第一篇：英文写作读书笔记
英文写作读书笔记 王跃
2006年4月5日9点25分 英文文章写作训练
1.阅读10 篇文献，总结100 个常用句型和常用短语。经常复习。注意，文献作者必须是以 英文为母语者，文献内容要与你的专业有关。这属于平时看文献的副产品。
2.找3-5 篇技术路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章，精读。
写出论文的草稿。要按照标题、作者、摘要、背景、目的、材料、方法、结果、讨论、致谢、参考文献、图例、图、表、照片和说明的统一格式来写。这样做的好处是从它可以方便地改成任何杂志的格式。
3.针对论文的每一部分，尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具体方面，各找5-8 篇文献阅读，充实完善。这里讨论的只涉及英文表达，也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。
4.找到你想投的杂志的稿约，再找2-3 篇该杂志的article，按它的格式改写。注意，每次改写都要先另存为不同的文件名，以免出了问题不能恢复。
5.找英文高手改。找不到合适的人，就去找提供英语论文编辑服务(English correction and improvement，not translation)的公司，在此向有钱没时间的人强烈推荐。
你可以通过以下三种方式来了解英文文体格式：
1）杂志。浏览杂志中的文章，并且模仿你所看到的文章结构。
2）组里以往发表的文章。通过读以往发表的文章，你可以确切地知道一篇文章“看”起来 应该怎样。如果你写的文章与众不同，那麽它可能不是我们想要的。
3)ACS的编辑的作者手册：A Manual for Authors and Editors.(Janet S.Dodd, Editor Washington, D.C.USA 1997)含有有用的细节，特别是针对引文部分。
我也建议你们读一读Strunk和White撰写的《The Elements of Style》一书（Longman: New York, 2000年, 第4版），从中可以找到一些使用技巧。关于图表的设计也有两本非常精彩的书：《The Visual Display of Quantitative Information》，Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1983）；《Envisioning Information》Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1990）。注意事项：
1文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters)
特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母，它们无法直接输入计算机，因此都需转成键盘上有的字母和符号。在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式。因为它们的输入极为麻烦，而且极易出错，影响文摘本身的准确性，应尽力取消，或改用文字表达和叙述。更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入，应设法用文字指引读者去看原始文献。
2缩写字及首字母缩写词(Abbreviations and Acronyms)
我们可以自己扩展缩略词，但必须是本专业范围内常用的、几乎是众所周知的，而且在第一次出现的缩写词后面必须用括号将全称括在里面。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 1)在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表
2)在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来提醒读者。
3打文章时，要使用两倍行距（不用一倍或一倍半）。冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格。要留出足够的页边空间（通常，在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间）。
英文论文的逻辑性
一、句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore...用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。比如：
1）如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..2）如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA pput forward that...In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary(表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明两种对立的观点，用in contrast)，BB..如果两种观点相近,可用 AA suggest Similarily, alternatively, BB..Or Also, BB or BB allso does..表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
二、段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.The first questuon involves...The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with...上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,..当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
三、讨论部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法，把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以只了解文章的主要观点，而把比较专业的讨论当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种措施方便于读者。注意：为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出较为详细的解释。英文摘要（Abstract）
Abstract 基本类型： 报道性，指示性，报道－指示性和结构式文摘。
一、英文文摘题目(Title)
即原始文献的题目，力求简单明了直接反应文献的主题。英文题目开头第一字不得用 The、And、An 和 A；英文题目第一个字母大写其余小写，下列情况除外：
⑴专用名词首字母大写；
⑵首字母缩略词全大写；
⑶德语名词第一个字母应大写；
⑷句号后任何首字母均大写。文献的主副标题(题目)必须用句号分开, 不得用分号或破折号;题目中尽量少用缩略词, 必用时亦需在括号中注明全称(尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音首字母缩略字);特殊字符即数学符号和希腊字母在题目中尽量不用或少用。
二、Abstract特性
注意摘要与前言的区别，有关背景资料（background information)放前言中。1 基本特性（独立短文：独立性）文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性强 句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子
EI的文摘长度一般不超过150 words，或1500字母。美国物理学会Style Manual, 不超过500个单词。2 时态
以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时。
（1）作者过去的工作，可用一般过去时；若要强调其延续性或对现在及以后影响，也可用现在完成时叙述作者已完成的工作；
如文中指出发生的日期和时间是写文章之前，必须用过去时，例：This was first known in 1930.（2）实验结果或结论，用一般现在时；对已取得的阶段性成果也可用现在完成时；（3）在一定范围内的有局限性的认识可用一般过去时；（4）作者告诉读者论述怎样的主题时，可用现在时。3 语态
目前，英文摘要仍以被动语态具多，主动语态也偶有出现，并有增长的趋势。尽量应用主动语态代替被动语态：如 A exceeds B 比 B is exceeded by A好.用过去时及其被动语态叙述实验方法与过程,；如表示实验前业已完成的动作（过去的过去），可用过去完成时。例如：
The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5％ HF solution at a temperature of 25℃ for 2 s.4 语法修辞(1)力求简捷：
at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ → at 250 to 300℃
at a high pressure of 2 kPa → at 2 kPa has been found to increase → increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show 注意冠词用法，分清 a 是泛指，the 是专指； 如
Pressure is a function of temperature 而不应是 Pressure is a function of the temperature.(2)能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语，那用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语 measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy experiment results →experimental results
(3)可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型 accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy structure of crystal → crystal structure(4)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式
Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made →Thickness of plastic sheet was measured（5）一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰，可改用复合词，兼用后置定语，如：thermal oxidation apparent activation energy →apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation 或者用预置短语或连字符(hyphen)断开名词组，作为单个形容词(一个形容词)。
如：The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.→ The choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.（6）文词要纯朴无华，不要用多姿多彩的文学性描述手法；
如 Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.（7）组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语；
如The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 hr.of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.→ When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10hr.of UV irradiation.（8）用重要的事实开头, 尽力避免用辅助从句开头;
如: From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined.→
Power consumption of telephone suitching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally.5 一个典型示例
A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry.The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.At extrusion ratio(ER)greater four, two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.此例回答了如下四个问题： 回答做了什么?（研究工作范围）
——用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行为 回答怎样做的?（实验要点）——固体拉伸取向
回答结果如何?（主要结论）——两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化 回答原因何在?（结果的解释,结论）——存在不同晶体 6 常用句式（1）研究范围
（to be）carried out / performed / made / conducted(to be)studied / investigated(to be)described / deal with / elucidated / given / presented / developed / employed / derived / prepared / synthesized / monitored / determined / measured / observed / recorded / examined / characterized / identified / tested / calculated / proposed / used to study / used to establish / evaluated / discussed(2)实验要点
（to be）prepared by the reaction of … with … synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of / by using / by the use of / using … as …
over a wide range of … / over a broad composition range / over most of the range of …/ over the entire … range / covered the ranges from … to … / in the range of … / in the temperature range from … to … / with a variety of … contents /containing … percent or more … / in the presence of …/ in the absence of …（3）主要结论
用That 从句或由It 引起的that 从句表示实验结果：
The results indicated that … / The results show that … / The results demonstrated that … / The results reveal that …
It was shown that …It can be seen that …It was found that …It was discovered that …It was concluded that …It has been demonstrated that …It was clarified that … It was revealed that …It is considered that …It was confirmed that …It is suggested that …It was supposed that …It has become apparent that …
以… to be 后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果
The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表示具有某种影响，以及数量的依赖、增减关系 … 与 … 有关
…（to be）correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …in a linear relationship with …proportional to …inversely proportional to …… depends on …The dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …（不）相符的表示方法
…(to be)in good agreement with…(to be)found to agree well with ……(to be)consistent with ……(to be)essentially identical with ……(to be)found to coincide essentially with ……(to be)closely analogous to ……(to be)similar to …Good agreement(to be)found between ……(to be)contrary to ……(to be)in contrast with …（4）结果解释（结论）
…(to be)due to …(to be)attributed to …(may be)…(to be)assigned to ……(to be)interpreted on the basis of …… can be caused by …… may be explained by …… originate in ……(to be)discussed in terms of …
关于结构式文摘
据统计，目前世界上约有60％的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。
结构式文摘是按Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（结果）和Conclusions（结论）逐一阐述论文的梗概。
1、Objective项，可直接用动词不定式的一般式主动语态，如To provide, To explore, …;使用第一人称时，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。如：In this paper we conclude …
2、Methods和Results 项，可用一般过去时（有时也用现在完成时）及其被动语态； Methods用完整的句子，以被动句和过去时态为主。Results用一般过去时陈述实验结果。
3、Conclusions 则用一般现在时
英文文章常见语言技巧 前言部分
一、如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性： 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如
However, little attention...little work...little data / little research have focusd on...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：
However, data is still： scarce / rare / less accurate 为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等，比如： 1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足 4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清 5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。We aim to test the feasibility(reliability)of the...It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved(fall away)with our proposed method(approach).二、提出自己的观点
在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that...2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that...3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，用：
Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...4)在极其特别的情况才可以用
We put forward(discover, observe..)..“for the first time”.来强调自己的创新。
5)如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward(interrprete this to..)Or The results may be due to / caused by / attributed to / resulted from..Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that..can account for(interpret)this..Or It is pisible that it stem from...三、圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。We preliminarily focus on the older(younger)...或者有两种时间尺度的问题(long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 2)研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区
四、最后的原场
在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说，further studies on...will be summarized in our next study(or elsewhere)总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).注意事项：
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they...Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.讨论部分
讨论部份包括什么内容? 1.主要数据特征的总结
2.主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3.本文的不足
事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。所谓不足，包括以下内容: 1.研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说，It should be noted that this study has examined only..We concentrate(focus)on only...We have to point out that we do not..Some limitations of this study are...2.结论有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of...但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
第二篇：科技英文写作与演讲 读书笔记
科技英文写作与演讲
Writing and Presenting in English 【美】佩蒂〃杨 Contents Chapter 1
Introduction Part I
Writing Research Articles for Publication Chapter 2
the art of creating a model to help you write Chapter 3
the art of editing what you write Chapter 4
the art of dancing with change Chapter 5
the art of writing abstracts, proposal, and letters
Part II
Presenting at International Conferences Chapter 6
The Art of Preparing Slides Chapter 7
The Art of Using Your Voice Chapter 8
The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly Chapter 9
The Art of Napping at Conferences
Sources Afterword
第二章创建模板帮助写作的艺术
为你的模式寻找数据
你可能渴望在高度国际化的期刊上发表文章，而这些期刊中就含有你的模式所需要的数据。
你想要寻找的文章的特点： 〃必须发表在著名国际期刊上 〃最近3-5年内发表
〃这篇文章至少有一位英语母语作者
你并不需要关心这些文章的实际科学内容。尽管文章的内容越接近于你所做的科学，你越有可能从中更多地获得特别过程和结果的特殊表达，但这并不是你选择文章的重点。你寻找的是创建一个良好模式所需的优秀素材。
创建自己的模式
首先，在开始研究你选择的文章时，请保持敏锐的目光，你会发现从前不曾注意到的新东西。
你将领悟： 〃科学要求直接叙述；
〃成功的文章是用尽可能少的文字讲述生动的故事； 〃最重要的是，在所有的科学表达中，清晰是关键。你所要做的第一步是复印1-3篇具备上述特点的文章。第二步是着手在纸上或计算机上设计出模板，将从文章中搜集到的数据放上去。这类模板应包含以下典型数据：
〃句子长度和句子结构的变化，包括介词短语的使用频率； 〃转接、直接叙述和间接暗指的使用； 〃动词的恰当选择； 〃动词时态；
〃文章怎样开始和结束；
〃如何及何时提及其他研究人员的贡献。以下对典型模板中数据类型的解释： 模板1# 这份模板可能含有文章中句子长度和句型变化的记录。对那些不以主语为开头的句子，应该特别注明它们是用什么词或结构开始的，立即记下吸引你的特别结构。注意介词短语的使用频率以及使用时机。你会发现你的文稿中很多不相关的介词短语是应被删去的。
模板2# 这份模板中可能列举并解释你在文章中发现的转折词。擅长使用转折是撰写优秀文章的关键，一名优秀的作者只会在恰当的地方使用转折。在文章使用转折的地方加上注明，并解释转折的意思如何与句子的意思吻合。检查转折的使用频率，看看相同的转折词是重复还是连贯使用。
模板3# 这份模板可能含有你发现的一系列恰当变化的动词列表，并注明他们使用时的情形。对一份科学家来说，寻找一个正确、富有变化又有趣的动词来表述研究过程是写作中遇到的最大困难。句子和段落意思的准确性可能取决于你所选择的动词。这份列表对你来说是有价值的，要使用它并不断增加新的内容。
模板4# 这份模板收录了当今期刊中惯用的动词时态。注意一般现在时是多么频繁出现的，同时也要留心不使用一般现在时的特殊情况。当你写完论文并准备对之进行编辑时，你需要这些数据。有经验的作者往往将检查动词时态的一致性作为对将要发表的文稿进行润色的最后一步。请记住，在检查动词时态的一致性时，不要关注其他的语言问题，因为这会分散你完成一项完整工作的精力。
模板5# 这份模板记录了你所复制的文章是如何开始与结束的。文章中最初和最后适用的词语是非常重要的，看看他它们在文中是如何使用的。当完成了自己的论文后，请再次展开这份模板。这时，你会给论文找出一个比初稿更好的开头：更简单更直接。结论部分必须小心处理，因为某些作者在论文中得出的结论超过了数据支持的力度，务必要避免出现这种现象。
模板6# 这份模板的信息价值在于，告诉你如何承认其他研究工作和其他研究人员的贡献。仔细研究你的论文，看看在文中的何时、何处、以何种方式体现对别人的认可。你在科学界的专业声誉可能取决于你承认他人贡献的准确度。
使用你自己的模板
这些模板就是你的模式。开始使用时，你要以方便自己参考的方式来组织模板上的内容。然后，当着手写作时，你需要很多信息，请时刻注意模板上所列举的特别词汇和短语。也许为了写作一篇成功的科学论文，你会扩展并完善自己的模板。保持你的模板，使用它们。通过丰富新的信息和去除不必要的数据，让它们与时俱进。
即使对那些没有保存这类模板的作者来说，他们也总是有自己的写作清单，记载着富有感染力的词汇和短语，并注明它们来自何处及如何使用。
第一稿
第一稿的目的是搭建文章的框架和主体，所以可以不用英文写作。在这一阶段，目的是记录下自己所有的想法，特别是建立观点间的逻辑顺序。在写完第一稿时，不管使用的是母语、还是部分或全部使用英文，你应该在其中注上帮助你撰写下一稿的私人代码。
私人代码是你写文章时在其中放入的个性化注解。部分作者是这样做的： 〃在词语、短语和句子下方加下划线表示强调； 〃使用粗体字；
〃在句子间留下空隙，或者注上系列符号，如*号； 〃使用另一种语言的符号和词语。组织第一稿时，私人代码是你思维的一张地图，代码让作者在及时知道语言不完善的情况下，仍能持续写下自己的观点。
不管你发明的代码是什么，你的本意是在某些地方注明标记，以便在写第二稿时能容易会到这些地方。
私人代码一定要简单，在第一次使用时略作修改，之后就坚持使用。将这些代码写下来，以免下次写作时忘记了它们。避免在两次草稿间大幅改变你的代码或系统。这些改变可能会导致代码最终给你帮倒忙。
组织思路
按什么逻辑顺序来呈现自己的想法是决定论文成功关键与否的基础。为了构建一个清楚、准确又没有重复的顺序，你可能要考虑使用一种名为“节目播出顺序表”的写作前技术，新闻记者和侦探们常使用这种技术。在这种技术中，每个想法都被单独写在索引卡、纸片上或贴纸上。索引卡是最通用的：在寻找最佳逻辑时，它们的顺序可被安排或调整。这些卡片还可放在衣袋里，让你反复评估自己的逻辑直至你真正认为这个顺序足够好，可以开始写第一稿了。当使用小纸片或贴纸时，可以将他们贴在墙上，选择你或者你和同事两个人都认可的一个好的顺序。这时边上编码，并在上面写上对你写作有帮助的关键词。可能将每个想法放进不规范的句子里，但在句子间排序并不是一件重要的事。重要的是要组织这样一个合理的顺序：每个思想都不会重复、每个事件都有其内在的逻辑顺序。
完成第一稿
有很多稿件因为以下四个方面不足而被拒。在写作第一稿前，检查你的计划中有没有这些致命的错误：
〃原稿内容过于宽泛。这些材料应该用在2-3篇论文中，然后再投稿； 〃原稿中声称的结果超过了所给数据的支持力度；
〃原稿过长，包含不必要的细节，如对历史过程的回顾或冗句赘词； 〃作者没有恰如其分地承认他人的贡献。
第二稿
你在第一稿中已经建立起思想或事件的顺序。现在，你要用段落来帮助读者理解你的顺序划分。接下来，检查你在第一稿中标记代码的地方。将非英文词语换为英文，推敲有问题的地方。
在接下来的所有草稿中，最费心的是将第一稿转换成简单、直接的英语句子。保持句子的短小和直截了当。简单意味着清楚，每个人都能明白你所写的东西。当你继续花大力气编辑你的最后一稿时，你可能在词汇、转折和句子结构上有更多的选择，让自己的文章更通顺、更有趣。你的主要目的是确保每句话中的意思：
〃对你所在领域的科学家来说是清楚的； 〃恰如其分地提及作出贡献的人；
〃没有令读者生厌的，与文章主题没有直接关系的历史或其他细节； 〃没有因过分解释显而易见的问题而冒犯读者的智力。
最后一稿
努力让它如你想象般美好。
第三章编辑自己作品的艺术
写作的质量不能反映作者的智慧，也不能反映作者作为一个科学家的价值，只是作者写作技巧的体现。
稿件的作者需要认识到自己所撰写的内容是一个产品。欲使一篇稿件得到发表，作者就必须学会与同事反复编辑自己的稿件，并且要认真地编辑，否则就不如不写。
牢记写作是一项社会活动。为读者写作，寻求读者的理解，作者需要确认他所写文章中的每一个观点都能被读者所了解。
寻求编辑帮助
只有下列人员才会对自己有所帮助：
〃信任作者并且坦率地指出稿件中的长处与不足； 〃有能力提出正面的肯定意见和负面的批评意见； 〃对作者比较熟悉或了解；
〃熟悉作者你投稿期刊的写作风格。
组建一个写作与编辑团队可能十分困难，需要通过个人和专业方面的努力才能达到工作的和谐。无论如何，写作是一项社会性很强的活动，作者无法从不了解自己或不了解自己的研究的那些人中获得所需要的帮助。删除不必要的词语
重复与冗余
重复：直接地重复使用同一单词
冗余：间接地重复可替换使用的短语或近义词
这是退稿中常见的缺陷，这些缺陷在非英语母语作者的稿件中尤其常见。作者一次只能阐述一个观点。应该自信选择简洁的语言清楚有效地表达论点，但只能阐述一次。唯一可以接受的是在论文最后的总结中不加详细解释地简要复述重要信息。
注意，用分类词典来寻找可替换的单词是危险的。英语太微妙且太复杂，因此分类词典不是一个可靠的工具。作者的可靠信息只能源于模板和所复印的范文。如果上述两者都没有所需求的词汇，就参考其他由英语母语作者最近发表的文章，并复印这些论文，将其中的相关信息加入到自己的模板中。
在研究论文中，多余语言的一个重要形式是以附加信息出现，就写作本身而言令人感兴趣，但与论文所报道的结果无关。通过认真运用模板，可以消除这类冗长的解释，如果没有模板很好地控制这类问题，就需要浏览全文以确保稿件中避免出现以下各点：
〃介绍研究背景或历史的篇幅超过拟投稿期刊的要求；
〃对研究工作的介绍过于详细，甚至详细介绍不必要的工作； 〃关于你的研究小组其他研究工作的信息。多余解释的另一个常见形式是滥用介词词组。例如，在研究工作开展的地点对读者来说很明显时仍使用“in our laboratory”。在编辑时删除不相关的诸如此类的介词短语。”by the research”,” on the table”, “in our group”…
被动语态
现代科技写作越来越直截了当，对被动语态的使用正在快速消失。期刊都推崇主动语态和直截了当的陈述。
作者需要检查定稿中以下列单词开始的句子： 〃There are… 〃There is…
〃There was/were… 〃There has/have been…
并且还要检查以通常没有指代意义的“It”开始的所有句子：
被动结构是人们熟悉且容易使用的结构，该结构可以帮助作者自由的写作，因此，在初稿中作者可采用被动结构。然而在编辑时应修改这些结构，以使得每个句子的内容能够更快捷地被读者理解。
使用加强语以强调内容
Really，actually，truly等附加的加强语给研究论文增加了近乎不可信的成分。
单词very是每个作者都应该避免使用的单词。在需要强调的地方使用诸如“extremely”“highly”“strongly”“surprisingly”的加强语会更为有效，但是请见或使用所有这些加强语，否则会损失其强调效果和论文的科学性。
用有具体含义的单词代替诸如“a lot”“many”之类的单词。此外，删除具有判断含义的单词，如“good”，也可提高单词的表达效果。避免使用赞美之词，代之以解释。惊叹号也很少使用。不要使用俚语。
转接词或短语在句内和句间的作用十分重要。然而，对转接词的过度使用会降低最后定稿的表达质量。
有些转接词或短语的作用相当于润滑剂，合理使用有助于读者理解作者的思维逻辑。举例：furthermore;in addition;first…second…third;finally;lastly;moreover;incidentally;in fact;in truth;as a matter of fact;for example;such as;next;then.当句子或段落与已表述的观点在逻辑上呈对照关系时，就需要借助转接词或短语的功能，用于提醒读者逻辑严谨的方向即将改变。
举例：but;however;instead;nevertheless;despite;surprisingly;in spite of;in contrast;for comparision.解释即转接词用于提示原因和结果。这些转接词有时可选择使用并且通常出现在句子的中间。他们对于指示作者即将阐述的结果或结论十分重要。
举例：because;as a result;therefore;in general;consequently;as predicted;in conclusion;since;as;for;finally.动词时态的编辑
现在时
最常见的时态是一般现在时。一般现在时表示研究结果为同样的实验可以重复的一般性事实。与此对应的是，如果使用过去时，则表示研究结果可能不是一般性事实。
谨慎使用现在进行时。
在研究论文中使用现在完成时不仅正确而且十分精彩。然而论文中很少需要使用现在完成时，并且使用这一时态确实比使用其他简单时态需要具有更多的语言知识。过去时
仅限于某些特定的情况，例如表达实验室已经完成的工作。
第四章与变革共舞的艺术
第五章撰写摘要、建议书信的艺术
摘要
摘要旨在用易于理解并能快速传递给他人的方式，来讲述一个科学故事。摘要包含你研究工作的精髓。摘要不是总结，摘要比总结更为简洁和清楚。总结通常是按时间顺序来组织，摘要则是按重要性来构建。它阐述发现了什么，如何发现的，与其他研究相符合的情况，并对下一步工作提出建议。摘要是一个有关精准语言的操练。
注意字数，一定要简短。
摘要写作需要不同寻常的感知和语言训练。多余的单词应该仔细删去，直到剩余的单词能真正传达到同行的大脑和英语母语者的耳朵中。单词的清楚性将决定：首先，其他人是否会阅读你的作品；其次，并且更为重要的是，读者能否将这个信息准确地转告他人。
摘要撰写的五条格言为： 〃不超过所要求的单词书； 〃认真编辑； 〃请一位十分了解自己工作的同时做编辑工作； 〃重新编辑； 〃参照拟投稿期刊最近发表的摘要或拟申请参加会议的前几届的会议文集，核查自己对单词和句式的选择。
建议书
包括会议摘要和基金申请书。
第三篇：英文读书笔记
(1)把握大局 ：grasp the overall situation(2)摆谱儿 ：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家: start from scratch(4)拜年：pay New Year call(5)班门弄斧：teach one's grandma to suck eggs(5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销 ：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comfortable life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：disguised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17)博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量 technoligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River delta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：passenger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiterate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specific posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones about(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralism(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disciplinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial development zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes to him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state employee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as not going far enough(53)函授大学：correspondence university(54)好莱坞大片：Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心竞争力：core competitiveness(56)虎父无犬子：A wise goose never lays a tame leg(57)基本国情：fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈竞争：cut-throat competition(59)极限运动：maximal exercise/X-games(60)集中精力把经济建设搞上去：go all out for economic development(61)加班：work extra shifts(62)嘉宾:distinguished/honored guest(63)加快市场步伐：quicken the pace of marketization(64)假冒伪劣产品：counterfeit and shoddy products(65)减负：alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水乡：the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教书育人：impart knowledge and educate people(68)脚踏实地：be down-to-earth(69)解除劳动关系：sever labor relations(70)扩大内需：expand domestic demand(71)拉拉队：cheering squad(72)论文答辩：(thesis)oral defence(73)马到成功：achieve immediate victory(74)三维电影/动画片：three-dimensional movie/animation
(75)森林覆盖率：forest coverage(76)社会保险机构：social security institutions(77)社会热点问题：hot spots of society(78)社会治安情况:law-and-order situation(79)申办城市：the bidding cities(80):身体素质：physical constitution（81）生计问题：bread-and-butter issue(82)生意兴隆 ：business flourishes(82)市场疲软：sluggish market(83)市政工程：municipal works/engineering(84)事业单位：public institution（85）试用期：probationary period(86)首创精神：pioneering spirit(87)手机充值：cellular phone replenishing(88)台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots(89)脱贫致富：cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大开发：Development of the West Regions(91)新秀：up-and-coming star（92）学生处：students' affairs division(93)舆论导向：direction of public opinion(94)招生就业指导办公事：enrolment and
vocation guidance office(95)支柱产业：pillar conerstone industry(96)中专生：secondary specialized or technical school student(97)专题报道：special coverage(98)《阿Q正传》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and Autumn Annals(100)知识产权：intellectual property rights 匆忙地做某事 do something in a rush 商务礼节：business etiquette 面部表情facial expression 你与客户、同事或卖主的初次接触对你的业务成功而言是至关重要的。Your initial contact with a client,colleague or vendor is critical to your success in business.在长期看来你的第一步就会走的扎实，会带你走向良好的人际关系。You will have a solid start for long-term and profitable relationships.(profitable有益的，盈利的)肢体语言 body language被困在盆栽后面无法起身be trapped behind a potted plant and can’t stand up（potted plant盆栽）看着其他地方或眼光乱飘,那么人家会决定你在等某个更有趣、更重要的人出现If you are staring off somewhere else or glancing around the room,you give the appearance of looking for someone more interesting or important to come along.(come along 出现)坚定有力地握手offer a firm handshake伸手extend your hand抵抗住冲动 resist the urge to do先伸出手的一方往往被视为自信而且自在The person who puts a hand first comes across as confident and at ease.直观地、直觉地intuitively 顺畅而专业地做自我介绍make introductions smoothly and professionally 地位较低的人lower ranking pelple亲密共处close proximity拖净洒出来的水wipe up the spills 每个人共同承担着公司顺畅运营的职责Everyone shares the responsibility for making the company run smoothly.回应接受能力不强unresponsive and unreceptive增加工作满意度boost job satisfiction重要线索valuable cues 咬指甲 bite your nails 在你将咖啡壶里的咖啡倒空时，花一分钟时间再煮一壶，这样下一个人就能喝了。After you’ve drained the coffee pot into your cup, take a minute to make another pot for the next person.（drain排干、倒干）昨夜剩下的食物 leftover food 别这么做 Forget about it.将复印机参数重新设定回正常值 reset the copy machine to normal copying.（reset重置）在你剩下的东西发霉之前，扔掉它们。Before your leftovers sprout green fuzz,toss them.这些东西会塞满公用的冰箱 that jam up the communal refrigerator(communal 公用的)为自己设立时间表，每天花几个时间段阅读、回复电子邮件。Set up a schedule to read and respond to your e-mail several times each day.（Set up a schedule）由于非语言交流是在无意识的层面上学习和采用的because nonverbal communication is learned and practiced on an unconscious level（nonverbal communication 非语言交流）你应该清楚地了解哪些行为让人很难接近你。（hinder 阻碍；vital 必不可少的，极其重要的）it is vital to understand some of the non-receptive behaviors that hinder your approachability.避免以下六种交流障碍 aviod the following six barriers to communication（barrier 障碍）将陌生人变成有价值的联系人transtform strangers into valuable connections（transtform„into）别人会认为你很焦虑 you will be perceived as anxious 你的目光向上your eyes are focused up 沉浸于沉思中be engrossed in deep thought 思维闭塞close minded会评判别人的judgmental 耸肩 close your shoulders听耳机 listen to headphones知道最新的新闻 catch up the news 惟一一个阻挡了你将他人转化为互相有用的联系人的人，就是你自己。The only thing that stands in your way of transforming people into mutually valuable connections is you.具有感染性的微笑contagious smile 把自己与互动隔绝shield yourself from interaction其他人会很乐意接近你的others will be happy to step onto your front porch 推销单sales pitch一份手写感谢信是最好的方法 A handwritten thank you note is the best route to take.你永远不知道以后你会在何时何处需要他们 You never know what you may need from them down the road.(down the road在将来，今后)完成你的目标 accomplish your goal 有时候，短期的损失能带来长期的收获Sometimes a short term loss can equal a long term gain.粗体笔 A bold pen 特别亮丽的颜色 distinct bright colors 赘述 become hung up on length有破损的衣服frayed clothing 相关建
议attire recommendations 合成材料synthetic material在我们工作的环境中，衣服应该平正无皱。In our work environment ,clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled.有品位的领带 tasteful ties 有节制with restraint工作中有几天是便服日，通常是周五。Certain days can be declared dress down days,generally Fridays.(dress down days便服日)没有后续行动does not include any followup没有任何一种着装能涵盖所有的可能性，因此，员工们必须在某种程度上做出自己的判断。No dress code can cover all contigencies so employees must exert a certain amount of judgement in their choice of clothing to wear to work.在此期间in the mean time双方both parties专业形象是值得提倡的，浓妆艳抹是不专业的体现。A professional appearance is encouraged and excessive makeup is unprofessional.我深深坚信 I believe profoundly that如果着装依旧不符合要求，那么公司将会采取进一步的规范行动。Progressive disciplinary action will be applied if dress code violations continue.一段关系必须经过培养 A relationship must be nurtured.理所当然地 understandably.它会随着时间的推移而增长It grows over time.一个现实的希望a realistic aspiration在有效的关系中，每一方都开诚布公的表达他们的立场和感受。In effective relationships,parties openly express their position and feelings.如果我决定了，我与某人的关系很重要，那么我会投入时间和精力，以了解那个人的需求并处理过程中出现的任何障碍。If I decide my relationship with someone is important,then I will invest time and energy to understand that person’s needs and to deal with anything that gets in the way.在非正式场合 in informal settings 无用的futile即使我尝试后失败了，我也知道我已经尽了全力，这会让我心里宽慰些。Even if I try and fail, I will know that I gave it my best shot and gain comfort from that.提及对自己重要的事项 raising issues that are important to them借以whereby建立一个人们能够表达感受的文化develop a culture whereby people can express their feelings.建立亲密感build closeness大家都是那样的All are like that.让我们依次研究一下这些阻碍吧Let’s take a look at each of these in turn.鼓励人们互相联系的公司文化会促使人们做出一种充满激情的、共同达成美好目标的互相承诺。Organizational cultures that encourage people to connect can generate a passionate commitment to achieve wonderful things together.不管不顾地将任务达成drive through the task regardless在形成有效关系时，有很多困难和阻碍，如，曾经有过互不信任或刻板印象，关系不好而责怪对方，专注于任务本身而忽略了对方的感受和需求，还有双方目标、角色和期待不清晰等。A number of things can get in the way of forming an effective relationship , including: a history of mistrust or stersotyping, blaming the other party for a difficult relationship,focusing on the task and excluding the feelings and needs of others, and unclear objectives, roles and expectations of each other.这会导致关系的破裂 This causes distruction in relationships.疏远自己的客户alienate your customers误解无法避免，关系也会因此恶化 misunderstandings are inevitable and the relationship will suffer他将信息反馈给对方He then feeds back to this person.接着双方角色对调Then the roles are reversed.得出解决方案arrive at a solution一张纸a sheet of paper 开个全体会议meet together in a plenary session 研究数据examine the data解决共有的问题tackle common problems啦啦队the cheerleader知己the confidante密友the sidekick守护神the guardian ['gɑrdɪən] angel圣人the sage全力支持某人root for sb.甚至在我们偶尔摸索前进的时候even in the rare moments when we fumble忠诚的loyal镜子反射出你的成就和错过的机遇，并以一种基于事实的方式呈现出来。The mirror reflects back your accomplishments and missed opportunities in a fair evidence-based way.对你持有中性态度Be neutral about you 在最平凡的日子里in the most mundane day 在附近埋伏着lurk nearby当有人紧随其后时，你会跑得更快You run faster when there’s someone right on your heals.低估underrate深刻的见解insightful ideas他们不会为各种各样的压力而分心They don’t get distracted by miscellaneous [,mɪsɪ'lenjəs] pressures or issues.提出方法和建议propose
solutions and suggestions讨论后续行动或接下来的步骤discuss follow-up or next steps这儿有一些基本步骤，帮你解决与上司直接的棘手问题。Here are some basic steps to help you address a touchy issue with your boss.彻底地回顾一遍review it thoroughly他需要点时间看看财务记录之后才能答应你的要求He needs time to review the financial records in advance of committing to your request.新主管a new supervisor现在你的努力会为长期的有利工作关系打下基础Your efforts now will lay the groundwork for a productive working relationship over the long haul.对你一整天的情况都紧密监控keep close tabs on you throughout the workday职业背景vocational background一家大型投资银行a major investment bank 衣橱wardrobe表现主动性demonstrate initiative拿一摞文件，在别人要求你阅读它们之前把它们读完taking a stack of files and going through them before you are asked它值得再三提起it bears repeating 它使我明白了许多道理It has made me realize lots of common sense.言而由衷，说话算话。Say what you mean and mean what you say.没有什么比真心交流更有效了There’s no substitute for authentic communication.降低自己给别人提意见的欲望，提高寻求他人意见的欲望Be less inclined to give advice and more inclined to seek it.克制冲动，不要对他人及其动机草率地下结论。查查源头、获得事实，再作出决定Resist the urge to jump to conclusions about people and their motives.Go to the source,get the facts,and then decide.认清总让你抓狂的人的最大优点，下次你俩互动时，将这个有点牢记在脑中Identify the biggest redeeming quality of that person who’s always driving you crazy.Keep it in mind the next time the two of you interact.（redeeming补偿的，弥补的）当与同事打招呼时，跳过愚蠢的“你好么？”问一个能够显示出你真的对他感兴趣的问题When greeting a colleague,skip the mindless“How are you ?”Ask a question that shows the genuine interest.不用自己的方式向别人道谢。真诚的感谢是很有力的武器——它集反馈、认可和尊重于一体。Go out of your way to say thank you.Sincere appreciation is powerful stuff——it’s feedback, recognition,and respect all wrapped in one.（all wrapped in one集„„于一体）如果你表达感激过晚，那就要补偿这一延误。与每个你还未感谢的人联系，让他们知道你多么感谢他们的帮助。.If you’re overdue in showing gratitude,make up for lost time.Contact everyone who’s owed thanks from you, and let them know how much you appreciate their help.将功劳和奉承献给每一个有所贡献的人。如果你认为某一个可喜的成就完全出自你手，那就再想想吧.When credit and compliments come your way ,spread them around to all who helped.And if you’re solely responsible for that honored achievement,think again.只有当你确实做得到的时候再做出承诺。如果你没有做到，就要向他人解释为什么Promise only what you can deliver,If what you deliver falls short,explain why.当事情出现问题的时候，忍住不要责怪他人。失败来自体系，所以纠正体系，不要纠正别人。When things go wrong.Resist the urge to assign blame.It’s the system that really fails,so fix the system,not the people.扩大你的社交圈。如果你总是和同一批人吃午饭，那你应该邀请新的人加入。Widen your social circle.If you always go to lunch with the same group,invite someone new.无缘无故也要送礼。如果你和热爱自然的人一起工作，那就送些植物或花卉。如果团队常年喜爱甜食，那就弄些甜食来，并随时补足。Give a gift for no reason.If you work with nature lovers,order some plants or flowers.If the group has a chronic sweet tooth,get some sweet dishes and keep them full.当你听到一个谣言时，要左耳进右耳出When a rumor reaches your ear,let it go out the other.适时地将每天的单调任务放到一边，和同事闲聊一会。如果这个同事很少与你交谈，那就更好了。Step down from the treadmill of daily task and have an inefficient chat with a colleague.If it’s someone you rarely engage in conversation,all the better.对他人的兴趣表示你的兴趣。你可能对帕特的集邮兴趣并不那么感冒，不过如果你问起的话，帕特总是会兴高采烈的。.Show interest in someone else’s interests.You may not be dying to hear about Pat’s passion for stamp collecting,but Pat will be
thrilled you asked.当你选择了一个立场，并在稍后发现自己站错了边，那么就诚实地说出来。When you take a stand and later realize it’s the wrong stand,be honest enough to say so.在权衡选择和作出决定的时候，让更多的人参与进来。你周围有让人难以置信的绝妙想法，所以干嘛不好好利用呢？Involve more people in weighing options and making decisions.There‘s incredible brainpower all around you,so why not put it to work?如果你想要给步行几步即可走到他面前的同事发邮件，别这么做。起身、走过去，跟他们直说你要说的。If you tend to send e-mails to colleagues who are an easy walk away.Give the computer a rest.Get up,walk over, and talk to them.试着一整天都不要对人做出评价。祝你好运，这可不是容易事儿。Try going a whole day without making judgment about people.Good luck——it’s tough!不要等着别人对你友善。甘地明白这一点：我们必须成为我们想要在世界上看到的变化。Don’t wait for kindness to come your way.Gandi had it right:we must be the change we wish to see in the world.写邮件compose a email一旦你想到了这封电子邮件的读者，你传达信息的语调和内容就会起相应的变化。Once you have your reader in mind, youe message’s tone and contest follows suit.主题栏永远要与你的主题相关Always align your subject line to your subject.有负面后果have negtive consequences将你的要求隐藏在邮件的中间段落当中bury your request in the middle of the paragraphs强调信息highlight information草稿箱draft folder简短而到位short and sharp正式的晚宴上，对话不应该冒犯到周围的人 Conversation at a formal dinner should nor be offensive to those around you.如果你觉得你说的有些过头了If you sense that you’ve crossed the line in dinner topics.(cross the line做的太过分了，过格了)用牙签剔牙pick up your teeth with a toothpick 如果接电话的人不知道打电话的人是谁，那么立刻告知打电话的目的和打电话的人的相关信息就很重要了If the caller is not known to the receiver it is important that the purpose of the call and the caller’s credentials are established immediately.在电话交谈中，详细说明你致电的原因Particularize your intension behind the call.详细叙述信息并详细说明打电话的目的Expand upon information and specify the purpose of the call在打电话的时候，你要时刻牢记秘密事件的隐私性和安全性Privacy and security around furtive issues must always be borne in mind on the phone.如果电话交谈中敏感话题必须出现，商务礼节要求你向接电话的人确定这么做是否合时。If it is imperative that sensitive discussions take place over the phone,business etiquette requires that you confirm with the receiver whether this is appropriate.轻率的行为或决定rash actions or decisions 简体中文字simplified Chinese characters 金色是一种会带来幸运的颜色Gold is an auspicious color头衔title 表现良好礼节demonstrate good etiquette几个重要例子a few key examples对„„也适用be applicable to 佛经故事Buddhist Parables过去有一个人，头上没有毛发 Once,there was a man who was bothered by total baldness.夏天苦于暴晒之热 In summer, the heat scorched his head.(scorch v.炙烤)他昼夜不得安宁 He had no peace day or night.所以这个秃子便来到医师的住所，对医师说：“大师，替我治好这个病吧。”So the bald man called on him at his residence and implored him,“Master ,please cure my illness.”(implore v.恳求，请求；implore sb to do sth.)他非常愚昧无知His foolishness knew no bounds 看到一个极美的三层楼的楼房，高大富丽、宽敞明亮 see a magnificent three-storeyed building which was tall ,spacious and bright.(magnificent极美的.多形容建筑 spacious 宽敞的)唤来木匠 call in a carpenter 于是他要求给他建一座类似的房子 whereupon he ordered a similar house be built for him.(whereupon conj.于是，在此以后)木匠开始测量地基，垒砖造楼The carpenter started to clear the ground and piled up mud bricks.无法自制unable to restrain himself 看守keep an eye on 戴一条条纹领带wear a striped tie由于灯光的照射天空是棕黑色的 The sky is dark brown because of all the city lights that shine up into the sky.旗子在旗杆上，旗杆使旗子直插云霄，所以旗杆风可以使旗子迎风招展The flag is
on a pole.The pole puts the flag high into the air,so the wind can make it flap.旗杆是竖直的，旗子是水平的。The pole is vertical and the flag is horizontal.它有13条条纹是因为13个殖民地打败了英国It has 13 stripes because 13 colonies defeated the British.除了几朵云彩，天空晴朗The weather in this picture is clear except for a few clouds.驴子拉着一个无盖的运货车This wagon is being pulled by a mule.他麻袋里的货物像是食物His cargo looks like food in sacks.这些食物将被带到集市上去卖These sacks of foods will be moved to the market where they will be sold.货物对运货车来说太重了The cargo is very heavy for the wagon.轮胎似乎没有气了The tires also look like they have low air pressure.电线杆an electrical pole砖墙（砖壁）brick wall 夸大其词，效果甚微overpromising,under-delivering格子裙a plaid skirt
第四篇：英文读书笔记
英文读书笔记
The Old Man And The Sea 《老人与海》
The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel prize for Literature.The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel.We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings.It’s really a good novel for people to read.第二篇
《双城记》
After reading “A tale of two cities” “A tale of two cities” is one of Dickens's most important representative works.The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,intensely attacks the aristocratic social clais dissolute and cruel,and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes.The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength.The novel has portrayed many different people.Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually，Lucie is beautiful and gentle，Charles is graceful and noble，Lorry is upright and honest，Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings of warm,unconventional but also selfleand lofty，Miprois straightforward and loyal，Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister......The complex hatred is hard to solve, the cruel revenge has made more hatreds, loves rebirth in the hell edge,but take the life as the price.As an outstanding writer,in Dickens's work,the language skill is essential.Each kind of rhetoric technique,like the analogy,the exaggeration,the contrast,the humorous,and the taunt are handled skillfully,and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak.“A tale of two cities” has its difference with the general historical novel, its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes.With the broad real background of the French Revolution,the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette's experience as the main clue,interweaves the unjust charge, upholstery and so many techniques,causes the structure integrity and strictness,the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature,it displayed the remarkable artistic skill.the style “A tale of two cities” is solemnity and melancholy,fills indignantion,but lacks the humor of the early works.
第五篇：英文读书笔记
英文读书笔记
篇一：英语小说读书笔记
Books and Novels
Books and Novels
Books and Novels Books and Novels 篇二：英语读书笔记
1、Good Spirit Makes You Brave--After reading ?A New Year's surprise?良好的精神让你勇敢的——在阅读?新一年的惊喜?
A New Year’s surprise by John Milne is a wonderful story.It tells us how a girl called Kaya could defeat a robber who had a gun in his hand.And she is only 17 years old!Kaya used her courage and wisdom to beat the robbers.Finally she became a superstar because of her excellent deed.After reading this book, I thought about my life.Sometimes I was brave but sometimes I was a coward.People always have their own weak side.Some people often show how brave they are and how strong they are, but when a disaster comes, they always run away quickly and scream more loudly than any other people.So, we should try our best and show our bravey when something or somebody is in danger.Something happens out of the blue and you don't have much time to think about it, so remember: whatever anything happens, don't evade it, but treat it as a challenge.Someday you will find you can solve the problem and you are the winner!Good spirit makes you be brave, if you really want to learn how to be a brave man or woman, you must have a good spirit, and you must try to face anything and to do everything with your courage and wisdom.Well, life is always full of frustrations, but you must know how to solve your problems, and you must be brave.But what can make you be brave? Only good spirit!新一年的惊喜由约翰?米尔恩是一个精彩的故事。它告诉我们一个女孩叫卡娅可以打败一个强盗手里有枪。和她只有17岁!卡亚用她的勇气和智慧来击败强盗。最后她成为了一个超级巨星,因为她出色的契约。
读完这本书,我想到我的生活。有时我很勇敢,但有时我是一个懦夫。人们总是有自己的弱点。有些人经常显示他们有多么勇敢,他们有多强,但当灾难来临时,他们总是跑迅速和更大声尖叫比任何其他的人。所以,我们应该尽力和显示我们的bravey当某人或某事正处于危险之中。
发生的蓝色和你没有多少时间去想它,所以记住:无论发生什么事,不要躲避它,但是把它当作挑战。总有一天你会发现你可以解决这个问题,你是胜利者!良好的精神使你是勇敢的,如果你真的想要学习如何成为一个勇敢的男人或女人,你必须有一个良好的精神,你必须努力面对一切,尽全力与你的勇气和智慧。
嗯,生活总是充满了挫折,但你必须知道如何解决你的问题,你必须勇敢。但是什么会使你勇敢吗?只有好的精神!
2、The Old Man And The Sea
The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature.The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel.We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings.It’s really a good novel for people to read.老人与海是海明威的作品最持久。告诉在语言伟大的简易性和强大,它讲述的是一个老古巴渔夫,放在他的运气,和他的最高折磨——一个无情的,痛苦的战斗与马林鱼远在墨西哥湾流。在这里,海明威重新解释,在引人注目的当代风格,经典的thene勇气面对失败,个人的胜利赢得了从洛杉矶。写于1952年,这非常成功的中篇小说证实了他的力量和存在的文学世界,起到了举足轻重的作用在他赢得了1954年诺贝尔文学奖。这部小说是在世界非常有名,所以很多人喜欢这本小说。我们还研究了它在我们的中文课,海明威的小说总是有趣的我喜欢他的小说多,还在他的小说中我们可以学到很多,他的意思。那是一个非常好的小说供人阅读。
3、“If I have a bright day,” “如果我有一个美好的一天。”
Helen Keller was born just 19 months, blind due to illness, soon after the impact of the hearing.From then on she is on the long night of darkness and silence through the world.Long-term life of the blind, made her eyes bright and extremely valuable.She can not be the same as ordinary people feel the joy of life, we can not enjoy this beautiful world full of fun and can only use their hands to touch her delicate to regret and frustration, but she never give up.Helen Keller her solely, to forge ahead in the spirit of dedication and inspired generations of people, let us cherish a blind eye as to cherish our lives, like it!Help make life more meaningful, more valuable.海伦·凯勒出生仅仅19个月,盲人因病后不久,听力的影响。从那时起,她在漫长的夜晚的黑暗和寂静通过世界。长期生活的盲人,使她的眼睛明亮和极具价值。她不能同普通的人感到快乐的生活,我们不能享受这美丽的世界充满乐趣和只能使用他们的手来抚摸她的精致的后悔和沮丧,但她从来没有放弃。
4、《Jane Eyre》《简·爱》
I have read a book called 《Jane Eyre》.I think the story was very interesting.The girl called Jane Eyre was very brave.Jane was an orphan.She lived in her aunt’s house.Her aunt didn’t like her, so she took her to an orphanage.Jane studied in the orphanage（孤儿院）and learned a lot of things.When Jane grew up, she worked as a governess(女家庭教师)in a big family and taught the child in this family.Bit by bit（一点一点地）, Jane and her master Mr Rochester came to fall in love with each other.But the master had a wife.She was a madwoman.When Jane knew this, she left her teaching post.But she could not forget her master.So, at last, she visited her master.At that time, her master’ house was burnt down and he became handicapped.His mad wife died in the big fire.Jane decided to get married with him and look after him.Jane Eyre found his real love and she was a happy woman.The most important thing is that Jane believed everybody were equal.Do you think so? 我读过一本书,书名叫《简·爱》。我认为这个故事很有趣。那个女孩叫《简爱》是非常勇敢的。
简是一个孤儿。她住在她姑妈的房子。她的姑妈不喜欢她,所以她带她去一家孤儿院。简研究的孤儿院,那里学到很多东西。当简长大,她担任家庭教师在一个大家庭,教孩子在这个家庭。一点一点地,简和她的主人罗切斯特先生来到爱上对方。但是师父有个妻子。她是一个疯女人。当简知道这一点,她离开了她的教学职位。
但她无法忘记她的主人。所以,最后,她去拜访了她的主人。在那个时候,她的主人的房子被烧毁了,他成了残废。他的疯狂的妻子死后在大火。简决定和他结婚了,照顾他。
《简爱》发现他真正的爱,她是一个快乐的女人。最重要的是简认为每个人都是平等的。你这样认为吗?
5、Alice in Wonderland爱丽丝奇遇记
One hot summer day, Alice and her sister are sitting under the tree.Alice sees a white rabbit, and she run after it.The rabbit goes down a rabbit whole and Alice follows it, she is now in a strange wonderland.Alice eats some special things, and she changes her size!Everything is different and strange there.The animals there can speak!Alice meets many interesting things.At last, she wakes up.It’s just a dream!一个炎热的夏日,爱丽丝和她的妹妹是坐在树下。爱丽丝看到一个白色的兔子,她之后运行它。兔子来到一个兔子整体和爱丽丝遵循它,她现在在一个陌生的仙境。爱丽丝吃一些特别的东西,她改变她的尺寸!一切都是不同的,奇怪的那里。这些动物有能讲!爱丽丝遇到许多有趣的东西。最后,她醒了。这只是一个梦!
6、Five Famous Fairy Tales 著名童话五则
This book tells five famous fairy tales.Today, I will mainly introduce the story, The White Birds, written by Hans Anderson.There is a king with ten sons and one daughter.Their mother died when the daughter, Elisa, was born.Then the king married with another woman.But she is a bad and jealous woman.She changes the boys in to ten white birds.Elisa makes the coats of gold flowers to help them.Finally she succeeds, her brothers change bake to people, and she married with a king.这本书讲述了五个著名的童话故事。今天,我将主要介绍故事,白色的鸟,作者汉斯·安德森。有一个国王,他有十个儿子和一个女儿。他们的母亲去世时,女儿,Elisa,出生。王与另一个女人结婚。但她是一个坏和嫉妒的女人。她改变了男孩在十只白色的小鸟。Elisa使大衣的黄金鲜花来帮助他们。她终于成功了,她的兄弟改变的人,也和她烤已婚,有一个国王。
7、Yesterday, I read a book, the name of the book is《Dr Bethune》.昨天,我读了一本书,书的名字是《白求恩医生》。
Dr Bethune was a famous doctor From Canada.In 1938, he came 篇三：英语读书笔记范文
英语读书笔记范文
GOOD SENTENCES He little imagined how my heart warmed towards him when I beheld his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their brows, as I rode up, and when his fingers sheltered themselves, with a jealous resolution, still further in his waistcoat, as I announced my name.We crept through a broken hedge, groped our way up the path, and planted ourselves on a flower-plot under the drawing-room window.It was beautifulI believe...>> she is eleven, a year younger than Cathy-lay screaming at the farther end of the room, shrieking as if witches were running red-hot needles into her.The long light hair curled slightly on the temples;the eyes were large and serious;the figure almost too graceful.She, supposing Edgar could not see her, snatched the cloth from my hand, and pinched me, with a prolonged wrench, very spitef/wenzi/ully on the arm.Her eyes began to glisten and her lids to twinkle.Her lips were half asunder, as if she meant to speak, and she drew a breath;but it escaped in a sigh instead of a sentence.My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it, I’m well aware, as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary.There was a violent wind, as well as thunder, and either one or the other split a tree off at the corner of the building: a huge bough fell across the roof, and knocked down a portion of the east chimney-stack, sending a clatter of stones and soot into the kitchen-fire.And her teeth chattered as she shrank closer to the almost extinguished embers.It had got dusk, and the moon looked over the high wall of the court, causing undefined shadows to lurk in the corners of the numerous projecting portions of the building.A ray fell on his features;the cheeks were sallow, and half covered with black whiskers;the brows lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular.《英文读书笔记》
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