的误区有:重理工,轻人文;重专业,轻基础;重书本,轻实践;重共性,轻个性;重功利,轻素质。所以可以说当前大学生素质不的提高容乐观,远不能适应社会发展的需要。
《孙子兵法》中《计篇》指出:“将者,智、信、仁、勇严也”。“五德兼备”是优秀将帅素质的根本要求。
“智”:“智者之虑,必杂于利害”;“信”:“赏罚分明”;“仁”:“视卒7如婴儿、视卒如爱子,厚而能使、爱而能令、乱而能治”;“勇”:“能怯生于勇,但勇者不得独进”;“严”:能令法令、练士卒。
“五德”标准不仅涵盖了对“将帅”的素质要求,同时其所蕴含的思想对当代提高大学生师素质有重要的启示。就拿其中一个来说,五德之“智”:智慧、机智为大学生素质之基。孙子把“智”置于将帅“五德”之首,足见孙子对将领智略才能的高度重视。在《孙子兵法》中,孙子直接或间接地多次论述了“智”在将帅素质中的作用。“智”即智慧、才智,指将帅必须具备的渊博的知识与熟练、灵活地运用知识、发挥聪明才智去统率军队、驾驭战争的能力”。换句话说,将帅要知识渊博,多谋善断,勇于在重大问题上果敢决策。全球化、信息化使国际交往更加频繁,大学生多为今后的接班人起着举足轻重的作用。中国大学生的智慧高低直接关系到今后甚至是将来国家的政治、经济、科技、文化等各个领域的发展前途。五德之“智”启示我们:大学生的专业业素质是大学生以后生活的根本条件,大学生应不断提高自身的专业素质,具有高超的智慧,具有比较扎实的专业知识以及专业技能。对于当代大学生,在进入到社会中自身智慧就会充分体现,对于专业知识,我们不管要掌握,还要在实际中利用起来,这样不管体现出你对专业知识的智慧,同时也体现出你理论联系实践的智慧。智慧不管体现出个人的水平,同时体现出个人的素质水平。由此可知,其他四德同样对提高当代大学生素质有着重要的作用和很强的影响力。
《孙子兵法》不仅是兵家文化的代表,其最有价值的文化遗产是其蕴涵的哲理智慧,到如今依旧能够影响着人们的观念行为,而且《孙子兵法》中还蕴涵的许多的伦理道德观,有助于提升大学生人格、气质、修养、情感等素养,树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观,从而提高人的综合素质。
以古代的仁人志士为榜样,学生在潜移默化中被其中良好的修养所感染,有利于他们树立远大的志向。从中国近现代的历史发展看,“一个民族没有科学技术,一打就自垮;没有良好的素质,不打自垮。”当代大学生不仅要掌握先进的科学技术,而且应具备良好的个人素质和其他素质,良好的素质对今天的人才培养有积极的作用。
总之,《孙子兵法》为当代大学生提高素质提供了无比丰富、宝贵的思想文化资源,但只有将传统文化资源科学地注入现代生活,才能培养出适应时代挑战的合格人才。
第三篇:论文-孙子兵法
SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR AND COLLEGE STUDENTS’ UNDERTAKING
ENTERPRISE Name: Meng Jiayao Student Number: 1253450 Major: Dentistry Dentistry of Tong Ji University, 200092
Abstract:
As millions of Chinese undergraduates are thrown into the society every year and jobs are really hard to land in current market environment, the unemployment of college students has become a serious problem.Also, those who turn to innovative un-dertakings to obtain employment are so confused by the low rate of success.Now let’s see whether the ancient wisdom of SUN TZU can be of any help here.Key words: college students, launching an undertaking enterprise, measures to take according to SUN TZU.Body:
At the very beginning, it will be wise to analyze our strengths and weaknesses.The strengths are obvious: Firstly, we have the degree of undergraduate or Master and we are good at learning new things independently and we indeed have learned
quantities of classic or modern theories and high-level skills.Sometimes we can even lead the trends.Secondly, our imagina-tions are not confined, so novel ideas are often pouring in.Thirdly, most of us have professional skills on IT(information technology), which makes it possible for us to browse on the internet and search for a variety of information.For more, we are full of energy, confi-dence and passion.What’s more, we are free from the family’s burden since most of us are singles.On the other hand, compared to general entrepreneurs, college students have many disadvantages, too.The lack of social and work experience, especially of interpersonal and commercial net-work and not being so sensitive to current market maybe the chief problems.And the second main problem that prevents students from establishing their own business is initial money.Thirdly, col-lege students tend to be over optimistic to the market condition and undertake those impractical enterprises which are doomed to fail.What’s more, we sometimes refuse to be bothered by little profit and believe we deserve a great one.Therefore, some of us can’t afford to fail and have no psychological preparation for it.For another, the lack of the spirit of bearing hardships and the aware-ness of work hard and perseveringly had become their disadvan-tages.In addition, at present, the majority of college students are
the only one child in their family.The good family environment and the over fondness from their former generations make most stu-dents empty of rough experience, which is quite necessary in in-novative enterprises undertakings.After analyze our personality and know ourselves entirely, let’s just find something useful from SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR, an amazing military strategy book, a worldwide recognized the oldest military treatise from thousands of years ago.First, in the LAYING PLANS chart, Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin.Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.” So as the case the employment is to college students.We are expected by our families and the so-ciety to be recruited in high-paid jobs.In doing so can we survive on our own, realize our self-value and render our service to the de-velopment of our country at last.So we must attach great impor-tance to it, then research, analyze and inquire until we are fully prepared.Anyway, attitude is everything.Second, “ The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.” We learn that as a qualified enterprise undertaker, we need to be smart, honest, determined, courageous and also strict with ourselves.These are
the internal qualities that one must have.“Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand.Thus do many calculations lead to victory and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all!It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.” Again, SUN TZU shows us the impor-tance of preparing beforehand.Before we decide to launch an en-terprise, it’s rather important to self-locate ourselves.For example, check our bank account;apply for a loan and make sure we can get enough money as enterprise funds.Prepare ourselves psycholog-ically and remind ourselves of the hardships in the first stage of pioneering work, difficulties that we might meet with before we succeed.Know clearly what we really want and what we should do to achieve it.Maybe try to participate in some innovative under-takings competition to assess whether we have the chief qualities of intelligence and ability required in the enterprise.“Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger;that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.”Said by SUN TZU in the chart of WAGING WAR.It’s well known that if you want to succeed as badly as you want to breathe, then you can be successful.So, if we want to
make it big in our business field, we need to be totally motivated and inspired.And at last, our rewards will be the realization of our dreams.“The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken.Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.” After managing to start an enter-prise, cooperation with other people is inevitable.At this time, as a colleague or a leader, we must learn to bring our emotions under control, improve the smooth flow of new ideas and constructive suggestions in our working teams.“The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals.Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.” ” If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined;if not, its discipline will be bad.If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.” Similar les-sons that SUN TZU taught us to be a wonderful leader are given above.Young college students are faced with the intense competition from the general entrepreneurs, veterans in commerce, and a good number of sophisticated business elites.So it is quite vital to decide
on certain business areas where less fierce competitions exist to undertake our pioneering work.As is said by SUN TZU,” If equally matched, we can offer battle;if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.” Other words like:” If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.” So we should know what fields the mar-ket provides for us and select from them what really suits us.“When in difficult country, do not encamp.In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.Do not linger in dange-rously isolated positions.In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.In desperate position, you must fight.”
A report released recently has mentioned the following areas where college grads can give it a try.“Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.”
High-tech areas.This one is suitable for those who have ho-norable academic grades and have outstanding technology edges over others.For details: software designing, webpage
making, web service, mobile game development and so on. Intelligence service areas.“We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs.We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are fa-miliar with the face of the country” And this is just the most fa-miliar one with us, for most of us have the experience of working as family teachers or internship as translators.And the fact that we can make full use of the education resources in universities and get rid of the excessive initial costs make it more popular. Franchisees field.Cooperate with other mature companies to open chain business may be another good way to lower the threshold of doing business and decrease the odds of failure.Sage SUN TZU said that “We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.” So we had better choose companies which have at least five years of operating time and other ten established franchisees then evaluate them according to our own criteria.You can choose, for example, fast food industries, household
service, general school shops or digital printing shops. Online shops opening.It’s a small business but also a profitable one if the promos are successful.Most of college students are regular customs at TaoBao, DanDang or something else and often attracted by cheap and nice things like clothes, books or pocket electronic machines.So we can accumulate initial money for our further enterprises in this way.There should be also proper tactics when carrying out your project.“All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.” There being something different from the interpretations in the chart of WEAK POINTS AND STRONG, others’ successful tactics should be adopted by us if impossible in our pioneering work.But creative and diversified methods are necessary too, since “The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.” So the pioneering un-dertakers who thoroughly understand the advantages that accom-pany variation of tactics know how to handle their enterprises.”
“The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him;not
on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.”(From the chart VARIATION IN TACTICS)That is to say, there is no use crying over failing to be blessed by the lucky gods, what is more important is to drill our-selves to achieve strong executive abilities and competence.Then there come the constant opportunities.With so many familiarities between SUN TZU’s thoughts on wars and the innovative enterprises undertakings, we can always acquire what we need in our pioneering work and gradually set up or own patterns or models in our paths to success.If I am given a chance to provide some suggestions to those brilliant undertakers that would be: Fight it till make it.Be confident, organized, hard working, brave, and active all the time.Never say die.Know your-self and figure out the market running clearly.At last, keep SUN TZU’s words in mind and be an outstanding commander or soldier in your battlefield of enterprise undertaking.Acknowledgement: The translations are extracted from Lionel Giles M.A.’s(1910)complete work as titled SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR.Other information is from Survey Report on the Innovative Undertakings of College Students written by Lisa Xia.
第四篇:孙子兵法论文
浅谈钓鱼岛问题
近段时间,中日钓鱼岛纠纷问题日益膨胀激化,理所当然地成为中日乃至国际上的聚焦点。就中国而言,日本是想以非法手段来“合理”夺得钓鱼岛主权,而且是以牺牲中日和平建交数十年的基础为代价。
在中日因钓鱼岛问题而处于政治外交激战中时,中国领导人对日本非法侵占钓鱼岛表示了坚决反对态度,不计其数的爱国人士也相继走上街头进行游行示威甚至抢砸了一些销售日货的店子,在此不去评判其对错,但站在一个客观的角度上来看,日本的所作所为的确可以称之为是“穷兵黩武”。我认为日本的做法是因小失大,因为一个不属于自己的小岛而公然违背道德正义与邻国结怨,对此,中国应该采取一些正当的自卫措施。
这期间,网上经常可以看到一些人提议对日本采取军事打击,夺回钓鱼岛的同时也让小日本看看中国的实力,让他们知道中国不是好欺负的同时也把当年侵华的血海深仇给包了。可是这是一种正确的做法吗?其实这其中的对错,早在数千年前,孙武就告诉我们了。
面对日本公然挑衅,中国应该泰然处之,不能被愤怒冲昏了头脑,不然那些情绪化的举措反而会被日本所利用,是中国反而处于被动的处境。我们应该慎重对待战争,反对率先开战。孙子认为:“兵者,国之大事,生死之地,存亡之道”。战争不仅重要,而且有大量的消耗,并且有极大的破坏性和风险性。所以孙子主张,对待战争要慎之又慎,不能意气用事。慎战思想有利于对战争保持冷静的态度,减少战争的盲目性。所以孙子强调:“主不可以怒而兴师,将不可以愠而致战”,而是鼓励“合于利而动,不合于利而止”的原则。可见孙子当时就已经认识到战争是一种极其危险的谋利工具,很容易使得“亡国不可以复存,死者不可以复生”,到那个时候后悔也来不及了。所以我认为此时中国在面对钓鱼岛问题时应该慎重,不能逞一时英雄而主战。
但是面对日本如此公然窃取我国领土,我们就只能束手待毙吗?显然那是不可能的。偌大的中国难道会怕那日本?如果果真和日本真枪实弹的干上一仗,凭中国的实力,取胜的机率是很大的。此时,中国也不应该总是做出表面的官方态度,一味地只是反对这个反对那个,这样的话空洞得让日本根本不理会,有什么作用了?还不如像俄罗斯那样霸气一回,总统直接登岛宣示主权,杀杀日本的傲气。再加上国内人民万众一心,坚持长时间自觉抵制日货,对日本实施所谓的经济打击也可以在争取主权的事情上有所作用。
当然,在事情激化时,也不排除日本主动对中国采取军事行动。日本帝国主义精神仍然存在,当美国放松对日本军事控制时,日本所谓的自卫队实际上已经远远超出了限制,由此可知日本的野心仍然尚存。加入日本果真对我们主动进行军事行动了?新中国建立以来一直坚持着“人不犯我,我不犯人,人若犯我,我必犯人”的战略原则。从毛泽东起,中国领导人就一直坚持着对外推行和平建交,尊重双方利益的方针。中国是主张和平的社会主义国家,但是中国人却从来不害怕战争,中国人能够积极防御国外对我国强加的任何一场战争。所以中国应该在对日本采取间接措施的同时不能松懈防御,要做好时刻应对任何规模的外来侵略。
谁都希望在这场纠纷中,中国可以不动干戈地夺回自己的东西,这并不是不可能。
我们可以学孙武,运用外交,注重计谋。因为战争太过耗费人力物力,而且有时并不能满足人心,所以孙子认为为了满足全体利益“不战而屈人之兵”才是最理想的胜利。总之,只要全国人名同仇敌忾,万众一心,就可以圆满的处理钓鱼岛问题,夺回我们的岛屿。
第五篇:孙子兵法论文
《孙子兵法》论文
通过半个学期听老师讲授《孙子兵法》了解到其主要思想和内容出自孙武以及《孙子兵法》共有13篇,各篇均有其主题思想,但又构成一完整的思想体系。
《计》篇论述的是能否进行战争的问题。孙武指出,战争是关系到国家生死存亡的大事。“道”、“天”、“地”、“将”和“法”是决定战争胜负的五项基本要素。“道”指使人民与统治者同心同德;“天”指昼夜、晴雨、寒暑等气候 时节和天命、人事、道义;“地”指土地和地势、地形的高下、险要、平坦、距离的远近,攻守进退的利弊;“将”指将帅的智谋、赏罚必信、爱抚士卒、英勇果断和军纪严明;“法”则指军队的组织编制、将吏职责的划分和管理,以及军需物资的供应、管理。孙子认为,从这五要素出发,根据国君是否贤明,将帅有无才能,“天”、“地”二方面的条件如何,法令能否贯彻实行,兵力强弱与否,军队是不是训练有素,和赏罚是否分明,可以预知战争的胜负,从而采取适当的对策和相应的行动。
《作战》篇主要阐述的是如何进行战争。孙子认为,战争的消耗和战费的开支是十分庞大的,战争旷日持久势必危及国家的存亡。所以,他主张速胜。此外,为弥补己方的消耗和削弱敌国,他又主张“因粮于敌”,“胜敌而益强”。
《谋攻》篇主要论述了如何进攻敌国的问题。孙子主张以尽可能小的代价,去取得最大的成功,即力求不战而胜,不靠硬攻而夺取敌城,不需久战而毁灭敌国。所以,为实现这一目标,他就特别强调以谋略取胜,指出:用兵的上策首先是以政治谋略取胜,其次以外交手段取胜,再次是使用武力取胜,下策才是攻城。而要做到这一点,就不仅需要知己,还要做到知彼。《形》篇主要讲如何利用物质之“形”来保全自已,取得完全的胜利。孙子认为,只有先使自己立于不败之地然后等待和寻求战胜敌人的时机,才能夺行战争的胜利。当取胜条件不足时,应采取守势,当取胜条件具备时,则应采取攻势。因此,会用兵的人善于使自己处于不可战胜、必胜无疑的地位,擅长于创造战胜敌人的机会。只有这样的人才能掌握胜败的决定权,他所战胜的是已经注定要失败的敌人。而上述足以使自己立于不败之地的物质之“形”,便是由国土的大小所产生的物产、军资、土卒的多少,以及军事实力对比的强弱。
《势》篇主要阐述如何造成有利的态势,来压倒对方。孙子认为,只要选择有才能的将领,充分发挥他们的才干,以自己的军事实力为基础,造成一种势不可挡的有力态势,士卒就会勇猛无比地战胜敌人。而要造成有利的态势,就必须正确组织和部署兵力,善于指挥调动军队,擅长出奇制胜,即以正兵当敌,以奇兵取胜。“奇”、“正”是相 辅相生的关系,它们的变化是无穷的。所以,要出奇制胜,就应善于因时、因地、因事制宜,根据情况的变化,改换奇正的战法。此外,要造成有利的态势,还必须善于故意向敌示弱,诱敌以利,以达到欺骗和调动敌军的目的,造成战胜敌军的有利时机。
《虚实》篇主要论述指挥作战如何争取主动权,主动灵活地打击敌人。孙子认为,要取得主动,就要善于诱敌以利,调动敌军而不被敌军所调动,就要善于了解敌情和隐瞒我军的意图、行动和用兵规律。如能做到这些,就能掌握主动,集中我军兵力,分散敌军兵力;利用敌军的弱点和错误,以众击寡,避实击虚,因敌而制胜。
《军争》篇论述的是如何通过机动掌握主动,先于敌人造成有利态势和取得制胜的条件。孙子认为,两军相争时,最困难的莫过于要懂得将迂曲视为径直,以不利为有利,比敌人后出动而先到达必争之地,先敌取得制胜的有利条件。孙子还指出,要先敌取得制胜的条件,必须避免轻率冒进,把握各国的动向,了解道路、地形,重视向导,善于欺骗敌人,根据情况分散或集中使用兵力,擅长指挥 军队,根据军队的土气、军心和军力,因敌而变,去夺取胜利。
《九变》篇主要论述如何发挥指挥上的灵活性。孙子认为,灵活性的基础在于对利弊进行全面的衡量。只有认识这一点,才能设法威胁、挫折和困扰敌国,以利诱敌,才能常备不懈,使敌无机可乘。只有全面看待利弊,在有利的情况下看到不利的因素,在不利的情况下看到有利的因素,方能根据具体情况,趋利避害,采取相应的对策和行动。
《行军》篇主要讲述了如何配置、组织军队,观察判断敌情和团结将士。孙子认为,行军作战必须占据便于作战和生活的有利地形,善于根据地形配置兵力,必须对敌情进行周密细致的观察,善于深谋远虑,从现象到本质,对各种症候作出正确的判断。孙子还指出,将帅只有在取得士卒的信任后,才能用教育和惩罚相结合的方法训练好士兵,率领全军去争取胜利。
《地形》篇主要论述在不同的地形条件下如何指挥军队的行动。孙子认为,地形是用兵的辅助条件。将帅应重视地形,善于利用有利地形,避免不利地形。在此基础上,将帅如能做到知己知彼,正确判断敌情,以夺取胜利为行动的唯一准则,并能使全军上下团结一心,服从指挥,那就能无往而不胜。
《九地》篇论述了在九种不同的作战地区指挥作战的原则。孙子认为,在不同的作战地区,将帅应根据地形的不同而采取不同的行动。用兵的原则在于善于发现敌人的可乘之隙,乘其不备,迅速行动,集中兵力,抢先攻占其战略要地,以压倒敌军的抵抗。《火攻》篇主要指出火攻的目标、种类,发火的物质和气象条件,以及实施方法。孙子认为,火攻只是辅助军事进攻的一种手段。所以,火攻者应利用纵火所引起的敌军的骚乱,适时发起攻击,发展并扩大战果。
《用间》篇主要论述使用间谍的重要性及其方法。孙子认为;是否了解敌情对战争的胜负具有重要影响。要先知敌情,只能求诸间谍。只有大圣大智大仁大义之人才能使用各种间谍,获得广泛的情报。
《孙子兵法》既是一部军事经典著作,又是一部光辉的哲学著作。它是我国灿烂的古代文化中一份珍贵的遗产。孙武在其书中揭示了一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律,提出了一套完整的军事理论体系。这一理论不仅深受战国以来历代军事家的重视和推崇,对他们的军事思想和实践产生了重要的影响,而且在世界军事思想领域内也拥有广泛的影响,享有极高的声誉,至今仍有其不可抹煞的科学价值。
《孙子兵法》虽不可避免地受到它所处时代的限制,有着这样或那样的缺陷。但瑕不掩瑜,这些缺陷并不能掩盖它的光辉,丝毫也无损于它的伟大。
班级:10会计电算化2班 姓名:谢梓微 学号:2010121405