模块七 Unit 1阅读材料中英文对照版

第一篇：模块七 Unit 1阅读材料中英文对照版

M7U1 READING Unit 1 Living with technology The evolution of video and sound devices Early history of TV The first public TV broadcasts were made in the USA in 1925.Later, in 1928, the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA.Regular public broadcasting followed shortly afterwards, first beginning on 11 May 1928 in New York and on 20 August 1929 in London.Many different people contributed to the development of TV.Most early TV broadcasts were made using a system developed by John Logie Baird in the UK.However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks.An American, Philo Farnsworth, made important breakthroughs in the development of TV in the late 1920s and early 1930s.Modern TVs use many of the principles first discovered by Farnsworth.John Logic Baird constructed the first colour TV in 1928, but it was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast.It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular colour TV broadcasts to begin in the USA.Regular colour TV broadcasts were delayed in the UK until 1967.However, within a short time nearly all TV broadcasts were made in colour, and within five years more colour TVs than black-and-white TVs were being used.The modern age：satellite TV Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962.Satellites allow TV to be broadcast live over vast distances, with everyone receiving the same broadcast at the same time.They also make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities, and satellite dishes can often be seen distributed throughout the countryside and remote areas.Of course, only a small percentage of people own satellite dishes.However, most people still benefit from satellite TV, as local TV companies broadcast the signals they get from satellite receivers to the population living nearby.Early history of sound recorders It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player.Early record players used round tubes to record on.However, in 1887 Emile Berliner, a German living in the USA, invented a record player that used discs as alternatives to tubes, and so the modern record player was born.The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were two minutes long.Times surely have changed!

Sound and video recorders In 1928, the first tape recorders used to copy sound were made in Germany.Most early recorders employed steel tape to record on, which made them heavy and difficult to use, or paper tape, which was easier to use but often broke.It was not until the early 1950s that most tape recorders began using plastic tape as they do today.Meanwhile, electrical components eventually became so small that, by the late 1960s, portable cassette players were developed, along with video recorders which were used by TV stations.By the late 1970s, video recorders small and cheap enough for home use were introduced.Sound and video go digital In 1982, the first CDs were made available.CDs are often used for storing and playing music because they have a much better sound quality than traditional records and cassettes.In 1993, the VCD was born, and in 1995, the DVD was invented.The DVD is now the standard for recording

M7U1 READING and playing back video.The future With the development of digital technology, sound and video can now be stored on a PC, on the Internet, or using some form of portable storage.This will soon make records, cassette recorders, CDs, DVDs and even TVs things of the past.Technology is now changing faster than most people can keep pace with.Who can foresee what the future will bring?

Project

To phone or not to phone? In the USA, the Amish--a Christian group--are famous because they drive carriages instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones.Many people assume the Amish must have religious reasons for their many rules, but this is not true.In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.They then vote on whether they will accept it.The Amish reject cars because they like having tight communities where everyone lives close together.They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity--they do not think it is necessary and dislike dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.Since the Amish value seeing each other face to face, they oppose having telephones in their houses.However, in each community there is often a small building that has a telephone for emergencies.The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it.However, maybe the Amish have a valid point.Which is more of a friend, someone you often talk to over the phone or someone you often talk to face to face? And, if you need help, who can help you better, someone far away or someone in the room with you? There is something important about being together and sharing life that cannot be found over a telephone wire.There are other disadvantages to the telephone, as well.For example, no matter what the circumstances, when the phone rings, everything stops so that the call can be answered.Your family could be eating dinner or chatting together, yet this will be interrupted.However, most phone calls are not really that important;certainly, they could not be more important than family time.Then, when you are absorbed in a book or simply trying to rest, the phone always seems to be ringing, destroying whatever peace you might have.However, the person calling is often merely a salesman or someone who has dialled the wrong number.With mobile phones, these problems increase.How many times have you been talking with a friend, only for your friend to interrupt the conversation to answer a call? For some reason, a typical mobile phone call is nearly always given greater importance than a face-to-face conversation.Yet, once again, most mobile phone calls are about rather small matters.When asked later what the call was about, your friend always answers, 'Oh, nothing really.' If the call was really about 'nothing', then why was it so important as to interrupt your conversation and waste your precious time?

Of course, using the mobile phone for text messages is the worst.In one study, girls average 80 text messages a day, and boys average 30.What do people talk about in text messages? While these messages always seem important at the time, most people cannot really remember them the next day.Phones and text messages focus on building relationships with many people.However，M7U1 READING these relationships are often quite shallow.Many teenagers say that while they have a lot of friends, they really have no best friend.The use of technology for communication rather than talking face to face is one reason why this is true.Meanwhile, real relationships are often sacrificed, and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings.The Amish in general have a higher degree of mental health than most people.They have very calm and stable lives because they value community and living in peace above all else, especially new technology.Maybe they are right.Maybe we should throw all of our phones into the dustbin, along with our cars and TVs for good measure.Maybe we should rid ourselves of modern technology and return to simpler times.What's that?...Sorry, I have to go.The phone's ringing...影像和声音设备的发展

电视的早期历史

无线电视传输节目于1925年在美国首次公开播出。随后在1928年，英美两国之间第一次实现了远距离电视播送。之后不久便开始定期向公众播放，在纽约的开播时间是1928年5月11日，在伦敦的开播时间是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人对电视的发展做出了贡献。早期电视大多使用有英国人约翰洛吉贝尔德开发的系统。然而，他的系统非常原始，有许多缺点。20世纪20年代末和30年代初，美国人斐洛法恩斯沃斯在电视的研发上取得了重大突破。现代电视机使用了许多由法恩斯沃斯首先发现的原理。

约翰洛吉贝尔德于1928年制造出第一台彩色电视机，但直到1938年第一个彩色电视节目才播出。彩色电视节目到1951年才得以在美国定期播出，其间经历了二十多年的时间。在英国，定期的彩色电视节目的播出一直延迟至1967年。然而，在短时间内，几乎所有的电视节目都被制作成了彩色的，不出五年，彩色电视机的使用率就超过了黑白电视机。当代：卫星电视

卫星用于播送电视节目始于1962年。卫星让远距离直播电视节目成为可能，大家在同一时间可以收到相同的电视节目。它们也使远离城市的人们可以收看电视，在农村和边远地区经常可以看到卫星天线。当然，只有一小部分人拥有自己的卫星天线。然而，大多数人仍然受益于卫星电视，因为当地的电视公司把从卫星接收器接收到的信号传送给附近的居民。录音机的早期历史

一切始于1877年，这一年托马斯爱迪生用他发明的留声机第一次录制了人的声音。早期的录音机是使用圆管记录声音的。然而，在1887年，一位侨居美国的德国人埃米尔贝利纳发明了使用唱片来代替圆管的留声机，这样现代录音机就诞生了。最早的留声机必须手摇上发条，而且只能播放两分钟长的录音。时代确实已经改变！录音机和录像机

1928年，第一批磁带录音机在德国制造出来。大多数最早的录音机用钢质磁带或者纸质磁带录音。钢质磁带很沉，使用起来困难；纸质磁带用起来虽方便，但常常破损。直到20世纪50年代初，大多数录音机才开始使用塑料磁带，就跟现在一样。同时，电器元件最终变得很小，到60年代后期，便携式录音机被研制出来，电视台使用的录像机也随之出现。到了20世纪70年代末，足够小巧而价廉的家用录像机被采用。声音和视频数字化

1982年，最早的CD光盘出现了。它们通常用来存储和播放音乐，其音质远远胜过任何传统的唱片和卡带录音机。1993年VCD诞生，1995年DVD问世。目前，DVD是标准的视频录制和回放设备。

M7U1 READING 未来展望

随着数字技术的发展，声音和视频现在可以储存在个人电脑上、互联网上，或使用某种形式的便携式储存设备储存。这将很快使唱片、卡带录音机、CD、DVD甚至电视成为过去。技术变革快得大多数人难以跟上。谁能预见未来会带来什么呢?

打电话还是不打？

在美国，阿曼门诺派（一个基督教团体）很有名，因为这个教派的教徒不开汽车而使用非机动车，不用电视和冰箱，也没有私人电话。许多人认为阿曼门诺派有这么多规矩，肯定是因为宗教原因，但事实并非如此。实际上，每当出现一项新技术，阿曼门诺派教徒便开会讨论其优点和缺点。然后，他们投票决定是否要接受它。阿曼门诺派教徒拒绝汽车，因为他们喜欢享有关系紧密的社区，在这里大家一起住得很近。他们没有电视机和电冰箱，因为他们的家没有电——他们认为电力并非必需，而且他们不喜欢与陌生人打交道，例如那些在电力公司工作的人。

由于阿曼门诺派教徒重视彼此面对面地交往，他们反对在住宅里装电话。然而在每个社区常常有一个小亭子，里面有一部紧急电话。

电话非常便于沟通，当今世界上大多数人的生活都离不开它。然而，也许阿曼门诺派教徒有个合理的观点。哪一个更像是朋友呢：是你在电话中经常交谈的某个人，还是你经常面对面地交谈的某个人？还有，如果你需要帮助，谁能更好地帮助你呢：是远方的某个人，还是与你同处一室的某个人？在一起并分享生活，其中蕴藏着某种重要的东西，而这种东西是无法通过电话线获得的。

电话还有其他缺点。例如，无论在什么情况下，当电话铃声响起时，为了能接电话，一切都要停下来。你们一家人可能正在一起吃晚饭或聊天，这却会被电话打断。然而，大多数电话不是真的那么重要。它们当然不会比与家人在一起共度时光更重要。还有，当你专注地看一本书或者只想休息时，电话似乎总是响个不停，打破了你本来可以享有的一切安宁。可打电话的人常常只是一名推销员或拨错了号码的某个人。

有了移动电话，这样的问题就更多了。有多少次你正在与一位朋友交谈，可是仅仅为了接一个电话，你的朋友就中断了交谈呢？由于某种原因，一个平常的手机来电几乎总是被赋予比面对面交谈更多的重要性。不过，话又说回来，大部分的手机来电只涉及相当微不足道的事情。当事后被问及来电是有关什么事时，你的朋友总是回答说：“噢，其实也没什么事。”如果来电真的是“没什么事”，那么它为什么如此重要以至于打断你们的交谈，并浪费你们的宝贵时间呢？

当然，用手机发短信是最糟的事。在一项调查中，女孩平均每天发80条短信，男孩平均发30条。人们在短信中谈论什么呢？尽管这些短信在当时总是看似重要，但第二天大多数人并不能真的记得它们。电话和短信意在与许多人建立感情关系。然而，这样建立起来的交情常常是相当浅的。许多青少年说，虽然他们有很多朋友，但事实上他们却没有最好的朋友。之所以会这样，一个原因就是通信技术的应用代替了面对面的交谈。同时，真正的关系往往被牺牲了，而且，每当电话铃声响起时，个人所拥有的任何宁静都会被打破。

总的说来，阿曼门诺派教徒的心理健康程度高于大多数人。他们过着非常平静而稳定的生活，因为他们看重社区和宁静生活，并视其高于其他的一切，特别是新技术。也许他们是对的。也许我们应该把所有的电话连同小汽车和电视机一起扔进垃圾箱。也许我们应该使我们自己摆脱现代技术，回到更为简单的时代。

那是什么？„„对不起，我得走了。我的电话响了„„

M7U1 READING

This article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine.If you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin.Both of these medicines have saved millions of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were invented.Aspirin Aspirin was invented in 1897.However, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature.Nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special chemical to reduce body pains and fever.About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect.It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced aspirin from this chemical.The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company Hoffmann worked for began distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients.A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets.Within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling medicine in the world for pain relief Not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to reduce the risk of heart attacks, because it helped the blood circulate better.The report was ignored.However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study carried out in the USA showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well.Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed that aspirin could reduce the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent.In 1999, aspirin was over 100 years

old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives.In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that aspirin could reduce blood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.Another drug that has helped increase the standard of people's health is penicillin, which is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society.It was discovered by a Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming in 1928.He noted that a dish in which he was trying to grow bacteria for an experiment looked abnormal--there was blue mould in it.It astonished him to see the bacteria surrounding the mould dead, which meant that the mould had killed them.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium and found that it killed the bacterium too.He immediately realized that the mould might have an application in treating illnesses caused by bacteria.He named the liquid made from the mould 'penicillin'.However, the development of penicillin as a drug faced two problems.First, he was unable to find a procedure to make penicillin pure

M7U1 READING enough to work as a medicine.Second, it was difficult to produce penicillin in the ample quantities needed to be effective.In 1940, two other scientists, Howard Florey(Australian)and Ernst Chain(German-born English), helped solve these problems, and managed to make and test the new drug in large quantities.Since the new drug was needed for World War II, the government approval process for penicillin was accelerated, and mass production began in 1944.Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during the war.If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from sickness or even small wounds.Penicillin became the greatest drug of the 20th century, saving millions of lives.In 1945, the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.Magic needles: Chinese acupuncture One of the most famous Chinese medical treatments is the art of 'magic needles', or Chinese acupuncture.It was developed long ago, perhaps as early as 2000 BC.There is evidence that acupuncture began during the Stone Age, when stone tools called bian(砭)were used to press areas of the body.As acupuncture developed, the simple bian stones were replaced by stone needles.Eventually, metal needles began to appear and took their place.There were nine different kinds of needles.These included a needle with a head like an arrow, used for making shallow holes in the surface of the skin;a needle with a round tip, used for pressing the tissue under the skin;a dull needle, used for tapping against pressure points;and a needle like a small sword, used for letting liquid out of body parts which had swollen up.These needles could be made of different metals, such as gold and silver.Some acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles, but the majority use only stainless steel ones.The main needle now used for acupuncture is fine and sharp.Most of the others have been replaced by more complex medical instruments.For example, the needle looking like a sword has been replaced by a sharp knife that doctors use in operations.Acupuncture uses stainless steel needles that are put into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved.These points are called acupuncture points.When acupuncture was first practised, there were 365 such points.The number of acupuncture points was the same as the number of days in a year.However, over the last 2,000 years, this number has gradually increased to about 2,000.Some acupuncturists insert needles at or near the body part affected by the disease, while others select points according to the symptoms that the patient has.If you go to an acupuncturist, he or she will ask you questions about your medical history and your way of life.The acupuncturist will look at the colour of your skin and your tongue, listen to your breathing, and check your pulses.M7U1 READING Western medicine only recognizes one pulse which indicates the heartbeat.However, according to traditional Chinese medicine, there are twelve different pulses, six on each wrist, and every one of them is connected with a major body organ or its function.By checking all the pulses, the acupuncturist can find out which energy channel does not have enough energy.Some of the medical problems that can be treated by acupuncture include severe pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems and high blood pressure.Some people have also used acupuncture to treat smokers, alcoholics and people who are addicted to drugs.How acupuncture reduces pain is not clear.One theory explaining this phenomenon suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the brain.Another theory relates acupuncture to the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain.A lot of people now subscribe to these theories.As a unique contribution of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture spread to many other Asian countries, such as Japan, as early as the 6th century.It was introduced to the West in the 17th century.Today acupuncture has become popular round the world, as have other traditional Chinese medicines.The World Health Organization recommends acupuncture as a good treatment for over forty medical problems.While doubts about its safety have faded away, interest continues to grow.My name is Zhu Fei and I am speaking in favour of the Internet I believe that the Internet has positive effects on our lives.There are two main points which must be included when we analyse the Internet.The first is its value for people who are looking for information.The second is our ability to relate to others through the Intemet.When people need information, from the news and weather forecasts to travel packages and academic research, the Internet is now the first source they turn to.With the touch of a button or the click of a mouse, a student will find abundant information from the largest libraries and museums in the world at his or her command.Internet users can communicate with experts on all sorts of topics, and read articles written by people who are leaders of their fields.Yet, some people are sceptical.They claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time.They make the assumption that children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.However, a recent survey conducted in the USA shows that 80 per cent of Intemet users employ it mostly to search for answers to questions.The second most common use of the Internet, for 79 per cent of Internet users, is to find out information about hobbies.These statistics prove that gathering information is the primary use for the Internet.M7U1 READING Another truly wonderful aspect of the Internet is the way people use it to build social bonds.One of the greatest benefits of Internet friendships is that they are based on common interests, rather than appearance or age.Young people from diverse backgrounds and different countries can form friendships that will last their entire lives.What is more, people who are disabled and must stay in their homes can correspond and communicate with others around the globe who have similar interests.Without the Internet, these people would have fewer avenues to meet people.For these reasons, I believe the Internet is a positive tool that helps make our lives better.Unit 3

The Internet has negative effects on our lives My name is Li Lei and I will be speaking against the Internet.In my opinion, the Internet has negative effects on our lives.The main drawbacks of the Internet I will address today are that it has too much information that has not been evaluated for accuracy, and that it is transforming the way people spend their time.Of course, access to up-to-date, accurate information is an important thing for anyone who is doing research.One great strength of the Internet is that it provides information.One great weakness of the Internet, though, is that it is difficult to know whether the information is true and accurate.The huge amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.This is very troublesome because we cannot always tell if the information is true or not.In 2003, eBay, a famous website where people buy and sell things, said that 70 per cent of their problems were with people who sold things that did not exist, or who lied about the products they were selling.Educators around the world complain that students are handing in papers using false information they found on the Internet.These problems do not occur as often when people use traditional reference materials, such as books, newspapers and magazines.Another disadvantage of the Internet is the way that it is affecting people's private lives.Now, instead of spending time together in the evening, some families spend their time apart because one or more members are using the computer, or are in a booth at an Internet cafe.In fact, some young people spend so much time playing computer games on the Internet that they have become addicted to them.To help solve this problem, a special clinic was opened in Beijing in 2005.One unfortunate outcome of Internet use is that it damages people's ability to live normal lives.One university did a study about the students who had dropped out, and found that 43 per cent of them were heavy internet users.This study shows that people who spend too much time on the Internet tend to withdraw from the people and the world round them.These are all negative effects the Internet has on our lives.I feel it is important for us either to limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to handle the

M7U1 READING problems it has caused.Unit 3 Reading

因特网对我们生活的影响

因特网对我们的生活有正面影响

我叫朱飞，我代表支持因特网的一方发言。也就是说，我认为因特网对我们的生活有正面 的影响。我们对因特网进行分析时，必须包含两个要点：第一个是因特网对于搜索信息的人具

有的价值；第二个是我们通过因特网与他人建立联系的能力。

当人们需要信息时，无论是时事新闻、天气预报还是包价旅游和学术研究，因特网如今是

很多人的首选信息源。一名学生轻按键盘键或点击鼠标，就能从世界上最大的图书馆和博物馆

中找到大量信息，加以使用。因特网使用者能与专家就各种话题进行交流，也可以阅读各个领

Project

Researching on the Internet The Internet is the fastest growing source of information in the world today.There are, however, some things to keep in mind when you use it to do research.Before you sit down at a computer terminal, read this brief guide to make sure that you use the Internet in the best way possible.Step one : choosing a search srvice Let's start by looking at the two services you can choose between to assist you in your search: search engines and subject directories.Both give you direct links, but the information is chosen and organized in different ways.Search engines Search engines are a type of computer program.The links that you get are not classified by subject.These engines search the Internet for you based on the key words you type in, and choose web pages for you which contain the words you ask for.The contents they search have not been evaluated.This means that the information has never been checked--it could be reliable, true information or false information written by a person without qualifications or someone who does not have solid facts.The links you obtain from the search engines go to full articles or pages.This requires you to be patient as you have to read the information to decide whether it is linked to what you are researching.Examples of famous search engines are Google, Yahoo and Baidu.You can also go to the www.xiexiebang.com website and check their list of search engines.Subject directories Subject directories are built by humans.Someone has combed through pages and links and selected all those that are in the directory.The results of your search are

M7U1 READING divided into specific subject categories.You do not get the full pages to read.Instead, you get a bunch of titles of articles or pages and, sometimes, a short summary of the information they contain.You need to decide whether the information is useful to you on that basis.Most often, the information in subject directories has been evaluated, and someone has decided that the information is relevant and correct.Being relevant and correct, though, does not equal being up to date.There are several things to take into consideration when you are searching.1 Information gets old.Just as you might look at when a book was published, you

must also check the dates of the websites you find.Many websites will say, at the bottom of the page, the date when they were last updated.Do not use information that is too old.2 People put information on the Internet.Usually, people try to put correct information on the Internet, but not every person bothers to read over their own writing and make corrections.As a general rule, check the source of the information you find.Personal web pages are not recommended for doing research.Government pages or pages managed by organizations and companies you trust are much better.If you are not sure about the information you find, consult other web pages to confirm it.3 The way you type your key words makes a difference.If you use the plus symbol '+', it means the same as the word 'and'.You can search for 'bird + sparrow' and the results of your search will only be pages that have both the words 'bird' and 'sparrow' in them.A minus symbol '-' means the same as 'not', so if you want to learn about birds but you do not want any information about sparrows, you could type 'bird-sparrow'.Then your results will be all the pages that have the word 'bird', but not ones that have the word 'sparrow'.If you type 'bird OR sparrow', then your results will be web pages that have information about birds or sparrows.Step Three: using your information Remember that someone wrote the information you have found.This means those words belong to them.To copy the words just as you found them is not only cheating, but also illegal.Write an outline of the information you have found.Then write your report, using your own words and making your own decisions about what it means.When you are finished, you should always acknowledge where you got your data by attaching a list of the websites you got your information from.This way, a teacher can check them, and an interested friend can also read what you read.Follow these tips, and your time spent doing research on the Internet will be much more worthwhile.Happy searching!

Unit 4

The first underground in the world Welcome to the London Underground, or as it is usually known, the tube.It

M7U1 READING has the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.Rail services to London were first developed during the first half of the 19th century.However, most trains to London only went to the outer city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.Horse-drawn buses, trams, cabs and carriages were used to convey people to and around the city centre.Unfortunately, the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable traffic jams, and the roads became so busy that no one could travel anywhere.This traffic problem led to the development of the underground system.In 1854, the British government gave approval to the construction by the Metropolitan Railway Company of an underground railway in the centre of London, between Paddington and Farringdon, via King's Cross, St Pancras and Euston.However, new trains had to be developed and the plan required raising a large amount of money, so the digging was postponed until 1860.The initial tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground.Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.In 1868, the next section of the underground system was opened in the south of London by another company called the Metropolitan District Railway.Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground service in the middle of the city.This later became the Circle Line.Because of the smoke from the steam engines, early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals, so that people could get fresh air and would not choke.As better ways for digging tunnels were developed, the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884.These new ways of digging accelerated the pace of the London Underground's development.The City and South London Railway opened the first electric underground railway in 1890.Over the next twenty-five years, six independent deep underground lines were

constructed.Travelling on these lines was not convenient, though, as each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far from each other.Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.The Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the Metropolitan Line and all the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board.This organization eventually became London Transport.Between 1918 and 1938, many new stations were constructed, the most famous of which were designed by an architect named Charles Holden.The underground system had some unusual uses during World War II.When London was bombed, many underground stations functioned as bomb

M7U1 READING shelters.A new line was used as an underground airplane factory, an underground station was used as a centre for directing the defence against air attacks, and the station nearest the Prime Minister's house was used by the Prime Minister as meeting rooms for the administration of government.After World War II ended in 1945, more people travelled on the underground, so the system was enlarged and more lines were added, including the Victoria Line, which was linked with other lines at almost every station.This helped make the system more user-friendly.The last line added was the Jubilee Line, which was opened in 1979 in honour of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II becoming the queen.The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers of people as it has done for many years.Over three million people travel on the underground every day.The network of the underground system includes twelve lines and now goes twenty-six miles out of central London.So, why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today? Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system.Project

Traffic Accidents and Road Safety The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased over the past year.This notice is aimed at increasing people's knowledge of the problem.We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.This is true of everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as cyclists and pedestrians.We all have a responsibility to prevent accidents.Below are some of the major causes of road accidents in connection with vehicles such as cars, minibuses and lorries, and what drivers should do to prevent them.▲Drivers not paying attention--This is the most common cause of accidents.When drivers do not pay attention to surrounding traffic, they are not ready when another driver does something wrong, like turning without signalling or giving wrong signals.▲Drivers getting annoyed in a traffic jam--Many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or pass other cars.These are both very dangerous because they can result in crashes.▲Drivers speaking on mobile phones--Recently the number of people freed for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has increased by 30 per cent.Speaking on the phone requires a person to concentrate and takes a driver's attention from the road.▲Drinking and driving--If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks or are drunk, you are violating the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others.If you are with someone who has been drinking alcohol, even if it is just a couple of beers, do not allow them to drive.▲Drivers speeding--Speed kills.This is a fact that is easily ignored, but

M7U1 READING driving too fast through city streets is very dangerous.Our city streets are always crowded with people, cars and bicycles.Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out for people crossing the road, especially senior citizens who may not be able to walk very fast and young children who may not look before stepping into the road.Drivers should be careful near schools in particular, because there are likely to be many children.On the next page are some of the chief causes of road accidents related to cyclists and pedestrians, and what they should do to prevent accidents.●--Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars that surround them, and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them, but this is not true.Cyclists should always signal at turnings and stay on the correct side of the road.●--Sometimes bicycles are allowed on the pavement, but cycling on the pavement can be dangerous to pedestrians.When on the pavement, cyclists should walk next to their bicycles to avoid causing any accidents.●--Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.●--It is recommended to have a light on your bicycle at night.Check your light regularly to make sure it works, as many accidents are caused at night because a bicycle cannot be seen.●--Another cause of accidents is that bicycles are not kept in good condition.Often brakes do not work properly or tyres are so old that the bicycle cannot stop in time.●--Road safety is important for pedestrians too.They should remember to be cautious, and look both ways and listen for cars that they might not be able to see.Pedestrians should always cross the road on a crossing, and should never run across the road.Parents and teachers have a responsibility to teach children how to cross the road safely.●--Traffic lights are there to guide traffic in a reasonable way.Pedestrians, cyclists and drivers should all obey traffic lights, stopping when the light is red and waiting for it to turn green to go.It is up to all of us road users to make sure that we avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety.两种挽救生命的药物

这篇文章将着重讲述两种引发了医学革命的药物。倘若你打开世界上的任何一个药柜,或者走到任何一个卖药的柜台,都可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自这两种药被发明以来,它们已挽救了数百万人的性命,并已证实对人类有益。阿司匹林

M7U1 READING 阿司匹林发明于1897年。但是,用于制造阿司匹林的基本化学物质却可在自然界中找到。将近3500年前,人们咀嚼一种含有特殊化学物质的树叶或饮用这种树叶制成的茶,以减轻身体疼痛、退烧。大约2500年前,医生之父、古希腊医师希波克拉底就用一种树皮制成汁,这种汁含有水杨酸,也有同样的功效。1897年,一位名叫费利克斯·霍夫曼的欧洲药剂师提取这种化学物质,制成了阿司匹林。对该药进行的首批试验发生于1899年。当时,霍夫曼供职的公司开始将这种药以粉末形式分发给医师,以在病人身上使用。一年之后,即1900年,阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售。很快,阿司匹林成了世界上最畅销的止痛药。

阿司匹林不仅被证明对于退烧和止痛必不可少,而且还有其他用途。美国医生劳伦斯,克雷文在1953年提出一个观点,即阿司匹林可能有助于降低心脏病发作的风险,因为它能改善血液循环。该报告并未引起人们的注意。但是,1971年,英国医生史密斯和威利斯证实阿司匹林的确有此功效。1977年,美国的一项研究表明,阿司匹林还能预防中风。11年后,美国医生图恩证明,阿司匹林可以降低某些癌症40%的发病率。到1999年,阿司匹林已有一百多年的历史,但是在它如何能够帮助延年益寿方面仍然有更多的发现。2003年,中国医生袁敏生发现,阿司匹林可以降低血糖水平,从而帮助糖尿病患者。

2013-2014第一学期高三期末参考答案

听力: 1-5: CBCAC

6-10:BCCAC

11-15: CAAAB

16-20:CABCB 单选: 21-15: AABDC:

26-30: DADCB

31-35: DBDBD 完形: 36-40: BDAAB

41-45: DCAAB

46-50: ABDAD

51-55: ACADA 阅读: 56-58: BCB

59-62: ACDB

63-66: CCDB

67-70: ADDB 71.Definition

72.following

73.site(place)

74.two(2)

75.similarly 76.first

77.depth

78.weighing

79.functions

80.contact Dear classmates，Recently, the topic of whether English should be tested in a reformed way has been heatedly discussed.Many believe the current evaluation procedures hinder students' comprehensive abilities and therefore argue for a reform.Personally, I am against this point of view.There are numerous reasons why I think so, but today I would only explore some of them.Firstly, I don't think our comprehensive abilities are hindered.To my knowledge, many of my classmates are good at all the four skills of English.Moreover, the current testing system is nothing but the fairest way for students to get selected for college study.Admittedly, there is pressure nowadays.But who can guarantee a new testing method will spare us from pressure?

As to the development of comprehensive language abilities, I believe the only solution is we students practice more, either listening and reading or speaking and writing.Only in this way can we learn English in an effective way.That's all.I appreciate your attention.(152 words)

两种挽救生命的药物

这篇文章将着重讲述两种引发了医学革命的药物。倘若你打开世界上的任何一个药柜，或者走到任何一一个卖药的柜台，都“可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自这两种药被发明以来，它们已挽救了数百万人的性命，并已证实对人类有益。

阿司匹林

阿司匹林发明于1 897年。但是，用于制造阿司匹林的基本化学物质却可存自然界中找到。将近3500年前，人们咀嚼一种含有特殊化学物质的树叶或饮用这种树叶制成的茶，以减轻身体疼痛或退烧。大约2500年前，医生之父、占希腊医师希波克拉底就用一种树皮制成汁，这种汁含有水杨酸，也有同样的功效。1897年，一位名叫费利克斯·霍夫曼的欧洲药剂师提取这种化学物质，制成了阿司匹林。对该药进行的首批试验发生在18 99年。当时，M7U1 READING 霍夫曼供职的公司开始将这种药以粉末形式分发给医师，在病人身上使用。

一年之后，即1 900年，阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售。很快，阿司匹林成了世界上最畅销的止痛药。

阿司匹林不仅被证明对于遐烧和I}：痛必不可少，而且还有其他用途。美国医生劳伦斯-克

雷文在19 53年提出一个观点，即阿司匹林可能有助f降低心脏病发作的风险，网为它能改善血

液循环。该报告并未引起人f『】的沣意。似是，1971年，英团医牛史密斯和威利斯证实阿司匹林 的确有此功效。19 77年，美国的一项研究表明，阿i订匹林还能预防中风。11年后，美国医生图

恩证明，阿司匹林可以降低某些癌症40％的发病率。到1999年，阿司旺林已有一百多年的历史，但是在它如何能够帮助延年益寿方面仍然有更多的发现。2003年，中国医生袁敏生发现，阿司

匹林可以降低血糖水平，从而帮助糖尿病患者。

青霉素

另外一种帮助人们提高健康水平的药物是青镖素。许多人认为这种药是当代社会最重要的药物之

。它是由·名叫亚历山夫·弗莱uJj的苏格土-科学家于1928年发现的。他注意到一个碟

子看起来有些异常～一为了做实验，他试冈任这个碟子中培育细菌一一它里面有蓝色的霉。使

他十分惊讶的是，他看到这种霉周闹的细菌都死了，这意味着是这种霉杀死了它们。弗莱明将

这种霉用存另外一种细菌上做试验，发现它同样杀死了那种细菌。他立刻意识到这种霉或许能

用于治疗由细菌引起的疾病。他将山这种霉制成的液体命名为“青霉素”。然而，青霉素的药物

研发面临两个难题。首先，他难以找到一种办法来提纯药用的青霉素。第■，难以牛产出足量 的青霉素以产生药效。1 940年，另外两辊科学家，澳大利亚人霍华德·弗洛里和德裔英国人恩

斯特·钱恩，帮助解决了这些问题，并设法人量制造和试用这一新药。由于这种新药为第—一次

世界大战所需，政府批准程序得以加快，火批量生产始f 1 944年。正因为青霉素的广泛应用，战争期间的很多牛命得以挽救。如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于疾病，甚至是很小的伤口。青

霉素挽救了无数人的性命，成了-卜世纪敲r小起的药物。

由下他们的工作成果，弗浆明、弗洛甲J和饯崽于1945年共例扶得_r诺贝尔医学奖。

影像和声音设备的发展

电视的早期历史

无线电视传输节目于1925年在美国首次公开播出。随后在1928年，英美两国之间第一

M7U1 READING 次实

现了远距离电视播送。之后不久便开始定期向公众播放，在纽约的开播时间是1928年5月11日，在伦敦的开播时间是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人对电视的发展做出了贡献。早期电视大多使用由英国人约翰·洛吉·贝尔德

开发的系统。然而，他的系统非常原始，有许多缺点。20世纪20年代末和30年代初，美国人斐 洛。法恩斯沃斯在电视的研发上取得了重大突破。现代电视机使用了许多由法恩斯沃斯首先发

现的原理。

约翰-洛占·贝尔德于1928年制造出第一台彩色电视机，但直到1938年第一个彩色电视节

目才播m。彩色电视节目到1 9 51年才‘得以在美国定期播出，其间经历了二卜多年的时间。在英

国，定期的彩色电}见节目的播出一直延迟至l 967年。然而，在短时间内，几乎所有的电视节目

都被制作成了彩色的，／f：Ⅲ五年，彩色电视机的使用率就超过了黑白电视机。

当代：卫星电视

卫星用于播送电视节目始于1962年。卫星让远距离直播电视节目成为可能，大家在同一时

间可以收到相同的电视节目。它们也使远离城市的人们可以收看电视，在农村和边远地区经常

可以看到卫星天线。当然，只有一小部分人拥有自己的卫星天线。然而，大多数人仍然受益于

卫星电视，因为当地的电视公司把从卫星接收器接收到的信号传送给附近的居民。

录音机的早期历史

一切始于1877年，这一年托马斯·爱迪生用他发明的留声机第一次录制了人的声音。早期 的录音机是使用圆管己录声音的。然而，存1 8 87年，一位侨居美国的德国人埃米尔·贝利纳发

明了使用唱片来代替圆管的留声机，这样现代录音机就诞生了。最早的留声机必须手摇上发条，而且只能播放两分钟长的录音。时代确实已经改变!

录音机和录像机

1928年，第一批磁带录音机在德固制造出来。大多数最早的录音机用钢质磁带或者纸质磁

带录音。钢质磁带很沉，使用起来困难；纸质磁带用起来虽方便，但常常破损。直到20世纪50 年代初，大多数录音机才开始使用塑料磁带，就跟现在一样。同时，电器元件最终变得很小，到60年代后期，便携式录音机被研制出来，电视台使用的录像机也随之出现。到了20世纪70年

代末，足够小巧而价廉的家用录像机被采用。

声音和视频数字化

M7U1 READING 82年，最早的CD光盘出现了。它们通常用来存储和播放音乐，其音质远远胜过任何传统 的唱片和卡带录音机。1 993年VCD诞生，1995年DVD问世。目前，DVD是标准的视频录制和回 放设备。

第二篇：中英文对照A

《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？What about me? 我怎么样？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？What's this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你该露面的时候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。Masa is a class act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉

得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到

厌倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。This is a “coming of age” movie.这是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。Let's go all-out and win this game!让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。Let's settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校

100米跑的历史最高记录。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。I just can't go on the American way.我无法适应美国方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕

上充分显示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去过纽约吗？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是

手挽手散步的恋人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我准备回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。I want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美国平常日

子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。Tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文对照

AEROFLEX “亚罗弗”保温 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利顿空调 Alfa laval阿法拉伐换热器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壮”保温 AUX 奥克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力谋”阀门 BERONOR西班牙“北诺尔”电加热器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃烧器 BOSIC “柏诚”自控 BROAD 远大

Burnham美国“博恩汉”锅炉 CALPEDA意大利“科沛达”水泵 CARLY 法国“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 开利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普莱力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克莱门特” Copeland“谷轮”压缩机 CYRUS意大利”赛诺思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空调

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”压缩机

DUNHAM-BUSH 顿汉布什空调制冷 DuPont美国“杜邦”制冷剂 Dwyer 美国德威尔 EBM “依必安”风机

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英国“英菲尼兰“阀门 EVAPCO美国“益美高”冷却设备 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”压缩机 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空气幕 FUJI “富士”变频器

FULTON 美国“富尔顿”锅炉 GENUIN “正野”风机 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯尔 GRUNDFOS “格兰富”水泵 Haier 海尔 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韦尔自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龙

KRUGER瑞士“科禄格”风机 KU BA德国“库宝”冷风机 Liang Chi 良机冷却塔 LIEBERT 力博特空调 MARLEY “马利”冷却塔 Maneurop法国“美优乐”压缩机 McQuary 麦克维尔 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除湿机 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“莱富康”压缩机 RIDGID 美国“里奇”工具 RUUD美国“路德”空调 RYODEN “菱电”冷却塔 SanKen “三垦”变频器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英国森威尔自控 Schneider 施耐德电气 SenseAir 瑞典“森尔”传感器 SIEMENS 西门子

SINKO ",28商机网;新晃“空调 SINRO “新菱”冷却塔 STAND “思探得”加湿器 SWEP 舒瑞普换热器 TECKA “台佳”空调 Tecumseh“泰康”压缩机 TRANE 特灵

TROX德国“妥思”风阀 VASALA芬兰“维萨拉”传感器 WILO德国“威乐”水泵 WITTLER 德国”威特”阀门 YORK 约克

ZENNER德国“真兰”计量

第四篇：中英文对照

医院中英文对照

发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light

彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology

皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admisson 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration

中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept.内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept.中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT.Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收费健康发证Gharge lssue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文对照

共轨技术

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1)压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3)燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4)液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5)控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).