英语四级作文经典开头及短语以及2010年[大全五篇]

第一篇：英语四级作文经典开头及短语以及2010年

一、名词词组和固定搭配

1.介词+名词

by accident 偶然

on account of 因为,由于，为了..的缘故 in addition to 另外，加之 in addition 除...之外(还)in the air 流传中

on(the／an)average 按平均值，通常 on the basis of 根据，在...的基础上 at best 充其量，至多

for the better 好转，向好的方向发展 on board 在船(车或飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公，因事

in any case 无论如何，不管怎样 in case of 假如，如果发生；防备 in case 假使，以防(万一)in no case 决不，无论如何不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge(of)负责，管理(a)round the lock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的，共有的 in conclusion 最后，总之 on condition(that)如果

in consequence of 由于...的缘故，因为 on the contrary 正相反

in contrast with／to 与...对比起来，与...形成对比 out of control 失去控制 under control 处于控制之下 at all cots 不惜任何代价，无论如何 at the cost of 以...为代价 in the course of 在...过程中，在...期间 of course 当然，自然

in danger 在危险中，垂危 out of danger 脱离危险

out of date 过时的，不用的 up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的 in demand 非常需要的，受欢迎的 in debt 欠债，负债 in detail 详细他 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处 off duty 下了班(的)，不在值班(的)on duty 在上班(的)，在值班(的)on earth 究竟，到底

at all events 无论如何，不管怎样 in any event 无论如何，不管怎样 in the event of 万一，倘若 for example 例如

in the face of 在...面前；不顾 in fact 其实，实际上 in favo(u)r of 赞同，支持 on fire 着火，起火 on foot 步行

in force 生效，有效；在实施中；大量的 in front of 在...面前，在...前面 in future 今后，从今以后 in the future 在将来

in general 一般说来，大体上 on(one's)guard 警惕，提防；站岗，值班 in half 成两半

at hand近在手边，在附近by hand 用手，用体力 hand down 把...传下去

hand in hand 手拉手；密切关联地，同时并进地 in hand(工作等)在进行中；在控制中 on hand 在手边，在近处 on(the)one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 at heart 内心里，本质上 by heart 凭记性 at home 在国内；舒适，无拘束；熟悉，精通 in hono(u)r of 为纪念，为了向...表示敬意 on／upon one's hono(u)r 以名誉担保 in a hurry 匆忙，急于 for instance 例如；比如 at intervals 不时，每隔一段时间(或距离)at(long)last 终于 at least 至少 at length 终于，最终；详细地 in(the)light of 鉴于，由于

2．动词+名词 have／gain access to 可以获得 take...into account 考虑到，顾及，体谅 take advantage of 占...的便宜，利用 pave the way(for)铺平道路，为...作准备 pay attention to 注意 do／try one's best 尽力，努力 get／have the best of 战胜 make the best of 充分利用 get／have the better of 战胜，在.中占上风 catch one's breath屏息；喘气，气喘；歇口气 take care 注意，当心 take care of 爱护，照料 take a chance 冒险，投机 take charge 开始管理，接管 keep...company 陪伴 take(a)delight in 以...为乐 make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用

carry／bring／put into effect 使生效，实行，实现 come／go into effect 生效，实施 take effect 生效，起作用

catch sb's eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意 keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意 make a face 做鬼脸

find fault with 抱怨，挑剔，找岔子 catch(on)fire 着火，开始燃烧 make fiends(with)与(...)交朋友 be friends with 与...友好 make fun of 取笑，拿...开玩笑 keep sb's head 保持镇静 in the world 究竟，到底 lose sb's head 慌乱，仓皇失措 lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心

get／catch／take hold of 抓住，得到 keep house 管理家务

throw／cast light on／upon 使人了解，阐明 bear／keep in mind 记住 have in mind 考虑到，想到

make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意 bring／put into operation 实施，使生效，使运行 come／go into operation 施行，实行，生效 keep pace(with)与.齐步前进，与..并驾齐驱 play a part(in)起作用，参与，扮演角色 take place 发生，进行，举行 take the place of 代替，取代 put into practice 实施，实行 make progress 进步，进展 give rise to 引起，导致为...的原因 make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理 catch sight of 发现，突然看见(go)on the stage 当演员 take one's time 不着急，不慌忙 keep track of 与...保持联系

lose track of 失去与...的联系，不能跟上...的进展 make use of 利用 put to use 使用

give way 让路；屈服，让步；倒塌，坍陷 make one's way 前往，行进，去 make way 让路，腾出地方或位置

3.名词词组的其他形式

appeal to 呼吁，恳求 attempt at 企图，努力 attitude to/towards 态度，看法 a great/good deal of 大量，非常，极其 influence in 干涉，介入 interference with 妨碍，打扰 introduction to介绍

a lot(of)许多（的），大量（的）lots of 大量，许多

fall in love(with sb)爱上（某人）reply to 回答，答复 trolley bus 电车 I.D.card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 无疑地，很可能 next door 隔壁 out of doors 在户外 face to face 面对面地 a few 有些，几个

quite a few 不少，相当多 a little 一点，一些 little by little 逐渐地，一点点地 quite a little 相当多，不少 no matter 无论

the moment(that)一...(就)no more 不再

fair play 公平竞赛，公平对待 rest room 厕所，盥洗室 primary school 小学

side by side 肩并肩地，一起 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步地 ahead of time 提前 all the time 一直，始终 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔

no wonder 难怪，并不奇怪 word for word 逐字地 decline with thanks 婉言谢绝

二、动词词组和固定搭配 1．动词十介词/副词

account for 说明...的原因，是...的原因 allow for 考虑到，顾及，为...留出预地 appeal to 诉诸，诉请裁决(或证实等)arrive at 达成，达成 ask after 探问，问起 ask for 请求，要求

attach to 附属于，隶属于；使依恋，使喜爱 to begin with 首先，第一

break down 损坏；(健康等)垮掉，崩溃 break in 非法闯入；打断，插嘴 break into 非法闯入，强行进入 break off 中断，突然停止

break out 逃脱，逃走；突然出现，爆发 break through 突破，冲破；取得突破陛成就 break up 印终止结束打碎粉碎；散开，驱散 bring about 导致，引起

bring down 使落下，打倒；降低，减少 bring forth 产生，提出 bring forward 提出，提议；提前

bring out 使显出；激起，引起；出版，推出 bring to 使恢复知觉

bring up 教养，养育；提出

build up逐渐积聚，集结逐步建立增进，增强 burn out 烧光，烧毁...的内部；熄灭

burn up 烧掉，烧毁；烧起来，旺起来；(使)发怒 call for 叫(某人)来；要求，需要 call off 取消

call on／up 访问，拜访；号召，要求 call up 召集；使人想起；打电话(给)care for 照顾，照料；喜欢 carry off 夺走，拿走 carry on 继续，进行 carry out 实行，执行；实现，完成 catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓 catch on 理解，懂得；流行起来 check in(在旅馆、机场等)登记，报到 check out 结帐后离开，办妥手续离去 check up(on)检查，核实

cheer up(使)高兴起来，(使)振作起来 clear away 把...清除掉，收拾

clear up 清理；澄清，解决；(天)放晴 come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现

come on [表示鼓励、催促等]快，走吧；开始，发生；进步，进展 come out 发表，出版；出现，显露；结果是 come round(around)顺便来访；苏醒，复原 come through 经历...仍活着，安然度过 come to 苏醒；涉及，谈到；总数为，结果是 come up 走上前来；发生，出现 count on／upon 依靠，指望 count up 共计，算出...的总数 cover up 掩饰，掩盖；盖住，裹住 cross off／out 划掉，勾销

cut across 抄近路穿过，对直通过 cut back 削减，缩减；急忙返回 cut down 削减，减少；杀死，砍倒 cut in 超车抢挡；插嘴，打断 cut off 切断，阻碍；使分离，使隔绝 cut out 删去，切去；戒除，停止ⅡB用 cut short 中断，打断

deal with 处理，对付；论述，涉及 deep down 实际上，在心底 die down 逐渐消失，变弱 die out 逐渐消失，灭绝 do without 没有...也行，用不着，将就 draw in(火车、汽车)到站；(天)渐黑，(白昼)渐短 draw up 起草，拟订；(使)停住

dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮；装饰，修饰 drop by／in 顺便(或偶然)访问

drop off 下降，减少；睡着，入睡；让(...)下车，把...放下 drop out 退出，退学 dry out(使)干透

dry up(使)干透，(使)干涸；(使)枯竭 fall behind 落后，落在...的后面 fall through 落空，成为泡影 fall in 填满；填写；(for)替代 fall out 填写；长胖，变丰满 find out 查明，找出，发现 get across(将...)清楚，(使)被了解

get around／round 走动，克服，设法回避(问题等)；(协)抽出时间来做(或考虑)get at 够得着，触及；意思是，意指；查明，发现；指责 get away 逃脱；走开，离开；(iwth)做了(坏事)而逃脱责罚 get by 通过；过得去，(勉强)过活

get down(从...)下来；写下；使沮丧；(to)开始认真做，着手做 get in 进入，抵达；收获(庄稼等)；(证th)对...亲近get into(使)进入；卷入；对...发生兴趣

get off(从...)下来；动身，出发；下班，结束(工作)；逃脱惩罚 get over 克服，解决(问题等)；(从疾病、失望等)中恢复过来

get through 度过(时间)；(使)通过(考试)，(使)(议案等)获得通过；(将...)讲清楚，完成；接通电话

get together 相聚，聚集 get up 起床；起立 give away 泄露；赠送 give back(归)还

give in 交上，呈上；投降，屈服，认输 give off 发出(光、声音等)，散发出(气味)give out 分发；用完；消耗尽；发出(光、声音)give up 停止，放弃；(oneself)自首 go after 追求，追赶 go ahead 开始；进行

go by 遵守，遵循，依据；(时间)过去

go down 下降，减少；(船)沉没，(日)落；(with)生...病；(well或badly)(不)受欢迎，(不)被接受

go for 袭击；适用于；选择,想要获得；喜爱 go into 进入，参加；开始从事；研究，调查

go off 爆炸，开火，突然响起；(电等)中断，停止；不再喜欢

go out 外出(尤指参加社会活动)；过时；(潮)退，(灯)熄，终止；送出，公布，播出 go over 仔细检查，察看；复习，重做

go round／around 足够分配；(with)常...与交往；流传；四处走动，到处活动

go through 经历，遭受；详细检查，查找，详细讨论；获得通过，被批准；(with)将...干到底

go under 沉没；失败；破产

go up 上升，上涨，增长；正在建设中；烧毁，炸毁 go with 跟...相配；与...相伴；附属于 go without 没有

hand down 把...传下去 hand in 交上，递交 hand on 把...传下去 hand out 分发，散发 hand over 交出，移交 hang about／around 闲荡，闲呆着

hang on 坚持，抓紧，不放；等待片刻，(打电话时)不挂断；有赖于；取决于 hang up 挂断(电话)：悬挂，挂起 have on 穿着，戴着

hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保守(秘密等)hold on 坚持住，握住不放；(打电话时)不挂断，等-会 hold out 维持，保持；坚持(要求)，不屈服 hold up 支持，支撑，延迟；抢劫；展示，举出 hurry up(使)赶陕，匆匆完成

improve on／upon 改进；胜过 keep back 阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保留 keep off(使)不接近，(使)让开 keep to 遵守，信守；坚持 keep up 保持，(使)继续下去；使居高不下 let down 放下，降低；使失望

let off 宽恕，放过；开(枪)，放(炮、烟火等)州)放 let out 放走，释放；泄露，放出，发出 lie in(问题、事情等)在于

line up(使)排队，(使)排成行 live on 靠...生活，以...为食物 live through 度过，经受住

live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look after 照管，照料，照料；注意，关心 look at 看，朝...看；考虑，研究；看待 look back(on)回顾，回忆；回头看 look for 寻找，寻求；惹来，招来 look in 顺便看望，顺便访问 look into 调查，观察 look on 旁观，观看 look out(for)留神，注意

look over 把...看一遍，把...过目；察看，参观 look through 详尽核查；(从头至尾)浏览

look up 好转；(在词典等中)查找；看望，拜访：(to)尊敬 make for 走向，朝...前进；有助于，促进

make out 辨认出，看出；理解，了解；写出，开出

make up 印构成，组成；(为...)化妆；补充，补足；和解，重归于好；捏造，临时编造，虚

mix up 混淆，弄混，弄乱 occur to 被想到，被想起 pass away 去世

pass(as)充作，被看作，被当作 pass out 失去知觉，昏倒

pay back 偿还，还钱给(某人)；向...报复，回报 pay off 还清(债)；付清工资解雇(某人)；向...行贿；得到好结果，取得成功 pay up 全部付清

pick out选出，挑出，拣出；辨认出，分辨出

pick up 拿起，捡起；取(给)，用车接载(人)；好转，改进，增加(速度)；(使)重新开始，继续；获得，学会 pull down 拆毁

pull in(车)停下，车进站，船(到岸)pull off 脱去，扯下；(成功地)完成

pull out 拔出，抽出，取出；(车、船)驶出；(使)摆脱困境 pull together 齐心协力，团结起来 pull up(使)停下

put across／over 解释清楚，使被理解

put aside 储存，保留；暂不考虑，把...放在一边 put away 放好，收好

put in 花费，付出(时间、精力等)；申请，正式提出 put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加(体重)put out 熄灭，关(灯)；出版，发布；生产；伸出

put up 建造，支起，搭起；张贴；进行(抵抗等)；提供，提名，提出；提高(价格、速度)；为...提供食宿，投宿

refer to 参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是 ring off 挂断电话

run down 撞倒；说...坏话，贬低；停止运转，耗尽；减少，缩减；查找出，搜索到 run into 偶然碰见；遭遇(困难等)；共计，达到...之多；撞在...上 run off 很快写出；复印出印出；跑掉，逃掉

run over 在...上驶过，(撞倒并)碾过；把...很快地(或粗略地)过一遍 see off 为...送行 see through 看透，识破 see to 注意，照料

send for 派人去请，召唤；函购，函索 send in 呈报，递送，提交

set aside 留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)；把...置于一旁，不理会 set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍；使花费 set down 记下，写下 set forth 阐明，陈述

set off 出发，启程；引起，激起

set out 陈述，阐明；动身，起程；开始；摆放

set up 创立，建立，为...作准备；竖立，架起，建造；开业，开始经商 show off 炫耀，卖弄

show up 显露，暴露；露面，来到 shut out 把...排斥在外 sit in on 列席(会议)，旁听 sit up 不睡，熬皮；坐直 speed up(使)加快速度

stand by 站在...一边，支持，帮助；袖手旁观；坚持(决议等)，遵守(诺言等)；作好准备，准备行动

stand for 代替，代表，意味着，主张，支持；[用于否定、疑问句]容忍，接受 stand out 清晰地显出，引人注目；杰出，出色 stand up 站起来；(论点、证据等)站得住脚 step up 提高，加快，加紧 stick out(把...)坚持到底；突出，显眼

stick to 坚持，忠于，信守；紧跟，紧随；粘贴在...上 take after(在外貌、性格等方面)与(父、母等)相像 take away 减去

take down 拆卸；记下，写下 take...for 把...认为是，把...看成是

take in 接受，吸收，接纳；理解，领会；欺骗；包括 take off 脱下；起飞；匆匆离开

take on 开始雇用；呈现，具有；同...较量，接受...的挑战；承担，从事 take over 接受，接管；借用，承袭

take to 对...产生好感，开始喜欢；形成...的习惯，开始从事 take up with 与...成朋友

take up 开始从事；把...继续下去；着手处理；占去，占据；(on)接受邀请 think over 仔细考虑

throw away 扔掉，抛弃；错过(机会)，浪费(金钱等)touch on／upon 谈到，论及 turn down 关小，调低；拒绝 turn in 交还，上交；上床睡觉 turn off 关掉；拐弯，离开...转入另一条路 turn on 接通，打开

turn out 制造，生产；结果是；驱逐；关掉，旋熄 turn over 翻过来，翻倒；移交，交；仔细考虑 turn to 查阅；求助于，求教于 turn up 开大，调大；出现，来到 use up 用完，用光

warm up(使)暖起来；(使)活跃起来，(使)热情起来；(使)作准备活动，(使)热身 wear off 逐渐消失；渐渐减少

wear out 穿破，磨损，用坏；(使)疲乏，(使)厌卷，(使)耗尽 while away 消磨<时间)wipe out 擦净，擦掉；彻底摧毁，消灭 work at/on 从事于，努力做

work out 解决；算出；弄懂，理解；想出，制定出 work up 激发，激起；制订出，精心作出 write off 取消，勾销，注销

2．后接动名词的动词搭配

aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄准；企图 accuse...Of...控告；谴责，depend on 取决于，视...而定；依靠，依赖；信赖，相信 devote to 将...奉献给；把...专用(于)engage in 从事于，参加 feel like 想要

go on(时间)过去；灯亮；开始运行；继续，接着；进行，发生 cannot／couldn't help 禁不住；不得不 insist on 坚持，强调，坚决要求 keep from 阻止，抑制

keep up 继续进行、继续下去 look forward 曲协盼望，期待 persist in 坚持不懈，执着 prevent from 预防，防止 put off 推迟，推延；阻止，劝阻 set about 开始，着手 succeed in 成功 thank for 感谢

think of 想起，记得；想出，提出；考虑，关心

3．其他动词词组

add up to 合计达，总括起来，意味着 break away(from)突然离开，强行逃脱 catch up with 赶上；对...产生恶果 com true(预言，期望等)实现，成为事实 come up to 达到(标准)，比得上 come up with 提出，提供，想出 do away with 废除，去掉 fall back on 借助于，依靠 fall in with 符合，同意，赞成；与...交往 as follows 如下

get along with 与...相处(融洽)get down to 开始认真处理，着手做 give oneself up 自首

give way to 给...让路，对...让步，被...代替 go along with 赞同

go back on 违背(诺言等)go in for 从事，参加；爱好 hang on to 紧紧抓住；保留(某物)lend itself to 适合于

let alone 不打扰，不惊动，更别提 let go(of)放开，松手

live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look down on／upon 看不起，轻视 look up to 尊敬 make up for 补偿，弥补

never mind 不要紧，没关系；不用担心，别管 put in for 正式申请 put up with 容忍，忍受

refer to...as...把...称作，把...当作 run out of 用完，耗尽 serve...right 给...应得的惩罚 set in 开始(并将延续下去)stand up for 支持，维持，保卫

stand up to 勇敢地面对，抵抗；经得起，顶得住 take...as 把...当作，认为 think of...as 把...看作是，以为...是

think better of … 经过考虑对...改变主意(或看法)

三、形容组和固定搭配

be able to(do)能(做)，会(做)be about to(do)即将，正要 be absent from 缺勤，缺课 be abundant in 丰富的，富裕的 be accustomed to习惯于，适应于 be acquainted with与..相识，熟悉，了解 be active in 积极于

be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，担忧 be alive to 注意到，对...敏感 be angry at 因某事生气 be angry with 对...发怒 be anxious about 担心，为...担忧 be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 be anxious to(do)渴望(做)be ashamed of 为...感到害臊 be aware of 意识到 be bad at 拙于，不善于 be based on 根据，以...为基础

be beside oneself 极度兴奋，对自己的感情失去控制 be better off 生活优裕起来，境况好起来 be bound to(do)一定会，不得不 be careful to(do)务必注意(做)be certain to(do)一定(做)，必然(做)be capable of 能够 be confident in 对...有信心 be characterized by 以...为特征 be clever at 擅长于 be combined with 与...结合 be composed of 由...组成 be concerned about 关心，挂念 be curious to(do)很想(做)be dependent on／upon 取决于，依赖 be determined to(do)决心(做)be different from 与...不同 be eager for 渴望 be eager to(do)急于要(做)be equal to 等于 be famous for 以...著名 be fond of 喜欢，爱好

be free from 无...的，摆脱了...的 be friendly to 对...友好 be glad to(do)乐于(做)，对...感到高兴 be good at(doing)善于，擅长 be good for 适于，在...期间有效 be grateful to 感谢，感激 be independent of 脱离..而独立，与..无关 be indispensable for 对...必不可少的 be interested in 对...感兴趣 be kinde enough to(do)承...好意，恳请 be late for 迟到

be likely to(do)可能要，像是要 be mad about 迷恋 be well off 生活富裕 be pleased to(do)乐于

be pleased with 对...感到满足 be popular with 得人心的，受...欢迎的 be present at 出席

be proud of 以...自豪，因...感到满意 be ready to(do)装备好（做），乐意做 be ready for 为...准备好 be rich in 富于 be satisfied with 对...满意，满足于 be second to 次于 be short for 是...的缩写（简称）be short of 短缺 be sick for 渴望 be sick in bed 病在床上 be sick of 对...感到厌倦 be sorry for 对...感到抱歉 be strict with 对...要求严格 be suited to 适合于 be supposed to(do)应该，非...不可 be sure of 坚信，确信 be surprised at 对...感到惊奇 be though with 结束 be tired from 因...而厌倦 be tired of 厌烦，对...厌倦 be tired out 疲倦极了 be true to 适用于 be unconscious of 不知道...be unequal to 无法胜任...的 be unfit for 不适合，不胜任 be useful to 对...有用 be well up in 精通，熟悉 be wild with jay 欣喜 be willing to(do)乐意...be worried about 为...而担心 be worse off 处境较坏，情况恶化 be worth(doing)值得（做）be wrong with 有点毛病，有些不舒服

四、其他词组和固定搭配

above all 首先，尤其是 after all 终究，毕竟，究竟 at all [用于否定句]丝毫，一点 all but 几乎，差不多；除了...都 all over 遍及，到处 in all 总共，合计 not at all 一点也不 leave alone 让..独自呆着；不打扰，不干预 along with 和...一起，和...一道 one after another 一个接一个，相继 one another 互相 anything but 绝对不 as...as 像...一样 as for 至于，关于 as though 好像，仿佛 as to 至于，关于 as well 也，同样 as well as 除...之外(也)，既...又 not as／so...as 不如...那样 back and forth 反复地，来回地(in)back of 在...后面，在...背后 because of 由于，因为 had better 还是...好，应该 both...and 既...又...，两个都 but for 倘没有，要不是 each other 互相 either...or 或...或 or else 否则，要不然 even if／though 即使，虽然 except for 除...外，除去；要不是由于 as／so far as 就...，到...程度 by far...得多，最 far from 远远不，完全不 so far 迄今为止；到某个程度 firs of all 首先 if only 要是...多好 by itself 独自地，自动地 in itself 本质上，就其本身而言 no less than 不少于，多达 as／so long as 只要，如果；既然，如果 no longer 不再，已不 a great／good many of 相当多，很多 many a 许多的 more and more 越来越 more or less 差不多，几乎，大约 at most 至多，不超过 make the most of 充分利用，尽量利用

neither...nor(既)不...也不，(既)非...也非(every)now and then 时而，偶尔 just now 刚才，才不久；现在，眼下 now(that)既然，由于 off and on 断断续续地，间歇地，有时 and so on 等等

all at once 突然，忽然；同时，一起 at once 立刻，马上；同时，一起 once(and)for all 一劳永逸地，永远地 once more／again 再一次 by oneself 独自地，单独地 every other 每隔一个的 other than 不同于，非；除了 over and over(again)一再地，再三地

all right 好，行；令人满意的，不错的；(健康)良好的，安然无恙的 ever since 从那时起，自那时以来 ever so 非常，极其 or so 大约，左右 so that 以便，为使；所以，因此 so...that 如此...以致 such as 诸如，例如 such...that 那样的...以致 that is(=i．e．)就是说，即 as though 好像，仿佛 up to 胜任...的，适于...的；密谋...的；是...义不容辞的，是...的职责；取决于...的，须由...决定的；(时间上)一直到；(数目上)一直到，多达 what about [征求意见时用]...怎么样 what if 如果...将会怎样 whether...or 是...还是，不管...还是 go wrong 发生故障，出毛病；出错，犯错误 and yet 可是，然而 at yet 至今 abide by 履行，遵守 adapt to 适应 adhere to 粘附；胶着；坚持 apologize(-ise)to，for 道歉，认错 cling o粘住； 依附；坚持

collide with 抵触，冲突；碰撞，互撞 compensate for 补偿，赔偿 comply with 依从，服从，遵从 conceive of 设想，构思出 conform to 遵守，依照，符合，顺应 consult with 商量，商议 cooperate with 合作，协作，相配合 cope with(成功地)应付，(妥善地)处理 deduce from 演绎，推断 derive from 起源，衍生 deviate from 背离，偏离 dispose of 处理，解决；去掉，丢掉，除掉 dwell on／upon 老是想着；详述 hinder from 阻碍，妨碍 impose on 把...强加于 originate in／from 起源于，来自，产生 participate in 参与，参加 preside t／over 主持，主管 prevail over 获胜，占优势 prevail on／upon 说服，劝说，诱使 reconcile to 使顺从(于)，使甘心(于)reign to 使顺从 restrain from 抑制，制止 sacrifice to 牺牲，献出，献祭，供奉 scrape by／through 勉强通过 specialize in 专攻，专门研究 testify to 表明，证明 flare up 突然燃烧起来；突然发怒 queue up 排成队(等候)dissatisfaction with／at 不满 exposure to 暴露，显露；曝光 objection to 反对，异议

preference for／to 偏爱，喜爱；优惠；优先选择 proficiency in 熟练，精通 requirement for／to 需要，需要的东西，要求 thirst for 渴望，热望 by comparison 比较起来 in sequence 依次，逐一 at stake 在危急关头，在危险中 in accordance with 与...一致，依照，根据 on／in behalf of 代表，为了 on the sly 偷偷地 in excess of 超过 to and for 来来回回 on schedule 按时间表，及时，准时

五、历年大学英语四、六级考试中出现的超纲词组和固定搭配 put into use 使用，应用 be satisfied with 满足 be satisfied of 相信 hardly...when 刚...就...come to a conclusion 得出结论 avoid doing sth． 避免干某事 decline invitation 辞谢邀请 agree on／upon 取得一致意见 may(might)as well 还是...好 argue about 争论 take(make)a stand for 捍卫 take(make)a stand against 反对 come after 跟随 in support of 支持 lie up 躺着休息 beside the question 离题 refresh one's memory 使人记起 bring to mind 使人想起 compile dictionary 编字典 present sb．with sth． 送给某人某礼物 indifferent to 不在乎 go on strike 罢工 against one's will 违心地 in one's will在...遗嘱中 of one's free will 出于自愿 with ease 容易，不费力 prepare for 准备 get to 开始；到达 fall off 下降 fall away 背离 televise live 实况转播 by the moment 到...时 have intention of 有意，打算 no intention of 无意，不打算 have not the least idea of 不知道 have no desire for 对...没有欲望 have desire to do sth． 想做某事 have sth．in stock 有现货 be particular about 讲究 the key to...的答案(线索、办法)carry about 随身携带 pass through 通过，经过 pass for 被认为(当作)be of little value 没什么价值 cure sb．of 治好某人...pull back 撤退 pull round 掉头，转向；康复 pull along 沿...拉 die off 死去，凋谢 drop down 落下 do sth．for a living 靠做某事谋生 make a name of oneself 出名，扬名 glimpse of 瞥见，一瞥 glance at 瞥见，一瞥 be on good terms with sb． 与某人友好

entitle sb．(to do)sth． 给予某人(干)某事的权利 beyond one's power 超出某人的能力 take interest in 对...发生兴趣 be answerable for 应对...hundreds of 数以百计的 be lacking in 缺乏

break into tears(cheers)突然哭(欢呼)起来 in correspondence with 与...联系(通信)be advantageous to 对...有利 be beneficial to 对...有益 in debt to sb． 欠某人的债 be it that 即使 assure sb．of sth． 委托某人某事 put(set)right 使恢复正常，纠正错误 on the way 在途中 off the way 远离正道 keep on with 坚持 make an attempt 试图 in the mood for sth． 对某事有心境 escape doing sth． 躲避干某事 set a limit to 限制 within the limit of 在...范围内 call at 访问 so blank(头脑)变成空白

so dim(大脑)浑沌 so faint 晕过去 be subjected to 遭受 be attached to 附属于 not on any account 决不 take pains to do sth． 费尽苦心做某事 a multitude of 大量(接复数名词)give rise to 导致 give reason to 对...进行解释 give suspicion to 对...怀疑 make provision for 为...作准备 be involved in 卷人，陷入 be assigned to 被分配给...be bored to death 烦死了 step into 插入，干涉 adapt for 调整(以适应目标或需要)a close(narrow)shave 侥幸的脱险

语法

“-th”后缀在构词中的作用 1.由基数词构成序数词 2.表示“人”。

例如: goliath巨人

philomath数学爱好者

polymath知识广博者，博学

3.由形容词变成的名词，表示“度量”。

例如:(broad-)breadth 宽度，广度(wide-)width 宽度(long-)length长度

(strong-)strength 强度,力量 understrength 力量不足 overstrength 力量过剩

4.由动词变成的名词，表示“动作”或“该动作的对应物体”。

例如:(bathe-)bath 洗澡 electrobath 电镀浴(die-)death 死亡

megadeath 百万人口的死亡(sheathe-)sheath 覆盖，保护

5.由动词变成的形容词，表示其属性。

例如:(loathe-)loath 厌恶的，不愿的

smooth平坦的，光滑的，平静的，平稳的(soothe-)sooth 抚慰的，镇静的 forsooth 真的，的确

6.“-lith”结尾的名词与“石头、土、岩”等有关。例如: megalith(作石碑的)巨石，大石块 laccolith 岩盖 eolith 始石器

1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语……），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？

说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not（否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。例句：

He is your teacher, isn’t he?

People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements, should they? 2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：

1)祈使句的反意疑问句：

表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用will you 表达：有时也可以用won’t you 表示。

Go home now, will you? Close the window, please, will you? 否定祈使句：以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用will you 提问：

Don’t be late again, will you? Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you? Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shall we ?

Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let’s have a rest now, shall we?

Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为will you：

Let me have a try, will you? Let us help, will you? 2)感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。

What a clever boy, isn’t he? What a lovely day, isn’t it?

3)陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况：

must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t…? / needn’t…?

He must study hard at English, mustn’t he? / needn’t he?

You must go home now, needn’t you? / mustn’t you?

We mustn’t be late, must we?

Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应

You must be joking, aren’t you?

He must be ill, isn’t he ?

注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:

She must have finished her work, hasn’t she? / didn’t she?

Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didn’t he?

He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he?

4)陈述句中有否定副词：hardly;never;seldom;little;few;nowhere;nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he?

He has few friends, has he?

5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：

He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he?

You never told me that you had been ill, did you?

注意：I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine 引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。

I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they? I don’t believe she has done it, has she?

I think he will come.Won’t he?

倒装句

一.概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。

二.相关知识点精讲

按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：

完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。

1.当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。

Here it is.Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。

Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2.how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。

这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree ________, half asleep.A.did sat a fat man B.a fat man sat

C.did a fat man sat D.sat a fat man

4.there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。

在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。

There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5.so + 动词+主语

neither/ nor + 动词+主语

表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with…

You can ride a bike.So can I.He has been to Beijing.So have I.The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years.So it is with his aunt.6.so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7.done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8.否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。

We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。

The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10.not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11.only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：

only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12.虚拟语气中的倒装句

If I were you, I would take the job.= Were I you, I would take the job.Both the parents and the children are here.主谓一致性

ii.A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式 A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.iii.And连接几个单数主语，主语由each、every、no、many a等词修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数

Each boy and each girl is invited.Every boy and girl is invited.No boy and no girl is there now.iv.A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数

A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.Bread and butter is nutritious.b)由or, not only„ but also „, either„ or „, neither„ nor „连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致（注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同）Either you or I am mad.Neither you nor he is naughty.Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.c)当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等词的时候，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主语保持一致

All but one were here just now.A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.2.单一主语的情况

a)以复数形式结尾的统称名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论

Physics is very important.Every means has been tried.b)当由至少两个部分组成的工具的名称，或者衣服的名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair(suit, piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数

My trousers are white and his clothes are black.A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.但是在these/those pairs(„)of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式

These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.3.动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一般要用单数

To see is to believe.Swimming is a good way to keep health.Who is her father is not known.4.集体名词作主语时

a)mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式 Only man knows how to cook.b)由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式

The cattle are grazing in the field.c)Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候

i.若当整体看，则谓语动词用单数形式

Our class is very diligent.ii.若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式

When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.iii.A family/group/class作主语时，谓语动词用单数

families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数

A group is coming to the zoo.5.其他情况

a)主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用单数形式

kilometers is not very far.Three times three makes nine.b)one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词

谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面的one, every one „ 才是主语

Neither of them is right.Each of them has a slide.c)none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式

none of + 可数名词 ——谓语动词单复均可

None of that money in the desk is his.None of his classmates knows the truth.d)分数或百分数 + of + 词组

分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数

Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.e)more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词

more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词

More than one white rose has bloomed.More than two white roses have bloomed.f)a(great)number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词

the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词

A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.g)the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数

the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数

The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.The beauty is here.h)every, any, some, no 构成的复合词someone, somebody, something，no one, nobody, nothing everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式

Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.Listen, someone is knocking at the door.大学英语四级语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时

1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been +-ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.1.语态

1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制)

2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

a)双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.2.短语动词

1)Vi + adv

The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep

They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被动语态)

She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep

I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv

Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(无被动语态)

I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement.3.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）错误的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.4.一致

1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?

b)some, few, both, many 等作复数

c)some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

None of the books are easy enough for us

None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the„, most of the „), 动词用单数.3)由and 或 both„ and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数;由not only„but(also), either„or, neither„nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题

a)书名, 国家名用单数: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.c)many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用单数.在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非谓语动词 1.不定式 1)形式

主动形式 被动形式

一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)

He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主语(a), 宾语(b), 表语(c), 定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?

e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to 的不定式:

a)在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too„to 结构通常表示否定意义:

She was too young to understand all that.enough„to结构则表示肯定意义:

She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He’s only too pleased to help her.so„as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:

It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:

It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用 a)作主语:

Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:

Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect„of, accuse„of, charge„with, hear of, approve of, prevent„from, keep„from, stop„from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank„for, feel like, excuse„for, aim at, devote„to, set about, spend„in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表语:

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:

Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?

They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

5)既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6)悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作, 正确)

Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)

Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正确)

Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词

1)意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing wind

a bored traveller a boring journey

a lost cause a losing battle

a conquered army a conquering army

a finished article the last finishing touch

the spoken word a speaking bird

a closed shop the closing hour

a recorded talk a recording machine

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors

用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用

a)作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星

b)作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:

see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:

I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:

I don’t want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work，Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d)独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:

Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:

Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.条件:

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ 虚拟语气

1.that从居中:

1)wish, would rather(sooner), had better:

I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句:

The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following week

It will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:

His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中 1)it is time that

It is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:

They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):

He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4)以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):

Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句

1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类: a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):

谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):

从句 主句

过去式 would + 动词原形

If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下: 从句 主句

had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词

She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake，You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生的).这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do?

Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介词

1.合成介词和复杂介词

1)合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without

2)复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2.介词在句末:

This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3.名词加介词(n + prep)

1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for

2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

4.动词加介词

1)Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon

2)Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等

3)Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5.形容词加介词

about---anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc at---awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc for---convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc

from---evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc

in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc

of---apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc

on---dependent, keen, intent, etc

to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc

with---awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc

Ⅴ 连词

1.并列连词

1)表示意义的引申: and, both„and, not only„but(also), as well as, and „as well, neither„nor

2)表示选择: or, either„or

3)表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)

4)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence

2.从属连词

1)表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once

2)表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that

3)表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition

第二篇：英语四级作文常用短语

First of all、Firstly——Secondly——Then——At last,、Finally、Last but not least.写作顺序，这样比较有条理

Generally speaking，总的来说，一般而言

In my opinion, Personally speaking,在我看来

According to根据……

It is said 加一个完整句子：据说

As a matter of fact(in fact)事实上

To tell the truth,说实话（比较口语化）

All in all, In a word, To sum up,总而言之

be about to do 刚要即将

be friends with 与...友好

bear in mind 记住

bring into effect 实行;使生效

bring into operation 实施;使生效

can not help 禁不住忍不住

carry into effect 施行;使生效

cast light on/upon 阐明使了解

catch fire 着火烧着

catch one“s breath 喘气松口气;屏息

catch one”s eye 引人注目

catch sight of 看到发现

come into effect 生效;实施

come into operation 施行实行生效

come to one“s senses 醒悟;苏醒

come true 实现

could not help 禁不住忍不住

cut short 中断打断

do one”s best 尽力努力

enjoy oneself 过得快活

fall in love with 爱 上

find fault(with)找岔

gain an advantage over 胜过优于

get hold of 得到获得

get rid of 丢弃摆脱

get the best of 战胜

get the better of 战胜占上风

get together 会面装配

give rise to 引起导致

give way 让路让步

go ahead 开始进行

go into effect 施行实行生效

go into operation 生效实施

go wrong 出错出故障

had better 应该

had rather 宁愿

had rather...than 宁愿...而不愿...have an advantage over 胜过优于

have in mind 想到;记得;打算

have nothing to do with 和...毫无关系

have(something/much/little)to do with 和...(有些/有很大/没有什么)关系 help oneself 自用自取

keep an eye on 留意照看

keep in mind 记住

keep one“s head 保持镇静

keep one”s word 守信用

keep pace(with)(与...)齐步前进

lead the way 引路带路

learn by heart 记住背诵

leave alone 不打扰不干预

let alone 更别提不打扰

let go(of)放松手

lose heart 失去勇气丧失信心

lose one“s head 慌乱仓皇失措

lose one”s temper 发脾气发努

lose sight of 忘记忽略;看不见

make a /the difference 有影响起作用

make friends 交朋友

make fun of 取笑嘲弄

make one“s way 去前往

make sense 讲得通言之有理

make sure 查明;务必

make the best of 充分利用

make the most of 充分利用

make up one”s mind 下决心打定主意

make use of 使用利用

make way 让路让出地方

may as well 还不如不妨

never mind 不要紧;不用担心

pay attention to 注意

piece together 拼合play a part(in)起作用参于

put into effect 实施;使生效

put into operation 实施;使生效

put into practice 实施;实行

put to use 使用

see to it that 注意务必保证

see that 注意务必保证

set fire to 使燃烧点燃

take...for 把...认为是

take a chance 冒险投机

take(a)delight in 以...为乐

take advantage of 利用趁...之机 take care 当心注意

take care of 照顾照料

take charge 管理接管

take effect 生效起作用

take into account 考虑

take for granted 认为...理所当然 take one“s time 不着急不着慌 take pains 努力尽力下苦功

take part(in)参加参于

take place 发生进行举行

take the place of 代替取代

take turns 依次轮流

to throw light on 阐明使了解

think better of 经考虑改变对...的看法 try one”s best 尽力努力

2.形容词同介词的搭配

absent from 不在缺席

abundant in 富于

alien to 与...相反

angry with sb at/about sth 生气愤怒 anxious about/for 忧虑担心

appropriate for/to 适当合适

applicable to 适用于

apt at 聪明善于

apt to 易于

ashamed of 羞愧害臊

approximate to近拟接近

aware of 意识到

available to sb for sth 可用可供 bare of 几乎没有缺乏

bound for 开往...capable of 能够

careful of/about/with;小心注意 certain of /about 确信肯定

about/in doing characteristic of 特有独特 clear of 没有不接触

clever at 善于

close to 接近亲近

comparable to/with 可比较

conscious of 察觉到意识到

consequent on 随之而来

considerate towards 体谅体贴 contemporary with 与...同时代 content with 满足于 contrary to 违反

第三篇：英语四级作文常用句常用短语

英语四级常用句

《一》段首句

1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____.Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______.It“s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why?

（二）中间段落句

1.相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2.但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.3.……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our country’s development and construction.First，______.What’s more, _____.Most important of all,______.4.有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt.First, we can______

5.面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______

6.早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it.For example._____.In addition._____.All these measures will certainly______.7.为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8.然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.9.尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10.完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.（三）结尾句

1.至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____.2.总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.3.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.4.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.5.随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it”s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.6.至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____.7.对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______.8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______.9.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.10.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.英语四级高频词组条

1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。2.be absent from….缺席，不在3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉

4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态)be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on

5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有6.access(to)(不可数名词)能接近,进入,了解7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地,8.of ones own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主 动地9.in accord with 与…一致.out of ones accord with 同….不一致10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根据12.on ones own account1)为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益2)(=at ones own risk)自行负责3)(=by oneself)依靠自己on account 赊账;on account of 因为;on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去14.give sb.an account of 说明, 解释(理由)15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解释, 说明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因为.17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句 子要倒装)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告

19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉21.act on 奉行,按照…行动;act as 扮演;act for 代理22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己适应于23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;坚持, 遵循27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗邻的, 临近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)调节;适应;29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)预告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.32.have an advantage over 胜过.have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 赞同(某人意见)agree to 同意35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致36.ahead of 在…之前, 超过…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体.2)在谣传中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)总共, 总计40.after all 毕竟,到底;(not)at all 一点也不;all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大体上说;be all in 累极了;all

but 几乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到, 估计到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)总计, 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对…负责.44.answer to(=conform to)适合,符合.45.be anxious about 为…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.为…向…道歉47.appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.对某人有吸引力48.apply to sb.for sth.为…向…申请;apply for申请;apply to 适用.49.apply to 与…有关;适用50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)赞成, approve vt.批准51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb.sth.to do sth.安排…做…53.arrive on 到达;arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到达某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…为羞耻

55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保证, 使…确信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)缚, 系 ,结57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)试图做…58.attend to(=give ones attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料59.attitude to toward …对…的态度.看法60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on ones back(=be ill in bed)卧病不起.65.at ones back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,维护;have sb.at one ’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃67.behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)68.be based onupon 基于69.on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上70.beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢71.begin with 以…开始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名义73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth.sb.to be true)相信,依赖,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好处.75.for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)76.for the better 好转77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打败, 胜过.78.by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;give birth to 出生79.blame sb.for sth.因…责备某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上80.in blossom开花(指树木)be in blossom开花(强调状态)come into blossom开花(强调动作)81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机82.boast of(or about)吹嘘83.out of breath 喘不过气来84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之85.in bulk 成批地,不散装的86.take the floor 起立发言87.on business 出差办事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事89.last but one 倒数第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假设91.buy sth.for…money 用多少钱买92.be capable of 能够, 有能力be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)无论如何94.in case(=for fear that)万一;95.in case of(=in the event of)如果发生…万一in the case of 至于…, 就…而言96.in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)97.be cautious of 谨防98.center ones attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地101.by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然102.for a change换换环境(花样等)103.charge sb.with …控告某人犯有…104.in charge of(=responsible for)负责(某事)in the charge of …由…管105.take charge of(=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)106.charge…for 因…索取(费用), charge sb.with sth.控告某人犯有…107.round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without

stopping)昼夜不停地108.comment on 评论109.commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb.to prison把某人送进监狱;commit ones idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来;commit a matter to a committee把某事交给委员会讨论110.in common(和…)有共同之处,共用.be common to sb.是与某人所共有的111.keep company with(=be friendly and go out together)和…要好.112.compare…with … 把…与…比较113.compare…to… 把…比作…114.by comparison 比较起来115.in comparison with(=in contrast to)和…比起来116.compensate for(=give sth.to make up for)补偿, 赔偿,弥补 compensatesb.for sth.赔偿,弥补117.complain of(or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情;complain to sb.about sth.(or sb.)向某人抱怨…;complain(抱怨);complement(补充);compliment(恭维)118.comply with(=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.)遵守, 依从119.conceive of(think of, imagine, consider)想象,设想120.concentrate on(or upon)集中,专心121.be concerned with(=about)与…有关122.concern oneself aboutwith 关心123.in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点;at the conclusion of 当…结束时;124.condemn sb.to 判决125.on condition that(=if)以…为条件, 假如.in that = because因为;now that = since既然for all that = although 尽管126.inout of condition(=thoroughly healthy or fitnot fit)健康状况好不好.in good(bad)condition处于良好(坏)状态127.confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth.wrong)承认, 供认;confess to a crime 承认罪行.128.confide in(=to talk freely to sb.about one’s secret)对…讲真心话, 依赖129.in confidence 推心置腹地;with confidence 满怀信心地;have confidence in 对…有信心130.confidence in sb.sth.对…的信赖131.be confident of 有信心;confidential 机密的132.confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内133.confirm sb.in 使某人更坚定(信念等)134.conform to(=be in agreement with, comply with)符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从;2)observe;

3)comply with 照…办;4)keep to遵循;5)abide by服从;6)stick to按..做135.be confronted with(=be brought face to face with)面对, 面临136.congratulate sb.on 祝贺137.in connection with(=with regard to)关于,138.be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道139.consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意140.in consequence(=as a result)结果141.in consequence of(=as a consequence of)由于…的结果

第四篇：大学英语四级常用短语

1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14．就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16．双方的论点 argument on both sides

17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18．对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20．…也不例外 …be no exception

21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31.从另一个角度 from another perspective

32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33.对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36．综合素质 comprehensive quality

37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性increase the chances of

39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40.应当承认 Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45．因特网 the Internet（一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）

46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion

53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

第五篇：英语四级写作常用短语

英语四级写作常用短语汇总

a series of 一系列一连串 above all 首先尤其是

*He loves music，and above all classical music．他喜欢音乐，尤其是古典音乐。

*Never waste anything，but above all never waste time．任何东西都不可浪费，尤其不可浪费时间。after all 毕竟究竟

*After all，he is your father．他毕竟是你的父亲。

*Don't get discouraged by setbacks；we are new to the work after all．别因挫折而灰心，这工作对我们来说毕竟还是新的。

*Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had too much homework，but he went after all．虽然鲍勃因有太多的家庭作业而认为不能参加聚会，但他终于还是去了。ahead of 在……之前

*Directly ahead of us is the royal palace.我们正前方就是皇宫.* London is about five hours ahead of New York.伦敦时间比纽约早五小时左右.ahead of time 提前

They finished the work ahead of time.他们提前完成了工作。all at once 突然,同时

*All at once she decided she wasn't going．She didn't explain why．她突然决定不去了，她没有讲明理由。*All at once we heard a shot and the soldier fell to the ground．突然我们听到枪声，接着士兵就倒下去了。*She couldn't tell them more about the accident．Everything just seemed to have happened all at once．她不可能向他们讲述更多的事情，一切都似乎是同时发生的。all but 几乎 除了….都

*The shipwrecked people were rescued all but one．船只失事，遇难者除一人以外全部得救。*He was all but bankrupt and couldn't help us．他几乎破产了，不能帮助我们。*The girl was all but run over by the car．那女孩差点被那辆小汽车压过去。all of a sudden突然

*All of a sudden a man burst out of the building，and made off down the road．突然，一个人从大楼里冲出来，沿着大路逃跑

*All of a sudden the lights went out.突然灯灭了。all over 遍及

*The game is all over.比赛已全部结束。

*I looked all over for my ball pen.我到处寻找我的圆珠笔。all the time 一直，始终

*Conditions are changing all the time.情况在不断地变化着。all the same 仍然照样的 一样的

*It's all the same to me whether he comes or not．他来不来对我都无所谓。*A heavy snow was falling，but we got there in time all the same．当时正下大雪，但我们还是准时到了那里。He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same.他有点顽皮, 可是我还是喜欢他。as regards 关于至于

*As regards attending the meeting，I haven't decided yet．关于那个会议，我还没有决定是否参加。*He was always secretive as regards his family．关于他的家庭情况，他总是守口如瓶。anything but 决不，根本不

*The task was anything but easy．这工作决不容易。

*Many large cities are anything but beautiful．许多大城市一点也不美。*She will do anything but that．她决不做那件事。as a matter of fact实际上事实上

*As a matter of fact，I have never heard of him． 事实上，我从没有听说过他。*He has，as a matter of fact，no real convictions．他实际上并没有真正的信念。apart from 除……之外

*Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.他除了脸部和双手受伤以外, 两条腿也断了.*Apart from these two books，he has written some plays and film scripts，除了这两本书外，他还写了一些剧本和电影脚本。as a rule 通常照例

*As a rule，he gets up at five o'clock and does morning exercises in the park．他通常5点起床，在公园里做早操。

*When does he come as a rule？通常他什么时候来？

*As a rule, we get up about six o'clock.我们通常六点左右起床。as a result(of)因此由于

*As a result he remained unknown and lived away from his family for more than 20 years．结果，他隐姓埋名，远离家人达20多年。

*He refused to have medical attention in the early stages of his complaint，and as a result he became seriously ill．他在得病初期拒绝接受治疗，结果病情严重恶化。*He was late as a result of the snow.由于大雪他迟到了。as far as….be concerned 就…..而言

As far as we're concerned you can go whenever you want.就我们而言, 你什么时候走都行。

as far as 至于…..，直到……, 到……程度 They walked as far as the lake.他们一直走到湖边。2.尽„;就„

I'll help you as far as I can.as for 至于关于就„而言

*As for that man，he is not qualified for the job at all．至于那人，他干这项工作根本不称职。

*He likes summer，but as for me，I like winter much better．他喜欢夏天，但是对我来说，我则更喜欢冬天。

as follows 如此/下

*The regulations are as follows．规定如下。as if 好像，似乎，仿佛

She treats him as if he were a stranger.她待他如陌生人。

as good as 和------几乎一样 It was as good as new.这几乎像新的一样。

as usual 像平常一样，像往常一样，照例 As usual, she had bread and egg for breakfast.她照例吃面包和鸡蛋作早餐。

*On Sundays he gats(gots)up early as usual．星期天他照常起得很早。

*I would go home，as usual，for Christmas．跟往常一样，我将回家过圣诞节。as to 至于，关于

*As to Jack，I believe he wouldn't have said anything like that．至于杰克，我相信他不会那么说的。

*As to your final grade，that depends on your final examination．至于你的总成绩，那要根据你的期末考试而定。

all right 令人满意的 良好的 正确的

She was ill for a month, but she's all right now.她病了一个月, 但现在好了。Your answer is all right.你的回答正确。

as well 同样，也，还

*I am going to Paris and my brother is going as well．我要到巴黎去，我弟弟也去。* I'm coming to London and my sister's coming as well.我要来伦敦, 我妹妹也会来。as well as 和；同；既……又

*He went to the party as well as his sister．他和他妹妹都出席了晚会。*He was kind as well as sensible．他既懂道理又善良。aside from 除……之外

*Aside from his meagre salary，he has no other resources to fall back on依靠．除了那一点微薄的薪水，他没有别的可靠财源。

*Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．除了是乐趣和有益的锻炼以外，游泳还是一种很有用的技能。

*It is aside from our present aims to devote too much time to this question．若在这个问题上花费过多的时间，那就偏离了我们当前的目标。at a loss 茫然，不知所措，亏本地

*He was at a loss what to do．他不知所措。

*They sold the goods at a loss.他们亏本出售了货物。at a time 一次，每次

*They learn 30 words and a passage at a time．他们一次学30个单词和一篇短文。*Take three pills at a time.每次服三粒。

at all 丝毫(不)，一点也不

*I don't agree with you at all．我完全不同意你的看法。

*There was nothing to worry about at all．完全没有什么可担心的。at all costs 不惜一切代价

*He will attain his goal at all costs．他将不惜一切代价达到目的。*We will save his life at all costs.我们将不惜任何代价挽救他生命。at all events 不管怎么，无论如何

*At all events I'll go to see her someday．有朝一日，我无论如何会去看她的。

*It may rain tomorrow，but we are going home at all events．明天可能下雨，但无论如何我们还是要回家。at all times 随时，总是

at any rate 无论怎么样，无论如何，至少

*At any rate we'll leave when it stops raining．无论如何，雨停了我们就要动身

*At any rate, the medical supplies will reach you within a week.无论如何, 医疗用品将于一星期内运到你那里。

at best至多充其量

*At best we can do only half as much as last year.我们至多只能做到去年的一半。at first 最初起初

*At first I didn't know what had happened.起先我不知道发生了什么事。at first sight 咋一看，初看起来

*At first sight，the problem seemed insoluble．乍看起来，这问题似乎无法解决。*He fell in love with her at first sight．他对她一见钟情。at hand 在手边，在附近

*The Midautumn Festival is at hand．中秋节快要到了。

*He wished more than ever to have his father at hand．他比任何时候都希望父亲就在他跟前。

*It is very convenient to have a dictionary at hand when reading． 阅读时手头有一本词典是很方便的。*He lives close at hand．他住得很近。at heart 在内心里 本质上实际上

*His manners are cold，but he is at heart a kind man．他的言谈举止有些冷淡，但实际上他心地善良。*She has your interests at heart．她常把你的利益放在心上。*She did not at heart want to do it．她心里并不想做那件事。at home 在家乡 在家内

*He was very famous at home and abroad．他在国内外都很有名。

*Americans abroad are protected by the government like Americans at home．海外的美国人如同在国内一样，受到政府的保护。at intervals 不时不时地 每隔…….*The music came from the building at intervals．音乐声从楼里不时传来。at large 大多数，未被捕获的

*The criminal is still at large．那个罪犯依然逍遥法外。

*The escaped criminal is still at large.逃走的罪犯仍然逍遥法外。at least 至少；起码

*I had not seen him for at least a week．我至少有一周没看见他了。at last 最后，终于

*At last they climbed over the mountain．他们终于翻过了这座大山。*At last they reached Shanghai.他们终于到达了上海。at length 最后，终于

*He succeeded at length．他终于成功了。

*At length there was a step forward in the negotiations．谈判终于有了进展。*He came at length．他终于来了。at most 至多不超过

at no time 从不决不，在任何时候都不 At no time should you give up studying.在任何时候你都不应放弃学习。by accident 偶然

*Columbus discovered America by accident．哥伦布偶然发现了新大陆。*I met her by accident in the street．我在街上偶然碰到了她。at one time 曾经一度同时

*This kind of wine was very popular at one time，but now it is considered too strong．这种酒曾经很受欢迎，但是现在被认为度数太高了。

*At one time we met frequently．曾经有一个时期我们经常会面。at present 目前现在

*At present he is a professor of physics．他现在是物理学教授。*We don't need any more at present．现在我们不再需要什么了。at sb’s disposal 任…….处理 at the cost of 以…..为代价

*He saved the lives of his friends at the cost of his own．他牺牲自己而挽救了朋友的生命。at the mercy of 任凭…..摆布

*She was at the mercy of her cruel husband.她任凭残酷的丈夫摆布。*A sailor is at the mercy of the weather.水手受到天气的摆布。at the moment 此刻目前

*I know the address well enough，but I can't think of it at the moment．我清楚地记得这个地址，可是这会儿怎么也想不起来了。

*I am very busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。at this rate 照此速度，这样的话

*At this rate we won't be able to afford a holiday.照这种情形看来, 我们就无法度假了。at times有时间或

*At times I saw her walking alone by the lake．我有时看到她独自在湖边散步。*At times I make mistakes when I speak English．我说英语有时有错。back and forth来回地反复地

*She walked back and forth on the path．她在小径上来回走着。

*The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹来, 树来回轻摆。before long 不久以后，很快

*The book will be published before long．这本书不久就要出版了。*I hope to hear from you before long．我希望不久就能收到你的信。beside the point 离题的不相干的 Beyond question 毫无疑问 By air通过航空途径

By all means 尽一切办法，务必 by and by 不久，迟早

*The boy said he would do his homework by and by．这男孩说他一会儿就做作业。by chance偶然地，意外地

*The apple fell by chance on Bobby's head．苹果碰巧掉在鲍比的头上。*I met Tom by chance yesterday.昨天我偶然遇见汤姆。by far最…..显然地

*He is by far the best student in this class．他显然是这个班里最优秀的学生。*This book is by far the best.这本书显然是最好的。by hand用手的，手工做的，亲自的

*The peasants use tractors to pull the plough and milk their cows by hand．农民用拖拉机耕田，用手挤奶。*The letter should be delivered by hand．此信必须由专人送去。by itself 自动地独自地

*The machine works by itself.机器自行运转。

*The farmhouse stands by itself in the fields.农舍孤零零地坐落在田间。by means of 利用，依靠

*They succeeded by means of perseverance．他们依靠坚持而成功。

*The thief entered the house by means of a ladder．小偷用一个梯子进了房间。*They succeeded by means of perseverance.他们依靠坚忍不拔而获得成功。by mistake 错误地无意地

*I took his book by mistake．我错拿了他的书。

*He put salt into his tea by mistake.他把盐误放进茶里。by no means 决不，并没有

*Our government adheres to the principle that we will by no means be the first to use nuclear weapons．我国政府坚持在任何情况下决不首先使用核武器的原则。

*I am by no means interested in the work．我对这件工作一点也不感兴趣。*He will by no means lend you the money．他决不会把钱借给你的。by oneself 单独地独自地

*She felt very sad and lonely by herself．她独自一人感到忧伤寂寞。*He painted the door by himself．他自己把门漆好了。

*The little boy went out by himself.小男孩独自一人出去了。by reason of 由于,因为

*He escaped punishment by reason of his youth.他因为年轻, 得以免除惩罚。by the way 顺便说说

*By the way，what was she doing when you saw her this morning？顺便问一下，你今天上午看见她时她在干什么？

*By the way，have you seen Harry recently？顺便问一下，你最近见到哈利了吗？

*By the way, do you have any idea where the post office is? 顺便问一下, 你知道邮局在哪儿吗? by virtue of 由于因为凭借

*He rose high in society by virtue of his talent and learning．他因其才华和学识而飞黄腾达。*He was promoted by virtue of his abilities．他凭他的能力而获得了提升。

*They won the day，but only by virtue of hard fighting．他们完全是靠艰苦奋斗才获胜的。by way of 经由，通过……方法

*She went to Canada by way of Shanghai．她经过上海去加拿大。*He said something by way of greeting．他说了几句话表示欢迎。

*I offered her a pair of shoes by way of thanks．我送她一双鞋以表谢意。due to 由于，因为，归功于

*The accident was due to careless driving．这场车祸是粗心驾驶造成的。

*What would you say inflation is mainly due to？你认为通货膨胀的主要原因是什么？ *He arrived late due to the storm．他由于暴风雨而来迟了。*Her absence was due to the storm.由于风雨交加她没来。

*His success was largely due to his hard work．他的成功在很大程度上归功于他的辛勤劳动。each other 互相

even if/though 虽然即使

*I won't mind even if he doesn't come．即使他不来，我也不介意。*I won't lose heart even if I don't succeed．即使是失败，我也不灰心。ever so非常极其

*I like it ever so much．我非常喜欢它。

*She's got ever so many books．她有好多书。*The trees are ever so green.树非常绿。every now and then 时常有时

*I meet him every now and then on the street．我时常在街上碰见他。*She comes to visit us every now and then.她时常来看望我们。every other 每隔一个的

*We have English lessons every other day．我们每隔一天上一次英语课。*I go there every other week．每隔一周我去那儿一趟。*You should write on every other line.你应该隔行写。except for 除了…..外

*Your composition is good，except for some spelling mistakes．你的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。The composition is quite good except for the spelling.这篇文章除了拼写以外, 其他都不错。face to face 面对面地

*They sat face to face with each other without a word．他们面对面坐在一起无话可谈。*They will debate face to face.他们将当面进行辩论。far from 远非远离

*Shanghai is not far from here.上海离这儿不远。

The railway station is far from here．火车站离这里很远。

*The present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made．虽然取得了某些进展，但现在的形势距离称心如意还差得远。

*His explanation was far from satis factory．他的解释一点儿也不令人满意。for ever 永远

*He has decided to give up smoking for ever．他决定永远戒烟。*His name should also live for ever．他的名字亦将永垂不朽。for good 永远地，永久地

*He left the city for good.他永远地离开了那个城市。for the better好转

*The doctor felt that having a few days' rest would be for the better．医生认为休息几天较好。*The world situation is changing for the better．世界形势日趋好转。

*His state of health has changed for the better recently．近来他的健康状况好转了。for the moment 暂时目前

*Stop arguing for the moment.暂停争论。for the present 暂时目前

*They are wearied and have to suspend the work for the present．他们累了，得暂时停止工作。*I'm rather busy for the present．我眼下相当忙。

*For the present we had better wait and see．目前我们最好还是等等再说。*Let's stop doing it for the present.我们暂时停一下工作。for the sake of 为了，为了……的利益

*We must be patient for the sake of peace．为了和平，我们必须有耐心。

*For the sake of settling the matter they agreed to compromise．为了解决这个问题，他们同意妥协。for the time being暂时，目前，眼下

*We really need a new car but for the time being we'll have to continue using the old one ．我们的确需要一部新车，但目前我们还得继续用这部旧车。

*I have no time to spare for the time being．暂时我抽不出时间来。*He is getting better for the time being．眼下他身体好些了。*Let's share the room for the time being.我们暂时合住一个房间吧!from time to time 有时，偶尔

*I see him at the library from time to time．我有时在图书馆见到他。*He called at our home from time to time．他有时到我们家玩。

*From time to time we invite experts to give lectures in our department ．我们经常请专家来我们系讲课。*He went fishing from time to time.他不时去钓鱼。

hand in hand 手拉手地，联合地，密切关系

*They strolled hand in hand in the street．他们携手漫步街头。

*Theory should go hand in hand with practice．理论应当与实践相结合。

*Doctors and nurses work hand in hand to save lives．医生和护士密切合作挽救生命。head on 迎面地，正面地

*The ship struck the rocks head on．那只船迎头撞上了礁石。*The two cars crashed head on．两车迎面撞上。

heart and soul全心全意地，忠心地

soul心灵灵魂精神

*We should serve the people heart and soul．我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。

*When I played the piano，my heart and soul is in it．当我弹钢琴时，我全身心地投入了。*John plays tennis badly，but with heart and soul．约翰网球打得不好，但他打得很认真。*She wants a puppy with all her heart and soul．她极想要一条小狗。

*They were heart and soul against the new rules．他们竭力反对那些新规则。how about……

你认为„怎样(„为名词或动名词)in a hurry 匆忙，急忙

*He was in a hurry to leave．他匆 匆忙忙地离开了。

*The composition was written in a hurry；I have to go over it again.那篇作文是匆匆忙忙写出来的，我得再看一遍。

*Nothing is ever done in a hurry．匆匆忙忙是办不成事的。in case of 假如，万一，如果发生 in a moment 立刻，一会儿

I’ll come in a moment.我马上就出来。

in a sense从某种意义上说；就某种意义来说

*What you say is true in a sense．你所说的在某种意义上是对的。

*In a sense，arithmetic is a language．从某种意义上说，算术是一种语言。in a way 在某种程度上

*Your composition is well done in a way．你的作文在某种程度上写得很成功。

*I like Jane in a way，but she doesn't like me．我在某种程度上喜欢简，但是她不喜欢我。in a word 简言之，总之

in accordance with 与…一致，按照

*This is in accordance with reason．这是合乎情理的。

*His words are not in accordance with common sense．他的话不符合常识。*He did not act in accordance with the orders．他没有遵照命令办事。

*This is done in accordance with the instructions of the principal.这是依照校长指示做的。in addition 另外，加之 in addition to 除…之外(还)*In addition to English，he has to study a second foreign language．除英语外，他还得学门第2外语。*In addition to a large collection of scientific works in Chinese，our library contains many scientific books in foreign languages．我们图书馆除了藏有大批中文科技书籍之外，还有许多外文科技书籍。in advance 预先，事先 *Please pay five yuan in advance.请预付人民币5元。

*She received one month's salary in advance.她预支了一个月的工 资。*He registered for the examination well in advance．他早就报名应试了。

*The factory fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance．这个工厂提前一个月完成国家生 产计划。

in all 总共，合计

*There were in all a hundred persons present.共计有10O人参加。*There are twenty in all．总计20 个。in any case/event 无论如何,不管怎么样

*In any event I'll call you before I make a final decision．不管怎样，我在作出最后决定前会打电话给 你的。

*In any case，you must get here no later than five o'clock，无论如何，你务必5点钟前到达这里。in brief 简而言之，简单地说

*It's a long letter，but in brief，he says“No．” 这是封长信，但简单地 说，他就是“不同意。” *He gave in brief the story of the storm.他扼要地谈了风暴的情况。in charge of 对…..有责任；负责…..;管理……..in common

*We have everything in common.我 们什么都是共用的。*We have a kitchen in common.我们 的厨房是共用的。

in consequence(of)因此，由于，由于…..的原因，由于….的缘故

*In consequence of the deep snow，school will not open today．由于雪很深，学校今天停课。

*In consequence of your bad behaviour I'm forced to dismiss you．由于你行为不轨，我只好解雇你。in debt 欠款，负债

in detail 详细地，详尽地

*There isn't time to explain in detail．没有时间详细阐述。

*The teacher explained the text in detail．老师详细解释了课文。in difficulty 处于困境中 in effect 实际上，事实上

*The two methods are in effect identical．这两种方法实际上是一样的。in general 一般来说，大体上

*In general，your suggestion is good．你的建议总的来说是好的。

*The weather in Florida is warm in general．佛罗里达的天气通常是温暖的。*In general，the bus is here by 9 a．m．通常公共汽车是9点前到达这里。in favor of 支持；赞成…….*Are you in favour of the proposal？你赞成这个建议吗？ *The students were in favour of reform．学生们都赞成改革。

*Everyone in the class voted in favour of the dancing party．班里的每个人都投票赞成开舞会。in front of 在…..的前面；面对…….*A large tree stands in front of his house．他的房前长有一棵大树。in half 分成两半

*The party is likely to split in half．这个党有可能分裂成两派。*The cake was cut in half．饼子被切成了两半。in hand 在手头的，在控制中的 We have the necessary tools in hand.我们手边有各式工具可使用。We have the problem in hand.问题已在我们掌握中。in honor of 为纪念，为庆祝

*We celebrate Mother's Day in honour of our mothers．我们庆祝母亲节是对母亲表示敬意。

*The city dedicated a monument in honour of the general．该市为对这位将军表示敬意建造了一个纪念碑。*A great banquet was held in honour of our distinguished guests．我们为贵宾举行了一次盛大的宴会。in itself 本质上，就其本身而言 in line with 符合，与…..一致

*In line with the customs of the school，the students had a holiday between Christmas and New Year's Day．根据学校的惯例，在圣诞节和新年期间学生放假。

*Students often work in factories in line with the Party's policy of combining education with productive labour．根据党的教育与生产劳动相结合的方针，学生们常常去工厂劳动。in memory of 纪念……

*They are going to erect a monument in memory of the men who laid down their lives in defense of their country．他们将树碑纪念为保卫祖国而献身的人们。

*A monument has been erected in memory of their beloved teacher．为了纪念他们敬爱的老师，他们已经树起了一块纪念碑。in no case 决不

in no time 立即地，很快地

*With a pair of scissors，she can turn out a beautiful design in no time．用一把剪刀，她可以立即剪出一个美丽的花样来。

*Take this medicine，and it will cure you in no time．吃了这种药，你的病马上就会好的。*They finished the work in no time at all．他们立刻完成了这项工作。in no way 决不

*Your plan is in no way different from ours．你们的计划与我们的计划并没有什么不同。*He is in no way superior to me in knowledge．他在知识方面并不比我强。*She is in no way to blame．她完全不应该受责备。in order按顺序，按次序

*Put these words in alphabetical order.把这些字按字母表顺序排列起来.*He put his papers in order before he left the office．离开办公室前，他把文件整理好。in other words 换言之，换句话说 in part 在某种程度上，部分地

*His success is in part owing to luck．他的成功在某种程度上是由于走运。

*It is in part your own fault that you have failed．你的失败有一部分是你自己的过错造成的。in particular 特殊地，特别地

*I remember one of them in particular．我特别记住了他们之中的一位。

*I am interested in stories in general，and in detective stories in particular．我总的来说对小说感兴趣，尤其是对侦探小说感兴趣。

*Are you doing anything in particular tonight？你今晚有什么特别的事要做吗？

*There are so many books here．Why do you like that one in particular？这里有这么多书，你为什么特别喜欢那一本？

in person 亲自，本人

*Will you apply for the position by letter or in person？你申请那个工作是亲自去还是写信去？

*I can't attend the meeting in person，but I'll send someone to speak for me．我不能亲自出席会议，但是我将派人替我发言。

*You had better go and speak to him in person．你最好亲自去跟他谈。in place 在合适的位置 适当的suitable *She likes to have everything in place．她喜欢把什么事都安排得井井有条。*We don't think your suggestion is quite in place．我们认为你的建议不很恰当。in place of 代替取代

in practice 在实践中，实际上

*They have rich experience in practice．他们有丰富的实践经验。

*Your idea sounds good but will it work in practice？你的主意很好，但它能实现吗？ in proportion to 与…..成比例；相称

*Each man's pay will be in proportion to his work．每个人的报酬将与其工作成比例。

*His expenditure(花费，支出)is not in proportion to his income．他的支出与收入不平衡。*The house is tall in proportion to its width．按照宽度来说这房子是很高的。in quantity 大量

in question 正在谈论的/考虑的

*Where is the man in question？ 刚刚谈到的这个人在哪儿？

*Here are the two students in question．这就是我们所谈到的两个学生。*The book in question was published in 1990．该书是1990年出版的。in public 公开地，当众地

*Don't quarrel with each other in public，will you？不要在大庭广众之下吵架，好不好？ *He is nervous in public．他在公开场合很紧张。

*He doesn't like to speak in public．他不愿当众讲话。in regard to 关于，至于，就……而言 in relation to 关于，涉及 in return 作为报答/回报

in return for 作为对……报答 in short 简而言之，总之

*In short，he is a promising young man and has a bright future．总之，他是一个有希望、有前途的青年。*In short，we must be prepared．总之，我们要有所准备。

*In short，finishing the job is not so easy as you may think．总之，完成这工作不是你想象的那么容易。in sight 看得见，出现，在望

*There was not a ship in sight．看不到一只船。

*A ship came in sight from the horizon．天际出现了一条船。*Peace is now in sight．现在和平有望。

*With success in sight they all felt jubilant．成功在望，他们都欢天喜地。in spite of 尽管，不管，虽然有…..*In spite of the bad storm John delivered his papers on time．虽然天下暴雨，约翰仍按时投递报纸。

*In spite of the rainy weather，the streets were full of people on May Day．五一节那天，尽管下雨，街上还是挤满了人。

*He succeeded in the end in spite of the immense difficulties．尽管困难重重，他最终还是成功了。in step 齐步，一致

in tears 流着泪，含着泪

in the course of 在…….期间/过程中 in the distance 在远处

*A small house can be seen in the distance．远处可以看到一幢小房子 in the end 最后，终于

*They reached the top of the mountain in the end．他们最后爬到了山顶。*He succeeded in the end．最后他成功了。in the event of 如果….发生，万一…….in the face of 纵然(纵然：即使)；面对 in the first place 首先

*You cannot go swimming．In the first place，the water is too cold；and in the second place，there is no enough time before dinner．你不能去游泳。第一，水太冷；第二，晚饭前没有足够的时间。*In the first place，students should study hard．首先，学生应该努力读书。in the future 在未来，在将来 in the least 一点(不)，丝毫(不)*Mike was not upset in the least by the storm．暴风雨一点也没有使迈克感到焦虑不安。in(the)light of 鉴于，由于，根据 in the way 妨碍，阻挡

*Fred tried to get to the door，but the table was in the way．弗雷德试图走近大门，可是桌子挡住了去路。*I will visit you on Sunday，if there is nothing in the way．如果没有什么妨碍的话，我将在星期日去拜访你。*They are very busy now，so let's take our leave quickly，otherwise we'll be in the way．他们眼下正忙着，我们还是快走吧，要不就碍事了。in the world 在世界上 in the world/on earth 究竟，到底

*Who in the world is that fellow？那人究竟是谁？

*Where in the world did you find that necklace？你究竟是在哪儿发现这根项链的？

*He didn't understand what on earth the teacher meant．他不能理解老师究竟说了些什么。in time 及时

*We got to the station just in time to catch the train．我们及时赶到火车站乘上火车。

*You can rest assured that we'll finish the work in time．你放心吧，我们一定按时完成任务。*The doctor came in time to save his life．医生及时前来挽救他的生命。in touch 在……附近，联系，接触 in turn 依次，轮流

*Each man in turn got up and spoke．每个人依次站起来发言。*I'll see you all in turn．我将一个一个地去看望你们大家。in vain 徒劳地，无效地

*He passed his life in vain．他虚度了一生。

*All the doctor's efforts were in vain and the man soon died．医生所有的努力都无效，那个人很快就死了。instead of 代替，取代，而不是

*Shall we have fish instead of meat today？我们今天吃鱼不吃肉好吗？ *I will go instead of you．我将代替你去。

*Let's play cards instead of watching television.咱们玩纸牌吧, 别看电视了.* We sometimes eat rice instead of potatoes.我们有时候吃大米, 不吃土豆.* Instead of Graham, it was Peter who moved in.搬进来的不是格雷厄姆, 而是彼得.just now 眼下，刚才

*Mr．Johnson isn't here just now．Will you please phone back later？约翰逊先生现在不在这儿。你过一会儿回电话好吗？

*He came in just now；he is probably upstairs．他刚才进来过，现在可能在楼上。little by little 渐渐地，逐渐地

*He learned to cook little by little．他慢慢学会了做菜。*He has become rich little by little．他渐渐富裕起来了。

*John hadn't been able to quit smoking suddenly；he had to control his smoking desire little by little．约翰不能立即把烟戒掉，他得慢慢地控制烟瘾。lots of 许多的..., 大量的...many a 许多(的)*Many a student likes to read this magazine．很多学生喜欢读这本杂志。

*Many a day was spent preparing the new textbooks．好多天时间花在编写新的教科书上。more or less 或多或少，多少有点，大约

*The road runs more or less parallel to the Bell Street．这条路基本上是和贝尔大街平行的。

*By September we knew more or less what our income would be for the whole year．到9月份，我们就大概知道了我们全年的收入是多少。

*It's a mile，more or less，from his home to school．从他家到学校大约有一英里远 next door 隔壁，隔壁的

* The manager's office is just next door.经理办公室就在隔壁.*Next door to us there's a couple from the USA.我们隔壁住着来自美国的一对夫妇.no doubt 无疑地

*No doubt I will succeed in the end.我确信我最终会成功。

*No doubt Susan was the smartest girl in her class．无疑苏珊是她班上最聪明的学生。no less than 不少于…..;不亚于…..;与…..一样

*There was no less than thirty dollars in the drawer．抽屉里少说也有30美元。*This boy is no less clever than that one．这个男孩与那个男孩一样聪明。no longer 不再

*He is no longer living here．他已不住在这里了。*Now this great stretch of lowland no longer faces the menace of flood．现在，这一大片洼地已不再受洪水的威胁了。

no more 不再；死去，不复存在

*His voice is heard no more．他的声音再也听不见了。*Time lost will return no more．失去的时间不会再来。

*The barren hills are no more；all around there are fruit trees．荒山不见了，到处都是果树。*The ancient city Troy is no more．古城特洛伊已不存在了。*The great leader is no more．这位伟大的领袖已去世了。no more than 至多，不多于，只有

*There was no more than thirty dollars in the drawer．抽屉里只有30美元。

*She was no more than an ordinary worker but she has invented a lot of new machines．她只不过是一个普通的工人，然而她却发明了许多新机器。none other than 不是别人而正是…….The new arrival is none other than the President.刚来的不是别人正是总统。on one’s guard 警惕，小心

You have to be on your guard in this situation.在这种情况下你要小心。nothing but 只有，只不过

*Nothing but a miracle can save her life.只有奇迹才能挽救她的生命。*It，s nothing but an ordinary watch．这只是块普通的表。

*He had nothing but a cup of tea this morning．他早上只喝了杯茶。now and then 时而，偶尔

*Now and then he goes to a ball game．他偶尔去看看球赛。

*Now and then Larry and his wife go out to dinner at an expensive firstrate restaurant．拉里和他妻子偶尔去豪华饭店吃饭。

*Every now and then she would glance up at the clock．她不时抬头看看钟。off and on 断断续续地

*It rained off and on all day．雨断断续续地下了一整天。

*He wrote to a girl in London off and on for several years．他与伦敦的一位姑娘断断续续地通了几年信。*We don't go to the theatre regularly，just off and on．我们不常去看戏，只是偶尔看看罢了。off duty 下班，下班的

*He is off duty today．他今天不值班。

*It seems that all the taxis in New York are off duty whenever it rains．雨天，纽约所有的出租车似乎都休息了。

*He usually comes off duty at 5 p.m.他通常下午五点下班。on a large/small scale 大规模地/ 小规模地 They are preparing for war on a large scale.他们正在大规模地备战。on account of 因为，由于

*The picnic was held indoors on account of the rain．由于天下雨，野餐在室内进行。

*Flights were delayed two hours on account of the thick fog．由于大雾，班机推迟了两小时。*Bill cannot come to the meeting on account of illness.比尔因病不能到会。on an/the average平均，通常

*On an average Don's mother has to ask him three times before he helps wash dishes．通常唐的母亲叫他3遍他才帮助洗盘子。

*On the average the machine turns out one bottle every two seconds．这台机器平均每两秒钟生产1只瓶子。on behalf of 代表，为了…….的利益

*John accepted the championship award on behalf of the team．约翰代表球队领取冠军奖。

*He rendered many valuable services on behalf of justice and freedom．他为正义和自由做了许多有意义的事情。*They worked hard all their lives on behalf of the poor．他们毕生为穷人的利益而辛劳。on board 在船上、车上

*A ship was leaving the harbor，and we saw the people on board waving．船缓缓地离开港口，我们看见船上的人在挥手。

*Jack wasn't on board the ship when it sailed．启航时，杰克不在船上。on business 为了生意，为了公事

*Are you here on business or for pleasure？你来这儿是有事还是消遣呢？

*The secretary told the visitor that the manager was out on business．秘书告诉来访者说经理出差去了。on condition that 假如，在……条件下

*I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in one month．假如你在一个月内能还我钱，我就借给你。

*You can go there on condition that you don't come back late for dinner．你可以去那儿，条件是回来吃饭不能太晚。

on duty 上班，值班

*Don't talk with him． He's on duty now．不要跟他说话，他正在值班。*Policemen are not allowed to smoke while on duty．警察上班时不许吸烟。*I usually go on duty at 8 a.m.我通常上午八点上班。on foot 步行，在进行中

*Sally's bicycle broke and she had to return home on foot．萨莉的自行车坏了，她只好步行回家。*It is a new scheme on foot.这是项正在实行的新计划。on guard 警惕，警戒

*The police warned people to be on guard for pickpockets during the Christmas rush．警察警告人们在圣诞购物高潮时谨防小偷。

*Be always on guard against complacency．要时时警惕自满情绪。on hand 在场，在手头

There weren't enough snacks on hand for the party.现有宴会的点心不够用。

We have plenty of money on hand to pay for the snacks.我们手边有很多钱可以买零嘴。

We have nobody on hand to repair your car.我们现在没有人能修你的车。on occasion(s)有时，偶尔

*I meet him on occasion at the club or in the theatre．我在俱乐部或戏院里有时能遇到他。*On occasion we feel like celebrating and have a party．我们有时喜欢来个聚会庆贺一番。on one’s own 独立，独自

*You are allowed to drive a car on your own．允许你独自开车。*I'm all on my own today．今天只是我一个人。

*Why are you sitting all on your own？你为什么独自一个人坐在那里？ on purpose 故意地，有目的地

*Jimmy hit his little brother in the eye，but he didn't do it on purpose．杰米打了他弟弟的眼睛，但他不是故意的。

*She did not forget her coat； she left it in the locker on purpose．她并未忘记要带外衣，她是故意放在锁柜里的。

*She broke the dish on purpose just to show her anger．她故意打破那个盘子以发泄她的愤怒。on sale 出售的，廉价出售的

*These shoes are very cheap，as they are on sale．这些鞋子非常便宜，正在削价出售。

*The bookstore is to close down，and many books are on sale as waste paper．书店要关闭，所以许多书象废纸一样在廉价出售。

on schedule 按时间表，准时

*If my train is on schedule，I will be home by nine o'clock．若火车准点，我9点以前可以到家。*The train arrived on schedule.火车准时到达。on second thoughts 进一步考虑后，经重新考虑后

*On second thoughts they decided to leave London．经仔细考虑，他们决定离开伦敦。on the contrary 相反地，正相反

*He is not selfish；on the contrary，he is very noble and generous．他并不自私，恰恰相反，他是一个非常高尚而又慷慨的人。

*The teacher thought that the children went to the zoo； on the contrary，they went to the bakery． 老师以为孩子们去了动物园，恰恰相反，他们却去了面包房。on the ground of 根据，以……为理由

*On the ground of sufficient evidence he charged the young man with murder．他以充分的证据指控那个年轻人犯有谋杀罪。

*He has expressed his desire to retire on the ground of failing health．他以体力不支为由表示希望退休。on(the)one hand 在一方面 on the other hand 另一方面

on the point of 正要……的时候，正要……，在…..之际

*The baby was on the point of crying when her mother came home．婴儿正要哭时，这时妈妈回家了。

*We were on the point of calling you when your telegram arrived．我们正要给你打电话时，你的电报来了。on the road 在旅途中

*My letter will soon reach him； it is on the road．我的信正在路上，他很快就能收到。

*Jane was very sick for several weeks，but now she is on the road to recovery．简前几个星期病得很厉害，现在正在恢复中。

*Conscientious study put the student on the road to success．勤奋学习使那学生即将获得成功。on the side 此外，额外

*His job at the hospital did not pay much，so he found another on the side．他在医院工作的报酬不多，所以他另外找了一份兼职。

*If we get good profits from the farm, maybe we could start a little business on the side.要是农场的赢利多, 也许我们还可以另外做一些生意。on the spot 在场

*The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime．警察在接到犯罪消息的几分钟内就赶到了现场。

*The news of important events is often broadcast on the spot over television．重要事件的新闻总是通过电视立即广播。

on the whole 一般来说，大体上

*On the whole，children begin walking when they are about one year old．一般来说，小孩1岁左右开始走路。

*On the whole，men are stronger than women．一般来说，男人比女人强壮。

*On the whole our stay there was quite enjoyable．总的说来，我们待在那里是很开心的。on time 准时

*They forecast the weather accurately and on time．他们预报天气既精确又准时。

*If the train is on time，I should reach home before dark．如果火车不误点，我应该在天黑前到家。once again 再一次

once(and)for all 永远地，最后一次地 John's back home once and for all.约翰回到家, 再也不走了。once in a while 有时，偶尔

*We go for a picnic in the park once in a while．我们有时去公园里野餐。*Once in a while the puppy would run away．小狗有时也会溜出去。once more 再一次

*He asked the question once more．他再次提出这个问题。*He said he would try once more．他说他将再试一次。once upon a time 从前

*Once upon a time there dwelt a fisherman on the lakeside．从前湖边住着一个渔民。*Once upon a time there lived a king who had an ugly daughter．从前有一位国王，他有一个丑陋的女儿。one another 相互，彼此

*They gave presents to one another at Christmas．圣诞节他们互赠礼品。

*We help one another with the extra work in the summer.我们互相帮助做夏季的额外工作.or else 否则，要不然

*Do what I tell you，or else you'll be sorry．照我的话做，否则你要后悔的。*Hurry up or else you'll be late.快点, 否则你要迟到了。

*They told me to leave at once, or else.他们要我马上离开, 否则(对我不利)。*You will stay away from my girlfriend, or else.离我女朋友远点, 否则要你好看。or so 大约

*I'll return in a week or so．我大约一星期后回来。

*There will be thirty or so people at the party．约有30人左右参加聚会。other than 除了

*He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.他除了向我要东西, 从不跟我说话.* She has no close friends other than him.她除了他以外没有好朋友.*He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan．除了日本以外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。out of 从……中

*Choose one out of these paintings．从这些画中选一幅。

*He picked the girl out of the crowd．他从人群中把这女孩挑了出来。out of breath 喘不过气来

I'm out of breath after running up the stairs.奔上楼梯我气喘吁吁。out of control 失去控制

The plane got out of control and crashed into the sea.飞机失控, 坠入大海。out of date 陈旧的，过时的

*The furniture is out of date．这家俱过时了。*Your methods have long gone out of date；you will have to modernize or risk failure．你的这些方法早已陈旧，你应当用现代化的方法，否则有失败的危险。

*He was out of favor in Paris and went to London．他在巴黎不受欢迎就到伦敦去了。*Your idea has gone out of date.你的观念已经过时了。out of doors 在户外

It's cold out of doors.外面很冷。out of order 次序混乱的，出故障的

*The room was out of order．整个房间乱七八糟。

*I checked the papers that were to be printed and noticed that one or two were out of order．我检查要印的文件，发现有一两处次序混乱。

out of place 位置不对的，不适当的

*Your books are out of place．你的书放错了位置。

*It was out of place for Russsell to laugh at the old lady．拉赛尔取笑这位老太是不对的。*His remarks were a bit out of place.他的话有点不恰当。

out of practice 久而不练的，荒疏的

She has been out of practice on the piano for a whole year.她已整整一年没有练钢琴了。out of sight 看不见的，在视野外的，十全十美的，好极的 *The plane was soon out of sight．飞机很快就看不见了。

*That birthday gift was really out of sight.那件生日礼物实在是太棒了。*His new sports car is really out of sight.他的新跑车实在太棒了。out of sight and out of mind 眼不见，心不烦 out of the question 不可能的

*To get there before seven is out of the question．7点以前赶到那儿是不可能的。*What you say is out of the question．你说的那事是办不到的。

*An expensive holiday abroad was out of the question on his salary．按他的工资水平，要花很多钱去国外度假是不可能的。

out of touch 不联系，不接触

*Fred has got out of touch with people in his hometown．弗雷德与他家乡人失去了联系。over and over(again)一再地，再三地

*I've warned you over and over again not to do that.我一再地警告你不要去做。prior to 在…..之前，居先

prior优先的，在前的

*He called on me prior to his departure．他临行前来看了我。quite a few 相当多，许多

*We didn't expect many to be present but quite a few people came to the meeting．我们并未指望有多少人出席，但还是很多人来参加了会议。

*Quite a few of the students were late.不少学生迟到了。

rather than 不是….(而是)，不愿，不要;与其说倒不如说

*I think I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee.我想喝冷饮, 不想喝咖啡.regardless of 不顾，不管

*Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower.他不顾危险地爬上了高塔。right away 立即，马上

*I'm sorry I forgot to bring your medicine down；I'll go upstairs and get it right away．很抱歉我忘记把药给你拿下来了，我马上上楼给你拿来。

*She says that dinner will be ready right away．她说晚饭马上就准备好了。side by side 在一起，肩并肩

*The two boys played side by side all afternoon．这两个男孩整个下午一直在一起玩。

*We must stand side by side in our days of trouble．在困难的日子里，我们一定要并肩站在一起。so far 迄今为止，到目前为止

*So far no further news had been obtained．至今没有得到进一步的消息。*The weather has been hot so far this summer．今年夏天天气一直很热。sooner or later 迟早，早晚

*You will repent it sooner or later．你迟早会后悔的。

*Although people would like to live forever，everyone has to die sooner or later．虽然人们都想永远活下去，但是每个人最终都是要死的。step by step逐步地

*Step by step I'll learn to do the work．我将逐步地学会干这项工作。

*A foreign language can't be learned rapidly；it must be learned step by step．学外语不能急，只能按部就班地学。

*His health is improving step by step.他的健康状况正在逐步好转。such as 例如，诸如

*Metals are such things as iron，gold and silver．金属是诸如铁、金和银这类的东西。thanks to 由于，多亏

*Thanks to your help，we succeeded．由于你的帮助，我们成功了。that is to say 换句话说，也就是说

*He runs after her；that is to say，he has fallen in love with her．他追求她，也就是说，他爱上了她。to the point 切中要害，切题

*His speech was very long and not to the point．他的演讲冗长而且不切题。under control 处于控制之下

*They have got flood waters under control．他们已使泛滥的洪水受到了控制。*I noticed that my legs are not well under control．我发觉我的两条腿不听使唤。under the circumstances 在这种情况下 up to date 最近的，最新的

*Your skirt is quite up to date．你的裙子款式是最时新的。

*Mother，you must get more up to date with modern styles！You can't wear those things．妈妈，你应该接受些时髦的东西，不能穿那些玩艺儿了。up to 直到…..;从事于，策划

*He hasn't seen any elephant up to the present day．他到现在也没有见过大象。

*Some people believe those men are spies，but no one knows what they are up to．有人认为那些人是间谍，但是没有人知道他们想干什么。

what if…..? 如果…..将会怎么样呢？，*I don't like to have you go boating in such weather．What if a storm should come up？我不想让你在这样的天气里去划船，要是刮起了大风暴怎么办？

*What if he doesn't come？We can not do without him．如果他不来怎么办？没有他，我们就无法干。what about……?

…….怎么样？ with respect to 至于，关于

*I have something to say with respect to our business．关于我们的业务，我想说几句。with regard to 至于，关于

without question 无疑的，的确的，毫无疑问的 with the exception of 除…..之外

*They passed the examination withthe exception of two．除了两人外，他们考试都通过了。word for word 逐字的，一字不差的

*Please tell me what the teacher said，word for word．请把老师的原话告诉我。

Friday, May 07, 2010

原海旺/原培旺于乔谢

本word内容参考于网络资源，经本人归纳之。

Monday, May 24, 2010