第一篇:评价Obama始终是世界规则的制定者文稿
评价Obama:美国始终是世界规则的制定者
大家好,现在由我来代表我们小组与大家来探讨Obama在多次演讲中提到的那就颇有争议的话:美国始终是世界规则的制定者
世界规则制定 1.0&2.0时代
首先,我们先对美国的发展历史做一个概述。在1776年从英国手中争取到独立之时,美国还是一个以农业为主的落后国家,根本谈不上什么世界规则的指定。而南北战争则是美国历史的一个分水岭,由于成功破除了奴隶制,美国的经济科技得到了飞速的发展,尽管如此,在二战之前的二三百年里世界还是经历了以葡萄牙西班牙为中心的大航海时代,以及以英国为中心的英镑时代。我们称之为世界规则制定1.0和2.0时代。
世界规则制定 3.0时代
二战结束后,欧洲受到了重创,与此同时世界的中心也由那个不可一世的大英帝国悄然转向了美国,从此美国开始领跑世界,积极参与世界规则的制定。所以美国对世界规则的制定要从二战结束开始算起。
下面简单介绍一下美国在世界规则制定方面取得的光辉战绩。
1.经济方面。主导世界银行和国际货币基金组织。以世界银行为例,美国占有17.67%的股份即相应比例的投票权,但是美国通过一系列手段制定了这样的规则:85%的股东同意议案才可通过,也就是说美国拥有实际的否决权,成为了真正的规则制定者。更重要的是二战后美国还推动了布雷森顿体系的建立,其实质是建立一种以美元为中心的国际货币体系,基本内容包括美元与黄金挂钩、其他国家的货币与美元挂钩以及实行固定汇率制度。布雷顿森林货币体系的运转与美元的信誉和地位密切相关。,使其牢牢掌握了世界经济发展的命脉。却导致西方外汇市场货币汇价波动、金价起伏不定,小危机不断,大危机时有发生,著名的1977年-1978年西方货币危机就是如此。
2.军事方面。战后美国及其欧洲小伙伴们组建了北大西洋公约组织用以抗衡华沙公约组织,尽管要想制定全球规则还需华约的点头,但至少在北约中他还是有绝对的话语权的。而且冷战期间美国比苏联更加强势,因为美国核弹数量曾一度是苏联的十倍。举个例子,美国在苏联的家门口波兰布置了大量核弹,而苏联为了维持战略平衡打算在古巴布置核武器,却引起了古巴导弹危机,两国争锋相对各不相让,差点引起核战争,最后苏联自知实力有限才选择了让步。自20世纪90年代苏联解体后,美国成为了世界上唯一的超级大国,于是任性地制定了一系列有利于自己的世界规则,随意的挥舞着“世界警察”的大棒打压不利于自己的国家和势力,甚至不惜武力推翻别国政权。就拿伊拉克为例,美国一再宣称伊拉克在制造大规模杀伤性武器,最后萨达姆被绞死,当地人民也生活在水深火热中,美国也没有找到丝毫的证据,在世界人民看来这就是一个笑话。但美国似乎没有丝毫悔意,“绞死萨达姆的绳索”又被扔到了利比亚,阿富汗,巴基斯坦,伊朗不再细说。
世界规则制定3 plus时代
随着以中国为代表的新兴经济体的崛起,反对美国以自我为中心的制定世界规则的声音愈加响亮。我把这个时代定义为3plus时代。我没敢定义为4.0时代,因为美国毕竟还是当之无愧的世界霸主。为了能够调动大家的兴趣同时提高我们的爱国情怀,以下内容将以中国最近的几项重大战略为主线,深入解析中国对美国世界规则的挑战,而日本,欧洲,俄罗斯等我就不再细说,当然还有一个重要的原因,那就是最近中国动作频频,那些经济体则表现比较平静。亚投行,“中国版的布雷森顿体系”
下面就以最近火的不能再火的亚投行为例,去看一看“美国始终是世界规则的制定者”这句话的现状。“中国版的布雷森顿体系”,这话说的有点大,因为区区一个亚投行远没有那么大的影响力,但这的确是一家外国媒体的标题,足以见得世界对亚投行的关切。如果大家现在在网上搜索“世界规则制定”这几个关键字,几乎每条消息都少不了“亚投行”这些字眼,可见亚投行在整个世界都引起了极大的反响,更是对美国掌控世界规则制定权的巨大挑战。
那么什么是亚投行
亚投行全名“亚洲基础设施投资银行”,总部设在北京,是由中国主导的全球性经融机构,目前已有意向创始成员国57个,涵盖了除美国,日本,加拿大之外的主要发达国家,以及亚欧区域的大部分国家,成员遍及五大洲,其中中国计划出资50%,为最大股东。亚洲基础设施投资银行是一家旨在满足一些亚洲国家数万亿美元投资需求的银行,投资领域主要是能源、电力、交通、电信和其他基础设施领域。
按其融资规模有足够的实力和世界银行分庭抗礼,美国也深知如果任由亚投行坐大的话,其主导的世界银行一定会受到不小的影响,因此在过去近一年时间里,美国还极力游说其盟友(包括澳大利亚、韩国、英国和其他欧洲国家)不要加入亚投行。说白了,这就是一场美国主导的世界银行和中国主导的亚投行的一场较量,更是对未来世界经济规则制定权的一场争夺。然而在这半年的暗战中,美国依然全面处于下风。
对于美国盟友集体投入中国怀抱的举动,很多报道都用到了“反戈”一词,甚至用到“出轨”和“私奔”这两个词,就拿美国最铁的小伙伴,“七国集团”重要成员,被戏称为“美国第五十一个州”的西方强国英国竟然是第一个站出来和美国老大哥唱反调的,随后西方“七国集团”的另外三个国家法国,德国,意大利也相继加入,这让亚投行还未运营就攒起了信誉。这无异于一个历史性的时刻,也是中美在世界经济游戏规则主导中历史性的攻守易位。由亚投行受追捧可看出,中国不再是世界经济规则的顺应者,俨然已成规则的制定者。中国的影响力已经不再仅仅局限于国内和地区,而是全球性的引导甚至局部主导。
一带一路与丝路基金:中国版马歇尔计划
“一带一路”即“新丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的战略构想。
美国重返东亚后,在军事与安全上,加强与东亚一些国家的军事联系,尤其是强化美日同盟的安保合作;在经济上,推进跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定谈判,即TPP。美国的意图是用TPP来代替APEC和WTO,重新打造一个由美国主导的自由贸易组织。中国届时虽然经济总量可能超过美国,但由于中国外贸的大部分是在亚太地区,中国要想加入TPP,就得接受比WTO更苛刻的条件和规则,在国际组织中,后来者是很难掌控规则和议程的,但如果中国不加入TPP,在亚太乃至世界就很可能会被边缘化。在这个背景下,“一带一路”应运而生。
对美国的这一意图,中国当然心知肚明。中国提出“一带一路”战略很大程度上是针对TPP的“突围”。两个贸易协议的潜在成员大同小异,关键问题在于由哪个国家来主导。中国发展到现在,积累了庞大的产能和资本,由于国内基础设施相对已经满足了需求,有些地方甚至已经过剩,这就要通过境外转移,实现过剩产能的软着陆。与此同时,新兴市场国家和欠发达国家的基础设施建设相对落后,对经济发展和当地人民生活造成重大障碍。因此,对中国来说,可以通过资本输出带动消化过剩产能,在这个过程中,还能解决国内的就业问题,缩小收入分配差距;对外国来说,则可以促进国内经济发展和基础设施的改善,最终有利于人民生活水平的提高。所以,这是一个双赢之举。
它贯穿整个欧亚大陆,涵盖中亚、南亚、西亚、东南亚和中东欧等国家和地区,沿线60多个国家、94个城市。从中国连云港出发,到荷兰阿姆斯特丹闭合成为一个圆环。这使得“一带一路”战略不再局限于中国周边的东南亚和中亚地区,而是向西延伸到了欧洲和非洲,向东扩至美洲,中国经济的影响力将辐射到全世界,化解美国对中国的经济围堵。一带一路沿线区域主要是新兴经济体和发展中国家,这些地区总人口约44 亿,经济总量约21 万亿美元,分别约占全球的63%和29%,是目前全球贸易和跨境投资增长最快的地区之一。
在今年的APEC会议上,一个热词是中国版马歇尔计划。“马歇尔计划”是二战后美国对欧洲国家的一项经济援助计划,有着浓重的冷战味道,在这一点上两者的性质还是有很大的区别的。国家主席习近平在演讲中,提出设立400亿美元的丝路基金,为“一带一路”沿线国家提供财政支持。加上早先成立的金砖国家开发银行、亚投行以及之后要设立的上合组织银行,中国布局全球金融秩序的意图隐然呈现。这无疑是对美国在这一地区规则和影响力的巨大挑战。
中国公布的对上述金融机构投入的资金来看,数额巨大。金砖国家开发银行和有关基金是1500亿美元,亚投行是500亿美元,加上丝路基金的400亿美元,总共是2400亿美元,若再加上上合组织银行的出资额及其他援助和贷款,至少有3000亿美元。中国为抢占后金融危机时期的全球金融治理权,可谓出手阔绰。
那么,这笔钱来自哪儿?毫无疑问是外汇储备。到今年第三季度,中国外储达3.89万亿美元,3000亿美元不到外储的1/10。在中国外储飞速增长的过程中,伴随的是中国经济的规模急速扩大。但即使如此,经济增速也远赶不上外储增长。一直有专家不断呼吁外储太多,超过了经济所必需的外储规模。很多专家认为中国只需要6000亿美元外储足矣,多出来的3万亿多美元外储纯粹是浪费,因为中国外储的取得是以劳动力的低价格和自然资源的破坏为代价的,而且,过多外储也会导致通胀。所以,很多专家不明白中国政府要这么多外储做什么。
现在已很清楚,外储是用来帮助中国企业走出去的,一句话,用来支持“一带一路”的,而这背后的目的,是用来争夺全球金融治理霸权。某种意义上,“一带一路”战略是中国下一步在全球经济和政治中确定规则制定权和话语权的关键的一步棋。但它仰赖于庞大的外储支撑。从这一角度看,目前的外储规模,不知是深谋远虑还是误打误撞的结果。或许是党中央国务院的英明决策吧。
上海合作组织:东方北约
“东方北约”,这其实是西方国家给上合贴的一个标签而已,虽说在中亚和东亚有一定的名气,但其实力和影响力远没有达到北约的程度。下面简单介绍一下“上海合作组织”。上海合作组织是中国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦六国组成的一个国际组织。该组织另有五个观察员国:伊朗、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、蒙古和印度。对话伙伴:斯里兰卡、白俄罗斯和土耳其;参会客人:土库曼斯坦、独联体和东盟。成员国总面积为3018.9万平方公里,即欧亚大陆总面积的五分之三,人口约16亿,为世界总人口的四分之一。
上海合作组织的前身是“上海五国”会晤机制。这一机制建立于1996年,旨在分析苏联解体后中亚地区的领土纠纷。2001年,上海五国发展成为上海合作组织。印度2014年九月正式提交了加入上海合作组织的申请,有望于今年七月加入,而伊朗多年前就表示希望加入上合,据说是暗地里俄罗斯一直想拉入,而中国一直拒绝,因为伊朗的浓缩铀问题一直和西方纠缠不休,这也是中国身为一个大国负责任的体现,不过其加入的可能性也是很高的。
上合组织正成为一个与美国竞争的全球权力中心。美国的一些批判者已经给该组织贴上了“东方北约”和“拥核欧佩克”的标签。值得注意的是,这是中国首次在其境内成立国际性组织,并以其城市命名。就中国而言,“上海合作组织”的名称里已经透出了中国与其密不可分的关系。中国作为发起国和核心国家,自始至终在“上海五国机制”发展到“上海合作组织”的过程中起到了“引导员”和“协调员”的作用,是其规则的重要制定者。
仁义不施而攻守之势异也 过去30年,中国经济取得的“世界第一”数起来手软,全球制造业第一,全球货物贸易第一,全球外汇储备第一,全球220种工业产品产量第一,一大串名单让人目不暇接。若以购买力平价(PPP)算法来衡量GDP,中国经济已经超越美国,成为世界第一大经济体。中国参与世界贸易规则的制定合情合理。
当今世界是开放的世界,贸易规则需要平等协商,规则应该由大家一起制定。由一个国家制定的贸易规则,对世界而言怎么可能是公平的呢?奥巴马眼中的规则就是“大鱼吃小鱼”,设定规则者犹如占据食物链顶端,小鱼只有被通吃的命。由美国主导的跨太平洋战略经济伙伴关系,谈了8个年头却没有一点动静,就因为美国制定的规则遵循的是损人利已,大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米。
美国动辄用军事和经济制裁威胁他国,甚至不惜武装侵犯他国,妄图让世界红利为美国独享,已经引起全世界人民的反感。制定规则的前提是,自己必须有实力而且要以身作则率先垂范,而不是依仗制定者的身份自己牟利。
与美国不同的是,大洋彼岸的中国正积极谋划“一带一路”的经济战略,组建亚洲基础设施投资银行,致力于周边国家的基础设施建设,和基础产业的升级。中国与各国福祸与共,让周边国家乃至世界各国分享中国经济的红利,搭上中国经济高速发展的快车。中国倡导的互利共赢的规则赢得了世界人民一致欢迎。
当美国在世界上发动一场又一场杀人战争,搅得一个又一个国家破烂不堪的时候,中国正在帮助他国建设一条条高速铁路,修建一条条打通世界经济命脉的跨洋运河和港口,世界经济需要的是互利的中国而不是独霸的美国!
中国历来坚持和平共处五项原则,尊重他国,倡导的规则决不是“赢者通吃”而是互惠互利。中国在亚洲和世界上与各国互谅互让共同协商,不存在中国自说自话定规则,什么事情都是商量着办,这也是亚投行,一带一路等重大战略中国一提出便达到天下群集响应的原因。奥巴马读不懂中国,美国也不可能再躺在“引领世界”的美梦上继续充当“世界警察”。而“美国始终是世界规则的制定者“也日渐成为一句过时的标语。
第二篇:Obama开学演讲中英文稿
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary ___________________________________________________________________________ For Immediate Release September 8, 2009 REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT IN A NATIONAL ADDRESS TO AMERICA'S SCHOOLCHILDREN
Wakefield High School Arlington, Virginia 12:06 P.M.EDT THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody!Thank you.Thank you.Thank you, everybody.All right, everybody go ahead and have a seat.How is everybody doing today?(Applause.)How about Tim Spicer?(Applause.)I am here with students at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia.And we've got students tuning in from all across America, from kindergarten through 12th grade.And I am just so glad that all could join us today.And I want to thank Wakefield for being such an outstanding host.Give yourselves a big round of applause.(Applause.)I know that for many of you, today is the first day of school.And for those of you in kindergarten, or starting middle or high school, it's your first day in a new school, so it's understandable if you're a little nervous.I imagine there are some seniors out there who are feeling pretty good right now--(applause)--with just one more year to go.And no matter what grade you're in, some of you are probably wishing it were still summer and you could've stayed in bed just a little bit longer this morning.I know that feeling.When I was young, my family lived overseas.I lived in Indonesia for a few years.And my mother, she didn't have the money to send me where all the American kids went to school, but she thought it was important for me to keep up with an American education.So she decided to teach me extra lessons herself, Monday through Friday.But because she had to go to work, the only time she could do it was at 4:30 in the morning.Now, as you might imagine, I wasn't too happy about getting up that early.And a lot of times, I'd fall asleep right there at the kitchen table.But whenever I'd complain, my mother would just give me one of those looks and she'd say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster.”(Laughter.)So I know that some of you are still adjusting to being back at school.But I'm here today because I have something important to discuss with you.I'm here because I want to talk with you about your education and what's expected of all of you in this new school year.Now, I've given a lot of speeches about education.And I've talked about responsibility a lot.I've talked about teachers' responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn.I've talked about your parents' responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don't spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox.I've talked a lot about your government's responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren't working, where students aren't getting the opportunities that they deserve.But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world--and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed.That's what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself.Every single one of you has something that you're good at.Every single one of you has something to offer.And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what that is.That's the opportunity an education can provide.Maybe you could be a great writer--maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper--but you might not know it until you write that English paper--that English class paper that's assigned to you.Maybe you could be an innovator or an inventor--maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or the new medicine or vaccine--but you might not know it until you do your project for your science class.Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice--but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team.And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you'll need an education to do it.You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military? You're going to need a good education for every single one of those careers.You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job.You've got to train for it and work for it and learn for it.And this isn't just important for your own life and your own future.What you make of your education will decide nothing less than the future of this country.The future of America depends on you.What you're learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.You'll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment.You'll need the insights and critical-thinking skills you gain in history and social studies to fight poverty and homelessness, crime and discrimination, and make our nation more fair and more free.You'll need the creativity and ingenuity you develop in all your classes to build new companies that will create new jobs and boost our economy.We need every single one of you to develop your talents and your skills and your intellect so you can help us old folks solve our most difficult problems.If you don't do that--if you quit on school--you're not just quitting on yourself, you're quitting on your country.Now, I know it's not always easy to do well in school.I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork.I get it.I know what it's like.My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mom who had to work and who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn't always able to give us the things that other kids had.There were times when I missed having a father in my life.There were times when I was lonely and I felt like I didn't fit in.So I wasn't always as focused as I should have been on school, and I did some things I'm not proud of, and I got in more trouble than I should have.And my life could have easily taken a turn for the worse.But I was--I was lucky.I got a lot of second chances, and I had the opportunity to go to college and law school and follow my dreams.My wife, our First Lady Michelle Obama, she has a similar story.Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didn't have a lot of money.But they worked hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools in this country.Some of you might not have those advantages.Maybe you don't have adults in your life who give you the support that you need.Maybe someone in your family has lost their job and there's not enough money to go around.Maybe you live in a neighborhood where you don't feel safe, or have friends who are pressuring you to do things you know aren't right.But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life--what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you've got going on at home--none of that is an excuse for neglecting your homework or having a bad attitude in school.That's no excuse for talking back to your teacher, or cutting class, or dropping out of school.There is no excuse for not trying.Where you are right now doesn't have to determine where you'll end up.No one's written your destiny for you, because here in America, you write your own destiny.You make your own future.That's what young people like you are doing every day, all across America.Young people like Jazmin Perez, from Roma, Texas.Jazmin didn't speak English when she first started school.Neither of her parents had gone to college.But she worked hard, earned good grades, and got a scholarship to Brown University--is now in graduate school, studying public health, on her way to becoming Dr.Jazmin Perez.I'm thinking about Andoni Schultz, from Los Altos, California, who's fought brain cancer since he was three.He's had to endure all sorts of treatments and surgeries, one of which affected his memory, so it took him much longer--hundreds of extra hours--to do his schoolwork.But he never fell behind.He's headed to college this fall.And then there's Shantell Steve, from my hometown of Chicago, Illinois.Even when bouncing from foster home to foster home in the toughest neighborhoods in the city, she managed to get a job at a local health care center, start a program to keep young people out of gangs, and she's on track to graduate high school with honors and go on to college.And Jazmin, Andoni, and Shantell aren't any different from any of you.They face challenges in their lives just like you do.In some cases they've got it a lot worse off than many of you.But they refused to give up.They chose to take responsibility for their lives, for their education, and set goals for themselves.And I expect all of you to do the same.That's why today I'm calling on each of you to set your own goals for your education--and do everything you can to meet them.Your goal can be something as simple as doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending some time each day reading a book.Maybe you'll decide to get involved in an extracurricular activity, or volunteer in your community.Maybe you'll decide to stand up for kids who are being teased or bullied because of who they are or how they look, because you believe, like I do, that all young people deserve a safe environment to study and learn.Maybe you'll decide to take better care of yourself so you can be more ready to learn.And along those lines, by the way, I hope all of you are washing your hands a lot, and that you stay home from school when you don't feel well, so we can keep people from getting the flu this fall and winter.But whatever you resolve to do, I want you to commit to it.I want you to really work at it.I know that sometimes you get that sense from TV that you can be rich and successful without any hard work--that your ticket to success is through rapping or basketball or being a reality TV star.Chances are you're not going to be any of those things.The truth is, being successful is hard.You won't love every subject that you study.You won't click with every teacher that you have.Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute.And you won't necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try.That's okay.Some of the most successful people in the world are the ones who've had the most failures.J.K.Rowling's--who wrote Harry Potter--her first Harry Potter book was rejected 12 times before it was finally published.Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team.He lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career.But he once said, “I have failed over and over and over again in my life.And that's why I succeed.” These people succeeded because they understood that you can't let your failures define you--you have to let your failures teach you.You have to let them show you what to do differently the next time.So if you get into trouble, that doesn't mean you're a troublemaker, it means you need to try harder to act right.If you get a bad grade, that doesn't mean you're stupid, it just means you need to spend more time studying.No one's born being good at all things.You become good at things through hard work.You're not a varsity athlete the first time you play a new sport.You don't hit every note the first time you sing a song.You've got to practice.The same principle applies to your schoolwork.You might have to do a math problem a few times before you get it right.You might have to read something a few times before you understand it.You definitely have to do a few drafts of a paper before it's good enough to hand in.Don't be afraid to ask questions.Don't be afraid to ask for help when you need it.I do that every day.Asking for help isn't a sign of weakness, it's a sign of strength because it shows you have the courage to admit when you don't know something, and that then allows you to learn something new.So find an adult that you trust--a parent, a grandparent or teacher, a coach or a counselor--and ask them to help you stay on track to meet your goals.And even when you're struggling, even when you're discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you, don't ever give up on yourself, because when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country.The story of America isn't about people who quit when things got tough.It's about people who kept going, who tried harder, who loved their country too much to do anything less than their best.It's the story of students who sat where you sit 250 years ago, and went on to wage a revolution and they founded this nation.Young people.Students who sat where you sit 75 years ago who overcame a Depression and won a world war;who fought for civil rights and put a man on the moon.Students who sat where you sit 20 years ago who founded Google and Twitter and Facebook and changed the way we communicate with each other.So today, I want to ask all of you, what's your contribution going to be? What problems are you going to solve? What discoveries will you make? What will a President who comes here in 20 or 50 or 100 years say about what all of you did for this country? Now, your families, your teachers, and I are doing everything we can to make sure you have the education you need to answer these questions.I'm working hard to fix up your classrooms and get you the books and the equipment and the computers you need to learn.But you've got to do your part, too.So I expect all of you to get serious this year.I expect you to put your best effort into everything you do.I expect great things from each of you.So don't let us down.Don't let your family down or your country down.Most of all, don't let yourself down.Make us all proud.Thank you very much, everybody.God bless you.God bless America.Thank you.(Applause.)END 12:22 P.M.EDT
Anderson, thank you very much.I think most Americans understand that our country today faces a series of unprecedented crises.The middle class of this country for the last 40 years has been disappearing.Millions of Americans are working longer hours for lower wages.And yet almost all of the new income and wealth being created is going to the top one percent.As a result of this disastrous Citizens United Supreme Court decision, our campaign system is corrupt and is undermining American democracy.Millionaires and billionaires are pouring out of unbelievable money into the political process in order to fund PACs and to elect candidates who represent their interests, not the interests of the working people.Today, the scientific community is virtually unanimous that the climate change is real, it is caused by human activity.And we have a moral responsibility to transform our energy system away from fossil fuel to energy efficiency and sustainable energy and leave a habitable planet for our children and our grandchildren.Today in America we have more people in jail than any other country on earth.African-American youth unemployment is 51 percent.Hispanic youth unemployment is 36 percent.It seems to me that instead of building more jails and providing more incarceration, maybe-just maybe-we should be putting money into education and jobs for our kids.What this campaign is about is to mobilize our people to take back our government from a handful of billionaires and create a vibrant democracy.We know we can and should have.Thank you.Global Citizen I want to introduce you an amazing woman and her name is Davinia.Davinia was born in Jamaica, emigrated to the US at the age of 18 and now she lives just outside of the Washington DC.She is not a high-powedr political staffer, nor is a lobbyist.She probably tells you she’s quite unremarkable.But she’s having the most inredible impact.What’s incredible about Davinia is that she is willing to spend every single week focusing on people not her, people not her in her neighborhood.
第三篇:银行合规文化建设征文稿
银行合规文化建设征文稿
银行是一种高风险的行业,由于银行业的特殊性,直接与金钱打交道,为此银行里的事事都要按部就班地进行。在银行里只要是违规操作,即使是擦边球,也会逐渐变成大风险。巴林银行倒闭就是一个很好的警示,所以银行的合规文化建设尤为重要。
俗话说没有规矩,不成方圆。在银行里合规是一种文化,强调的是人人合规。规矩即系合规,即要求每个成员都应遵守的用来约束自己行为的规则、条文等。合规,它是银行内部一项核心的风险管理活动,即:确保银行的活动与所适用的法律法规、监管规定、规则、自律性组织制定的有关准则,以及适用于银行自身业务活动的规章制度和行为准则相一致。
如何建设银行的合规文化呢?
首先,我们要了解合规文化的内涵。
合规文化的主要内涵为坚持诚信正直准则、提倡合规人人有责、高管人员带头合规、合规有理、违规有害、实现合规创造价值、合规监管有效互动。其目的在于使每一位员工熟知并掌握本岗位业务操作中的主要风险点和控制方法,牢固树立合规操作是岗位工作的第一要义的理念,使其合规成为银行一切经营活动的自觉规范的行为。
孔子云:其身正,毋令则行,其身不正,虽令毋从。银行由上到下地改革,高管要起带头作用,认真遵守银行里制定的各项规章制度,并将其实施到各个部门,如要使员工熟练掌握合规知识,并能应知、应会、应用。要把合规管理要求结合到各业务条线的操作流程中,实现流程控制、外部检查、员工自律三者有机的结合,尽量减少各类不应有的合规风险和操作风险。
第二,我们要从合规文化的特点出发。
合规是一种文化,文化就具有大众性,尤其在银行这一行中,合规本身就是银行从业人员的职业操守的基本要求,合规绝不仅仅是合规部门或者合规人员的事情,合规工作与银行中各个流程、各个工作环节更和每个银行员工都息息相关。让合规意识观念渗透到每个员工的血液中,在全行积极倡导合规文化和合规理念,包括诚信、尽职等,让每一位员工在工作中就受到合规文化的熏陶。只有这样才能达到全行员工合规,这样才能有效控制合规风险。因此,银行及银行人员在日常经营管理活动中应主动遵守上述规范,使自己的行为符合上述规范的要求,才能确保银行的经营不偏离目标,实现银行经营价值的最大化。
第三,分析当前银行业合规文化的现状。
近年来,银行里的金融案件频频发生,许多案件的形成主要原因是,大多是制约机制失控和监管不严的结果。随着银行业监管部门不断加大监管力度,银行内部的操作风险专项治理,使大家都充分认识到合规风险管理、合规文化建设的重要性,但是,客观而言,银行的合规文化建设仍然处与刚起步阶段,现状不容乐观。我们奢求规矩如何完美,好似欧美这些经历了几百年的资本市场不算不成熟,但也不能阻止内幕交易,也不能让金融行业进入完善的不出错的规章制度下进行管理。所以我们只能在不断地建设银行的合规文化,把伤害减到最少,防范于末然。
第四,要努力建设银行的合规文化。
1、提高员工思想素质,增强员工依法合规经营的理念
从近年来分析整个银行业屡屡发生的一些案件得知,案发人大部分在基层支行,而中国银行的相应的规章制度是齐全的,但基层网点屡查屡犯的问题还是较多的,这原因是多方面的,但一些老的观念、方法在某些员工思想里还是存在的。所以,要在全行员工中灌输合规文化就显得尤其重要。所以要提倡员工每天从自己的岗位做起,自觉遵守各项规章制度,自觉抵制各种违纪、违规、违章行为,要根除以信任代替管理,以习惯代替制度,以情面代替纪律,珍惜自己的职业生涯,视制度如生命,纠违章如排雷,增强风险防范意识和自我2、合规文化建设必须以人为本。中国银行的主要组成成分,就是员工。合规文化的形成,与员工的文化层次、职业道德修养、品行有着直接的联系,所以要建立人人有责的合规文化。由于银行内部风险存在与各个环节、各个部门息息相关。因此,合规文化建设应强调人人有责,即每个人都是风险的责任人,每个部门或岗位都会有风险发生,作为银行的员工,每个人都有责任和义务在自己的岗位上和部门内有效防范合规风险。员工应将合规文化建设与日常的工作和业务有机结合起来,从而将自己置身于合规文化的氛围当中。
3、要创建科学的合规管理机制。
要创建科学建立合规风险管理机制,就必须从银行整体的企业文化、组织机构扁平化、流程管理、岗责体系、绩效管理等方面入手,梳理、整合和优化银行的规章制度,建立专业化的合规风险管理队伍,确立清晰的报告路线和问责制、举报制等,真正在银行日常经营管理活动中体现合规风险管理在风险管理乃至整个银行管理工作中的核心地位和作用。
4、将合规文化实施到方方面面。
要将合规文化理念渗透到业务条线和基层岗位员工之中去。加强合规文化的教育要从上至下树立合规意识,以管理人员的合规理念感染和引导员工的合规行为。如要使员工熟练掌握合规知识,并能应知、应会、应用。要把合规管理要求结合到各业务条线的操作流程中,实现流程控制、外部检查、员工自律三者有机的结合,尽量减少各类不应有的合规风险和操作风险。
总之,合规文化的建设与实践绝非一朝一夕、一人一事便就可以完成,它需要我们共同恪守、长期不懈的坚持,正所谓循规蹈距一日易,遵章守制千日难,保持严肃谨慎的工作作风,任何时候都不能把个人利益凌驾于国家和集体的利益之上,慎于思、谨于行、安住心、守住身,小事当慎、小节当拘。
第四篇:合规性评价
南京南钢嘉华新型建材有限公司
合规性评价报告
编制:推进小组 审核:王国军
批准:
日期:2014/10/8
一、评价时间
2014/10/8
二、参加评价人员: 公司及各部门领导
三、评价目的
公司在环境和职业健康安全管理管理体系运行过程中,对法律法规遵循情况的评价。
四、评价范围
公司及各班组在生产经营过程中产生的各环境因素和影响职业健康安全的因素。
五、评价准则
1、GB/T24001-2004、GB/T28001-2011;
2、公司管理手册、程序文件及相关制度;
3、相关法律法规及其他要求。
六、环境管理体系适用法律法规评价综述:
评价组成员针对环境法律法规中适用公司的条款逐条进行合规性评价,其中重点评价了与公司《环境因素清单》中环境因素有关的法律法规条款。
1、固体废弃物排放:
存在的无毒无害的固体废弃物排放有:日常办公和生活垃圾、废旧设备、建筑垃圾、金属及其合金、木屑、废焊条头焊渣、钻头、电线、废弃的各种包装物、废弃的办公纸制品、废办公文具等环境因素。有毒有害的固体废弃物的排放有:废日光灯管、油漆化学品泄漏、油漆稀料空桶丢弃、设备漏油、废损配件丢弃、油抹布丢弃、废机油排放、油污排放、汽车尾气排放、废墨盒、硒鼓等环境因素。主要适用的法律法规有:《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》、《城市生活垃圾管理办法》、《国家危险废物名录》、《危险化学品安全管理条例》。
公司制定了有关固体废弃物管理文件,在生产现场设立了分类排放场所,配置有毒有害固体废弃物垃圾桶和废油集中设施,废弃物的处置委托有资质的相关方进行,有关协议和危险废弃物转移单见附件1;固体废弃物的管理符合上述法律法规的要求。
2、噪声排放:
主要噪声排放有:设备运转噪声排放、车辆噪声排放等。适用的法律法规有:《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》、《机动车辆允许噪声》、《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》。《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB12348-2008)中3类标准。通过保持生产现场的设备运转良好,配套安装减振设施和加强车间的密闭性来控制和降低噪声排;在强噪声工作过程中避开在夜间生产,严格执行城市噪声控制管理办法,均未发生噪声扰民事件,定期由环境监测站对厂界噪声进行监控,每年不定期经环境监测站对厂界噪声进行监测,结果见附件2;噪声排放可达到达到《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB12348-2008)中3类标准。
3、废水排放:
主要的废水排放有:生活污水。适用的法律法规有:《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》、《中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则》、《污水综合排放标准》。污水排放均符合国家污水综合排放标准。
4、废气排放:
公司主要的废气排放有:粉尘排放。适用的法律法规有:《中华人民共和国大气染防治法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法实施细则》、《大气污染物综合排放标准》;《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》结果符合《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB4915-2004)表3规定的限值。
5、能源资源的使用和消耗:
主要的能源消耗有:水的消耗、电的消耗、煤气的消耗、油品的消耗等。适用的主要法律法规有:《节约用电管理办法》、《中华人民共和国水法》、《节约能源管理暂行条例》、《中华人民共和国节约能源法》、《城市节约用水管理规定》、《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》。公司在能源消耗方面制定了以下措施:
1)、加强能源与生产的紧密结合;
2)、去年制定下发了《能源管理及消耗考核办法》; 3)、通过工艺改进与过程控制,降低天然气消耗; 4)、发挥大循环节水作用,推进节水技术进步;
5)、组织实施节能小改小革,减少设备的空耗,提高能源利用水平; 7)、统一更换节能变压器、节约灯、节能水龙头等;
6、应急准备和响应:
针对公司可能发生的火灾、爆炸、化学品泄漏、环保设施出现故障等潜在的紧急情况,制定的相应的应急预案,可满足《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《大气污染物综合排放标准》、《中华人民共和国消防法》、《危险化学品安全管理条例》等法律法规的相关要求。
七、安全管理体系适用的法律法规评价综述:
评价组成员针对职业健康和安全法律法规中适用公司的条款逐条进行合规性评价,其中重点评价了与公司《危险源辨识与风险评价汇总表》中危险因素有关的法律法规条款。
1、特种设备:
公司的特种设备有:起重设备,压力管道、压力容器、厂内机动车辆等等(具体见公司特种设备清单)。适用的法律法规主要有:《特种设备安全监察条例》、《起重机械监督检验规程》、《气瓶安全监察规定》、《特种设备目录》、《特种设备注册登记与使用管理规则》、《特种作业人员安全技术培训考核管理办法》、《压力管道安全管理与监察规定》、《压力容器安全技术监察规程》、《特种设备作业人员监督管理办法》。公司制定了有关特种设备和人员的安全管理规定,和相应岗位的《安全技术操作规程》,公司定期委托具有资质的单位对公司的特种设备进行检测,结果表明,均达到安全使用标准。公司对特种作业人员持证上岗情况定期检查,负责委托有资质的培训机构,定期对公司的特种作业人员进行培训取证和复审工作。
2、消防安全:
公司共有2个仓库,1个重点防火单位。适用的法律法规主要有《仓库防火安全管理规则》、《火灾事故调查规定》、《机关、团体、企业、事业单位消防安全管理规定》、《消防监督检查规定》、《易燃易爆化学物品消防安全监督管理办法》、《中华人民共和国消防法》、《中华人民共和国消防法释义》。公司制定了有关消防安全管理文件、《火灾爆炸应急预案》,公司定期组织对公司重点防火单位和灭火器进行专项检查;对过期和失效的消防设施进行及时更换;定期组织《火灾爆炸应急预案》的学习培训和演练工作。
3、职业卫生: 公司可能引起职业病的有害因素有:噪声、粉尘、振动、高温等。适用的法律法规主要有《高温作业分级》、《工业企业设计卫生标准》、《工业企业噪声控制设计规范》《工业企业照明设计标准》、《工业企业职工听力保护规范》、《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》、《建筑采光设计标准》、《劳动防护用品选用规则》、《生产性粉尘作业危害程度分级》、《使用有毒物品作业场所劳动保护条例》、《职业病目录》、《职业病危害事故调查处理办法》、《职业病危害项目申报管理办法》、《职业病危害因素分类目录》、《职业健康监护管理办法》、《职业性接触毒物危害程度分级》、《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》、《劳动防护用品监督管理规定》。公司委托有资质的单位对工作现场进行有毒有害物质监测(见附件),结果表明,均符合国家标准要求。公司定期委托有资质的单位对有毒有害工作岗位人员体检(见附件),几年来没有新增职业病发生。每月按国家定期发放劳保用品,每年暑期发放降温费和防暑降温用品,现场增设风机,保证现场温度控制在国家标准范围之内。
4、防雷设施安全:
公司有防雷设施,适用的法律法规主要有《电力设施保护条例实施细则》、《防雷减灾管理办法》、《建筑物防雷设计规范》、《用电安全导则》。公司每年委托有资质的单位对公司的防雷设施进行检测(见附件),均符合国家标准要求。
5、危险化学品安全:
公司的危险化学品主要有:油漆、化学分析试剂等。适用的法律法规主要有:《常用化学危险品贮存通则》、《常用危险化学品的分类及标志》、《工作场所安全使用化学品的规定》、《化学品安全标签编写规定》、《危险化学品安全管理条例》、《危险化学品登记管理办法》、《危险化学品名录》、《剧毒化学品购买和公路运输许可证件管理办法》。公司负责选择有资质的单位实施采购和运输,并对化学品泄漏制定了相应的应急预案。
6、车辆安全:
公司共有叉车、厂内机动车辆、小轿车面包车。适用的法律法规有:《机动车登记规定》、《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》、《交通事故处理程序规定》、《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》、《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》、《江苏省道路交通安全条例》。公司制定了《机动车辆、道路交通管理程序》,公司负责委托有资质的单位对公司叉车定期进行检验,并注册登记,上厂内牌照,厂内机动车辆铲车已不属于特种设备不在做年检。
7、劳动防护用品:
适用的法律法规主要有:《劳动防护用品管理规定》《劳动防护用品选用规则》等。公司制定《劳动防护用品发放标准》,公司选用合格的劳动防护用品,各部门按标准定期发放。
8、事故调查处理:
适用的法律法规有:《生产安全事故调查报告和处理条例》、《非法用工单位伤亡人员一次性赔偿办法》、《工伤保险条例》、《工伤认定办法》、《因工死亡职工供养亲属范围规定》、《职工工伤与职业病致残程度鉴定》。公司几年没有发生重伤、轻伤事故,符合国家法律法规要求。
9、女工保护:
适用的法律法规主要有:《工会法》、《妇女权益保护法》、《女职工禁忌劳动范围》。公司每年组织对女职工进行健康体检(见附件),严格四期保护。
10、安全教育:
适用的法律法规主要有:《安全生产法》、《生产经营单位安全培训规定》等。公司制定《安全教育培训及考核办法》,公司每年根据各单位培训需求制定公司《培训计划》,并对培训结果进行跟踪和评价,公司负责委托有资质的培训机构对企业负责人,安全管理人员和特种作业人员进行相应的培训和取证,公司特种作业人员均持证上岗。
另外,结合双体系贯标,公司制定了针对环境和职业健康安全体系的培训补充计划,生产部组织全员环境和职业健康安全体系相关知识的学习和答卷,参加人数100%。
八、环境和职业健康安全合规性评价结论
通过本次合规性评价认为:公司各单位都能够有效遵循法律法规,无相关方投拆;无环境污染事件;未发生重伤、工亡事故;无新增职业病;隐患整改率100%;各单位的环境和职业健康安全行为基本符合环境、安全和职业卫生相关法律法规要求。
第五篇:合规性评价管理程序
合规性评价管理程序
1.0目的
根据本厂的重要环境因素和法律法规的符合程度最终确定环境方针、目标、指标,确定实施环境管理体系所要解决的问题,以指导本厂的环境管理工作。2.0范围
适用于公司环境活动有关的法律法规的识别、保存和对其符合性的定期评估。3.0职责
3.1品管部:负责收集并整理本公司评价法律法规符合性所必需的原始资料。定期对本公司环境法律法规的符合性进行评估。
3.2各部门:负责调查收集本部门与环境法律法规符合性相关的资料及数据。4.0定义:
无 5.0作业流程图
无 6.0作业内容
6.1法律法规符合性评价标准:
6.1.1资料的收集:品管部向有关部门了解法律法规的颁布、修订情况,并及时索取、订阅最新版本,并建立清单,做好评估前的准备工作。6.1.2进行法律法规的培训:品管部组织各相关部门和人员对法律法规进行学习、分析,使其对法律法规符合性评价有一定的了解,在实施时能得到有效的配合。
6.2法律法规符合性评价的实施:
6.2.1各部门负责收集本部门法律法规评价的原始资料并提交品管部进行法律法规的符合性评审,包括各类检查、统计、教育记录。
6.2.2品管部负责收集本公司的监测报告、守法证明、环评报告、环保批复等法律法规符合性评审资料。
6.3法律法规符合性评价资料的保管及定期评估: 6.3.1对法律法规遵循情况的评估 公司由品管部每半年一次定期评估本公司对环境具有或可能具有重大影响的活动,以确定其是否符合有关法律、法规及其它要求,并将评估结果形成《法律法规符合性评估报告》,向环境管理者代表汇报并定期发放至相关部门。
6.3.2文控妥善保管相关的法律法规符合性评估的文件和资料,有关人员借阅文件时,须做好记录,防止文件及资料的丢失和误用。
7.0相关文件
无 8.0相关记录
《法律法规符合性评估报告》