翻译技巧:中英文商标的命名与翻译

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第一篇:翻译技巧:中英文商标的命名与翻译

所谓广告,就是广告人有计划的通过媒体传递商品的劳务,或其他信息,以促进销售,扩大宣传的大众传播技术。研究这一大众传播技术的学问,即称“广告学”。它是一门集经济学,市场经营学,美学,社会学和现代技术等多门学科于一体的综合学科。广告的对象是所有的接受者,因而它必须明确、清楚和一目了然,以便于接受者在短时间内接受。也就是说,它必须遵循AIDMA的法则,即attention注目,interest兴趣,desire欲望,memory记忆,action行动。芝加哥大学社会学家多温卡特顿特曾在《传播学》一书中也指出信息必须首先引人注目,然后才有可能取得效果。商标作为企业商品的一个重要的组成部分,同样具有这一特点。因而商品名(即商标)的好坏给消费者的心理刺激是完全不同的,例如weichuan味全(食品商标,喻五味俱全),Duracell金霸王(一种耐用的电池),kodak柯达(一种小型照相机),xerox施乐(一种静电复印机或静电复印法)。同时,广告商标还应具备一定有思想性和内涵,更能激起人们的兴趣,加深人们对商品的印象,例如coca-colask 可口可乐饮料-既可口又可乐,carefree娇爽卫生用品(英文含义为无忧无虑,轻松,愉快),NIKE耐克运动系列产品(英文含义为希腊神话中的胜利女神,象征着胜利)。另外,广告商标还应简洁独特,使人们在不断的重复中,强化记忆。例如GM汽车。TCL王牌彩电,7-UP七喜饮料,apple苹果电脑等。最后广告商标的形象生动性,也同样不可忽视。如kiss me奇士类口红。Benz奔驰汽车,pentium奔腾电脑,puma彪马,特别是随着新兴学科CI(corporate identication or corporate image),即通过设计系统来塑造企业形象的经营技法的兴起和发展,商标的重要性日益突出,一些公司企业甚至实施企业名称=商标的战略,以增加宣传活动的效率。采集者退散

中英文互译须涉及到文化的差异,因而翻译中的对等也仅仅是相对的对等性。例如白翎商标,如译为white feather在英文中表示无用的东西,这对于英美人而言,是不可接受的,所以这样的翻译最好采用音译法,又如凤凰商标,如采用音译,西方人也只知其音而不知其意,如果用phenix(神话中的不死鸟。象征复活再生)就自然而然的把商标的内涵和凤凰在中国文化中象征着吉祥如意紧密联系起来。由此可见,中英文商标的互译,在注意文化差异的前提下,应采用音译,意译相结合,音译和意译等多种方法。

[一]音意兼顾,形神皆备。这类商标的命名和翻译一般采用双关(pun),头韵(alliteration),裁剪(clipping),谐音(homophony),拟人(personification),拟声(onomatopoeia),夸张(exaggeration)等修辞手法,结合中英文两种不同文化背景的共同点和相似点,直接把企业产品的精神,品质,特点,宗旨等思想表达出来,达到深刻,独特的目的,使人们在联想中强化对产品的理解。

1)双关 运用这一方法,不仅把中英文商标译成读音与原词大致相同的文字,而且使译名与原名有相似或相等的内涵。

A、过英文,中文的含义,传达出企业或产品的愿望。例如:

Strong,英文意为强壮的,强健的,译作中文为祝强,智强,分别代表医疗仪器和儿童食品,前者含有祝您健康,强壮之意,后者有既聪明又健康之意。

Quick快克,英文意为迅速的,快的,译为中文让人联想到此药能迅速克服疾病。

Youngor雅戈尔一Younger谐音,含有祝人们更优雅,更年轻的愿望。

Peak匹克,既揭示出产品质量的优良,又希望奥林匹克运动能达到最高点。

B、过英文、中文的含意,提示出产品的特点。例如:

Fort福特,既是指一种名牌汽车又比喻畅销货。

Pioneer先锋音响,象征这种产品是音响行业的先驱。

Tide汰渍,既说明洗衣粉的泡沫丰富,又暗示这种洗衣粉是一种潮流和趋势。

Nestle雀巢,舒适安卧的意思,又能让人联想到待哺的婴儿,慈爱的母亲和健康营养的雀巢奶粉。

Llaurier乐尔雅,既有殊荣的,卓越的,杰出的之意,又说明使用产品快乐而优雅。

Canon,佳能,既象征产品具有如大炮一样的威力和迅速,又说明产品优秀而且功能齐全。

Future cola非常可乐,非常快乐,未来的可乐。

C、通过英文,中文的含意,说明产品的品质。例如:

Great Wall长城既能说明产品由中国制造,又象征人类奇迹,独一无二。

Signal洁诺,既说明产品是出色的,显注的,又表明它能洁齿。

D、通过英文、中文的含意,说明产品的原料。例如:

Coca-cola可口可乐,指南美洲的药用植物,是非洲产的硬壳果树。通过这些独特的原料,既说明独特的口味。

Soybean维维豆奶,指大豆。

Olive奥尼,指一种油橄榄

E、运用富有诗意或有丰富文化内涵的名称,使产品具有一定的象征意义。例如:

MAZDA 松田,拜火教中的光神,松田公司采用这一名称,希望能效法这位光神,为汽车工业带来光明。

NIKE 耐克,希腊神话的胜利女神,象征胜利。

ANGLE 安吉尔,保护神。

2)、头韵 运用头韵的修辞手法,使商标名称达到双声叠韵的效果,听起来不仅响亮,而且顺口,在不断的重复中,更容易记忆。例如:

Coca-cola可口可乐。

Clean-clear可伶可俐。Rolls-Royce劳斯莱斯。

3)运用裁剪,谐音和缩略的用法,使商标名称简练,独特,便于信息的传达。例如:

SONY索尼,源自于拉丁文Sonus声音。

HISENSE海信,源自于high sense高度灵敏。

Panasonic松下,pana--全,整个,总之意,--sonic声音的。整个词表示所有的声音。

Frestech新飞,源自于fresh technology保鲜技术。Irico彩虹电子,源自于irix corporation彩虹公司。

Haier海尔,与higher谐音,象征着更高更好。Youngor雅戈尔,与younger谐音,象征着更年轻。缩略词如GM,IBM,KFC,NEC,TCL,LG等,这类商标在翻译过程中,采用直接借用的方法,同样达到简练,独特的目的。

4)运用拟人(personification),拟声(onomatopoeia),夸张(exaggeration)等修辞手法,使商标名称生动,形象。例如:

Kiss me奇士类口红,既巧秒风趣的说明使用口红的动态,又暗示使用这种口红奇特的美。

Pantene潘婷,既说明这种洗发水含有多种维他命,又让人联想到一位美丽的黑发女郎。

Pentium奔腾,形象生动的刻画出以电子计算机为文体的电子科技信息时代滚滚而来的趋势。

Kodak柯达,让人联想到按下快门的一瞬间,具有动感的声音。

Whisper护舒宝,既有如耳语般的亲柔,细致的关怀,又指安全,舒适之宝。

Supor苏泊尔,与谐音,意为极好的。

Crest佳洁士,说明产品是最好的又让人联想到产品是优秀的保洁卫士

[二]意译,即根据英文或中文的字面意思进行翻译。这类翻译立足于本国文化,侧重一个方面的文化内涵。例如:

海鸥Seagull,熊猫Panda,双星Double Star,三枪Three Gun,白猫White Cat,英雄Hero,花花公子Playboy,鳄鱼Crocodile等,[三]音译,既根据英文或中文的读音进行翻译。同意译一样,这类翻译也侧重一个方面的文化内涵。例如:

Shangri-la香格里拉(世外桃源,与世隔绝的地方)。Jeanswest真维斯(西部牛仔),格力GREE(优势,杰出,赞同,认可)。托普Top(最佳的东西,精华)。夏普Sharp(灵敏的,敏锐的)。Lux力士(精美,豪华,奢华的,上等的,阳光),Power28活力28(力量,活力)。味全Weichuan,奇声Qisheng,安尔乐ANERLE,康佳LONKA,春兰Chunlan,长虹Changhong等。

[四]以企业或商品的创办人或发明人或商品产地为商品名称,从十九世纪一直延袭至今,经久不衰。这类名称更侧重其纪念意义和社会价值,译名一般采用约定俗成的形式。

1).来源于企业名的商品名,例如:

索尼SONY,雅马哈YAMAHA,富士FUJI,东芝TOSHIBA,西门子SIEMENS,飞利浦PHILIPS,菲亚特FIAT,沃尔沃VOLVO,长虹CHANGHONG,春兰CHUNLAN,熊猫PANDA,康恩贝CONBA等。

2)来源于企业或商品创办人或发明人的商标,例如:

夏奈儿CHANEL,李宁LI-NING,羽西YUE-SAI,福特FORT,奔驰BENZ,高露洁COLGATE,吉百利CADBURY,郑明明CHENG MING MING,沙宣SASSOON等。

3)来源于企业或商品产地的商标名,例如:

诺基亚NOKIA(芬兰北部一小镇名,最初的诺基亚公司建于此地)

浪琴LONGINES(瑞士圣依梅尔附近的一小村庄,弗兰西龙和大卫在此创建了手表制造厂)。

青岛啤酒QINGDAO,上海SHANGHAI,等。

桑塔纳SANTANNA,指美国加州盛产名贵葡萄酒的“桑塔纳山谷”,虽然这种轿车并非产于此地,但是喻意该轿车会如山谷中经常刮起的强劲、凛冽的旋风一样风靡全球。当然一些商标既是姓名,又能反映商品的特点,例如雀巢NESTLE。

中英文商标作为一种文化现象,广泛的存在于社会生活中,对企业商品的宣传,推销,美化人们的生活,起着重要的作用,特别是,它如同一座桥梁,把东方与西方文化,企业、商品与消费者紧密相连。同时,作为一门综合学科中英文商标的命名和互译具有科学性,实用性,趣味性的特点。随着时代的发展,商标的命名和互译结合现代科技手段,朝着更加简洁、形象,更加注重内涵的方向发展。一方面,趋向于具体化,即把商品与某一具体的人,物,概念结合起来。接受者能通过广告设计的画面或形象,接受具体的清晰的信息,例如,大宝DABAO,舒蕾SLEK,小护士Mini-nurse,方太FOTILE,娃哈哈WAHAHA,健力宝JIANLIBAO,康威KANGWEI,彪马PUMA,宝马BMW等。另一方面,趋向于抽象化,即模糊商品的概念,使接受者在给定的意境中,充分调动视觉,听觉,味觉,甚至嗅觉器官,展开联想,从而达到接受信息的目的。例如,雪碧SPRITE,春兰CHUNLAN,白雪BAIXUE,海魄SEASOUL,奔驰BENZ等。总之,商标要在最短时间里让接受者得到最多的信息,留下最深的印象,最终为企业,商品起到应有的宣传和推销作用。

第二篇:中英文商标的命名与翻译

中英文商标的命名与翻译

2008-04-08 19:10:23| 分类: 商标研究|举报|字号 订阅

所谓广告,就是广告人有计划的通过媒体传递商品的劳务,或其他信息,以促进销售,扩大宣传的大众传播技术。研究这一大众传播技术的学问,即称“广告学”。它是一门集经济学,市场经营学,美学,社会学和现代技术等多门学科于一体的综合学科。广告的对象是所有的接受者,因而它必须明确、清楚和一目了然,以便于接受者在短时间内接受。也就是说,它必须遵循AIDMA的法则,即attention注目,interest兴趣,desire欲望,memory记忆,action行动。芝加哥大学社会学家多温卡特顿特曾在《传播学》一书中也指出信息必须首先引人注目,然后才有可能取得效果。商标作为企业商品的一个重要的组成部分,同样具有这一特点。因而商品名(即商标)的好坏给消费者的心理刺激是完全不同的,例如weichuan味全(食品商标,喻五味俱全),Duracell金霸王(一种耐用的电池),kodak柯达(一种小型照相机),xerox施乐(一种静电复印机或静电复印法)。同时,广告商标还应具备一定有思想性和内涵,更能激起人们的兴趣,加深人们对商品的印象,例如coca-colask 可口可乐饮料-既可口又可乐,carefree娇爽卫生用品(英文含义为无忧无虑,轻松,愉快),NIKE耐克运动系列产品(英文含义为希腊神话中的胜利女神,象征着胜利)。另外,广告商标还应简洁独特,使人们在不断的重复中,强化记忆。例如GM汽车。TCL王牌彩电,7-UP七喜饮料,apple苹果电脑等。最后广告商标的形象生动性,也同样不可忽视。如kiss me奇士类口红。Benz奔驰汽车,pentium奔腾电脑,puma彪马,特别是随着新兴学科CI(corporate identication or corporate image),即通过设计系统来塑造企业形象的经营技法的兴起和发展,商标的重要性日益突出,一些公司企业甚至实施企业名称=商标的战略,以增加宣传活动的效率。

中英文互译须涉及到文化的差异,因而翻译中的对等也仅仅是相对的对等性。例如白翎商标,如译为white feather在英文中表示无用的东西,这对于英美人而言,是不可接受的,所以这样的翻译最好采用音译法,又如凤凰商标,如采用音译,西方人也只知其音而不知其意,如果用phenix(神话中的不死鸟。象征复活再生)就自然而然的把商标的内涵和凤凰在中国文化中象征着吉祥如意紧密联系起来。由此可见,中英文商标的互译,在注意文化差异的前提下,应采用音译,意译相结合,音译和意译等多种方法。

[一]音意兼顾,形神皆备。这类商标的命名和翻译一般采用双关(pun),头韵(alliteration),裁剪(clipping),谐音(homophony),拟人(personification),拟声(onomatopoeia),夸张(exaggeration)等修辞手法,结合中英文两种不同文化背景的共同点和相似点,直接把企业产品的精神,品质,特点,宗旨等思想表达出来,达到深刻,独特的目的,使人们在联想中强化对产品的理解。

1)双关 运用这一方法,不仅把中英文商标译成读音与原词大致相同的文字,而且使译名与原名有相似或相等的内涵。

A、过英文,中文的含义,传达出企业或产品的愿望。例如:

Strong,英文意为强壮的,强健的,译作中文为祝强,智强,分别代表医疗仪器和儿童食品,前者含有祝您健康,强壮之意,后者有既聪明又健康之意。

Quick快克,英文意为迅速的,快的,译为中文让人联想到此药能迅速克服疾病。

Youngor雅戈尔一Younger谐音,含有祝人们更优雅,更年轻的愿望。

Peak匹克,既揭示出产品质量的优良,又希望奥林匹克运动能达到最高点。

B、过英文、中文的含意,提示出产品的特点。例如:

Fort福特,既是指一种名牌汽车又比喻畅销货。

Pioneer先锋音响,象征这种产品是音响行业的先驱。

Tide汰渍,既说明洗衣粉的泡沫丰富,又暗示这种洗衣粉是一种潮流和趋势。

Nestle雀巢,舒适安卧的意思,又能让人联想到待哺的婴儿,慈爱的母亲和健康营养的雀巢奶粉。

Llaurier乐尔雅,既有殊荣的,卓越的,杰出的之意,又说明使用产品快乐而优雅。

Canon,佳能,既象征产品具有如大炮一样的威力和迅速,又说明产品优秀而且功能齐全。

Future cola非常可乐,非常快乐,未来的可乐。

C、通过英文,中文的含意,说明产品的品质。例如:

Great Wall长城既能说明产品由中国制造,又象征人类奇迹,独一无二。

Signal洁诺,既说明产品是出色的,显注的,又表明它能洁齿。

D、通过英文、中文的含意,说明产品的原料。例如:

Coca-cola可口可乐,指南美洲的药用植物,是非洲产的硬壳果树。通过这些独特的原料,既说明独特的口味。

Soybean维维豆奶,指大豆。

Olive奥尼,指一种油橄榄

E、运用富有诗意或有丰富文化内涵的名称,使产品具有一定的象征意义。例如:

MAZDA 松田,拜火教中的光神,松田公司采用这一名称,希望能效法这位光神,为汽车工业带来光明。

NIKE 耐克,希腊神话的胜利女神,象征胜利。

ANGLE 安吉尔,保护神。

2)、头韵 运用头韵的修辞手法,使商标名称达到双声叠韵的效果,听起来不仅响亮,而且顺口,在不断的重复中,更容易记忆。例如:

Coca-cola可口可乐。

Clean-clear可伶可俐。Rolls-Royce劳斯莱斯。

3)运用裁剪,谐音和缩略的用法,使商标名称简练,独特,便于信息的传达。例如:

SONY索尼,源自于拉丁文Sonus声音。

HISENSE海信,源自于high sense高度灵敏。

Panasonic松下,pana--全,整个,总之意,--sonic声音的。整个词表示所有的声音。

Frestech新飞,源自于fresh technology保鲜技术。Irico彩虹电子,源自于irix corporation彩虹公司。

Haier海尔,与higher谐音,象征着更高更好。Youngor雅戈尔,与younger谐音,象征着更年轻。缩略词如GM,IBM,KFC,NEC,TCL,LG等,这类商标在翻译过程中,采用直接借用的方法,同样达到简练,独特的目的。

4)运用拟人(personification),拟声(onomatopoeia),夸张(exaggeration)等修辞手法,使商标名称生动,形象。例如:

Kiss me奇士类口红,既巧秒风趣的说明使用口红的动态,又暗示使用这种口红奇特的美。

Pantene潘婷,既说明这种洗发水含有多种维他命,又让人联想到一位美丽的黑发女郎。

Pentium奔腾,形象生动的刻画出以电子计算机为文体的电子科技信息时代滚滚而来的趋势。

Kodak柯达,让人联想到按下快门的一瞬间,具有动感的声音。

Whisper护舒宝,既有如耳语般的亲柔,细致的关怀,又指安全,舒适之宝。

Supor苏泊尔,与谐音,意为极好的。

Crest佳洁士,说明产品是最好的又让人联想到产品是优秀的保洁卫士

[二]意译,即根据英文或中文的字面意思进行翻译。这类翻译立足于本国文化,侧重一个方面的文化内涵。例如:

海鸥Seagull,熊猫Panda,双星Double Star,三枪Three Gun,白猫White Cat,英雄Hero,花花公子Playboy,鳄鱼Crocodile等,[三]音译,既根据英文或中文的读音进行翻译。同意译一样,这类翻译也侧重一个方面的文化内涵。例如:

Shangri-la香格里拉(世外桃源,与世隔绝的地方)。Jeanswest真维斯(西部牛仔),格力GREE(优势,杰出,赞同,认可)。托普Top(最佳的东西,精华)。夏普Sharp(灵敏的,敏锐的)。Lux力士(精美,豪华,奢华的,上等的,阳光),Power28活力28(力量,活力)。味全Weichuan,奇声Qisheng,安尔乐ANERLE,康佳LONKA,春兰Chunlan,长虹Changhong等。

[四]以企业或商品的创办人或发明人或商品产地为商品名称,从十九世纪一直延袭至今,经久不衰。这类名称更侧重其纪念意义和社会价值,译名一般采用约定俗成的形式。

1).来源于企业名的商品名,例如:

索尼SONY,雅马哈YAMAHA,富士FUJI,东芝TOSHIBA,西门子SIEMENS,飞利浦PHILIPS,菲亚特FIAT,沃尔沃VOLVO,长虹CHANGHONG,春兰CHUNLAN,熊猫PANDA,康恩贝CONBA等。

2)来源于企业或商品创办人或发明人的商标,例如:

夏奈儿CHANEL,李宁LI-NING,羽西YUE-SAI,福特FORT,奔驰BENZ,高露洁COLGATE,吉百利CADBURY,郑明明CHENG MING MING,沙宣SASSOON等。

3)来源于企业或商品产地的商标名,例如:

诺基亚NOKIA(芬兰北部一小镇名,最初的诺基亚公司建于此地)

浪琴LONGINES(瑞士圣依梅尔附近的一小村庄,弗兰西龙和大卫在此创建了手表制造厂)。

青岛啤酒QINGDAO,上海SHANGHAI,等。

桑塔纳SANTANNA,指美国加州盛产名贵葡萄酒的“桑塔纳山谷”,虽然这种轿车并非产于此地,但是喻意该轿车会如山谷中经常刮起的强劲、凛冽的旋风一样风靡全球。当然一些商标既是姓名,又能反映商品的特点,例如雀巢NESTLE。

中英文商标作为一种文化现象,广泛的存在于社会生活中,对企业商品的宣传,推销,美化人们的生活,起着重要的作用,特别是,它如同一座桥梁,把东方与西方文化,企业、商品与消费者紧密相连。同时,作为一门综合学科中英文商标的命名和互译具有科学性,实用性,趣味性的特点。随着时代的发展,商标的命名和互译结合现代科技手段,朝着更加简洁、形象,更加注重内涵的方向发展。一方面,趋向于具体化,即把商品与某一具体的人,物,概念结合起来。接受者能通过广告设计的画面或形象,接受具体的清晰的信息,例如,大宝DABAO,舒蕾SLEK,小护士Mini-nurse,方太FOTILE,娃哈哈WAHAHA,健力宝JIANLIBAO,康威KANGWEI,彪马PUMA,宝马BMW等。另一方面,趋向于抽象化,即模糊商品的概念,使接受者在给定的意境中,充分调动视觉,听觉,味觉,甚至嗅觉器官,展开联想,从而达到接受信息的目的。例如,雪碧SPRITE,春兰CHUNLAN,白雪BAIXUE,海魄SEASOUL,奔驰BENZ等。总之,商标要在最短时间里让接受者得到最多的信息,留下最深的印象,最终为企业,商品起到应有的宣传和推销作用。

第三篇:商标翻译

商标术语英语翻译

世界贸易组织《WTO》 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 关税及贸易总协定《GATT》 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 亚太经济合作组织《APEC》 ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION 与贸易有关的知识产权协议《TRIPS》

AGREEMENT ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 世界知识产权组织《WIPO》 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION 保护知识产权联合国际局

INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT 保护工业产权巴黎公约

PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 商标国际注册马德里协定

MADRID AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION OF MARKS 商标注册条约《TRT》 TRADE MARK REGISTRATION TREATY 商标注册用商品与国际分类尼斯协定

NICE AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF GGODS AND

SERVICES FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE REGISTRATION OF MARKS 建立商标图形要素国际分类维也纳协定

VIENNA AGREEMENT FOR ESTABLISHING AND INTERNATIONAL CLASSFICATION OF THE FIGURATIVE ELEMENTS OF MARKS 专利合作条约《PCT》 PATENT CO-OPERATION TREATY 共同体专利公约 COMMUNITY产PATENT CONVENTION 斯特拉斯堡协定《SA》 STRASBOURG AGREEMENT 工业外观设计国际保存海牙协定

THE HAGUE AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL DEPOSIT OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS 工业外观设计国际分类洛迦诺协定

LOCARNO AGREEMENT ON ESTABLISHING AND INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS 商标,外观设计与地理标记法律常设委员会(SCT)STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS,INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND GERGRAPHICAL INDICATION 国际专利文献中心《INPADOC》 INTERNATIONAL PATENT DOCUMENTATION CENTER 欧洲专利局《EPO》 EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE 欧洲专利公约 EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION 比荷卢商标局 TRADE MARK OFFIICE OF BELGIUM-HOLLAND-LUXEMBURG 法语非洲知识产权组织 ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 国际商标协会 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK ASSOCIATION 中华人民共和国商标法 TTRADEMARK LAW OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC CHINA 英国商标法

TRADEMARK LAW OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 美国商标法 TRADEMARK LAW OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 日本商标法 JAPANESE TRADEMARK LAW 商标 TRADE MARK

商标局 TRADE MARK OFFICCE 商标法 TRADEMARK LAW 文字商标 WORD MARK 图形商标 FIGURATIVE MARK 组合商标 ASSOCIATED MARK 保证商标 CERTIFICATION MARK 集体商标 COLLECTIVE MARK 驰名商标 WELL-KNOWN MARK 著名商标 FAMOUYS MARK近似商标 SIMILAR MARK 防御商标

DEFENSIVE MARK 服务标记 SERVICE MARK 注册商标 REGISTERED MARK 商标注册申请人 TRADE MARK REGISTRANT 注册申请日 APPLICATION DATE OF TRADE MARK 注册申请号 APPLICATION NUMBER 商标注册证 TRADE MARK REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE 商标注册号 TRADE MARK REGISTRATION NUMBER

OF 商标注册日

TRADE MARK REGISTRATION DATE 商标注册簿 TRADE MARK REGISTERED BOOK 注册有效期 THE TERM OF VALIDITY 商标注册官 EXAMINATION FOR TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 注册查询 TRADE MARK ENQUIRIES 注册续展 RENEWAL OF TRADE MARK 分别申请 SEPARATE APPLICATION 重新申请 NEW REGISTRATION 别行申请

NEW APPLICATION 变更申请 APPLICATION REGARDING CHANGES 注册代理 TRADE MARK AGENCY 注册公告 TRADE MARK PUBLICATION 申请注册 APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION 续展注册 RENEWAL OF REGISTRATION 转让注册 REGISTRATION OF ASSIGNMENT 变更注册人名义/地址/其它注册事项

MODIFICATION OF NAME/ADDRESS OF REGISTRANT/OTHER MATTERS 补发商标证书 REISSUANCE OF REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE 注销注册商标 REMOVAL 证明 CERTIFICATION 异议 OPPOSITION 使用许可合同备案 RECORDAL OF LICENSE CONTRACT 驳回商标复审 REVIEW OF REFUSED TRADEMARK 驳回续展复审 REVIEW OF REFUSED RENEWAL

驳回转让复审 REVIEW OF REFUSED ASSIGNMENT 撤销商标复审 REVIEW OF ADJUDICATION ON OPPOSITION 异议复审 REVIEW OF ADJUDICATION ON OPPOSITION 争议裁定 ADJUDICATION ON DISPUTED REGISTERED TRADEMARK 撤销注册不当裁定

ADJUDICATION ON CANCELLATION OF IMPROPERLY REGISTERED TRADEMARK 撤销注册不当复审

REVIEW ON CANCELLATION OF IMPROPERLY REGISTERED TRADEMARK 处理商标纠纷案件 DEALING WITH INFRINGEMENT 优先权 PRIORITY 注册申请优先日 DATE OF PRIORITY 注册商标使用人 USER OF REGISTERED TRADE MARK 注册商标专用权 EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE REGISTERED TRADE MARK 注册商标的转让 ASSIGNMENT OF REGISTERED TRADE MARK 商标的许可使用 LICENSING OF REGISTERED TRADE MARK 使用在先原则 PRINCIPLE OF FIRST TO USE 注册在先原则 PRINCIPLE OF FIRST APPLICATION 商标国际分类 INTERNATIONAL CLASSFICATION OF 专利 PATENT 专利权 PATENT RIGHT 专利权人 PATENTEE

专利代理 PATENT AGENCY

产品专利 PRODUCT PATENT

专利性 PATENTABLITY 专利申请权 RIGHT TO APPLY FOR A PATENT

实用新颖 UTILITY MODEL 专有性 MONOPOLY 专利的新颖性 NOVELTY OF PATENT

专利的实用性 PRACTICAL APPLICABILITY 专利的创造性 INVENTIVE 专利文件 PATENT DOCUMENT 专利申请文件 PATENT APPLICATION DOCUMENT 专利请求书 PATENT REQUEST 专利说明书 PATENT SPECIFICATION 专利要求书 PATENT CLAIM 专利证书 LETTER OF PATENT 商标淡化法 TRADEMARK DILUTION ACT 商标权的权利穷竭 EXHAUSTION TRADEMARK平行进口 PARALLEL IMPORT 灰色进口 GRAY IMPORT 反向假冒 REVERSE PASSING-OFF 显行反向假冒 EXPRESS REVERSE PASSING-OFF 隐形反向假冒 IMPLIED REVERSE PASSING-OFF

GOODS 附带使用 COLLATERAL USE 知识产权 INTELLECTURL PROPERTY 工业产权 INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 外观设计 DESIGN

发明 INVENTION 发明人 INVENTOR 货源标记 INDICATION OF SOURCE 原产地名称 APPELLATION OF ORIGIN(AOS)地理标记 GEOPRAPHICAL INDICATION(GIS)

第四篇:商标翻译

[摘要]随着中国对经济全球化的迅猛发展,中国与世界各国的商品交流也愈加广泛。恰当的商标翻译成为商品打入国际市场不可或缺的一部分。本文在结合社会背景,文化等因素后,归纳并总结了常见的商标翻译技巧及原则。其中着重分析了音译、意译、直译、零翻译等几种常用翻译方法。

[关键词]商标 翻译 技巧 原则

商标作为商品的象征,是产品在广告宣传中的重要组成部分。从某种层面上说,商标的好坏直接影响了消费者对该产品的购买欲。当今社会中不难发现许多消费者拒绝购买某种产品,仅仅是因为消费者不喜欢该商标。成功的商标在促进产品的销售方面发挥着极其重要的作用,商标的翻译更是不容小觑。故如何把商标翻译好,如何适应消费者和文化发展的需求,如何采用更好的翻译方法让产品深入人心,为企业或国家带来巨大的经济效益。因此,能否将产品的内涵传达出来是商标翻译中的关键。

一、商标翻译的原则

由于环境、历史、经济、宗教等众多因素的不同导致中西方文化存在巨大差异,这些差异使得人们的思维方式、世界观、价值观各不相同。笔者在此总结分析了上述例子的翻译方法后,对商标翻译原则稍作简述。

1.符合产品特性的原则

陈振东对此有所论述,商品的特性是指商品不仅具有区别与另一类物质的基本构造,它还含有“流通性能”。因而,在翻译过程中译者要把握商品的特性,从而促进消费者对产品的了解,并能快速通过商标的名称来了解产品的特性与功效。例如,某品牌女装Hope Show被译为“红袖”,其中“袖”字即刻体现了该产品为服装类别,让消费者直截了当地记住其商品的种类,而“红”更将该品牌提升到一种喜庆祥和的感觉,同时也迎合了中国消费者的喜欢,使得产品更深度地体现它的特色。

2.简洁、方便记忆原则

笔者认为,商标乃产品的无形资产,一个耳熟能详的名字对于商家而言举足轻重。如今,家喻户晓的国际名牌“可口可乐”以其轻松,押韵的音节唤起中国人积极美好的心理情绪,都起来朗朗上口,增加了人们愉悦的想象,令人回味无穷。又如化妆品牌“可伶可俐”节奏清脆,洋溢着青春的美好与曼妙,为生产商赢得了少女的喜爱。更有香皂“Safeguard”译为“舒肤佳”,言简意赅。以上商标的译名均为简洁易记,简单不失华丽;不仅蕴含着美,也吸引了消费者的追捧。

3.“民族性”原则

“民族性”原则,最早有潘红提出。“既要尊重民族心理,把握联想意义,又要熟悉品牌国情,兼顾民族色彩”(潘红:1996)陈振东认为,商标的翻译必须尊重市场民族的文化观、道德观、价值取向、宗教信仰等等,让人在感情上接受。也就是说,商标翻译时应面对译入语文化“入乡随俗”,而徐荟则认为商标的翻译应包含本民族独特的文化精髓的信息,她认为中外文化的交流是双向的,既要适当吸引外来文化,又要适当对外介绍华夏文化。如商标中遇到“龙”,无须“谈龙变色”,译“龙”为“虎”。笔者认为随着中国的综合实力的壮大,世界地位的提升,我们不仅仅要注重商业效益的促进,也应该挑起宣传中华文化的重任,让世界了解中国。正如许多中国特色食品的翻译“Tofu”、“Zongzi”、“Baozi”等等,即是一种很好的推广,要做到真正地双向交流商标翻译的最高境界。

二、常用的译法

在探究商标翻译时,应遵循商标的实例分析,尊重商标翻译的标准和原则。同时,还要试图就翻译过程中可能遇到的一些具体技巧的处理问题。根据上述总结出的原则,其翻译方法大致可以分为“音译”、“意译”、“直译”、“零翻译”等四种方法。

1.音译

在英语商标翻译中,音译较为普遍,译者采用与原文发音大致相近的发音,表达出实际意义的译名,尽可能表现出商品的特性或特征,并且利用中国文字的博大精深的多义性,加深消费者对产品的印象与记忆。“音译商标名称应遵从名从主人的原则,即原文如果是日语则应按日语发音,原文如果是法语则按法语发音,是德语则按德语发音,是意大利语则按意大利语发音,其他语言也是如此。”(张凌2007:121)按音译发译出的商标“保留了原商标的音韵之美,从造词上来讲不符合汉语原则,但在汉字选择上却是别有用心,经过了精挑细选,显得新颖别致,迎合了消费者的好奇心和审美心理,而且相对直接,也为翻译带来了便捷性”,(喻小继,安冲伟2006:98)。

例如,近年来台湾的自行车品牌Giant受到越来越多人的喜爱。Giant原意为“巨人,大力士”,然而商家并没有直接翻译出原意,而是根据其发音,从而以“捷安特”一名打入国内市场。„捷‟寓意着快捷方便;„安‟意味着安全;„特‟更是进一步强调突出了该自行车的品质“特安全,特便捷”。“捷安特”凭借着其响亮的品牌,外加优良的品质与售后服务赢得了消费者的认同,拓宽了销售市场。

不同的品牌,应找准自己的着手点来运用音译法。世界著名的互联网搜索引擎Yahoo!的中文名字被译者翻译成为“雅虎”,妙趣横生,吸引了消费者的眼球。“虎”在中国人的心目中象征着威严,亦可寓意着吉祥。虎乃百兽之王,突出了Yahoo!在国际互联网中的地位。“雅”字更是体现出了小老虎的乖巧,可爱,消除了虎的凶性,使得品牌更贴近消费者,也赢得了消费者的喜爱。

运用音译法的例子还有许多,比如Coal-Cola“可口可乐”,Intel公司的Pentium“奔腾”芯片-运行速度迅速飞快,B&Q-“百安居”百姓安居乐业。

2.直译

所谓的直译法就是将商标的英语所包含的意思用汉语中相应的文字直接译出。但是这种译法的局限性很多,由于中西方社会背景与文化差异的不同,译者很难找出完完全全对等的辞藻来体现原商标所包含的意思,除了极其少数商标在直译后仍能体现其所表达的意义,例如:Great wall长城(电脑),Diamond钻石(手表),Panda熊猫(彩电),Lark云雀(香烟), Viceroy总督(香烟)这些商标其英语本身就分别含有异常明确的汉语意意,而且这些词语所表达出来的意境也不失雅韵。这些英语商标就可以直接为长城牌,钻石牌,熊猫牌等等。

译者在进行商标直译法时必须对中西方文化禁忌有足够的了解,以防造成不必要的损失。例如曾经有译者将芳芳爽身粉译成FANGFANG TALCUM POWDER“FANG”在此作为“芳”的汉语拼音,但其本身也是一个英语单词,即“毒牙,犬齿”而非“芳香”之美。因此,在外国人眼里,爽身粉即成为了“毒牙粉”。如此翻译不仅没有帮助商家打开远销海外的市场,反而使得产品在消费者心理造成了不好的影响。鉴于不同的文化背景,笔者认为在翻译的过程中应有意识地加以变通,避免死板直译,影响产品销售。

3.意译

意译法是以商标词的意义为基础来进行翻译。译者经过精心选择字词,为消费者营造一种美好的意境,形象地表达产品的效用,有利于消费者记忆。“所谓的意译法,系不宜或不能使用汉语文字将英语商标进行直接翻译而采取的一种既能表达其英语的含意,又不拘泥于其形式的方法。”(陈全明 1996:31)

通过精心选词意译,许多成功的商标译名已经成为公司的巨额财富和无形资产。如香港“金利来”Gold lion(男装)已成为世界级品牌,“金利来”这一品牌更是深受消费者的青睐,译者巧妙地结合了gold“黄金,金钱,名利”之意,lion“来”之音创造出金钱,名利都向你涌来的已经,十分符合成功男人的选择。若将其直接意译为“金狮”便失去了其品牌的诱惑力。相似的例子还有Daisy(小雏菊之意)“黛茜”(女性内衣),Fountain(喷泉)“方太厨具”,M.idea “美的”等。

4.零翻译

由于中西方文化背景的差异,对于中国人而言,西方人名地名不易被人们记住。然而许数的世界名牌又以创建者的姓名命名,故运用原文的缩写形式来翻译这是解决商标翻译的好办法,此方法亦称零翻译。譬如,闻名于世的汽车品牌BMW,其原名为德文(Bayerische Motoren Werke AG)其意思为“巴伐利亚机械制造厂股份公司”,然而BMW早已成为人们耳熟能详的顶尖品牌。类似的名称还有日本著名化妆品DHC-DAIGAKU HONYAKU CENTER的缩写,意大利著名服装品牌的创始人Domenico Dolce & Stefano Gabbana两人分别以双方名字中的首字母“D”和“G”的组合 D&G命名,该品名简单大方,又能让世界各地的人们熟记脑海,拓宽了其国际市场,在奢侈品中也是遥遥领先,同样的例子还有CK, SK-II等国际一线品牌,如此之多耳熟能详的英语商标相对与冗长的原文而言,更简短,易记忆,从而打响品牌的力度就相对较强。

三、结语

一个好的商标无异于为产品锦上添花。当今社会,商标的翻译是一项任重道远的创造性工作,它所涉及的范围广。商标好坏也影响着商品及企业的形象,译者们在对外界事物的认识与感知的过程中,应该加强各方面的锻炼,结合各方面的学科成果,不断揣摩、研究消费者的心理特征与需求。灵活、巧妙地运用商标的各种翻译技巧及原则,译出更具完美的佳作。最终实现文化内涵与商业效益同在。

参考文献:

[1]陈全明.论进口商标翻译的方法与技巧.中国科技翻译,1996,(3).[2]陈振东.浅论商标翻译.上海翻译,2005,(2).[3]贺川生.商标英语[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,1997.[4]潘红.商标翻译要求神似.中国翻译,1996,(6).[5]徐荟.商标翻译的互动性与跨文化差异.上海科技翻译,2004,(3).[6]喻小继,安冲伟.化妆品商标翻译的语言社会特征之解读.长春师范学院报,2006,(10).[7]张凌.化妆品商标的英译方法.商场现代化,2007,(7).

第五篇:中英文翻译

Fundamentals This chapter describes the fundamentals of today’s wireless communications.First a detailed description of the radio channel and its modeling are presented, followed by the introduction of the principle of OFDM multi-carrier transmission.In addition, a general overview of the spread spectrum technique, especially DS-CDMA, is given and examples of potential applications for OFDM and DS-CDMA are analyzed.This introduction is essential for a better understanding of the idea behind the combination of OFDM with the spread spectrum technique, which is briefly introduced in the last part of this chapter.1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics Understanding the characteristics of the communications medium is crucial for the appropriate selection of transmission system architecture, dimensioning of its components, and optimizing system parameters, especially since mobile radio channels are considered to be the most difficult channels, since they suffer from many imperfections like multipath fading, interference, Doppler shift, and shadowing.The choice of system components is totally different if, for instance, multipath propagation with long echoes dominates the radio propagation.Therefore, an accurate channel model describing the behavior of radio wave propagation in different environments such as mobile/fixed and indoor/outdoor is needed.This may allow one, through simulations, to estimate and validate the performance of a given transmission scheme in its several design phases.1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels In mobile radio channels(see Figure 1-1), the transmitted signal suffers from different effects, which are characterized as follows: Multipath propagation occurs as a consequence of reflections, scattering, and diffraction of the transmitted electromagnetic wave at natural and man-made objects.Thus, at the receiver antenna, a multitude of waves arrives from many different directions with different delays, attenuations, and phases.The superposition of these waves results in amplitude and phase variations of the composite received signal.Doppler spread is caused by moving objects in the mobile radio channel.Changes in the phases and amplitudes of the arriving waves occur which lead to time-variant multipath propagation.Even small movements on the order of the wavelength may result in a totally different wave superposition.The varying signal strength due to time-variant multipath propagation is referred to as fast fading.Shadowing is caused by obstruction of the transmitted waves by, e.g., hills, buildings, walls, and trees, which results in more or less strong attenuation of the signal strength.Compared to fast fading, longer distances have to be covered to significantly change the shadowing constellation.The varying signal strength due to shadowing is called slow fading and can be described by a log-normal distribution [36].Path loss indicates how the mean signal power decays with distance between transmitter and receiver.In free space, the mean signal power decreases with the square of the distance between base station(BS)and terminal station(TS).In a mobile radio channel, where often no line of sight(LOS)path exists, signal power decreases with a power higher than two and is typically in the order of three to five.Variations of the received power due to shadowing and path loss can be efficiently counteracted by power control.In the following, the mobile radio channel is described with respect to its fast fading characteristic.1.1.2 Channel Modeling The mobile radio channel can be characterized by the time-variant channel impulse response h(τ , t)or by the time-variant channel transfer function H(f, t), which is the Fourier transform of h(τ , t).The channel impulse response represents the response of the channel at time t due to an impulse applied at time t − τ.The mobile radio channel is assumed to be a wide-sense stationary random process, i.e., the channel has a fading statistic that remains constant over short periods of time or small spatial distances.In environments with multipath propagation, the channel impulse response is composed of a large number of scattered impulses received over Np different paths,Where

and ap, fD,p, ϕp, and τp are the amplitude, the Doppler frequency, the phase, and the propagation delay, respectively, associated with path p, p = 0,..., Np − 1.The assigned channel transfer function is

The delays are measured relative to the first detectable path at the receiver.The Doppler Frequency

depends on the velocity v of the terminal station, the speed of light c, the carrier frequency fc, and the angle of incidence αp of a wave assigned to path p.A channel impulse response with corresponding channel transfer function is illustrated in Figure 1-2.The delay power density spectrum ρ(τ)that characterizes the frequency selectivity of the mobile radio channel gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the delay τ.The mean delay τ , the root mean square(RMS)delay spread τRMS and the maximum delay τmax are characteristic parameters of the delay power density spectrum.The mean delay is

Where

Figure 1-2 Time-variant channel impulse response and channel transfer function with frequency-selective fading is the power of path p.The RMS delay spread is defined as Similarly, the Doppler power density spectrum S(fD)can be defined that characterizes the time variance of the mobile radio channel and gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the Doppler frequency fD.The frequency dispersive properties of multipath channels are most commonly quantified by the maximum occurring Doppler frequency fDmax and the Doppler spread fDspread.The Doppler spread is the bandwidth of the Doppler power density spectrum and can take on values up to two times |fDmax|, i.e.,1.1.3Channel Fade Statistics The statistics of the fading process characterize the channel and are of importance for channel model parameter specifications.A simple and often used approach is obtained from the assumption that there is a large number of scatterers in the channel that contribute to the signal at the receiver side.The application of the central limit theorem leads to a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response.In the absence of line of sight(LOS)or a dominant component, the process is zero-mean.The magnitude of the corresponding channel transfer function

is a random variable, for brevity denoted by a, with a Rayleigh distribution given by

Where

is the average power.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].In the case that the multipath channel contains a LOS or dominant component in addition to the randomly moving scatterers, the channel impulse response can no longer be modeled as zero-mean.Under the assumption of a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response, the magnitude a of the channel transfer function has a Rice distribution given by

The Rice factor KRice is determined by the ratio of the power of the dominant path to thepower of the scattered paths.I0 is the zero-order modified Bessel function of first kind.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].1.1.4Inter-Symbol(ISI)and Inter-Channel Interference(ICI)The delay spread can cause inter-symbol interference(ISI)when adjacent data symbols overlap and interfere with each other due to different delays on different propagation paths.The number of interfering symbols in a single-carrier modulated system is given by

For high data rate applications with very short symbol duration Td < τmax, the effect of ISI and, with that, the receiver complexity can increase significantly.The effect of ISI can be counteracted by different measures such as time or frequency domain equalization.In spread spectrum systems, rake receivers with several arms are used to reduce the effect of ISI by exploiting the multipath diversity such that individual arms are adapted to different propagation paths.If the duration of the transmitted symbol is significantly larger than the maximum delay Td τmax, the channel produces a negligible amount of ISI.This effect is exploited with multi-carrier transmission where the duration per transmitted symbol increases with the number of sub-carriers Nc and, hence, the amount of ISI decreases.The number of interfering symbols in a multi-carrier modulated system is given by

Residual ISI can be eliminated by the use of a guard interval(see Section 1.2).The maximum Doppler spread in mobile radio applications using single-carrier modulation is typically much less than the distance between adjacent channels, such that the effect of interference on adjacent channels due to Doppler spread is not a problem for single-carrier modulated systems.For multi-carrier modulated systems, the sub-channel spacing Fs can become quite small, such that Doppler effects can cause significant ICI.As long as all sub-carriers are affected by a common Doppler shift fD, this Doppler shift can be compensated for in the receiver and ICI can be avoided.However, if Doppler spread in the order of several percent of the sub-carrier spacing occurs, ICI may degrade the system performance significantly.To avoid performance degradations due to ICI or more complex receivers with ICI equalization, the sub-carrier spacing Fs should be chosen as

such that the effects due to Doppler spread can be neglected(see Chapter 4).This approach corresponds with the philosophy of OFDM described in Section 1.2 and is followed in current OFDM-based wireless standards.Nevertheless, if a multi-carrier system design is chosen such that the Doppler spread is in the order of the sub-carrier spacing or higher, a rake receiver in the frequency domain can be used [22].With the frequency domain rake receiver each branch of the rake resolves a different Doppler frequency.1.1.5Examples of Discrete Multipath Channel Models Various discrete multipath channel models for indoor and outdoor cellular systems with different cell sizes have been specified.These channel models define the statistics of the 5 discrete propagation paths.An overview of widely used discrete multipath channel models is given in the following.COST 207 [8]: The COST 207 channel models specify four outdoor macro cell propagation scenarios by continuous, exponentially decreasing delay power density spectra.Implementations of these power density spectra by discrete taps are given by using up to 12 taps.Examples for settings with 6 taps are listed in Table 1-1.In this table for several propagation environments the corresponding path delay and power profiles are given.Hilly terrain causes the longest echoes.The classical Doppler spectrum with uniformly distributed angles of arrival of the paths can be used for all taps for simplicity.Optionally, different Doppler spectra are defined for the individual taps in [8].The COST 207 channel models are based on channel measurements with a bandwidth of 8–10 MHz in the 900-MHz band used for 2G systems such as GSM.COST 231 [9] and COST 259 [10]: These COST actions which are the continuation of COST 207 extend the channel characterization to DCS 1800, DECT, HIPERLAN and UMTS channels, taking into account macro, micro, and pico cell scenarios.Channel models with spatial resolution have been defined in COST 259.The spatial component is introduced by the definition of several clusters with local scatterers, which are located in a circle around the base station.Three types of channel models are defined.The macro cell type has cell sizes from 500 m up to 5000 m and a carrier frequency of 900 MHz or 1.8 GHz.The micro cell type is defined for cell sizes of about 300 m and a carrier frequency of 1.2 GHz or 5 GHz.The pico cell type represents an indoor channel model with cell sizes smaller than 100 m in industrial buildings and in the order of 10 m in an office.The carrier frequency is 2.5 GHz or 24 GHz.COST 273: The COST 273 action additionally takes multi-antenna channel models into account, which are not covered by the previous COST actions.CODIT [7]: These channel models define typical outdoor and indoor propagation scenarios for macro, micro, and pico cells.The fading characteristics of the various propagation environments are specified by the parameters of the Nakagami-m distribution.Every environment is defined in terms of a number of scatterers which can take on values up to 20.Some channel models consider also the angular distribution of the scatterers.They have been developed for the investigation of 3G system proposals.Macro cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies around 900 MHz with 7 MHz bandwidth.The micro and pico cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz.The bandwidths of the measurements are in the range of 10–100 MHz for macro cells and around 100 MHz for pico cells.JTC [28]: The JTC channel models define indoor and outdoor scenarios by specifying 3 to 10 discrete taps per scenario.The channel models are designed to be applicable for wideband digital mobile radio systems anticipated as candidates for the PCS(Personal Communications Systems)common air interface at carrier frequencies of about 2 GHz.UMTS/UTRA [18][44]: Test propagation scenarios have been defined for UMTS and UTRA system proposals which are developed for frequencies around 2 GHz.The modeling of the multipath propagation corresponds to that used by the COST 207 channel models.HIPERLAN/2 [33]: Five typical indoor propagation scenarios for wireless LANs in the 5 GHz frequency band have been defined.Each scenario is described by 18discrete taps of the delay power density spectrum.The time variance of the channel(Doppler spread)is modeled by a classical Jake’s spectrum with a maximum terminal speed of 3 m/h.Further channel models exist which are, for instance, given in [16].1.1.6Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling Multi-carrier systems can either be simulated in the time domain or, more computationally efficient, in the frequency domain.Preconditions for the frequency domain implementation are the absence of ISI and ICI, the frequency nonselective fading per sub-carrier, and the time-invariance during one OFDM symbol.A proper system design approximately fulfills these preconditions.The discrete channel transfer function adapted to multi-carrier signals results in

where the continuous channel transfer function H(f, t)is sampled in time at OFDM symbol rate s and in frequency at sub-carrier spacing Fs.The duration

s is the total OFDM symbol duration including the guard interval.Finally, a symbol transmitted onsub-channel n of the OFDM symbol i is multiplied by the resulting fading amplitude an,i and rotated by a random phase ϕn,i.The advantage of the frequency domain channel model is that the IFFT and FFT operation for OFDM and inverse OFDM can be avoided and the fading operation results in one complex-valued multiplication per sub-carrier.The discrete multipath channel models introduced in Section 1.1.5 can directly be applied to(1.16).A further simplification of the channel modeling for multi-carrier systems is given by using the so-called uncorrelated fading channel models.1.1.6.1Uncorrelated Fading Channel Models for Multi-Carrier Systems These channel models are based on the assumption that the fading on adjacent data symbols after inverse OFDM and de-interleaving can be considered as uncorrelated [29].This assumption holds when, e.g., a frequency and time interleaver with sufficient interleaving depth is applied.The fading amplitude an,i is chosen from a distribution p(a)according to the considered cell type and the random phase ϕn,I is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,2π].The resulting complex-valued channel fading coefficient is thus generated independently for each sub-carrier and OFDM symbol.For a propagation scenario in a macro cell without LOS, the fading amplitude an,i is generated by a Rayleigh distribution and the channel model is referred to as an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.For smaller cells where often a dominant propagation component occurs, the fading amplitude is chosen from a Rice distribution.The advantages of the uncorrelated fading channel models for multi-carrier systems are their simple implementation in the frequency domain and the simple reproducibility of the simulation results.1.1.7Diversity The coherence bandwidth of a mobile radio channel is the bandwidth over which the signal propagation characteristics are correlated and it can be approximated by

The channel is frequency-selective if the signal bandwidth B is larger than the coherence bandwidth.On the other hand, if B is smaller than , the channel is frequency nonselective or flat.The coherence bandwidth of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of spreading and frequency interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent frequency diversity Df of the mobile radio channel.In the case of multi-carrier transmission, frequency diversity is exploited if the separation of sub-carriers transmitting the same information exceeds the coherence bandwidth.The maximum achievable frequency diversity Df is given by the ratio between the signal bandwidth B and the coherence bandwidth,The coherence time of the channel is the duration over which the channel characteristics can be considered as time-invariant and can be approximated by

If the duration of the transmitted symbol is larger than the coherence time, the channel is time-selective.On the other hand, if the symbol duration is smaller than , the channel is time nonselective during one symbol duration.The coherence time of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of coding and interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent time diversity DO of the mobile radio channel.Time diversity can be exploited if the separation between time slots carrying the same information exceeds the coherence time.A number of Ns successive time slots create a time frame of duration Tfr.The maximum time diversity Dt achievable in one time frame is given by the ratio between the duration of a time frame and the coherence time, A system exploiting frequency and time diversity can achieve the overall diversity

The system design should allow one to optimally exploit the available diversity DO.For instance, in systems with multi-carrier transmission the same information should be transmitted on different sub-carriers and in different time slots, achieving uncorrelated faded replicas of the information in both dimensions.Uncoded multi-carrier systems with flat fading per sub-channel and time-invariance during one symbol cannot exploit diversity and have a poor performance in time and frequency selective fading channels.Additional methods have to be applied to exploit diversity.One approach is the use of data spreading where each data symbol is spread by a spreading code of length L.This, in combination with interleaving, can achieve performance results which are given for

by the closed-form solution for the BER for diversity reception in Rayleigh fading channels according to [40]

Whererepresents the combinatory function,and σ2 is the variance of the noise.As soon as the interleaving is not perfect or the diversity offered by the channel is smaller than the spreading code length L, or MCCDMA with multiple access interference is applied,(1.22)is a lower bound.For L = 1, the performance of an OFDM system without forward error correction(FEC)is obtained, 9

which cannot exploit any diversity.The BER according to(1.22)of an OFDM(OFDMA, MC-TDMA)system and a multi-carrier spread spectrum(MC-SS)system with different spreading code lengths L is shown in Figure 1-3.No other diversity techniques are applied.QPSK modulation is used for symbol mapping.The mobile radio channel is modeled as uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel(see Section 1.1.6).As these curves show, for large values of L, the performance of MC-SS systems approaches that of an AWGN channel.Another form of achieving diversity in OFDM systems is channel coding by FEC, where the information of each data bit is spread over several code bits.Additional to the diversity gain in fading channels, a coding gain can be obtained due to the selection of appropriate coding and decoding algorithms.中文翻译 1基本原理

这章描述今日的基本面的无线通信。第一一个的详细说明无线电频道,它的模型被介绍,跟随附近的的介绍的原则的参考正交频分复用多载波传输。此外,一个一般概观的扩频技术,尤其ds-cdma,被给,潜力的例子申请参考正交频分复用,DS对1。分配的通道传输功能是

有关的延误测量相对于第一个在接收器检测到的路径。多普勒频率

取决于终端站,光速c,载波频率fc的速度和发病路径分配给速度v波αp角度页具有相应通道传输信道冲激响应函数图1-2所示。

延迟功率密度谱ρ(τ)为特征的频率选择性移动无线电频道给出了作为通道的输出功能延迟τ平均功率。平均延迟τ,均方根(RMS)的时延扩展τRMS和最大延迟τmax都是延迟功率密度谱特征参数。平均时延特性参数为

图1-2时变信道冲激响应和通道传递函数频率选择性衰落是权力页的路径均方根时延扩展的定义为 同样,多普勒频谱的功率密度(FD)的特点可以定义

在移动时变无线信道,并给出了作为一种金融衍生工具功能的多普勒频率通道输出的平均功率。多径信道频率分散性能是最常见的量化发生的多普勒频率和多普勒fDmax蔓延fDspread最大。多普勒扩散是功率密度的多普勒频谱带宽,可价值观需要两年时间| fDmax|,即

1.1.3频道淡出统计

在衰落过程中的统计特征和重要的渠道是信道模型参数规格。一个简单而经常使用的方法是从假设有一个通道中的散射,有助于在大量接收端的信号。该中心极限定理的应用导致了复杂的值的高斯信道冲激响应过程。在对视线(LOS)或线的主要组成部分的情况下,这个过程是零的意思。相应的通道传递函数幅度

是一个随机变量,通过给定一个简短表示由瑞利分布,有

是的平均功率。相均匀分布在区间[0,2π]。

在案件的多通道包含洛杉矶的或主要组件除了随机移动散射,通道脉冲响应可以不再被建模为均值为零。根据信道脉冲响应的假设一个复杂的值高斯过程,其大小通道的传递函数A的水稻分布给出

赖斯因素KRice是由占主导地位的路径权力的威力比分散的路径。I0是零阶贝塞尔函数的第一阶段是一致kind.The在区间[0,2π]分发。

1.1.4符号间(ISI)和通道间干扰(ICI)

延迟的蔓延引起的符号间干扰(ISI)当相邻的数据符号上的重叠与互相不同的传播路径,由于不同的延迟干涉。符号的干扰在单载波调制系统的号码是给予

对于高数据符号持续时间很短运输署<蟿MAX时,ISI的影响,这样一来,速率应用,接收机的复杂性大大增加。对干扰影响,可以抵消,如时间或频域均衡不同的措施。在扩频系统,与几个臂Rake接收机用于减少通过利用多径分集等,个别武器适应不同的传播路径的干扰影响。

如果发送符号的持续时间明显高于大的最大延迟运输署蟿最大,渠道产生ISI的微不足道。这种效果是利用多载波传输的地方,每发送符号的增加与子载波数控数目,因此,ISI的金额减少的持续时间。符号的干扰多载波调制系统的号码是给予

可以消除符号间干扰由一个保护间隔(见1.2节)的使用。

最大多普勒在移动无线应用传播使用单载波调制通常比相邻通道,这样,干扰对由于多普勒传播相邻通道的作用不是一个单载波调制系统的问题距离。对于多载波调制系统,子通道间距FS可以变得非常小,这样可以造成严重的多普勒效应ICI的。只要所有子载波只要是一个共同的多普勒频移金融衍生工具的影响,这可以补偿多普勒频移在接收器和ICI是可以避免的。但是,如果在对多普勒子载波间隔为几个百分点的蔓延情况,卜内门可能会降低系统的性能显着。为了避免性能降级或因与ICI卜内门更复杂的接收机均衡,子载波间隔财政司司长应定为

这样说,由于多普勒效应可以忽略不扩散(见第4章)。这种方法对应于OFDM的1.2节中所述,是目前基于OFDM的无线标准遵循的理念。

不过,如果多载波系统的设计选择了这样的多普勒展宽在子载波间隔或更高,秩序是在频率RAKE接收机域名可以使用[22]。随着频域RAKE接收机每个支部耙解决了不同的多普勒频率。

1.1.5多径信道模型的离散的例子

各类离散多与不同的细胞大小的室内和室外蜂窝系统的信道模型已经被指定。这些通道模型定义的离散传播路径的统计信息。一种广泛使用的离散多径信道模型概述于下。造价207[8]:成本207信道模型指定连续四个室外宏蜂窝传播方案,指数下降延迟功率密度谱。这些频道功率密度的离散谱的实现都是通过使用多达12个频道。与6频道设置的示例列于表1-1。在这种传播环境的几个表中的相应路径延迟和电源配置给出。丘陵地形导致最长相呼应。

经典的多普勒频谱与均匀分布的到达角路径可以用于简化所有的频道。或者,不同的多普勒谱定义在[8]个人频道。207信道的成本模型是基于一个8-10兆赫的2G,如GSM系统中使用的900兆赫频段信道带宽的测量。造价231[9]和造价259[10]:这些费用是行动的延续成本207扩展通道特性到DCS1800的DECT,HIPERLAN和UMTS的渠道,同时考虑到宏观,微观和微微小区的情况为例。空间分辨率与已定义的通道模型在造价259。空间部分是介绍了与当地散射,这是在基站周围设几组圆的定义。三种类型的通道模型定义。宏细胞类型具有高达500〜5000米,载波频率为900兆赫或1.8 GHz的单元尺寸。微细胞类型被定义为细胞体积约300米,1.2 GHz或5 GHz载波频率。细胞类型代表的Pico与细胞体积小于100工业建筑物和办公室中的10 m阶米室内信道模型。载波频率为2.5 GHz或24千兆赫。造价273:成本273行动另外考虑到多天线信道模型,这是不是由先前的费用的行为包括在内。

CODIT [7]:这些通道模型定义的宏,微,微微蜂窝和室外和室内传播的典型案例。各种传播环境的衰落特性是指定的在NakagamiSS)的不同扩频码L是长度,如图1-3所示的系统。没有其他的分集技术被应用。QPSK调制用于符号映射。移动无线信道建模为不相关瑞利衰落信道(见1.1.6)。由于这些曲线显示,办法,AWGN信道的一对L时,对MC-SS系统性能有很大价值。

另一种实现形式的OFDM系统的多样性是由前向纠错信道编码,在这里,每个数据位的信息分散在几个代码位。附加在衰落信道分集增益,编码增益一个可因适当的编码和解码算法的选择。

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