第一篇：科技英语翻译论文
浅谈科技英语翻译的忠实性
摘要： 随着各国科学技术交流的不断深化，科技英语翻译的任务也日益艰巨。由于科技文章文体具有清晰，准确，精炼，严密的特点，忠实性成为科技英语翻译必须遵守的原则。要确保忠实性的实现，在翻译过程中就应遵循分析，转换和重构的“三步走战略”，使译文具有可读性。
关键词：翻译 重视性原则 原文 译文
翻译有直译和意译之分，直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分；而意译则注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。鉴于科技英语文体的特点，进行翻译时，采用直译方式居多，但并不排除意译的使用。无论是直译还是意译，忠实是必须遵守的原则。
早在18实际末叶，国外的著名翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名的三原则;A,译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容；B，译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同；C，译文应该像原文一样流畅自然。他强调的是译文与原文在思想，风格，笔调，行文等方面的对等，实质上就是“忠实性”中“一致性”的反映。这是忠实性最初也是最重要的阶段。在进行案例翻译过程中，译者客观地分了原文内容，也谨以科技文体要求。用中文再现了空气三大污染物的来源及危害。
但是在翻译过程中，译者发现根据原文做出的译文有多处不符合汉语使用规范。意识到翻译的忠实性不只停留在对原文的完全对等输出状态。翻译时还应考虑译文读者的接受力，这样译文才有可读性和可接受性。科技英语文章大量使用名词化结构，广泛使用被动语句，常用前置性陈述，但是汉语行文结构中少有这样的语法现象。如果按原文结构翻译，译文将有些句子主语缺失，陈述对象前后不一致等弊病。因此，译者在翻译过程中，补全了原文缺失的主语，宾语，以及意义，对有些句子语序做了调整，使其更符合汉语读者的习惯。这样的改动是对原文更加充分的翻译，在表达清楚原文的基础上，又满足了读者的需求，使忠实性原则更加切合实际地体现了出来。
既考虑岛原文，原作者，又顾及到译文及读者，忠实性发展到这一阶段已经基本能满足一般的翻译需求了。但不同的语言归属不同的语言，不同的文化背景，因此，翻译作为一种跨语言，跨文化，跨社会的交际活动，具有丰富多彩的内容。它既是一种技巧，又是一种艺术，是一种具有创造性和科学性的艺术。成功的翻译作品必须与译文所属文化范畴相吻合，这尤其体现在文学翻译作品中。但做科技英语翻译时，同样需要考虑这点。尽管案例的文化色彩不是很重，但译者查阅了汉语中关于空气污染物的相关文章，翻译中采纳了其中的一些定义，便于读者接受。
综上所述，通过思考科技英语翻译中的忠实性原则，在做案例翻译时，结合“三步走战略“和”忠实性“的三个层面，使译文能更好地展现原文，更放心地呈现给读者。
参考文献： 韩其顺 《科技英语的特点和翻译》
泰特勒：《翻译的原则》
第二篇：科技论文英语翻译修辞
科技论文修辞注意
1.注意单复数：如 datum/data，vertex/vertices等。还要注意一些特殊词：games，以及proceedings，news，airlines，headquarters等。2.不能过分夸张：
避免perfect, best, create…for the first time, lay a foundation for…
采用would, should…
Provide a technological support for…
Supply a basis for…
Conduct a basis for…
Carry out a preliminary exploration in…
Make a preparation work for… 3.多使用同义词，避免重复：
做，开展，进行，从事：do, make, carry out, perform, conduct(research, study, experiment, survey, investigation, exploration, cooperation…)制造，制作：make, fabricate, build, manufacture, construct 改变，改换，修改，重建，重组：convert, transform, change, modify, adapt, alter, reform, correct, reconstruct, rebuild, reconfigure, reorganize…
建议，提出：advise, recommend, suggest, propose, introduce, put forward, present, develop…
建立：establish, set up, form, construct, formulate, build… 给，提供：offer, give, provide, supply, furnish 改善，改进：improve, enhance, raise, better 开发，利用：develop, exploit, take advantage of, make use of, employ, tap, open up 验证，说明：verify, prove, check, test, identify, justify, affirm, confirm 由…构成，组成：be composed of, consist of, comprise, be comprised of, constitute… 占有，构成（…份额）：constitute, make up, account for, cover, hold, occupy 4.结构词：
增加，继续，扩展：additionally, in addition, as well as, besides, furthermore, moreover, equally important, on the second thought, subsequently…
比较：after all, alternately, a similar analysis shows, however, in comparison with, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas, yet…
详述：as an example, for example, for instance, such as, in general, objectively speaking, concretely speaking, generally speaking, namely, that is to say…
概括：in essence, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, let us review the steps in the preceding chapter(above-mentioned procedure), several remarks needs to be made at this point, as mentioned above, all in all…
目的：for this purpose, for this reason, in order to, with this goal… 结果：as a result, accordingly, consequently, hence, in view of these considerations, so far, the forgoing discussion illustrates, therefore…
赞同：certainly, obviously, fortunately, hopefully, in fact, of course, undeniably, without any question…
时间：a little later, as will be seen, at present, at this point, finally, immediately, meanwhile, at the same time, presently, recently, ultimately… 5.摘要写作语言特点： a.破题
主动句，介绍作者或论文观点与内容。
（1）The author/writer of this article/paper/dissertation/thesis reviews/discuss/tries to describe/explores/deals with/summarizes/give an account of/… something.（2）The aim(purpose, objective)of this article is to determine(explore, review)something.（3）The problem of … is discussed(researched, investigated, analyzed, evaluated, assessed, reported)…（4）The method(theoretical foundation, experimented scheme, modification to, algorithm…)is discussed(suggested, proposed, presented, developed,…).b.结论
(1)The author suggests(recommends, concludes)that…(2)This article shows(suggests)that…
(3)The author’s suggestion(conclusion)is that…
(4)The author finds(considers, seems)it necessary to…
E.g.The author proposes an approach to the creation of a synthetic(integrated, comprehensive)method of investigating and designing objects based on a local computer system.c.与其他成果比较
(1)These results are(quite)consistent with the original hypothesis that ….(2)These results provide substantial evidence for …
(3)These experimental results support the original hypothesis that …(4)Our research results are in substantial agreement with …(5)The experimental and theoretical values agree quite well.(6)These experimental values(data)are higher/lower than those with traditional(common)methods.(7)The results observed in our study are better than those reported by Howell(1996).6.典型句型：
（1）The paper presents a XX-based algorithm to improve the convergence speed and calculation accuracy in …（2）The paper developed a XX device which could greatly enhance the stability and anti-jamming(抗干扰)ability of YY system.（3）The paper invented a novel device, solved such problems as low accuracy, high cost and unstable product performance when using traditionally to machine parts.（4）It can be seen from the experimental results that when XX increases, YY will also increase and(however,)ZZ shows a decreasing tendency.As for the slight fluctuation（拨波动）of WW, the author thinks(according to author’s opinion,)it may be caused by …(result from…).If the solution concentration(溶液浓度)or current density(电流密度)could be controlled stably, this phenomenon may acquire alleviation(缓和), even elimination.On this problem, XX et.al.have explained in a scientific report about…（5）The relationships of XX with YY, ZZ and WW can be shown clearly from Fig.4.（6）It can be seen from the characteristic curve that temperature, pressure and the concentration(浓度)of … have great effects(influence)on the measured results.（7）This is caused by the phase transformation in metal matrix, and the harder secondary precipitates in the process of heat treatment.（8）We use XX theory to analyze YY and hence provide a theoretical basis for the study on ZZ.（9）The experimental results show that the various electrical parameters of this device can meet the national standard of … and its weather resistance as much better than imported same products, which filled in the blank of … in our country.（10）Through practical cutting process, it is proved that the novel developed in this thesis can obviously raise(enhance, improve)the XX and the production cost is also greatly reduced, providing an excellent equipment guarantee for put YY into(break, get, access into)international market(the world market).（11）This XX’s comprehensive properties make it find extension applications in ….练习
一、请给出下列英文句子的正确中文翻译。
In Chapter 4 we take a historical perspective on the evolution of interactive systems and how they have increased the usability of computers in general.原译：在第4章中，我们用以前的观点对交互式系统及其如何从总体上提高计算机的性能进行了评估。
改译：在第四章中，我们将从历史的观点研究交互系统的发展，以及一般来说，交互系统如何使计算机越来越好用。
1.The computational power and memory of the computer is another important component in determining what can be achieved in the interaction, whilst due attention is also paid to paper output since this forms one of the major uses of computers and users’tasks today.原译：计算能力和计算机的另外一个重要部件存储器，二者相互作用决定了能完成什么任务，但是现在也要适当的注意打印输出和用户任务，打印输出这种形式已经成为计算机的一个主要用途之一。
改译：计算机的计算能力和存储器是另一个重要的部分，它确定在交互中可以实现什么，同时我们还要注意打印输出，因为这是今天计算机的一个主要用途和用户的一个主要工作。
Software engineering is defined differently by different people.However, the common factors in these definitions are that software engineering is concerned with software systems that are built by teams rather than individual programmers, uses engineering principles in the development of these systems, and is made up of both technical and non-technical aspects.软件工程是由不同的人有不同的定义。然而，在这些定义中的共同因素是软件工程方面由团队而不是个别程序员建立的软件系统，使用工程原理开发这些系统，包括技术和非技术方面。
Computer Science research can include such diverse activities as designing and building new computer systems, proving mathematical theorems, writing computer software, measuring the performance of a computer system, using analytical tools to assess a design, or studying the errors programmers make as they build a large software system.Because a researcher chooses the activities appropriate to answer each question that arises in a research investigation, and because new questions arise as an investigation proceeds, research activities vary from project to project and over time in a single project.A researcher must be prepared to use a variety of approaches and tools.计算机科学的研究包括不同类型的活动，为设计和建立新的计算机系统，证明数学定理、编写计算机软件、测量的计算机系统的性能，用分析工具评估设计或研究程序员在建立大型软件系统出现的错误。因为研究员选择研究调查中出现的问题的相应操作活动，由于新的问题实在研究调查中所得，不同的项目以及同一个项目在不同时间都会使研究活动变化的。研究者必须准备使用不同的方法和工具。
These data warehouses were able to bring in data from a range of different data source,such as mainframe computers,minicomputers,as well as personal computers and office automations software such as spreadsheet, and integrate this information in a single place.这些数据仓库能够带来一系列的数据从不同的数据源，如大型计算机，小型计算机，以及个人电脑及办公自动化软件（如电子表格），并整合这些信息在一个地方。
Synchronize 使……同步 inherrit 继承
generating 产生 interpring 解释
LVS cluster system based on the Linux lacks a comprehensive management system and affects the cluster size and running stability.The paper designs a set of management system, including the monitoring of running status, fast installation and recovery, dynamic scheduling of cluster and management interface.It also prepares for the upgrading and expanding of the future cluster function.The whole system is developed independently drawing on the design thinking of other mature systems and combining existing open source projects and free software.The stability and operability of the system has improved significantly.Abstract translation belongs to the translation of application and it has its own unique stylistic features.From the Abstract of the problem characteristics and requirements of the translation, analyze the common errors of academic journals English Abstracts and proposes strategies.（12）
第三篇：科技英语翻译
形合和意合
1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
I did not buy good seat for movie last day.2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。
This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well.3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。
She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange.4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。
Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries.6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压
7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。
That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.英汉句子中心的差异
1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。
It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。
It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968.3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。
There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。
I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。
One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.7.不努力就不会成功。
One can never succeed without making great efforts.8.想到要出国深造，他激动不已。
He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.9.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，将不胜感激。
I would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.10.如能尽早回复，我将非常感谢。
I would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.11.他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjing.12.In practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.为保证最大的分辨率必须选用薄层，为使误差最小必须选用厚层，实际上要权衡一下来选择厚度。
13.在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝，因为这种金属总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍是跟氧结合（铝和氧都有很强的亲和力）。所以，铝直到十九世纪才被人类发现。
Aluminum remained unknown until 19th century, because no free aluminum can be found in the nature, due to the metal can connected with other elements, most commonly with oxygen for aluminum and oxygen having strong affinity.14.It was to test the effect of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clipping from toenails, where heavy metal tend to be deposited.重金属通常是富集在指甲内，于是两项新的研究比较了脚趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此来考察对比心脏的影响。
英汉语序差异
1.人体T细胞白血病病毒：human T-cell leukemia virus 2.国际经济新秩序：a new international economic order 3.第五届全国化学生物学学术会议：The 5th National Conference on Chemical Biology 4.Nation Academy of Sciences：国家科学院
5.Overview of GMP, Quality System and Compliance in the US：美国的GMP和质量体系合规性概观
6.common side effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer：治疗癌症的化疗药的一般副作用 7.这个通信卫星可以在任何时间向任何地点有效的传递语音信号和数据信号。
The communications satellite can send voice signal and data signal to any place at anytime.8.昨天在真空中进行了这个反应。
The reaction is carried out in a vacuum yesterday.9.中国南京江宁区龙眠大道639号。
639 Longmian Avenue, jiangning district, Nanjing, China 10.When the gene is activated, mice exhibit symptoms that mimic depression.基因被激活，小鼠表现出抑郁的症状。
11.The temperature is between 20-25℃ in the lab no matter when it is measured.无论什么时候测量，实验室的温度都保持在20-25度之间。12.无论出于固态，液态或气态，水的化学成分都保持不变。
The chemical constituents of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous state.13.SELDL-TOF-MS is a rapid and sensitive proteomic technique that has been applied to identify biomarkers in various diseases.14.由于甜椒中的亲脂性成分，用极性洗脱液洗脱的甜椒样品表现出更高的生物活性。
The sweet pepper samples eluted with polar eluents exerted high bioactivity due to their lipophilic component.15.该项准则随后成为了全球公认的评价口服固体剂型均匀度的非药典测量方法。
动态，静态及名词化
1． 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
The rotation of earth its axis causes the change from day to night.2． 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.3． 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。A force is needed to move an object against inertia.4． 许多学贯中西的大师的经历证明，学不好母语的人，也不可能真正学好外语。
The experience of many great master well versed in the learning of both Chinese and Western cultures have shown that without a mastery of his native language, it is impossible for one to be truly at home with a foreign language.增词减词 增词
1.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.2.He said he’d come to the discussion.3.Her job was sweeping, scratching, cleaning.4.I could knit when I was seven.5.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.6.Because of its reliability and simplicity evaporation is often applied on a large scale, normally using steam as the heat source.7.Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.8.During an EL Nino the pressures over Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines are higher than normal, which results in dry conditions or even droughts.9.Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.10.The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.11.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related.12.Human beings have not yet been able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and electrons.13.Air is a mixture of gases.14.Things in the universe are changing all the time.15.Plastic bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’t.16.Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.17.The earth’s population is doubling, the environment is being damaged.18.The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects.减词
1.由于失业率增高，美元币值下降，股票市场处于困境之中，经济问题将是总统所面临的最严峻的考验。With high unemployment, the low dollar and the distr stock market, the economy will be the president’s trail.2.你参加过花样滑冰项目的比赛吗？
3.阳光会破坏牛奶一类食品的维生素成分。
4.我们已经从其他国家有计划有选择的进口了一些成套的设备。5.应探索各种途径和手段促进儿童语言的发展。
Various channels and ways should be explored to promote the language development of children.6.这家航空公司需要加强改进和完善运行机制。
The airline company should make intensive effort to change and improve.7.回顾过去病史，未发现感染反复发作。
8.今年我们在引进工作方面又取得了重大成绩。9.我们积极支持生态农业。
10.肯德基出了新品种的香辣鸡翅。
11.抗氧化剂是某种存在于食品中的化学物质。Antioxidant is a chemical in food.12.这台较复杂的电脑又能设计出一台更为复杂的电脑，而且还可以一代代更加复杂精密的开发，研制下去。This more complex computer could design one still more complex and soon…
句意反译 肯定译为否定
1． 这份说明书不够详尽。The specification lacks details.2． 我们不应该再把海洋当成人类的生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent.3． 精密仪器必须保持无尘。
Precise instrument must be keep free from the dust.4． 铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
An iron case will keep the Earth’s magnetic field away from the compass.5． 我们无权签此合同。
It’s beyond our power to sign the contract.6． 他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手。
Their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packing and davertisement.7.There are many other energy source in store.有很多能源尚未开发。
8.In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.高海拔处冰雪常年不化。
9.As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.由于橡胶不导电，所以可以用作绝缘材料。
10.We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.我们对你的章程和条款没有异议。
否定译为肯定
1.The study of genetics will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.遗传学几乎包含了从药学到社会学的所有学科。
2.The advantages of nano-structured materials do no end here.纳米材料的优点一言难尽。
3.Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular gene.基因学家最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。4.Don’t lose time in posting this letter.请及时送达这封信。
5.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退押金。
6.It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.这意味着这个设施需要按时设计和生产。
7.Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
8.These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃ 100℃可以杀灭细菌。
9.Its importance can’t be stressed too strongly.它的重要性怎么强调也不为过。
10.We don’t consider melting to be chemical changes.我们认为熔化不改变化学成分。
11.The doctor do not expect that the patient with breast cancer will recover.医生认为乳腺癌患者康复机率小。
12.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.搬到一个新住处要越小心越好。
物称与人称
1.Pork has priced itself out of his dish.猪肉太贵，他吃不起。
2.Space does not allow us to further analyze this problem here.限于篇幅，我们不能在此对这个问题做进一步分析。3.By now optimism had given way to doubt.至此，人们不再盲目乐观，而是疑惑重重。
4.Aminophylline does not share the usual objection to vasodilators.人们通常反对使用血管扩张剂但并不反对使用氨茶碱。5.The exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.情况紧急，别无选择。
6.It never occurred to me that she was dishonest.我从来没想过她不老实。
7.There was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.五千个工人参加了罢工。
8.“There is an increased level of anxiety disproportionate to the actual risk,” says Jerrold Bushberg, who directs programs in health physics at the University of California at Davis.“It’s the dose that makes the poison.It’s not a binary thing.”
人们的焦虑情绪日益强烈，但实际上人们并不需要如此担忧，只有剂量够大，才会把人毒死，并不是非此即彼。
9.The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are know.已知电压和电流可以确定电阻。
10.Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.有人在此讲了不该讲的话
11.It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by moon.月亮影响潮汐规律。
12.突然间我想到了一个主意。
Suddenly I got an idea./Suddenly an idea struck me.13.不同的人对食物持不同的态度。
Different people have different attitude towards food./Attitudes toward food vary from person to person.14.人们一致认为植物病毒不会感染动物，反之亦然。
It has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice versa.15.Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria inn for lunch and later played an exhibition match.中国乒乓球队在星期五早上参观了坐落于安娜堡附近，拥有2200名学生的密歇根大学的现代化校园，并在学校自助餐厅与学生一起进餐，然后进行了一场表演赛。
16.There has been a striking continuous, but unexplained decline in the reported death rate of gastric carcinoma in the United States from 34 per 1,000,000 population in 1930 to 8 per 100,000 currently.据报道，美国的胃癌死亡率一直在明显地持续下降，从1930年的0.034%到目前的0.008%，但原因不明。17.The journey from embryonated egg to the ligase chain reaction has embraced an enormous amount of work involving tissue cell culture ,enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence ,and molecular techniques.从最早的鸡胚（中分离得到衣原体）发展到用连接酶链锁反应（诊断衣原体感染），医学专家们进行了组织细胞培养、酶免疫测定、荧光反应和分子技术等大量工作。
被动语态
1.Qinghao has been used to treat malaria in China for over 2000 years.在中国使用青蒿治疗疟疾已经有2000多年历史了。2.There problems must be solved before the tests start.考试开始之前必须解决这些问题。
3.Pain may be treated with drugs, physical measures or surgery.药物，物理治疗，外科手术可以治疗疼痛。
4.The patient is questioned by a doctor about his present complaint and the date of the onset of the disease.医生询问病人现在的情况以及疾病开始的时间。
5.Several elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater.一些元素和化合物可以从海水中直接提取出来。
6.While a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.电线有电流通过后会发热。
7.Weak magnetic field are know to come from the human body.已知人体会产生一定的微弱的磁场。
8.Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the missile is to be designed.导弹设计时要特别注意空气阻力问题。
9.It is claimed that soap powders polluted the water we drink.有人声称肥皂粉污染了我们的饮用水源。10.心脏往往被看作是人体最重要的器官。
The heart is often regarded as the most important human organ.11.雄性Wistar大鼠20只随机分成对照组和糖尿病组。male Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly :control group and diabetes group.12.本文以前没有发表过，目前也没有考虑投寄其他杂志发表。
This paper has not been previously published, also not been considered in other journal at present.13.Replication is normally carried out by the A, B, or C family polymerases with high fidelity and high processivity.复制过程通常是由具有高保真性和高持续合成性的聚合酶家族A，B或C实施的。
14.The conflict between the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents against resistance bacteria in clinic and less development of new antibiotics should be resolved by the cooperations among enterprises , government and institutions.企业、政府和科研机构之间的合作将是解决临床对于治疗耐药菌感染的新型药物的迫切需求与抗菌药研发处于低谷之间矛盾的方法。or耐药菌感染治疗急需新型抗菌药物，而抗菌药物的研究开发处于相对低谷,由此所产生的矛盾应该由企业、政府与科研机构合作解决。
15.Although an association between migraine and chest pain has been described, an association between migraine and coronary events has not been firmly established.虽然先前已有过关于偏头痛和胸痛之间关联的描述，但是偏头痛和冠心病之间的关联尚未确立。
汉语无主语句的英译
1.弄不好，就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.2.要了解中国，可以有很多视角。
There are different angles to approach China.3.学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。
Only by learning from the advances is it possible for one to catch up with and surpass them.4.与其说海洋把陆地分开，不如说海洋把陆地连在一起。The ocean do not so much divide the world as unite it.5.从他家到公园很近。
It is only a stone’s throw from his house to the park.6.我的家乡冬天很少下雪。It seldom snows in my hometown.7.可以采用各种方法使温度下降。
We can take all sorts of measures to bring the temperature down.Various methods can be adopted to keep the temperature down.8.首先要保证产品的质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.9.操纵这些机器时必须小心。
Be careful when operating these machines.10.要着力解决经济社会发展中的突出矛盾。
Efforts must be made to resolve the prominent conflicts in economic and social development.11.使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。
Much greater magnification can be obtained when electronic microscope is used.12.该项实验中肯定困难很多。
There must be many difficulties in the experiment.13.没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。Without facility, there would be no difficulty, and vice versa.14.对母语是英语的人来说，根本不可能4个星期就学会汉语。
It is impossible for native English speakers to master Chinese in just four weeks.15.已经决定几个月后进行生产。
It has been decided that production should begin in a few months.16.建议采用中国生产的设备。
It is suggested that the equipment made in China be adopted.17.随信附上我们新开发产品的样品。
Enclosed are samples of our newly developed products.定语从句
1.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
2.Fever is a condition in which the body temperature is higher than normal.发烧是提问高于正常的情况。
3.Essential hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.原因不明的高血压成为原发性高血压。
4.The chemicals that make metabolism possible come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.使新陈代谢成为可能的化学物质来自我们呼吸的空气、所饮的水和所吃的食物。
5.The body consists of a large number of organs, each of which has its own particular function to perform.人体由大量器官构成，每种器官都有特殊的功能。
6.Glycogen is stored in the liver, which is released as needed in the form of glucose.糖原储存于肝，需要时以葡萄糖的形式释放出。
7.Operation can be performed with acupuncture analgesia, which is a great contribution to the development of medical science.手术可用针刺痛法进行，这对医学的发展是一大贡献。
8.The blood flows from the small arteries into the capillaries in which it gives up oxygen to the body cells and removes wastes from the tissues.血流由小动脉流入血管，在毛细血管血液把氧释放给身体的细胞并从组织中排除废物。
9.We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以可以在夜间看的清楚。10.The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.此病可发生于任何年龄，但以年轻的成年人常见。
11.Cancer should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time.如果病人具有任何这些症状和体征，病因又难以说明，而且持续时间长，就应怀疑癌症。
12.Third world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange.第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物以换取所需的外汇。13.The purpose for which electricity is used is numerous.电的用途是很多的。
14.Fortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.幸好，有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。
英语长句
1.It was believed that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixed on the sound of the heart beat;if this is so, then the discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frightening new world outside.据说，在母体发育期间，胎儿的注意力可能会集中于心跳的节律；如果是这样，那么外界相似的声音可能会对出生后的婴儿产生镇静作用，特别是刚来到这陌生又可怕的新世界的婴儿。
2.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risking destroying their hope , so that they may recover more slowly , or deteriorate faster , perhaps even commit suicide.研究表明，大多数医生深信重病患者并不想知道他们的真实病情，冒着会毁灭他们希望的风险告知他们事实，会使他们恢复得更慢，或者会加速恶化，甚至导致自杀。
3.He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had been given a same name and different names that had been given to the same substance.同名不同药，同药不同名，由此造成的混淆，他都一一予以澄清。
4.It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails,(where heavy metals tend to be deposited).因为重金属容易在脚趾甲富集，为了测试汞对心脏的影响，所以两项新的研究比对了从脚趾甲上剪下的碎片中的汞水平。
5.What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 比如说一个46岁的男子----在与家人外出度假之前进行常规身体检查---尽管他自己感觉很好，但医生发现他患有某种癌症，6个月内会死亡，这时医生该怎么对他讲呢？
6.There is no more difference, but there is the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别。这种差别就跟面包师或卖肉的人与化学家在操作方法上的差别一样——前者用普通的秤称商品的重量，后者则用天平和精密的砝码进行艰难复杂的定量分析。其差别不过如此而已。
7.This hope of “early discovery” of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.肺癌早期发现，随后进行外科治疗，这可能是目前最有效的治疗办法，但这个希望由于肺癌生长速度和方向等生物学特征不相同而破灭。
8.Over the periods the snakes’ saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.在演化的过程中，蛇的唾液——一种温和、助消化的像人类唾液一样的液体——变成了甚至在今天也难以分析的毒液。
9.But scientists hope stem cells can be used to grow a range of tissues, from brain tissue to treat diseases such as Parkinson’s, in which brain cells are destroyed, to juvenile diabetes, in which key cells in the pancreas die off.但科学家希望干细胞能用来分化成一系列组织，如从脑组织到胰腺组织，用于治疗由于脑细胞被破坏引起的疾病如帕金森病以及由胰腺关键细胞死亡引起的青少年糖尿病。
第四篇：科技英语翻译
宁波工程学院简介
（NINGBO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN PROFILE）
宁波工程学院是一所由宁波市政府举办的全日制普通本科院校，前身宁波高等专科学校创建于1983年5月。2004年5月升格更名为宁波工程学院。学校分东、西两个校区，占地面积1400多亩（西校区（翠柏路）300亩；东校区（风华路）规划1100多亩，其中已建成约400亩），校舍建筑面积30万平方米。现有11个二级学院，27个本科专业。有教职工825人，在校全日制学生9429人。Ningbo University of Technology is a Full-time regular undergraduate program university which financed by Ningbo Municipal Government,it was founded in May,1983 as Ningbo polytechnic college which was upgraded and redesignated in May,2004.(east campus and west campus with total area of 1400mu and building area of 0.3 million square,the west camps at 208Cuibai Road ,the 400mu east camps at the Fenghua Road to be developed.It is constituted of 11schoolos ,27 undergraduate-programs, registering a staff of 825,full-time admission of 9429.学校综合办学条件良好，基础设施齐备。现有教学仪器设备总值8989万元，馆藏图书117万余册。目前学校专任教师511人，其中有硕士以上学位者297人，占58%，博士67人，占13%；副教授129人，教授56人，副高以上占36%，师资队伍建设呈现良好发展态势。
NBUT is well-equipped,in the value of 89890000RMB and a library of
1.17million volumes.The university registers a faculty of 511,of whom 297 have obtained master degrees and over 67 doctor degrees,(58% and 13% of the total respectively),and whom 129 associate professors and 56 professors(36% of the total respectively),the construction of teaching resource shows a favorable development trend.学校以学科建设为龙头，以市场需求为导向，精心设置专业，坚持工科为主，多学科协调发展。学校不断提高专业建设水平，办好优势专业，扶植特色专业，全面实施“321教学质量工程”。现有省级重点学科1个，重点专业2个，精品课程5门，省级示范基础实验室。
Directed to the discipline building and market demand ,NBUT attaches prime importance to program configuration with the focus upon engineering courses in cooperation with others.The “321 Teaching Quality Project” is underway,in support of advantaged and specialized.Currently rated at provincial level is a parcel of fruits,a key note program,two key note major programs and five excellent courses,model basis laboratory.学校加强科研基地和队伍建设，大力开展应用性科技研究和发展，现有科研机构十余个2008年已获国家级项目5项，省级项目14项；发表论文282篇，其中三大检索论文48篇，CSSCI来源期刊论文14篇；实现专利转让2项。学校积极推进产学研结合，科研成果的应用转化成效良好。
NBUT provides an impetus to the growth of research basis under personal,in view of applied R&D.Available on the campuses are over ten research basis.The 2009 saw the research proceeds in the amount of over 40million RMB,three state Natural Science Fund,5 PNSF projects ,the publication of 282 theses,of which 56 are retrieved into SCI,EI and ISTP,and 14 into CSSCI,along with the transfer of two patents.2008年，为进一步加强学校与地方政府、企业以及高等院校、科研院所之间的联系与合作，启动了“双合作”工作，初见成效。与镇海区签订了全面科技合作协议；与中国社会科学院合作共建国际港口与物流研究中心；与中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所共建专业实验室。
The Double coo-program/Scheme was launched in 2008 to keep in close contact with the local government and the above-mentioned institutions.Agreements were signed covering all round science and Technology Cooperation with Zhenhai district, the jointly-built international sea-ports and logistics research-canteen with China of society science, the jointly-built specialized lib with Ningbo Medical Technology and engineering institute under China of science.学校以应用开发型高级技术人才为培养目标，积极探索“知行合一，双核协同”的人才培养模式。学校注重培养学生的实践能力，组织参加省级以上专业竞赛，屡获佳绩。毕业生深受地方用人单位的欢迎，初次就业率一直保持在95%以上。
Aimed to cultivating the advanced technical talents in applied R&D,NBUT is seeking after about the educational mode of knowledge and practice in “Oneness” and “Double-Kernel Link” students are encouraged to take part in the specialized competition at province level with outstanding awards.Graduates are welcome to local companies.The first employment rate is kept over than 95%.学校广泛开展对外合作，借鉴国外先进经验，强化外向型办学特色。1984年即与亚琛应用科技大学结对，是全国四所中德合作研究院校之一。先后与澳大利亚、德国等多国的大学建立校际合作关系并开展合作办学、师生交流和合作研究。学校设有宁高出国留学服务中心。
NBUT extensive corporation with the foreign university is promote.AS early as 1984,NBUT set up the sister relations with Aachen Applied Te-University ranked among colleges in China for Sino-German join educational program.Bilateral have been earlier or later established with a dozen of universities Australia、German and some other countries in regular of the degree program, exchanges of teacher and students , joint research projects.NG O-S-S is attached NBUT.学校全方位、多层次构建高格调、高水平、高质量的校园文化，着力塑造“知行合一”的办学理念，积极发挥环境育人的功能，努力营造特色鲜明、文明和谐、健康向上的校园文化氛围，全面提高学生综合素质。
Due efforts are distributed to the educational mode” knowledge and practice in oneness,double-kernel link” in the hope of achieving a lofty advanced and harmonious campus culture and training the well-developed students.
第五篇：科技英语翻译unit10
第十单元 寻找生命
课文A
天体生物学
到目前为止我们还没有人见过外星生物，对于天体生物学来说这似乎是个问题。但在过去的20多年中，科学家们已经发现了一些蛛丝马迹，显示宇宙间生命或许并不罕见。许多科学家充满希望，认为不久将能找到外星生命的有力证据。
其中的一些线索来自陆地生命。生物学家们发现了多种嗜极生物，即可以在极端环境（如碱性湖泊和地下深处的岩石缝隙）中蓬勃生长的微生物。生命可能起源于海底的地热口或火山口附近，这可能是其他行星和卫星的共同特点。
在陨石撞击地球并造成晚期宇宙大爆炸之后不久，在地球的岩石中出现了新陈代谢活动留下的化学痕迹，这意味着生命的起源或许是个快速、简单的过程。
来自火星的陨石不时地撞击地球。尽管面临着低温和强烈的辐射，陨石上的细菌及其孢子很有可能在这种空间之旅中存活下来，这意味着原始生命有可能一度被太阳系的行星携带到四面八方，这一理论被称为胚种论。火星微生物
1996年，有一组科学家声称一颗代号为ALH84001的火星陨石含有火星的化石纳米细菌。虽然他们的多数证据已被证实并不可信，但对此持有怀疑的人也无法充分解释在ALH84001号火星陨石中为什么会有磁晶体，因为它们与地球细菌产生的晶体十分相似。
虽然火星曾一度被认为是个干燥、贫瘠的星球，但来自欧洲航天局的火星特快飞船、美国国家航空航天局的月球车以及“勇气号”和“机遇号”火星车的最新证据表明，火星表面或接近表面的部分有液体水存在的迹象。看来数十亿年前火星曾有过一段短暂的温暖、湿润的时期，甚至在今天火星表面仍可能不时有水流动。
也许火星表面以下存在一个更适于微生物栖身的“港湾”，因为那里永久存在着液态水，而且危险的太阳紫外线辐射也无法穿透表层照射到那里。最近还发现在火星大气中存在着甲烷，这可能是生活在深层的细菌产生的副产品。科学家已制定了一系列计划来寻找更明确的生命迹象，其中包括制造新的飞船以取代失踪的比格II号，并最终完成美国太空取样重返地球的宏伟计划。深暗的海洋
其他内行星上存在生命的希望似乎更加渺茫，尽管有人认为金星似曾适于生存，而且在金星表面以上50公里、温度降至70℃以下的云层中仍有微生物存活。
美国康奈尔大学的托马斯·歌德认为，水星和我们的月球上都存在着“深层热生物圈”，在那里生活的微生物能够将厚达10公里的外壳岩石消化掉。他还指出，太阳系中大部分由岩石构成的行星和大型卫星都存在这种现象。人们认为，太阳系中一些绕外行星旋转的大型卫星的冰层下有着很深很暗的海洋。木星的卫星（木卫
二、木卫三和木卫四）以及土星的卫星（土卫六与土卫二）上，火山喷发所产生的热量和化学物质进入海洋，从而供养了这些生命体。同样的情况也可能存在于海王星的卫星（海卫一）上。那里的海洋由于少量氨防冻剂的作用而得以保持液体形态。科学家们希望能够发送探测器来探索木卫二上的海洋。
与此同时，“洛赛塔”彗星探测器和其他航天器已进入太空，以确定彗星是否像科学家猜测的那样携带着复杂的有机化学物质。彗星有可能为那些“年轻”的星球提供化学“原料”，给生命的产生奠定基础。许多有机分子都是由红巨星产生的，天文学家在星际云团中检测到了这些分子。此外科学家在默奇森陨石中还发现了蛋白质的成分氨基酸。
外太空“地球”
科学家在太阳系之外已经发现了150多颗行星，这些系外行星中有不少都是“热木星”（即绕着恒星近距离高速运行的大型行星）。
这些外太空“地球”似乎更有生命存在的希望。它们是类似地球的由岩石构成的行星，在一个生命可以生存的区域内运行—距离恒星既不太近也不太远，表面温度正好适宜液态水存在。其他猜测（例如由海洋覆盖的行星）则更加离奇。定于2008年开始的美国国家航空航天局的“开普勒计划”有可能发现数百个适于生存的外太空“地球”。
下一阶段则是在这些遥远的星球上寻找生命的痕迹。欧洲航天局的“达尔文探测器”和美国国家航空航天局的类地行星探测器将寻找氧气的光谱迹象，这一迹象可以显示生命的存在，但不是结论性的。此后太空望远镜将用于观测许多光年以外的类地行星，寻找更明确的生命迹象。
此外，在那些更加特殊的环境里也许有生命的存在。美国帕萨迪纳加州理工学院的大卫·史蒂文森认为，那些独自在远离恒星的地方运行的行星，有可能在氧气层的覆盖下保持着温暖的环境，从而能够维持液态水和生命的存在。外星人的呼唤？
是否有智能生命存在呢？根据德瑞克方程式的计算，我们可以预言在银河系中有多少文明世界正在试图与我们联系，尽管该方程式中的某些因子几乎是纯粹的猜测。
对这一问题持乐观态度的人面临着“费米吊诡”：如果说宇宙中普遍存在地外文明，我们为什么至今还没有见过呢？40多年来，科学家通过射电天文望远镜来捕捉来自其他恒星的电波，一直在寻找外星智能生命。为了这一目的专门建立了艾伦望远镜阵列。其他搜寻外星智能生命的天文学家使用光学望远镜来寻找地外文明发射的激光束。还有一些专家则认为我们应该在寻找巨型空间结构方面下工夫，也就是寻找“装在瓶子里的信息”。
到目前为止我们还一无所获，但是在我们收到来自外星的电视节目之前有可能发现外星生物。
（潘文静 译 李健 审校）
课文B
南极冰层下是否存在生命？
几年前，研究人员发现了震惊科学界的现象：世界上有多种微生物群落是不需要阳光或养分就能生存的。
科学家们的这个发现并不是在遥远的外太空搜寻的结果，实际上他们只是在南极洲2.5英里（4公里）厚的冰层下取样。
沃斯托克是一个淡水湖，上面覆盖着厚厚的冰层。科学家们指出，冰层的底部由湖水冻结而成，其中蕴含着微生物。由此科学家们推测在湖中生长着大量而多样的微生物群落。如果该理论是正确的，就能回答有关地球上生命极限的问题，并且扩大太空中生命体得以生存的环境范围。
两个独立的研究小组在1999年12月10日的《科学》杂志上公布了它们对南极冰层中微生物的最初发现。
约翰·普里什库是来自博兹曼蒙大拿州立大学陆地资源与环境科学系的一位生态学家，他主持了其中一项研究。另一项研究由来自檀香山夏威夷大学海洋与地球科学技术学院的微生物学家大卫·卡尔主持进行。
此后，这两个研究小组和其他科学家都对这些微生物进行了进一步的分析。他们试图描述这些微生物的多样性，并确定它们是否是被用于采集和研究的仪器带到冰核样本中去的。
普里什库说，他的小组获得的新数据表明这些微生物具有多样的生理机能。他说，根据这些数据可以推断沃斯托克湖中存在非常丰富的生命形式。
普里什库说：“我相信，在沃斯托克湖的表层水面每毫升（0.2茶匙）中有大约一万个微生物细胞，比一般海水内每毫升的微生物细胞数量低大约100倍。”
卡尔的研究小组也进行了进一步的分析，发现在该湖几英里厚的冰层下面生存着微生物群落，尽管卡尔注意到“那里的生物量可能非常低”。
然而，有些科学家对以上两个小组的初步研究结果提出了质疑，他们认为，从冰核中取样并进行研究的仪器上带有微生物，因此微生物并非来自冰原的底层。湖水样本
解决科学界出现的上述争端的方法是穿透沃斯托克湖面2.5英里（4公里）深的冰面直接取样。
国际科学界对此很感兴趣，但是各国在如何操作的问题上却持有不同意见。来自美国和欧洲的科学家倾向于更加谨慎的方式，并在寻找研究资金。
英国布里斯托大学地理科学学院的冰川学家马丁·希格特倡议，在探测沃斯托克湖之前，应先在南极洲西面的一个叫做埃尔斯沃思的较小的冰河下层湖泊中取样。希格特说，要全面执行沃斯托克湖探测计划需耗资数千万美元，而埃尔斯沃思湖比较小，而且其表层的冰温也高一些，因此在那里取样只需400万美元左右。
希格特说：“我们可以深入这个湖，对水质进行分析，并且最终证明湖水和沉积物是不是如我们所想象的提供了一个良好的环境。完成这次调查后，我们就可以进行下一步工作，最终探测沃斯托克湖。”
美国的科学家对于如何系统地勘探南极冰川下层湖泊也制定了计划。然而，比斯古指出，获取项目资金是有困难的。
与此同时，一组俄罗斯的科学家近日公布了准备在2006-2007年南极的夏季在沃斯托克湖钻孔进行勘探的计划。
比斯古说：“我赞赏俄罗斯项目的进取性与大胆的计划，但是我更愿看到该计划由国际合作共同努力完成，这样就可以制定更加完善的环保、教育和科学计划，所有这些都要符合南极研究的精神。”
（潘文静 译 李健 审校）
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