第一篇：《语言学概论》专项练习和综合测试题.
《语言学概论》专项练习和综合测试题
（王德寿根据中央电大胡老师发布资料整理）
一、根据下列汉语拼音字母写出相应的国际音标
ü()o()b()z()k()q()r()x()p()ch()c()h()d()ng()sh()
三、用严式国际音标写出下列音节中的拼音字母所代表的音位变体 ①写出字母a的音位变体：guang()hua()qian()kuai()xuan()②写出字母i的音位变体：bian()guai()shi()zi()ri()③写出字母e的音位变体：guen()de()ueng()zhuei()ke()
四、用严式国际音标标写下列韵母 iang()uei()uang()uen()ün()ao()uan()ing()ueng()uei()ian()uai()ang()üna()iou()
五、下列音节是根据汉语拼音方案的规则拼写的，请用严式国际音标写出来 xiang()guai()diu()wang()xuan()kun()jue()zhuang()chui()yuan()yang()ying()
六、用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音 1．新时代必须具有新思维。2．我们团结一心战胜非典。3．我乒乓球健儿夺得了四枚金牌。4．待到山花烂漫时她在丛中笑。
九、指出下列词语中的语素的类别
绝对 机会 恭候 地方 消费 老师 洒脱 歌手 电子 外语 电话 迅速 煤矿 和平民工 氧化 火化 启发 盖儿 迷惑
classmate power powerful practicable earthqueak secretary sensitive input examination everyone dismiss overcome teacher
十、指出下列合成词的构造方式 自力 自立 自信 自己 月亮 明亮 雪亮 照实 照料 照耀
照直 照顾 围棋 围墙 围裙 围巾 围脖 围观 围聚 围子 拖车 拖带 拖拉 拖网 拖鞋 拖欠 姐妹 血红 眼红 脸红 纸张 老手 骑手 左手 头脑 头发 头马 头子 头角 头痛 投敌 投递 投奔 投资 投放 投票 保存 保管 保底 保人
十一、指出下列词的组合的类型
大家努力 伟大光荣 研究问题 美好生活 看不清楚 十分仔细 冲了进去 贯彻执行 急速前进 喜欢表演 提高觉悟 侦破案件
十二、分析下列句子的结构层次关系，如果有歧义，要作不同分析 1．咬死了猎人的狗 2．咬死了学校的狗
3．他去世的父亲留下一大笔钱 4．他去世的时候大孩子才十岁 5．找到了叔叔的孩子穿着校服 6．他们终于在网吧找到了叔叔的孩子 7．热爱全国人民的好总理 8．打死了敌人的哨兵 9．挖煤的工人很辛苦 10．挖煤的表层很危险
十三、变换下列多义句式，使其具有单义 1．看见的是王老五。2．大门没有锁。
3．周为和王新的老师来了。4．我知道，真正支持的是厂长。5．看来，我们还需要学习文件。6．小王什么人都熟悉。
7．非洲语言研究取得了很大突破。8．访问美国归来的科学家。
十四、把下列句子变换成不同的句子，使其具有句法同义关系 1．我买回来一辆自行车。
2．我们准时完成了上级交给我们的任务。3．她昨天不小心摔断了胳膊。
4．突然而来的飓风刮翻了许多停在港湾的船只。
十五、指出下列句子中划线词语词形变化所表示的语法意义和语法范畴
1．Sh bought many pensils.2．The housework is being done by her.3．Wangfeng is taller than Zhangmin.4．He works in the city.5．They give thair books to me.6．I have written a letter to my friends.十六、综合自测题
一、举例解释下列名词（每词4分，共20分）1．组合关系 2．音位变体 3．词干 4．拼音文字 5．词语替换
二、填空（每空1分，共10分）
1．______的建立是语言学走上独立发展道路的一个标志。2．通过______，我们可以使用句型造出许许多多的句子来。3．音位可分两大类，例如汉语中的声调是______。
4．根据在词中的作用，语素可以分为三类，例如“I am going to buy some books”，其中单词books中的语素“s”是______。
5．“漂亮的景色”和“景色漂亮”的语法意义不同，造成这种不同的语法手段是______。
6．英语动词be有八种形式，其过去时的复数形式是______。7．词义的引申有两种方式，例如“病毒”，本义是指“比病菌小、多用电子显微镜才能看见的病原体”，引申义指计算机病毒，即破坏计算机系统的一种程序，这种引申方式是______。8．汉字的发展趋势是______。
9．语言在不同行业、不同阶层等社会因素方面发生变化，由此产生了______。10．词义会不断地发生变化，例如英语单词deer，过去泛指动物，现在只表示鹿，这种意义变化的方式叫做______。
三、选择题（每小题2分，共10分）
说明：每题只有一个正确答案，请将正确答案的字母序号填到题中横线上。
1． 下列说法只有______是正确的。A． 拉斯克是历史比较语言学的代表人物。B． 索绪尔的代表著作是《语言论》。
C． 语言的组合关系说明学习一种语言规则是可以类推的。D． 语言的任意性特点说明每个人都一改造语言规则的自由。
2．用严式国际音标给汉字注音，只有______组要用到音标a。A．装腔王高笑 B．烟元面全捐 C．家牙打哈抓 D．盖反外丹抬
3．分析句子“我们天天看见从东方的山峰后面升起来的太阳”，能得到的词组成分是______。
A． 天天看见从东方的山峰后面。B． 我们天天看见。C． 升起来的太阳。D．东方的山峰后面。
4．下列各种说法只有______是正确的。A． 一个词如果没有能产性特点就不是基本词。B． “光年 去年 前年 明年”可以构成义场。C． “团结”和“勾结”是同义词，但二者的感情色彩不同。D． “打扫卫生”不符合组合规则，是病句。5．下列说法只有______是正确的。A． 双语现象的最后结局是导致语言融合。B． 混合语不同于洋泾浜，它可以作为母语来学习。C． 语言要素的发展是不平衡的，语音变化最快
D． 词语替换指一个意思可以使用相同相近意思的词表达。
四、综合分析题（共20分）
1、比较下列各组属于普通话音位的异同。（6分）① i-y ② t-k ③ x-s
2、用严式国际音标给下面的汉字注音（4分）
说明：每个音节只要求写出元音和辅音，声调符号不用写出来。
团结起来夺取胜利
3、找出下面的多义短语然后分析其结构层次和结构关系。（4分）打伤学校的老师 咬死林场的职工 羽毛球拍卖完了 山里来的歌唱家
4、指出下列句子中的词语（画线部分）的形态变化所表示的语法范畴。（3分）She gives them some pens.（划线单词为第2、3、5个）
5.、变换下面具有语法多义的句子，使其变成单义结构。（3分）
我们负责给这个公司培养四个实验室技术员。
五、问答题（共40分）
1． 语言是社会现象还是自然现象？说说你的看法。（6分）2． 农民有农民的语言，地主有地主的语言，这是不是说语言有阶级性？（6分）
3． 语法范畴有哪些特点？试举一例说明。（8分）4． 什么是形态变化？包括哪些内容？举例说明。（8分）5． 什么是词义的概括性？有哪些表现形式？（6分）
6． 请解释说明什么是语言发展的渐变性特点和不平衡性特点。（6分）
第二篇：《语言学概论》练习
《语言学概论》练习
一、名词解释：
1、语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学，研究语言的性质、功能、结构，揭示语言的发展规律的科学。
2、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。
3、符号：符号是用于传递信息、指代事物或思想的标记。
4、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。
5、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。
6、语音：语音是语言符号系统的载体，它是由人的发音器官发出的、负载着一定的语言意义的语言的声音
7、音素从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
8、发音部位：发音部位是指发辅音时形成阻碍的器官部位。
9、音位：音位是指具体语言（或方言）中有 区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。
10、音位变体：是一个音位的不同变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
11、区别特征：一个音位之所以区别于别的音位，是因为它具有某种特殊的不同于别的音位的语音特征。这种能区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征。
12、音节：音节是音位与音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
13、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。
14、句子：句子是交际中最基本的表述单位，是交流思想的基本语言单位。
15、词：词是造句的时候能够独立运用的最小单位；
16、语素：语素是最小的语音语义结合体，语言的最小单位；
17、变词语素：没有构词作用，但是能改变一个词的形式的语素，是变词语素，词尾就是变词语素。
18、构词语素：具有构词作用的语素就是构词语素，词根和词缀能参与构词，就是构词语素。
19、单纯词：是由一个词根语素构成的词。例如汉语的“人、手、水、河、啊、琵琶、枇杷、哗啦、坦克”等，英语如man、teach、book、moon、sun、long等都是单纯词。20、合成词：合成词是由两个以上的语素构成的词。
21、复合词：完全由几个词根语素按一定规则构成的词就是复合词。例如汉语的“思想、学习、黄瓜、大豆、胆怯”等，英语的如“snowwhite、makeblieve、earthfall、friendship、motherland”等。
22、语法意义：指相对于词汇意义而言由词的变化所体现出来的意义。
23、形态：也叫做词形变化，指词与词组合时发生的词形变化所形成的聚合。
24、社会方言：社会方言是指社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的、在全民语言基础上产生的语言变体。
25、地域方言：地域方言指全民语言在不同地域上的分支，或一种语言的地方变体。
26、借词：也叫外来词，是音义都借自外语的词。
二、填空：
1、中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
2、我国传统的语文学“小学”包括音韵学、文字学、训诂学。
3、根据研究对象的不同，语言学可分为专语语言学、普通语言学两类。
4、结构主义语言学分布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派三个分支学派。
5、文字是建立在语言之上的一种最重要的辅助性交际工具。
6、任何符号，都包括形式和意义两个方面，是统一不可分割的。
7、语言符号具有任意性、线条性两个特点。
8、符号和符号组合起来的关系就是组合关系，一群具有相同作用的符号在同一个环节可以互相替换，它们之间的关系就是聚合关系。
9、音素是从语音的自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位，音位是从语音的社会属性角度划分出来的能区别词的 语音形式的最小语音单位。
10、语音具有物理属性、生理属性、社会属性，其中社会属性是语音的本质属性。
11、语音的四要素是指音高、音重、音长、音质。
12、音质是由发音体、发音方法、共鸣器形状三个方面的因素决定的。
13、人体发音器官可分为动力部分、发音体、共鸣腔三大部分。
14、根据发音特点，音素可分元音和辅音两大类。
15、元音的音色是由舌位的高低、舌位的前后、圆唇与否三个方面的因素决定的。如a是前、低、不圆唇元音，u是后、高、圆唇元音。
16、辅音的音质是由发音部位和发音方法两个方面决定的，如s是舌尖前清擦辅音，p是双唇不送气清塞辅音。
17、音位变体可分两种，出现条件受环境制约的是条件变体，没有条件限制的是自由变体。
18、声调具有区别意义的作用，叫非音质音位。
19、汉语声调可分阴平、阳平、上声和去声四种，调值分别是55、35、214和51。20、t和k的区别特征是：t是舌尖前音，k是舌面后音。
21、汉语音节可分声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分韵头、韵腹和韵尾三部分。
22、从韵头情况看，汉语韵母可分开口呼、齐齿呼、合口呼、撮口呼四类。
23、语法单位包括语素、词、词组、句子。
24、语素可分词根、词缀、词尾三类，其中词根、词缀是构词语素，又叫词干，词尾是变词语素。如dislikes，其中dis是前缀，like词根，dislike是词干，s是词尾。
25、词从结构成分看可分单纯词与合成词两类。
26、合成词可分复合词与派生词两类，如“女性”是复合词，“弹性”是派生词。
27、语法组合的基本类型有主谓、偏正、述宾、述补、联合五种，如“热爱生活”是述宾，“说不清楚”是述补。
28、常用的语法手段主要有选词、词序、虚词、词形变化。
29、常见的语法范畴包括性、数、格、时和体、人称、态、级等。30、基本词汇具有普遍性、稳固性、能产性三个特点。
31、词义概括性具体表现在一般性、模糊性、全民性三个方面。
32、词义引申的方式有两种，如“红领巾”本义是红色的领巾，派生义指少先队员，这是换喻；“高峰”本义是指高的山峰，派生义指事物发展的最高点，这是隐喻。
33、同义词“妻子”和“夫人”的语体色彩不同，“团结”和“勾结”感情色彩不同。
34、“桃树”、“李树”、“杏树”可归入果树义场，“汽车”、“火车”、“轮船”、“飞机”可归入交通工具义场。
35、词语的搭配一方面要受到语法规则的支配，另一方面要受到语义条件的限制。
36、文字的主要作用是突破了语言的时间和空间限制，扩大了语言的使用范围。
37、从造字法看，文字经历了表意、意音和表音三个阶段的发展。
38、书面语是在口语的基础上产生发展的，口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。
39、语言要随着社会的发展而发展，社会发展是语言发展的基本条件。40、语言系统的发展具有渐变性和不平衡性特点。
41、社会方言包括行业用语、阶级方言、科技术语等。
42、现代汉语有七大方言，如吴方言以苏州话为代表，北方方言以北京话为代表，湘方言以长沙话为代表。
43、汉语属于汉藏语系，英语、法语属于印欧语系。
44、从语法结构角度看，语言可分孤立语、屈折语、黏着语、复综语四种。
45、共同语一般是在某一种语言或方言的基础上建立起来的。
46、汉语借词主要有音译、音译加意译和半音译半意译等方式。
47、从词义演变结果看，新义主要有词义的扩大、缩小和转移三种情况。
三、判断：
1、“小学”是我国传统的语文学，包括文字、音韵、训诂三方面内容。（对）
2、古人研究语言，以口语为主，目的是指导人们更好地运用语言。（错）
3、专语语言学以某一具体的语言为研究对象，如现代汉语就是专语语言学。（对）
4、历史比较语言学的建立是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。（对）
5、索绪尔的代表著作是《语言论》。（错）
6、单纯的语言是不存在的，都以个体的形式存在着。（对）
7、语言是抽象的，说话是具体的。（对）
8、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是最重要的交际工具。（错）
9、不同的阶级使用语言有不同的特点，这反映了语言是有阶级性的。（错）
10、符号的意义内容比符号的外在形式更重要。（错）
11、没有形式，符号不可能存在，因此符号的形式比意义内容更重要。（错）
12、语言符号的任意性特点是指语言的运用是依据个人好恶组织材料的。（错）
13、人类不同的语言说明了语言的任意性特点，是语言任意性的反映。（对）
14、语言二层性的核心是以少驭多，反映了语言的生成性特点。（对）
15、聚合反映了语言的结构法则，组合是对法则的运用和扩展。（错）
16、语音的最小单位是音位，是从自然属性角度划分出来的。（错）
17、汉语拼音中的h，国际音标用x表示。（对）
18、生理属性是语音的本质属性。
19、音高在汉语中具有区别意义的作用。20、元音和辅音的本质区别在于发音时气流是否受阻。
21、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上腭。
22、元音u和o的区别是舌位高低不同，其他方面没有区别。
23、辅音的音质特点是由发音部位决定的。
24、[b]的发音情况是：双唇、不送气、清、塞音。
25、音位和音素的内涵是一样的，一个音素就是一个音位。
26、国际音标[t‘]相当于汉语拼音中的声母z和zh。
27、普通话的声调分四类，其中上声的调值是35。
28、音位/p/和/p‘/只有一个不同的区别特征。
29、聚合规则是潜在的，它储存于人们的脑子中。30、后缀又叫词尾，具有构词功能。
31、一个词中的变词语素是指除去词根的部分。
32、词干通常由一个语素构成。
33、一个语素一般不能小于一个音节。
34、词从结构成分角度看可分单纯词和合成词两类。
35、无论英语还是汉语，加词缀的词都是合成词。
36、“买一本”是述宾结构，“买一次”是述补结构。
37、“红”的语法意义就是指一种颜色，与白、黑等相对而言。
38、语法范畴就是语法意义的类的概括，语法手段是构成语法形式的方式。
39、在有形态变化的语言中，加词尾或内部曲折都是重要的语法手段。
（如果印刷错误“屈折”印成“曲折”也算错，那就是错的）40、“He write a letters”这个句子，在人称和数的方面都错了。
41、施事就是主语，主语就是施事，二者是对应的。
42、“那是一只狼也不怕的狗”，就是一个歧义句。
43、孤立语的主要特点是缺乏词形变化。
44、“啊”“五”“的”等词能产性差，不是基本词汇。
45、词义的模糊性不是说词的意义不可捉摸。
46、“铁窗”本义指有铁栅栏的窗户，派生义指监牢，这是换喻。
47、同义词“商量—磋商”的意义差别主要是语体风格不同。
48、文字是记录语言的书写符号系统，记录语言的声音和意义。
49、汉字的特点与汉语语素的特点相适应。50、汉字是非拼音文字，主要记录意义。
51、英文是拼音文字，主要记录语音。
52、汉字以形声字为主，是一种典型的意音文字。
（错）（对）（对）（错）（对）（错）（错）（错）（错）（错）（对）（对）（错）（错）（错）（对）（对）（对）（对）（错）（错）（对）（对）（错）（对）（对）（错）（对）（对）（对）（对）（对）（错）（错）（对）
53、口语是在书面语基础上产生的，其发展离不开书面语的发展。（错）
54、腓尼基字母是今天世界上大多数字母的源头。（对）
55、语言发展的渐变性和不平衡性从根本上说是由语言的社会功能决定的。（对）
56、社会方言和地域方言其实都是语言发展不平衡的产物。（对）
57、共同语基础方言的确立是任意的，没有什么道理可言。（错）
58、语言可以从谱系和类型角度分类，分类结果是一样的，具有对应关系。（错）
59、意译词和仿译词的来源都是外来词，所以都是借词。（错）60、一种语言驱动另一种语言，政治上是否处于统治地位要起决定作用。（错）61、洋泾浜就是皮钦语，混合语就是克里奥尔语。（对）62、洋泾浜就是克里奥尔语，混合语就是皮钦语。（错）63、有些古诗今天读来不押韵，那是因为语音上发生了变化的缘故。（对）64、语法的组合规则总是有例外的，不能完全类推。（对）65、古代汉语中的“鹰”、“梅”今天使用“老鹰”，“梅花”，这是词语的替换。（对）
四、单项选择
1、（B）是结构主义语言学的一个分支。
A、历史比较语言学；B、哥本哈根学派；C、转换生成语言学；D、社会语言学。
2、《普通语言学教程》著名语言学家（A）的代表作。A、索绪尔；B、鲍厄斯；C、萨丕尔；D、乔姆斯基。
3、下列说法（A）不正确。
A、语言就是说话，说话就是语言。B、语言是思想的直接现实。
C、语言可以表达不同的思想意识，但没有阶级性； D、语言既不属于上层建筑，也不属于经济基础。
4、下列说法只有（C）正确。
A、语言是一种自然现象；B、没有语言，利用文字照样可以进行交际。C、在语言的辅助交际工具中，文字是最重要的。D、汉语的“主席”，英语用“chairman”表示，这里反映了思维能力的民族性。
5、语言符号的任意性特点说明了（D）
A、语言是人类最重要的交际工具；B、语言是人类的思维工具； C、语言具有组合关系和聚合关系；D、语言是一种社会特有的现象。
6、语言符号的层级性的核心是（A）
A、以少驭多；B、具有生成性；C、语言比较复杂；D、可以任意组合。
7、从社会属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（D）A、元音；B、辅音；C、音素；D、音位。
8、国际音标主要是以（C）字母为基础制订的。A、英语；B、法语；C、拉丁；D、希腊。
9、汉语拼音中的ǖ、c、h，国际音标分别标写作（C）。
10、下列说法，只有（D）正确。
A、振幅越大，声音就越弱；B、振幅越大，声音就越长； C、频率越多，声音就越低；D、频率越多，声音就越高。
11、对发音器官功能的描述，（B）是正确的。
A、声带在发音中的作用是次要的；B、舌头的活动，起了调节共鸣器开头的作用； C、口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭；D、声带、舌头等是被动发音器官。
12、关于元音和辅音的区别的描述，（C）是正确的。
A、元音发音时间短暂，辅音发音时间较长； B、辅音发音响亮，元音发音不响亮；
C、发辅音气流受阻，发元音气流不受阻； D、发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张。
13、下列汉语拼音和国际音标对应正确的一组是（C）A、d—[d]；B、p—[p]；C、h—[x]；D、b—[b]。
14、下列发音方法完全相同的一组辅音是(D)。
A、[t]—[d]；B、[b]—[p]；C、[s]—[z]；D、[t]—[k]。
15、下列各组元音区别的描述，（A）是错误的。
A、i和y的区别是舌位前后不同；B、u和o的区别是舌位高低不同； C、a和后a的区别是舌位前后不同；D、i和a的区别是舌位高低不同。
16、下列各组辅音，区别特征为清浊对立的一组是（B）
A、[x]—[h]；B、[t]—[d]；C、[x]—[k]；D、[ts]—[ts‘]。
17、下列说法，（A）是正确的。
A、音位具有区别意义的作用；B、音素具有区别意义的作用； C、声母具有区别意义的作用；D、韵母具有区别意义的作用。
18、我们在念“展览”时，通常要把“展”念成阳平，这种变化叫做（B）。A、同化；B、异化；C、弱化；D、脱落。
19、对英语单词“congratulations”的结构要素的分析。（C）是正确的。A、congr是前缀；B、tions是后缀；C、ion是后缀；D、s是构词语素。20、对英语单词“classmate”的结构要素分析，（B）是正确的。A、只有class是词根B、class和mate都是构词语素 C、mate是后缀D、mate是唯一的词根；
21、“看电影”属于相同组合类型的词组是（A）A、看一本；B、看一回；C、看一次；D、看一遍。
22、从语法范畴诸要素看，下列句子（C）是正确的。
A、l has many thing.B、she have a brothers.C、Smith likes to play ball.D、Mother doing housework.23、孤立语的主要特点是（B）
A、具有丰富的形态变化；B、缺乏词形变化；C、具有较丰富的形态变化；D变词语丰富。
24、下列各种说法，（D）不正确的。
A、有些词的本义已经消失了 B、词义的一般性指词义不是反映个别事物现象的 C、词义的全民性是说词义没有阶级性 D、没有能产性特征特点的词不是基本词
25、汉字与汉语相适应，（D）正说明了这一点。
A、汉字的字形反映了汉语音节结构特点； B、汉字结构反映了汉语语素的特点；
C、汉字是意音文字，记录了汉语的音和义； D、汉字表示音节，同汉语语素特点比较一致。
26、汉字是意音文字，这里的“音”是指（D）
A、音位 B、音素 C、音质 D、音节
27、下列各种说法，（A）是不正确的。
A、书面语一般要先于口语产生；B、书面语的发展离不开口语； C、书面语的发展是口语促进的；D、书面语比较严谨规范。
28、下列说法只有（C）是正确的。
A、语言的发展促进了社会的发展；B、社会随着语言的发展而发展；
C、语汇反映社会发展的情况最为直接；D、语言发展的不平衡性指元音比辅音变化快。
29、地域方言的差别，主要体现在（A）方面。
A、语音；B、词汇；C、语法；D、词义。30、下列谱系分类，（D）是错误的。
A、印欧语系；B、乌拉尔语系；C、汉藏语系；D、日尔曼语系。
31、（B）词语全都是借词。
A、激光、民主；B、芭蕾、镭射；C、蜜月、躺椅；D、面包、水泥。
32、（C）是柴门霍夫创造的。
A、洋泾浜；B、皮钦语；C、世界语；D、克里奥尔。
33、“瓦”原来是陶制品的总称，现指盖房用的土器，这是（B）。A、词义的扩大；B、词义的缩小；C、词义的转移；D、词义的消失。
五、综合分析：
1、分析下列音素的发音特点：
（1）：前、低、不圆唇元音；（2）：后、半高、圆唇元音；（3）：前、高、圆唇元音；（4）：后、低、不圆唇元音；（5）：前、次低、不圆唇元音；（6）：齿间、清、擦辅音；（7）：舌面前、清、擦辅音；（8）：舌面后、清、擦辅音；
（9）：双唇、浊、塞辅音；（10）：双唇、不送气、清、塞辅音。
2、给下面的句子注上国际音标：
A、我们走进了一个新的时代[] 512***35B、万水千山总是情[]
3、分析下列合成词的结构方式：
秘密（并）；诗篇（补）；觉醒（并）；捐献（并）；伤心（支）；诚心（偏）；称心（支）；卧铺（偏）；火红（偏）；火海（偏）；脸红（陈）；热爱（偏）；火热（偏）；眼热（陈）；围墙（偏）；围脖（支）；围嘴（支）；围巾（偏）；围困（补）；围裙（偏）；包裹（并）；裹腿（支）；拖鞋（偏）；皮鞋（偏）。
4、分析下列词组的结构层次关系，如果是多义词组，要作不同分析，同时放到不同的语言环境中，使其变成单义的词组。
（1）发现了敌人的先头部队； 发现了敌人的先头部队；
| || | | || | 述 宾 偏 正
| || | | || || || | 偏 正 述 宾 偏 正
| || | 偏 正
我们发现了敌人的先头部队——我们的先头部队发现了敌人。
（2）大力发展网络教育；
| || | 偏 正
| || | 述 宾
| || | 偏 正
（3）咬死了敌人的狗； 咬死了敌人的狗；
| || | | || | 述 宾 偏 正
| || || || | | || | 述 补 偏 正 述 宾 | || | 述补
我们的狗咬死了敌人的狗——我们的狗咬死了敌人。
（4）热爱人民的好干部； 热爱人民的好干部；
| || | | || | 述 宾 偏 正
| || | | || | | || | 偏 正 述 宾 偏正 | || | 偏 正
我们热爱人民的好干部——这位好干部热爱人民。
（5）这个人他认识。
| || | 主 谓
| || || || | 偏 正 主 谓
5、比较下列英汉句子中的划线部分，说明其中的语法上的差异。（1）a．英语：He does homework。They do homework。21
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51b．汉语：他做家务。他们做家务。
（英语中第三人称单数和复数有区别；汉语中第三人称单数和复数没有区别）（2）a．英语：He let me help him。They let us help them。b．汉语：他让我帮助他。他们让我们帮助他们。
（英语中人称代词作主格和宾格不一样；汉语中人称代词作主格和宾格一样）（3）a．英语：I have a book。I have seven books。
b．汉语：我有一本书。我有七本书。
（英语中名词单数和复数是不一样的；汉语中名词单数和复数是一样的）（4）a．英语：I have a black pen。I have a blacker pen。
b．汉语：我有一支黑钢笔。我有一支较黑的钢笔。（英语中原级和比较级不一样，后者在原级的基础上，用了“er”；汉语中，在形容词前加一“较”字）（5）a．英语：I write a letter。I wrote a letter。I shall write a let。
b．汉语：我写信。我写了信。我将写信。
（英语中，一用了一般现在时，一用了过去时，一用了将来时；汉语中，第二句后面用“了”表示“过去”，第三句前面用“将”表示“将来”）
6、变换下列句子，使其具有句法同义关系。（1）我们找到了丢失的孩子 丢失的孩子我们找到了
丢失的孩子，被我们找到了 我们把丢失的孩子找到了。（2）我认识这个人。这个人，我认识。
7、分析划线部分所表示的语法范畴和语法意义：（1）I am doing housework.语法范畴：体；语法意义：动词的现在分词表示动作正在进行。（2）He works hard。
语法范畴：人称；语法意义：动词加s表示第三人称单数，与其他人称对立。（3）She had lost her keys。
语法范畴：数；语法意义：名词加s表示复数，与单数对立。（4）She gave him a book
语法范畴：格；语法意义：代词的主格形式。
语法范畴：时；语法意义：动词的过去时表示动作已经发生。语法范畴：格；语法意义：代词的宾格形式。（5）He studies better than I 语法范畴：人称；语法意义：动词加去y加ies表示第三人称单数，与其他人称对立。语法范畴：级；语法意义：异根的词形变化表示比较级。
六、问答题：
1、为什么说历史比较语言学在语言学史上地位十分重要？
历史比较语言学从前又称比较语法，通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律，拟测它们的共同母语。历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，主要是印欧语系的历史比较。19世纪之前，这种研究不是没有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世纪才进入系统的研究，并使语言学走上独立发展的道路。19世纪历史比较语言学家为语言学的发展做出了重要贡献。他们收集了丰富的语言材料，进行了广泛深入的调查和比较，不仅提出了人类语言演变过程的假设，画出了世界语言的谱系，而且还创造出比较科学的研究方法，提出了有关语言起源、语言本质的新理论，为后来结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件。
2、、语言有哪些社会职能？对人类社会有什么重要意义？
答：
3、为什么说语言不是自然现象？为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象？
答：语言不是自然现象，而是社会现象。（1）如果语言是自然的，其产生发展就应该有自己的规律，不以人的意 志为转移，社会的发展变化也不会给语言造成任何的影响，而实际上恰恰相反，语言的产生与发展都是同社会密切地联系在一起的。（2）如果语言是自然现象，其产生和发展就应该有自己的一套规律，不受人类的约束。自然的东西只能利用，不可能创造，而语言却是人类创造的，同人类一道发展的。比如古代汉语没有电视、电脑、广播等词，而现代汉语有这些词，这是因为社会发展了，客观世界有了这些事物，语言中才相应地有了这些词。（3）如果语言是自然现象，其词汇系统就不应该有这样的差别。可见，语言是完全依赖于社会的，离不开社会的，它的发展变化也是服从社会的需要的。语言与社会的联系是如此密切，对人类社会有如空气和水一样重要；（4）如果语言是自然现象，那么世界上就不应该有这样多的语言，不同民族不同国家的语言应该是一样的，而实际上世界上的语言多达5千多种，还有许多没有发现，这都只能从社会性方面才能加以解释，从自然现象角度就无法解释清楚。
第二问„„„„
4、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？
答：
5、语言和思维有怎样的关系？
答：
6、符号应具备哪些条件？语言和一般符号有何异同？
答：
7、什么是语言的二层性？其核心是什么？举例说明。
答：语言的二层性指语言是由音位层和由音义结合的符号序列层构成的装置。语言的底层是一套音位，语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分语素、词、句子三级。
核心是以少驭多。如汉语的底层是30个左右的音位，它们组成数千个语素，而这些语素又组成数十万条词，词又组成无穷无尽的句子。
8、举例说明什么是组合关系和聚合关系？
答：
9、语音有哪些属性？什么是语音的本质属性？
答：物理属性、生理属性、社会属性。社会属性是本质属性。
10、不同的音质是由什么决定的？举例说明。
答：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器的形状这三个发音条件中只要有一个不同，就会产生不同音质的声音。具体看《学习指导书》第42页末三段。
11、元音和辅音的差别有哪几个方面？
答：见书第59页，三点。
12、音位和音素的区别与联系是什么？
答：
13、什么是语法意义？什么是语法形式？二者有怎样的关系？
答：
14、汉语表示语法意义的语法手段主要有哪些？
答：一是词序，二是虚词。具体见书第99页。
15、语言的结构类型可分哪几种？主要特点是什么？
答：具体见《学习指导书》第84—85页。
16、文字的主要作用是什么？
答：具体见《学习指导书》第114—115页。
17、社会方言和地域方言有何异同？
答：
18、词语替换的原因是什么？
答：书第246页，三点原因。（1）社会的因素；（2）语言系统内部的原因；（3）语言表达的精密化。20、词汇发展变化表现在哪些方面？
答：具体见《学习指导书》第168页。
19、语言发展的不平衡性特点主要体现在哪些方面？
答：体现在两个方面： 一是语言系统的各个组成部分发展速度不一样，其中词汇变化最快；语言系统各个组成部分中，词汇的变化最迅速，这是因为词汇与社会的联系最紧密，最直接，对社会的发展变化反应也最灵敏，社会的变化，现实现象的产生与消失，随时都能在词汇中反映出来。
二是语言在不同地域的发展速度和发展方向也不一样。由于各地的社会政治、经济和文化等方面的发展水平不一致，往往导致语言在不同地域的发展变化具有不同的特点，呈现出不平衡性的特点。20、词缀和词尾有什么不同？举例说明。
答：
1、从位置看，词尾只能出现在整个词的后面，不能出现在其它位置上，这个词可能是词根构成的，也可能有后缀，那么词尾只能在后缀的后面，例如“reader”加上词尾s、“working”加上词尾ing都只能在词根或后缀的后面。而词缀有的在词的后面，例如“记者、读者、西化、年头、鼓手、凳子、really、teacher、widen、happiness”；有的在词的前面，如“dislike、rebuild、informal、disagree、enlarge、unhappy、老乡、阿爸、第一”；少数还在词的中间，比较少见，有人认为汉语“胡里糊涂、罗里罗嗦、肮里肮脏”中间的成分是中缀。
2、从功能看，词缀可以构成新词，是词的构成部分，是固定在词的结构中的，是构词的语素。词尾不是词的构成成分，不能构成新词，它只是改变词的形式，表示某种语法意义，属于变词语素。词尾所表示的语法意义，是通过语法单位（例如词或语素）的组合体现出来的，一般只在具体的句子中才出现，单独一个词，没有组合，没有语境，没有与具体的语法意义相联系，也没有相应的语法形式，当然就不可能出现词尾。比如“reader”加上词尾s变成readers，仍然是“读者”的意思，其中的s表示复数，“working”加上词尾ing变成working，意思仍然是“工作”，其中的词尾ing表示进行体。因此，词尾的变化可以改变一个词的形式，但不是构成不同的词，如works、worked、working，仍然是单词work，没有变成别的词。汉语没有词尾。
21、“太阳红”和“红太阳”的语法意义有什么差别？二者区别的语法手段是什么？
语法意义与词汇意义相对而言，是语法单位在组合中所产生的意义。“太阳红”是主谓短语，表示的语法意义是“陈述”。“红太阳”是偏正短语，表示的语法意义是“修饰”。这两种语法意义的不同是通过词序（语序）的不同表现出来的。
22、词汇系统的变化有哪些方面？举例说明。
答：词汇系统的发展变化，主要表现在以下三个方面：
1．新词的产生和旧词的消亡。社会是不断发展变化的，新的事物、现象、观念的出现，就需要有相应的词语来指称，于是新词随之而生，如“火箭、导弹、电冰箱、摄像机、大腕、款爷、个体户、抢滩、网友、网民”等。同新词的产生一样社会中旧事物的消亡、认识的变化等也可以引起词语的消亡，如“皇帝、太监、娘娘、顶戴、马褂、红卫兵、走资派”等词语，现在语言中就很少使用直至逐渐消亡。
2．词语的替换。即改变某类现实现象的名称，换一种说法。这也是词汇演变中的一种常见现象。引起词语替换的原因可能是社会方面的，如“邮差”改为“邮递员”、“戏子”改为“演员”等就是由于人们的社会意识的改变而替换的，而“目”改为“眼睛”则是由于现代汉语词汇双音化这一语言系统内部原因造成的。
3． 词义的演变。词义的演变是指词的形式不变而意义发生了变化。引起词义变化的因素很多，如“布”，古代只指麻织物，而今天则是棉、麻、化纤织物及混纺织物的统称，这是由于现实现象的变化而引起的词义变化。再如“虹”，古人认为它是一种有生命的虫，能饮水，而今天人们则认识到“虹”是由于阳光照在水滴上，经折射、反射、衍射而形成在雨幕或雾幕上的彩色圆弧，是一种天气现象。这是由于人们对现实现象认识的发展而引起的词义的变化。词义的演变，从其演变的结果来看，新义不外是旧义的扩大、缩小和转移三种情况。
第三篇：语言学概论思考与练习
语言学概论思考与练习
注：有★号的为重点题目。1． 为什么说社会劳动创造了人类的语言？
2． ★人类的语言与动物的“语言”有何本质区别? 3． ★人类的语言为什么构造如此灵巧？
4． 如何理解“鹦鹉能言，不离飞鸟；猩猩能言，不离禽兽”？ 5． ★荀子说：“名无固宜，约之以命。约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜。”你如何理解？试加评述。
6． ★什么是语言符号任意性原则？你如何理解？试联系语言事实加以论述。7． ★因为布谷鸟发出“布谷！布谷！”的声音，所以叫“布谷鸟”。可见语言符号的音义之间是有联系的，任意性原则站不住脚。你以为如何？ 8． 关于幼儿是如何习得语言的有哪几种假说？试加评述。9． ★语言作为一个符号系统有哪些特性？ 10． ★简述语言、言语以及二者的关系。11． ★语言有哪些主要功能？最基本的功能是什么？为什么？ 12． ★怎样理解语言是思维的重要工具但不是唯一工具？试举例说明。13． 简述语言和思维的关系。14． “此人名叫王大谋，想必深有谋略，我们还是小心为妙。”你对此人的推论有何评说？试从语言符号任意性的角度加以论述。15． ★你怎样理解“只可意会，不可言传”这种现象？试用语言学理论加以分析评述？ 16． 语言是如何构造并运转的？ 17． ★什么是组合关系和聚合关系？二者关系如何？ 18． 语言单位归并应遵循哪些原则？ 19． ★举例说明切分和归并及二者的关系。20． 请将下列语言片段的词和语素切分出来：
科学技术是第一生产力
发展才是硬道理 21． 语言有哪些主要的机制？它们的作用及相互关系怎样？（重点：预设、经济、对称、类推机制）22． ★某展览会上立有一块“眼看手勿动”的牌子，某看客好奇地用脚踢了一下展品，被主办方抓住罚款，看客非常不服气地说“你们的牌子上只写明不能用手动展品，并没有写明不能用脚动展品。”试用语言学原理对看客的言行加以分析评述。23． ★能对常见的元音、辅音进行描写分析，能用国际音标给汉字注音。
31．分析描写下列音素的发音条件：
[p] [ts] [k`] [e] [ε] [o]
32．分析下面每组音中两个音在发音上的相同点和不同点：
[ŋ]-----[m]
[ɛ]----[o]
33．用国际音标给下列汉字注音：
坚持科学发展观，构建和谐社会。
34．分析下列语流音变现象：
１
棉袍[min p’ɑu ] → [mim p’ɑu ] 衣服 [i fu ]→ [i f] 你们[ni mən] → [ni m] individual[individʒ uə l] →[innividʒ uə l]（个人的）
35．★什么是音位？音位与音素有何区别？
36．★[p]和[p’]从实际的音值来看，无论是在汉语中还是在英语中，它们都是两个不同的音，即是两个不同的音素，可是在汉语中为什么要把它们归并为两个不同的语音单位，即两个音位；而在英语中却要归并为一个单位，即一个音位呢？
37．★ɑ这个符号在汉语拼音方案中一共代表几个音？e这个符号在汉语拼音方案中一共代表几个音？为什么一个符号可以代表几个不同的音？请谈谈音位理论在汉语拼音方案中的应用。
38．整理出自己方言的音位系统（声母、韵母、声调）39．★分析下列词的结构：
现代、现代化、记忆、雪花、枕巾、枕木、摇篮、摇把、司令、司机、烂漫、浪漫、展开、开展、试验、实验、化验、立冬、冬至、春分、彻底、认真、和平、平和、莲子、帘子、子弹、子孙、孙子、chairperson
impossible
gentleman
gentlemanly 40．★常见的表达语法意义的语法手段有哪些？试举例说明。36．★汉语表达语法意义的语法手段主要是哪些？试举例说明。37．名词、代词有哪些常见的语法范畴？试举例说明。38．★动词有哪些常见的语法范畴？试举例说明。
39．在词与词的组合上汉英各有什么特点？试举例说明。
40．★划分词类的标准是什么？汉语划分词类的标准的具体内容是什么？ 41．★语言的词组有哪些基本组合类型？试举例说明。42．句子和词组（短语）有哪些区别？试举例说明。43．层次分析法有哪些优缺点？试举例说明。
44．什么是显性的语法关系？什么是隐形的语法关系？ 45．★用层次分析法分析下列语言结构，如有歧义的应作不同的分析，如有隐性关系的也应作分析：
沉着应对国际金融危机
保护环境就是保护我们自己
王教授满意地点了一下头
我有能力完成这项艰巨的任务
习惯和现状往往束缚人们的头脑
世界珍稀濒危动物国宝大熊猫 整顿市场经济秩序的重要意义 喜欢看焦点访谈节目的女孩
46．根据形态标准可以把世界上的语言分为哪几类？汉语属于哪一类？为什么？ 47．★什么是词义？词义有哪些性质？请举例说明。48．★从原生义到派生义主要有哪些模式？请举例说明。
49．“天堂、地狱、鬼神”等在现实中并不存在，可是语言中为什么会有这样的词呢？ 50．词义到底包含哪些具体内容？试举例说明。51．词义间有哪些主要的关系？试举例说明。52．为什么“好”和“不好”不能构成反义词？
２
53．用义素分析法分析下面各组词的词义：
俯瞰---仰视---眺望
电筒---蜡烛---电灯
哥哥---姐姐---弟弟---妹妹
父亲---母亲---儿子---女儿 54．义素分析法有什么优缺点？
55．★一句话的意义是否等于这句话所包含的词义之和？为什么？试举例说明。56．句子中词义的选择和限制主要受哪些因素的影响？试举例说明。57．★有哪些常见的歧义现象？如何消除歧义？
58．预设的真实是一句话语义真实的充分条件，对吗？为什么?试举例说明。59．★什么是语言变异？语言有哪些类型的变异？ 60．社会方言和地域方言有哪些区别和联系？
61．★什么是言语行为？举例说明直接言语行为和间接言语行为。62．★什么是合作原则？它包含哪些准则? 63．★分析下面话语的语用推理过程，写出语用推导式，并分析会话含义产生的原因。
甲：你小心点！
乙：我什么风浪没见过！
甲：这孩子将来要做官的。
乙：这孩子将来要死的。
丙：这孩子哎嗨，啊唷，哦„„
甲：我昨天买的衣服怎么样？
乙：颜色还可以。
64．试联系身边的语言事实分析一下违反语用原则会产生什么样的结果？ 65．在交际中，除了要遵循合作原则以外，还应遵循什么原则？这些原则与合作原则关系怎样？
66．语用推理与逻辑推理有何不同？ 67．★联系实际说明语境的作用。
68．★什么是语言演变？其原因和特点是什么？ 69．语言演变和语言变异有何区别和联系？ 70．语流音变和语音演变有何区别和联系？
71．★方言是怎样产生的？共同语是怎样产生的？方言和共同语的关系怎样？ 72．★什么是语音演变规律？试举例说明它有什么特点？ 73．★举例说明词义演变的原因、途径、结果。74．★举例说明新词产生的途径。75．★语言接触表现在哪些方面？
76．★什么是借词？谈谈新时期的汉语借词。
77．汉藏语系语言和印欧语系语言有哪些主要差别？ 78．★为什么说语言随着社会的发展而发展？ 79．什么是文字？文字与记事图画有何本质区别？ 80．★文字和语言关系怎样？
81．从当前汉语的字母词看语言与文字的关系？ 82．★简述文字的作用。
83．★什么是表意文字？什么是表音文字？二者各有什么优缺点？ 84．简述世界五大文字体系的基本情况。
３
第四篇：杨忠--语言学概论 课后综合测试题及中文版答案
综合测试题
（一）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points)：
()1.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()2.The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.()3.The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.()4.Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()5.Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.()6.According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.()7.Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.()8.Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.()9.Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.()10.Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.creativity
B.arbitrariness
C.displacement
D.interchangeability 2.Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language.A.analytic
B.isolating
C.synthetic
D.agglutinating 3.The general roles language plays are termed
A.metalanguages
B.metafunctions
C.metadiscourses
D.metagrammar 4.____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.A.Blending
B.Eponyms
C.Backformation
D.Clipping 5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________.A.suffix
B.prefix
C.morpheme
D.morph 6.__________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A.Environmentalist
B.functionalist
C.nativist
D.both a and b 7.Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC.are called __________.A.person deixis
B.time deixis
C.place deixis
D.discourse deixis 8.Every syllable has a(n)__________, which is usually a vowel.A.nucleus
B.onset
C.code
D.rhyme 9.___________ is defined as the study of meaning.A.linguistics
B.semantics
C.morphology
D.pragmatics 10.A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A.pidgin
B.creole
C.Esperanto
D.natural language
III.Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a, b…j into brackets:(10 points)A()1.Socialinguistics()2.Applied Linguistics()3.Morphology()4.Phonetics()5.Linguistics()6.Syntax()7.Psycholinguistics()8.Pragmatics()9.Phonology()10 Semantics B a.the analysis of sentence structure b.the analysis of meaning in context c.the analysis of meaning
d.the study of sound systems and patterns
e.the application of linguistic theories to other spheres f.the study of speech sounds
g.the study of the relationship between language and society h.the study of word structure i.the scientific study of language
j.the study of the relationship between language and mind
IV.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they all share:(10 points)1.[t∫][dз]
2.[m] [n] [ɡ]
3.[f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h]
4.[d] [n] [z] [l] [r]
5.[i:] [i] [u:] [u]
V.Consider the following words and fill in the form:(10 points)Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes
stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism
VI.Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences:(10 points)1.The duck is too hot to eat.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________ 2.Visiting friends can be boring.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________
VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.derivation
2.learner factors
VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)
1.What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat”? 2.What are the features of modern linguistics?
3.According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?
综合测试题
（二）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.()2.Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()3.Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation according to Halliday.()4.Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.()5.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.()6.Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.()7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.()8.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.()10.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The language used to talk about language is called __________.A.language
B.metalanguage
C.natural language
D.artificial language 2.[+continuant] specifies ________________.A.all the fricatives
B.all the fricatives and glides C.all the fricatives and liquids
D.all the fricatives, liquids and glides 3._________ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A.Coinage
B.Blending
C.Acronmyms
D.Clipping 4.A __________ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A.morpheme
B.word
C.phoneme
D.allophones 5.The word ―multinationality has ___________ morphemes.A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5 6._________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use‖, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are ―varieties according to user‖.A.field
B.mode
C.tenor
D.register 7.__________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.back-channel signals
B.adjacency pairs C.pre-sequences
D.insertion sequences 8.The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice(1975)as ____________.A.the principle of relevance
B.cooperative principle C.the politeness principle
D.the theory of prototypes 9.Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in __________.A.affective meaning
B.style
C.collocation
D.register 10.―John explained the theory‖ is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A.material
B.mental
C.verbal
D.behavioral
III.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Specially, there are four m__________ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.2.M__________ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.3.A speech act consists of three dimensions.The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_____________ act.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_____________ act.The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____________ act.4.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____________.5.C__________ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.6.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a___________，7.The term language a___________ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.8.A d___________ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.IV.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.This vet is very famous in the town.()2.This classroom is large and bright..()3.He is watering flowers.()4.Orlon is a kind of cloth material.()5.Watt is the measurement unit of electricity.()6.EEC is an important organization in the world.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.The road was enlarged last year.()9.Some young people have brunch quite often.B a.Conversion b.Derivation c.Blending d.Backformation e.Acronym
f.Compounding g.Coinage h.Eponym i.Clipping
V.Pick out the sound that does not belong to the group of the sounds according to the natural class of sounds.And then name the feature(s)that define the one picked out and the group of sounds:(10 points)For example: 1.[ 2.[ 3.[ 4.[ 5.[ [z] voiced/voiceless ____ ____ ____ ___________ [f] [θ] [z] [s] [m] [?] [l] [n] [p] [b] [m] [v] [w] [s] [z] [∫] [dз] [з] [i:] [i] [?] [u] [e] [i:] [?:] [e] [?] ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________] __________________________
VI.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―He found his book on Wall Street‖:(10 points)
VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.language and linguistics 2.semantics and pragmatics
VII.Answer the following questions:(40%)
1.How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language? 2.What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them? 3.What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday?
综合测试题
（三）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(10 points)()1.A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.()2.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()3.The word ―went‖ contains two morphemes.()4.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis(CA).()5.Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.()6.The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.()7.In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones.()8.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.()9.Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound morphemes.()10.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The followings are all features of language except __________.A.duality
B.productivity
C.changeability
D.displacement 2.The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A.synonymy
B.antonym
C.polysemy
D.homonymy 3.______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Conversion
B.Abbreviation
C.Eponyms
D.Blending 4.Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.A.babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B.babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C.babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D.babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word
5.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________.A.motivation
B.nationality
C.age
D.learning strategy 6.Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others.Based on this observation, Leech(1983)proposes _____________.A.the cooperative principle
B.the principle of relevance C.the politeness principle
D.speech acts 7.Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.A.moon/noon
B.foot/food
C.she/sheet
D.sea/sea 8.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.A.distinctive features
B.non-distinctive features C.suprasegmental features
D.free variation 9.The ____________ function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the transitivity system of language.A.ideational
B.interpersonal
C.textual
D.logical 10.Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes _________.A.prefixes
B.suffixes
C.affixes
D.inflectional morphemes
III.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.Most children like drinking Coca-cola.()2.UNESCO is a branch United Nations.()3.The police machineguned the gang.()4.I like sandwiches very much.()5.There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.()6.Infotech is popular nowadays.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.His stepmother is very kind to him.()9.The street was widened last year.B a.Conversion
b.Derivation
c.Blending
d.Backformation
e.Acronym
f.Compounding g.Coinage
h.Eponym
i.Clipping
IV.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(10 points)1.labiodentals 2.interdentals 3.back vowels 4.high vowels
5.palatal affricates
V.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket.(10 points)A()1.The noise annoyed him.()2.The police caught him
()3.There are two books on the table.()4.John explained the theory to me.()5.He watches TV every day.()6.The conference is on Monday B a.Material process
b.Relational process
c.Mental process d.Verbal process
e.Behavioral process
f.Existential process
VI.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.arbitrariness 2.voicing
VII.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―They can fish‖.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse? What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the components of metaphors?
综合测试题
（四）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.English is a tone language.()2.Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.()3.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.()4.Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()5.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()6.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.()7.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()8.There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.()9.Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.()10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The word ―antidisestablishmentariaism‖ is composed of ______ morphemes.A.six
B.seven
C.eight
D.nine 2.__________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A.Voicing
B.Voiced
C.Nasalization
D.Aspiration 3.Smog is a ___________ word.A.derived
B.clipped
C.blended
D.compound 4.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance.This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation.A.instrumental
B.integrative
C.cognitive
D.none of them 5.[u:] possesses the features _____________.A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense]
B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense]
D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense] 6.English is an example of _________ languages.A.VSO
B.SVO
C.SOV
D.SVO 7.A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.A.phoneme
B.phone
C.morpheme
D.morph 8.Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.A.affixes
B.prefix
C.suffix
D.root 9.The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.A.hyponymy
B.synonymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy 10.Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc.are ________ antonyms.A.gradable
B.complementary
C.reversal
D.relative
III.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracketbefore the sentence.(10 points)A()1.John is talking to Jane.()2.Tom is the leader
()3.There is a cat on the bed.()4.The bad news astonished her.()5.Edward broke the window.()6.He waved his hands.B a.Material process
b.Relational process
c.Mental process d.Verbal process
e.Behavioral process
f.Existential process
IV.State what semantic property or properties are shared by the group of words.(10 points)For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1.king, bachelor, son 2.bull, rooster, stallion 3.pine, rose, elm 4.bravery, charity, devotion 5.car, bike, plane [ +stationary] ________________________ ________________________
V.Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s)in the words and the describe it.(10 points)
Example: far [a:] back low vowel
1.thread
2.beat
3.important
4.live
5.stop [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]
VI.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.(10 points)1.She can not bear children.(1)(2)(3)______________________________________________ 2.He hates old men and women.(1)(2)______________________________________________
VII.Explain the following terms with examples.(10 points)1.2.Compounding Free variation
VII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence according to Hymes(1972)? 3.What are the three types of antonyms(lexical opposition)in English?
综合测试题
（五）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meaning.()3.The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()4.Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or future.()5.Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.()6.We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us.()7.The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together.()8.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()9.Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.()10.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.Ⅱ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Geographic Red Song Clock Psychopathy
Ⅲ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit
Medial rapid/rabid
Final cap/cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./k/-/g/ /m/-/n/ /l/-/r/ /b/-/v/ /b/-/m/
Ⅳ.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process.(10 points)Column Ⅰ A.chairs B.wider C.looked D.Tom’s
Column Ⅱ A.reality B.movement C.malcontent D.stepmother Column Ⅲ A.blackboard B.greenhouse C.makeshift D.paintwork
(1)What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ.(2)What is the morphological difference between a),b)and c),d)in Column Ⅱ.Ⅴ.Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type(modalization or modulation).(10 points)1.I have not finished the task.2.He often comes to my office.3.I will show you how to make up the bed.4.He hardly came back to see his mother.5.The company ought to cut the price of the products.Ⅵ.Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etc.(10 points)boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:
Ⅶ.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:(15 points)a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.Ⅷ.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)a).The dress is lovely, isn’t it? b).The material is nice.Ⅸ.Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand.Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree.(10 points)
Ⅹ.Answer the following question:(20 points)1.What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?
2.How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?
综合测试题
（六）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(20 points)()1.In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics.()2.The sound source is the larynx.()3.The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula, the velum the hard palate.()4.Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower lip are labialdentals.()5.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.()6.Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.()7.Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.()8.All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.()9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.()10.One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.()11.Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.()12.The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings
()13.An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.()14.Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.()15.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.()16.Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.()17.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.()18.Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.()19.Mental processes are processes of sensing.()20.A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.Ⅱ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.Retroactive 2.Befriended 3.Televise 4.Margin 5.Endearment
Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part of each word in A.(5 points)A
a.terrorized
b.uncivilized
c.terrorize
d.lukewarm
e.impossible B
(1)free root
(2)bound root
(3)inflectional suffix
(4)derivational suffix(5)inflectional prefix
(6)derivational prefix
(7)inflectional infix
(8)derivational infix
Ⅳ.Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate.(5 points)VP→V(NP)(PP)(Adv)NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)
Ⅴ.Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences:(10 points)a)The man found the letter.b)The students put the books in the classroom.Ⅵ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy Milk, water, alcohol, oil Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar
Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term.Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank.(10 points)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.table willow cat blue dictionary painting driver verb chemistry juice
Ⅷ.The opposite of analytic is contradictory.A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.Kings are female is an example.Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory.(10 points)1.My sister is a man.2.Witches are wicked.3.My sister is an only child.4.The evening star isn’t the morning star.5.The evening star isn’t the evening star.6.Babies are adults.7.Babies can lift one ton.8.Puppies are human.9.My bachelor friends are all married.10.My bachelor friends are all lonely.Ⅸ.Pig Latin is a common language game of English;but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the ―language game‖ with different rules.(10 points)
Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 ―eat‖ ―arc‖ [itme] [arkme] Dialect 2 [ithe] [arkhe] Dialect 3 [ite] [arke]
⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect.Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3: ⑵ How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms.honest admire 1.1.2.2.3.3.Illegal 1.2.3.Ⅹ.Answer the following questions:(20 points)1.What is the function of phonological knowledge?
2.Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.综合测试题
（七）Ⅰ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.2.The term l a refers to the natural process of children’s language development.It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b 3.4.5.6.7.stage, holophrastic stage, , the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.The practice of error analysis is divided into i describing and explaining.S refers to the analysis of meaning.In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.8.9.The sentence ―The bachelor is unmarried‖ is it t The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain.10.P event.Ⅱ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.tense front mid vowel lateral liquid.domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech
3.4.5.lax high back vowel voiced bilabial oral stop mid central lax vowel
Ⅲ.A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖or a ―-‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―-‖,if it is absent:(10 points)sou phone featu segme u ? Ou I u:
High Low Back Tense Round
Ⅳ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can:(10 points)(1)Minimal pair
(2)phoneme
Ⅴ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Weight Orange Veil Hair Team
Ⅵ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./p/-/f/ /s/-/?/ /?/-/?/ /s/-/z/ /t/-/k/
Ⅶ.For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules:(10 points)1.2.She speaks good Japanese.The problem would be solved by them.Ⅷ.Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them:(10 points)1.2.Girls are eager to please.Girls are easy to please.Ⅸ.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:(5 points)style/stile ear/ear hear/here tale/tail bank/bank know/no hare/hair bear/bear soul/sole one/won
Ⅹ.Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription.[? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church.[ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol.It is pronounced as the final sound(s)in cats.Japanese words(except for certain loan words)never contain the phonetic sequences.*[ti] or *[tu]:(20 points)1.Based on these data.Are [t], [ ? ],and [ts]in complementary distribution? 2.State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these phones.3.Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are concerned.That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.4.Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below.Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts].tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ ?izu
Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______
Ⅺ.Exemplify The differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes:(10 points)
综合测试题
（八）Ⅰ.Multiple Choice：(10 points)：
1.Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their A.synchronic solidarity
B.systemic agreement C.finite sentences
D.instinctive method in length and 2.Language is a set(infinite)of sentences, each constructed out of a finite set of elements.A.infinite
B.finite
C.fixed
D.definite 3.The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent).A.Chomsky
B.de Saussure
C.Bloomfield
D.Halliday 4.Human languages can be used to describe themselves.The language used to talk about language is called
A.special language.B.local language C.metalanguage
D.human language 5.refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.A.Arbitrariness
B.Duality
C.Creativity
D.Displacement 6.A community language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic A.artificial
B.natural
C.family
D.western 7.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is A.disciple
B.observable.C.verifiable
D.functional 8.may be defined as the scientific study of language.A.Morphology
B.Linguistics
C.Phonology
D.Phonetics 9.Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________sciences.A.physical
B.natural
C.absolute
D.universal 10.The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics.It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.A.regularity
B.construct
C.structure
D.discipline
Ⅱ.True or False：(10 points)：
()1.Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society.Language varies from region to region, from class to class.()2.The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.()3.Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.()4.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()5.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.()6.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.()7.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.()8.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()9.Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.()10.Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.Ⅲ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.2.Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s put together.can be 3.Some sequences are not possible in English.The impossible sequences are systematic g.4.Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f.5.Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves.They are f m_ when they are components of words.6.D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.7.The ideational function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the t system of language.term.It is based on the 8.Associative meaning is actually an u associationist theory of psychology.9.Synonyms of different r in different spheres.are words similar in meaning but used 10.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a initial expression called antecedent.and the Ⅳ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Hit Met Car Tool Football
Ⅴ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.2.Psychology Unpalatable 3.4.5.Holiday Grandmother Morphemic
Ⅵ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.voiceless labiodental fricative low front vowel palatal glide voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative
Ⅶ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum Walk, run, jump, hop, skip Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy
Ⅷ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can：(15 ： points)(1)segmental phonemes
(2)free variations
(3)assimilation rule
Ⅸ.Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules：(10 ： points)Behave yourself!
Ⅹ.What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle?(15 points)
Ⅺ.What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences?(10 points)
综合测试题
（九）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(30 points)
()1.Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.()3.If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar.()4.According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.()5.In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.()6.All vowels are voiced.()7.The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or [e].The two vowels are in free variation.()8.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.()9.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.()10.The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.()11.The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()12.Chinese is an agglutinating language.()13.Not all vowels are voiced.()14.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.()15.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()16.Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.()17.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()18.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.()19.A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()20.Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.II.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they share:(5 points)
Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless
1.[g] [z] [d]
2.[v] [h] [s]
3.[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]
4.[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]
5.[i:] [i] [u] [u:]
III.Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.(10 points)
IV.What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.V.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)a)
Those who went there quickly made a fortune.b)c)d)e)Flying planes can be dangerous.They can fish.The design is full of big squares and circles.I saw the couple in the cafeteria.VI.What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature?(5 points)
A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee?
VII.What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1)Bring this here.2)Take that there.Please give an explanation in English.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions:(30 points)
a)What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?
b)c)Give an example to show the components of metaphors.How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes?
综合测试题
（十）I.Multiple Choice(30 points)1.________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.Duality
B.Arbitrariness
C.Creativity
D.Displacement 2.Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday?
A.Ideational function
B.Interpersonal function C.Textual function.D.Logical function 3.The study of speech sounds is called ________.A.Phonetics
B.Articulatory phonetics
C.Phonology
D.Acoustic Phonetics 4.Every syllable has a(n)_______, which is usually a vowel.A.onset
B.nucleus
C.coda
D.rhyme 5.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features? A.Stress
B.Intonation
C.Tone
D.Syllable 6.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A.Morphology
B.Syntax
C.Lexicon
D.Morpheme 7.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A.collocative
B.social
C.affective
D.reflected 8.______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A.Adjacency pairs
B.Turn-talking C.Preferred second parts
D.Insertion sequences
9.British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A.functional
B.social
C.regional
D.Standard 10.______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A.Metalanguage
B.Interlanguage
C.Sign
D.Esperanto 11.In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A.telegraphic
B.two-word
C.holophrastic
D.babbling 12.______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ A.Register
B.Field
C.Mode
D.Tenor 13._____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Clipping
B.Blending
C.Eponym
D.Conversion 14.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four 15.Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A.minimal pairs
B.minimal sets
C.allophones
D.phomes 16.Pragmatics analysis is concerned with ______.A.sentence meaning
B.utterance meaning C.listener meaning
D.speaker meaning 17.Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A.intentional meaning
B.conventional meaning C.syntactic meaning
D.semantic meaning 18.______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance B.Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle C.Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle D.Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle
19.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to ______.A.teaching theories
B.environmentalist theories C.functionalist theories
D.nativist theories 20.The sentence ―My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.‖ is of ____ A.the formal style
B.the frozen style C.the casual style
D.the intimate style
II.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(5 points)Example: vowel front high [i:] 1.bilabial nasal 2.voiced labiovelar glide 3.back high lax 4.literal liquid 5.voiced bilabial stop
III.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)1.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.2.Tom hates his boss and so do I.3.They finally decided on the boat.4.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?
IV.Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English:(10 points)
a.lorry
b.lift
c.pavement
d.tin
e.sweets
V.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)
A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.VI.Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence:(5 points)The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VII.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?(10 points)
Column I
a.The White House b.a redcoat c.a bluebird
d.a lighthouse keeper Column II a white house
b.a red coat
c.a blue bird
d.a light housekeeper VIII.Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river)and bank2(the financial institute).(5 points)
IX.Answer the following questions(30 points): 1.What are the features of metaphors?
2.How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?
3.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?
各章习题答案 第一章习题答案
I.II.III.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4.The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously.They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1.Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man.Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2.Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1)Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists;1-5 T F F T T 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 6-10 FTTTF cbdac(2)Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication;(3)Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language;(4)Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language.3.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language;(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language;(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.第二章习题答案
I.II.1—5 TFTTF 1—5 b d a c a bilabial voiced stop alveolar nasal stop III.1.[ b ] 2.[ n ] 3.[ w ] bilabial glide 4.[ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5.[ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6.[ i:] high front tense vowel 7.[? ] voiceless interdental 8.[u:] high back tense vowel 9.[? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel
IV.1.[b p m] 2.[d n] 3.[?] 4.[m] 5.[ ?: ?] 6.[s z] 7.[u: u] 8.[θ] 9.[j] 10 [ ]
V.1.voiceless alveolar 2.voiced stop 3.voiced fricatives 4.palatals 5.voiced bilabial 6.voiced velar 7.back tense vowels 8.back round vowels 9.front high vowels 10.sibilants VI.1.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.3.The unite of representation used to transcribe the speech sounds is called segment.4.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.VII.Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.According to manners of articulation, consonants are classified into stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and gildes
第三章习题答案
I.1-5 T F F T T
II.1-5 b b c c d 6-10 c b d b d
III.1.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.2.Two words that differ by only one sound in the same position are called minimal pairs.3.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.4.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone.IV.1.Devoice a voiced consonant when it occurs after a voiceless consonant.2.A voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs between two vowels.3.Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur initially in a stressed syllable 4.vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals.V.―hotdog‖ is a compound word and the stress is on the ―hot‖.A hotdog is a long cooked sausage.―hot dog‖ is a noun phrase and the stress is on ―dog‖.A hot dog refers to a dog that is hot.VI Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but they two differ in perspectives.Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them.In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable;variations are overlooked.Phonology focuses on the following three fundamental question: What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds make up the list of ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?
第四章习题答案
Ⅰ.1.lexicon 2.orthography 3.morphology 4.morpheme 5.suppletives 6.free morphemes 7.bound morphemes 8.allomorphs 9.derivation 10.Clipping Ⅱ.1.b 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.c
Ⅲ.1.Compounding Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is another common way to form words.The over-whelming majority of English combination of words from two of the three classes—nouns, verb, and adjective, and adjectives, and they fall into the three classes, as shown below: Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bookshelf pickpocket greenhouse brainwash sleepwalk whitewash headstrong catchall bittersweet In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.Thus, greenhouse is a noun, whitewash is a verb.The leftmost morpheme takes the primary stress is on the word.Thus, a greenhouse is distinguished from a green house, in which the stress is on the house.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.A greenbottle is not a type of bottle;it is a kind of fly.And a sugar-daddy is not a sugar-coated father, but a woman’s lover who is both generous and too old for her.2.Conversion Conversion is one of word-formation process in English.It is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form.Typical cases of conversion include noun→verb, adjective→verb, verb→noun and adjective →noun.Sometimes, conversion can also be observed when an auxiliary verb, an adverb or a conjunction is used as a noun or a verb.e.g.Besides the usual household routine, she oversees the garden and beehives, bakes bread, cans and freezes, drives the kids to their music lessons, practices with them, takes organ lessons on her own, dose research and typing for me, writes an article herself now and then, tends the flower beds, stacks a little wood and delivers the eggs.His palms were sweating.He needed a towel to dry his grip.Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its unpleasant smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to do away with the far worse outdoor toilet.Just before Christmas last year, my work took me to the office of a woman executive o This book is a must for student of history.The word is full of excuses, so don’t but me so many buts.They downed a few beers and began to sing loudly.第五章习题答案
Ⅰ.1.immediate constituent analysis.2.Syntax 3.syntactic category 4.subcategorization 5.circumstance 6.modalization modulaton
Ⅱ.NP Pro They(a)S VP V can NP N fish.NP Pro They(b)S VP Aux can V fish.Ⅲ.1.Cigars that people smoke can be nauseating it is nauseating to smoke cigars.2.It was on the plane that they made the decision.Ⅳ.1.modality(modalization)2.molarity 3.modality(modulation)4.polarity Ⅴ.1.material 2.relational 3.mental 4.behavioral 5.verbal 6.existential
第六章习题答案
Ⅰ.1.Semantics 2.Affective meaning 3.Synonyms 4.registers 5.antonyms 6.Gradable antonyms 7.Homonyms 8.polyseme 9.Hyponymy, superordinates 10.componential analysis
Ⅱ.1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.d
Ⅲ.1.The two differ in register.2.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.3.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.4.The two are dialectal synonyms.5.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.6.The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory.7.The two differ in collocation Ⅳ.1.G 2.C 3.C 4.R 5.R 6.R Ⅴ.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F
第七章习题答案 I.1.a)Pre-invitation b)Pre-request c)Pre-announcement 2.a)(Quality)The speaker is absolutely incorrect.b)c)d)(Quantity)The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.(Relation)The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.(Manner)The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.3.a)I ,mine(person deixis);last Sunday(time deixis)b)c)in 1968(time deixis)d)e)These(discourse/text deixis)f)in the following chapter(discourse/text deixis)
4.Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking.Then in Sentence a)refers to the past time;then in Sentence b)the future time.5.John said, ―I am planning to be here this evening.‖ Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distal with the shifting of the context.II.1.Exclusive use of we:(Students to the teacher)Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers(students), not including the hearer(teacher).Inclusive use of we:(Student A to Student B)Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer(Student A and Student B.2.Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive.They should correspond to different types of tag question: Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you? Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we? Let’s go to school, shall we?
3.Anaphoric reference: Mr.Smith sent me the book.I like it.Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it.My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.4.A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.If your teacher says, ―I have run out of chalk‖ in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary(one of the students will go and get some chalk).5.Direct speech act: Close the door, please.(An imperative performs the function of command.)Indirect speech act: It’s cold here.(A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)6.A: Can I go out now, daddy?(Q1)B: Have you finished your assignment?(Q2)A: Yes.(A2)B: Yes.(A1)The middle pair(Q2-A2)is an insertion sequence.7.Dialogue with preferred second part: A: Can you help me? B: Sure.Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.A: Come over for some coffee later.B: Oh---eh---I’d love to---but you see---I---I’m supposed to get this finished---you know.Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.III.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance.Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.IV.1.Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite,(a)because they increase the degree of optimality, and(b)because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.2.The sentence is wrong.The right one might be either ―I am here.‖ Or ―I was there.‖ ―Am‖ is a proximal deictic element, while ―there‖ is a distal place deixis.They contradict with each other.第八章习题答案
I.1-5 A C B B D
II.6-10 A A D C D 11-16 A C D C B B 1.Linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language.Communicative competence accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.According to Hymes, there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: 2)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;3)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;4)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;5)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.2.The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways.One is known as determinism.In this view our language determines our thinking.This strong version has been rejected as it runs counter to the fact that peoples of different cultural backgrounds can understand each other.The other interpretation, known as relativism, holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.3.The term pidgin is the label for the code used by people who speak different languages.A pidgin is not the native language of any group.It is confined to very limited communicative purposes, such as trade.Pidgins are mixed languages that are simplified syntactically and lexically.A creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.Creloes are not confined to certain functions of language nor reduced in syntax and lexis.4.The term dialect denotes a wider notion than the term accent.A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.The term accent is used for less drastic differences which are restricted to variation in pronunciation.第九章习题答案
I.1)2)3)4)interference overgeneralization simplification cross-association II.1.The practice of error analysis is divided into identifying, describing and explaining.Identifying errors is the first step of error analysis.To identify errors we have to compare the sentences produced by the learner with the corresponding sentences native speakers are likely to produce to express the same meanings.Describing errors, the second step of error analysis, is categorizing errors grammatically.Once errors are identified, they can be classified into categories.Explaining errors, the final step, is the task of tracing the source of errors.This task is more psychological than linguistic in essence.In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors, based on whether they are caused by L1.2.Krashen’s Monitor Model consists of five hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Distinction, Natural Order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter.3.The Acquisition-Learning Distinction is the cornerstone of Krashen’s theory.―Acquisition‖ occurs subconsciously as a result of participation in natural L2 communication.―Learning‖ is the result of conscious study of the formal system of the language.It is assumed that the two kinds of knowledge are stored in different areas of the LAD and thus play different roles in linguistic performance.― Acquired‖ knowledge serves as the source for automatic production of speech, whereas ―learnt‖ knowledge is available for use only in monitoring linguistic production.4.According to Krashen, the only way for people to acquire a language is by understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input.They move from i, their current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order.That is to say, language is acquired by people’s comprehension of input that is slightly beyond their current level.People understand input containing i+1 because the situation, context, facial expressions, gestures, etC.will provide clues for comprehension.5.The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by J.Schumann and R.Anderson.By acculturation they meant that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour in order to function well in another culture.It involves not only the social adaptation but also psychological adaptation.Schumann thinks that second language acquisition is one of the aspects of acculturation and the relation between acculturation and the second language acquisition is that the degree of the former will control the degree of the latter.Normally successful acculturation will bring about successful second language acquisition while poor second language acculturation will produce poor second language acquisition.第十章习题答案
I.1-5 C D A B C II.1.The contribution in terms of applications to language teaching is easier to understand.The products of linguistic descriptions provide the input to syllabus design and material construction.It is hard to imagine that languages can ever be taught and learned as a component of education without reference to the out come of linguistic descriptions.The metalanguage, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach in language teaching.Pedagogic grammars and dictionaries are used by teachers and students as reference books.Indeed, it is hardly possible to define the content of teaching without linguistic descriptions.2.The implications of linguistics to foreign language teaching are less obvious but not less important.The insights gained by linguists into the nature of language and language learning may enlighten language-teaching professionals in thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Language teaching decisions have to be made at several levels---designing the content, determining the approach, selecting techniques and procedures, and assessing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.At the preparatory level the decisions are made by specialists.To make wise decisions, they need to draw information from linguistics and other relevant disciplines.They need to evaluate linguistic theories and see what implication a certain theory has for language teaching.At the operation level, the language teacher is faced with an abundance of variables.The teacher’s understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning influences his/her thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Whether one is aware of it or not, a view pf language and language learning underlies one’s decisions about teaching.3.Syllabus is designed with reference to: 1)the social aim for teaching the language;2)information about the group of learners(their purpose, age, etC.);3)the amount of time allocated in the curriculum;4)theories of language and language acquisition.Linguistically, there are two fundamental questions in constructing a syllabus: What elements should be included? On what principle should they be sequenced?
4.The structural syllabus assumed that the elements should be defined with reference to certain formal items of linguistic description and that the sentence should be the basic teaching unit.It was supposed that if learners could accumulate knowledge of the underlying system of the language, they would be able to use the language in communication when occasions arise.The core component of a syllabus based on such theoretical assumptions is naturally sentence patterns, which are sequenced according to structural complexity.5.The structural syllabus has its advantage and defect.Its advantage is that it is, to some extent, economical.Learning a limited set of rules can lead to production of a very large number of sentences.Its serious defect lies in the fact that sentences are units of linguistic analysis but not of natural language use.Although learners may be able to construct grammatical sentences, they are often at a loss in real situations, wondering what is appropriate to say.6.In the early 1970s, the theory of communicative competence was proposed by Dll Hymes.Functional linguists and pragmatists began to exert a stronger influence in the study of language.Since then communicative views of language teaching have been the foundation of syllabus design.The central question for proponents of a communicative syllabus was: ―What does the learner need / want to do with the target language?‖ Syllabi began to appear in which content was specified, not only in terms of the grammatical element, but also in terms of the functional items students would need to master in order to communicate successfully.The starting point in designing a communicative syllabus is the analysis of learner’s needs.7.In communicative language teaching, the teacher needs to fulfill at least the roles of communicator, a model, a designer, an organizer, and a counselor.The teacher communicates with the students in the target language.His / her proficiency in the language is absolutely a pre-requisite in fulfilling the role of communicator.At the same time, he /she sets the students a model in using the target language.The teacher is also a designer of the tasks and activities that engage the students, and he / she is an organizer of there.Finally, h / she diagnoses students’ errors and problems in the process of learning and gives advice accordingly.8.The value of linguistics in the professional development of language teachers lies in these aspects: to increase the teacher’s understanding of the nature of language;to develop the teacher’s awareness of the complexity of language and language learning;to sensitize the teacher in identifying errors and diagnosing their sources;to help the teacher to monitor his / her own use of the target language.9.The grammar-translation method, the direct method, the reading method, the audiolingual method, the audiovisional method, total physical response, the silent way, the communicative approach and so on.综合测试题答案
综合测试题（综合测试题
（一）答案
I.1-5 TFFTT 6-10 TTFFT II.1-5 a d b c c III.1-5 g e h j i
IV.1.affricates 4.voiced alveolars
V.6-10 c b a b b 6-10 a f b d c 2.nasals 3.voiceless fricatives 5.high vowels
Words analyzed troublesome stepmother psycholinguistics understatement
antidisestablishmentarianism
the number morphemes 2 2 4 3 7
of
free morphemes trouble mother lingui state establish
VI.1.(1)The duck is so hot that it can not be eaten.(2)The duck is so hot that it can not eat something.2.(1)The friends who are visiting can be boring.(2)To visit friends can be boring.VII.1.Derivation is one type of word formation.It forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.The majority of English suffixes change the part of speech when added to a free morpheme or a word, and most prefixes don not.2.Learner factors are the factors that are involved in second language acquisition.They generally include learners’ motivation, age and learning strategy.VII.1.―Redcoat is a compound word, while ―red coad‖ is a noun phrase.The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat.Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red coat means a coat whose color is red.2.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language.(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language.(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature.Linguists endeavour to state objectively the regularities of a language.They aim at finding out how a language is spoken;they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken.(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can
account for language in general.3.Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts by Austin.A speech act consists of three dimensions:(1)The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act.(2)The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act.(3)The act of bringing about an effect is known as perlocutionary act.Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.In linguistic communication people respond to an illocutionary act of an utterance, because it is the meaning intended
by the speaker.综合测试题（综合测试题
（二）答案
I.1-5 F F T T T 6-10 T T F T T II.1-5 b d b c c 6-10 d b b a c III.1.maxims 2.Motivation 3.locutionary illocutionary perlocutionary 4.mapping 5.clipping 6.allomorphs 7.acquisition 8.dialect IV.1-5 i f a g h 6-10 e d b c V 1.[l] liquid/nasals 2.[v] labiodental/bilabials 3.[dз] affricate/fricatives 4.[u] back/front 5.[?:] middle/low V.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro VP NP NP PP V NP P N Past
participle Pro N P N Pro N
Past participle
He found his book on Wall Street.He found his book on Wall Street.VI.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.Semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.VII.1.Creativity is one of the features of human language.It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite.Every speaker uses langue creatively.2.In sociolinguistics, taboo refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of or association with particular objects, actions, or persons.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.Taboo and euphemism are actually two sides of the same coin.Taboos are usually expressed by their euphemistic expressions in our daily life.3.The general roles language plays are called metafunctions by Hallidy.There are three metafunctions:(1)Ideational function----we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved;(2)Interpersonal function----we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy.(3)Textual function----language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place.综合测试题（综合测试题
（三）答案
I.1-5 F T T T F 6-10 T T F F T II.1-5 c d a c b 6-10 c a c a c
III.1-5 g e a h i 6-10 cdfb IV.1[f v] 2[θ ?] 3 [u: u ɑ:] 4[i: i u: u] 5[ dз]
V.1-6 cafdeb VI.1.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.It is one of phonetic distinctive features that can distinguish meaning.According to voicing, consonants are classified into voiced consonants and voiceless consonants.VII.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro Aux V N They can fish.They can fish.VIII.1.A greenhouse is a compound word and the stress is on the green, while a here house is a noun phrase and its stress is on house.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather.A green house refers to a house whose color is green.2.Conversion is one types of English word formation.It is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.This happens more frequently between nouns and verbs.For example, to butter the bread, butter is converted from a noun into a verb.Look in take a look is a noun converted from a verb.3.Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors.That is to say all metaphors are composed of two domains.They allow us to understand one domain of experiences in terms of another.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping.The source domain s concrete and familiar.The target domain is abstract and novel.综合测试题（综合测试题
（四）答案
1-5 FTTTT 6-10 FT T F T 1-5 d a c c c 6-10 d a d a b 1-6 d b f c a e 1.[+Human] [+Male] 2.[+Animal] [+Male] 3.[+Plant] 4.[+Abstract] 5.[Instrument] [+Traffic] V.1.[θ] voiceless interdental prictive 2.[i:] front high tense vowel 3.[m] bilabial nasal 4.[v] voiced labioldental fricative 5.[p] pvoiceless bilabial stop V.1.(1)She can not tolerate/endure/stand /put up with a child.(2)She is not able to give birth to a baby.(3)She can not carry/take a child.2.(1)He hates old men and all the women.(2)He hates both old men and old women.VII.I.II.III.IV.1.Compounding is one type of word formation.It combines free morphemes to form new words.The over-whelming majority of English compounds are the combination words from two of the three classes---nouns, verbs, and adjectives.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.For examples, greenhouse is a noun, and whitewash is a verb.2.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Free variations of pronunciation of the same word usually occur in different dialects, which is quite common in most of the languages in the world.For example, British people usually pronounce the word economics as [ˊik?n miks] and American people say [ˊ ek?namiks].VIII.1.Semantics and pragmatics both are concerned with the study of meaning, but they study meanings from different perspectives.Generally peaking, semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.The meanings communicated through language are of two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.So semantics concentrates on meanings that come from linguistic knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on meanings that people mean by their utterances rather that what they words, phrases and sentences mean by themselves.In other words, semantics is concerned with linguistic meaning, while pragmatic analysis is concerned with speaker meaning.2.Communicative competence is the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of langage and the ability to use it.According to Hymes(1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence:(1)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;(2)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;(3)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;(4)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.3.The three types of antonyms in English are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and reversal antonyms.Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.For example, a person who is not rich is not necessary poor.Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive of one implies the negative of the other.For examples, dead and alive, male and female.Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction.For examples, push and pull, come and go.综合测试题（综合测试题
（五）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 T T F F F Ⅱ.1.2.3.4.5.6-10 TFFFT [f] voiceless labiodental fricative [r] alveolar retroflex liquid [η] velar nasal [k] voiceless velar stop [s] voiceless alveolar fricative Ⅲ.1.Could good 2.Might night 3.Led red 4.Best vest 5.Boss moss
Ⅳ.⑴.ColumnⅠ: inflection ColumnⅡ: derivation ColumnⅢ: compounding ⑵.In a)and b)the words are formed by suffixation;in c)and d), by prefixation
Ⅴ.1.Polarity 2.Modality(modalization)3.Modality(modulation)4.Polarity 5.Modality(modulation)
Ⅵ.boil: +FAT, +WATER, +POT fry: +FAT, +POT, +SIEVE steam: +WATER, +POT stew: +POT, +WATER, +FAT bake: +OVEV, +FAT
Ⅶ.a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.i.It was shocking that the professor was appointed.ii.The appointment made by the professor was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.i.The squares and circles in the design are big.ii.There are circles and big squares in the design.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.i.The governor fights against dirty streets.ii.The governor fights unfairly in the streets.iii.The governor is a dirty individual who fights in the streets.Ⅷ.The maxim of agreement is observed.The implicature is that B doesn’t think the dress is lovely but B doesn’t want to contradict A.Ⅸ.a).The magician used the wand to touch the child
a).NP Det N V S VP NP PP
Det N
P NP Det N
The magician touched the child with the wand.b).The magician touched the child who was carrying the wand.b).NP Det N V S VP NP Det N P PP NP Det N
The magician touched the child with the wand.Ⅹ.1.Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance.When intonation contour falls on a syllable, the nucleus is stressed and the vowel is naturally lengthened a bit.In the meantime, there is a little pause after the syllable.This simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity(double interpretations of the same phrase or sentence).Every component of a sentence contains some information.It may or may not be highlighted in speech, depending on the speaker’s intention and the situation.Intonation contour can indicate the information focus of the sentence.2.The study of speech sounds is called Phonetics.It includes articulatory phonetics, which focuses on the production of sounds;acoustic phonetics, which analyses the physical properties of speech sounds and auditory phonetics, which focuses on perceptive mechanism of speech sounds.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.Phonetics is a part of phonology and provides the means for describing speech sounds;phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language.Phonetics is static, phonology is dynamic.综合测试题（综合测试题
（六）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 FTTTT 11-15 T T T F T Ⅱ.6-10 F T F F T 16-20 F F T T F 1.retro + act + ive 2.be + friend + ed 3.tele + vise 4.margin 5.en + dear + ment Ⅲ.Identify morphological elements a)3 b)1 c)4 d)2 e)6 Ⅳ.a)S → NP VP b)NP → Art Adj N PP c)NP → Art Adj N d)NP → Art N PP e)NP → Art N f)VP → V NP PP g)VP → V PP h)VP → V i)VP → V S’ j)PP → P NP Ⅴ.a).The man found the letter.S NP Art The N’ N men V found VP NP Art the N’ N letter
b).The students put the books in the classroom.S NP VP Art The
N’ N students
V put
NP Art the N’ N books
PP P in Art the NP N’ N
classroom
Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅷ..1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅸ ⑴ MALE LIQUID SPORT ABSTRACT TREE Furniture ………… dining table tree ……………… weeping willow pet…………………Persian cat color……………… navy blue book ………………thesaurus fine art …………… oil painting worker …………… bus driver word ……………… link verb science …………… organic chemistry beverage……………orange juice C S C S C C C C C S
Dialect 1: Suffix [me] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 2: Suffix [he] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 3: Suffix [e] to any vowel-initial word.⑵ phonetic transcriptions honest 1.[an?stme] 2.[an?sthe] 3.[an?ste] admire 1.[?dmajrme] 2.[?dmajrhe] 3.[?dmajre]
illegal Ⅹ.1.1.[ilig?lme]
2.[ilig?lhe]
3.[ilig?le]
Function of phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to made up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to produce aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to know what is or is not a sound in one’s language, and to know that different phonetic strings may represent the same morpheme.In discourse or text, deixis is used to keep track of who or what is being talked about more than once.The speaker /writer will use deixis to maintain reference, as in the following sentence: In the picture, a boy and a girl are planting a tree.She is holding it, and he is shoveling earth around it.She, he, it refer to already introduced referents, a girl, a boy, a tree.The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed anaphoric reference.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphor, and the initial expression called antecedent.The reversal of the antecedent-anaphor pattern is known as cataphora, Next sentence is an example of cataphoric reference.: I could hardly believe it.The student didn’t pass the exam.2.综合测试题（综合测试题
（七）答案
Ⅰ.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ.⑴ [ei](2)[l](3)[u](4)[b](5)[?] Ⅲ.u + +
Ⅳ..(1)When two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place, they are said to form a minimal pair.Pill and bill form a minimal pair in English.(2)The difference between pill and bill is signaled or shown by the fact that the initial sound of the first world is and the initial sound of the second word is.The sounds of the two words are identical except for the initial consonants.and are ,therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in and are, therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning.They are distinctive sounds in English.Any such speech sound segments that can ? + ou + + i + u: + + + language acquision babbling identifying Semantics derogatoy Dialectal synonym tautology target Place distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonemes.Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.She speaks good Japanese Pit Sake Chunk Chunk Take fit shake junk junk cake [w] labiovelar glide [d3 ] voiced palatal affricate [j] palatal glide [h] voiceless glottal fricative [i:] tense high front vowel
S NP Pron Aux T She Pres VP V NP Adj N
speak good Japanese
2.The problem would be solved by them.S NP2 Det N T Aux M VP V PP P NP1 Pron
Past Pref(be-en)The
Ⅷ.The surface structures of the two sentences seem to be the same, but the grammatical relationships in the deep structures of the two sentences are quite different.In the first sentence Girls want very much to please others.whereas in the second sentence, Someone finds it easy to please girls.Ⅸ.homonyms: ear/ear bank/bank homophones: the rest of the others
Ⅹ 1.[?]and [ ts ] are in complementary distribution.2.[t] occurs before back vowel [ a ],[ o ] and front vowel [ e] [?] is before front vowel [i] [ts] occurs before back vowel [u] 3../t/ is the phoneme.[t] [?] and [ts] are allophones.4../tatami/ /tukue/ /tutumu/ /tomodati/ /tetudau/ /tizu/ /uti/ /tita/ /kata/ /tegami/ /ato/ /tatemono/ /otoko/ /deguti/ /te/ /hiti/ /natu/ /turi/ Ⅺ Affixes in many language like English, may be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes according to their linguistic nature.A derivational morpheme is an affix which is used to form a derivative, as re-in reread.It may change the class specification of the words to which they are added.For example, read +-able → readable(verb → adjective).There are also some derivational morphemes that do not cause a change in class status.For instance, the prefixes in-in im-+ possible → impossible(adjective → adjective).All derivational morphemes are bound and they must be attached to bases.An inflectional morpheme usually refers to an affix which is suffixed to stem rather than to a base.It dose not help to form a new word or change the class status of the word to which it is suffixed.It only serves as a grammatical marker showing grammatical meaning(or meanings)in sentences.All inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes indicating grammatical categories, such as tense, number, person, gender, case, aspect, mood, voice, and so on.Look at the following sentence, in which person, number, tense and aspect are marked by different inflectional morphemes, respectively.(a)I learn English.(b)She learns English.(c)He learned English.(d)They are learning English.In sentence(b)the –s at the end of the verb is an ―agreement‖ marker, indicating that the subject of the verb is the ―third-person‖, ―singular‖, ―present tense‖.The –ed in(c)and the –ing in(d)are inflectional morphemes required by the syntactic rules of English to show ―tense‖ and ―aspect‖, respectively.bear/bear problem solve by them
综合测试题（综合测试题
（八）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 A B B C C 6-10 B C B B C Ⅱ.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 T F T F T
Ⅲ.1.nucleus 2.sounds 3.gaps 4.suprasegmental features 5.free morphemes 6.Derivation 7.transitivity 8.umbrella 9.registers 10.anaphora
Ⅳ.1.[i] lax high front vowel 2.[e] mid front vowel 3.[a:] low back vowel 4.[u:] tense high back vowel 5.[u] lax back high vowel Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ..1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅷ..1)Vowels and consonants are thought of as the segmental phonemes, of which utterances are composed.They may go one after another in sequences of speech sounds.Segmental phonemes are used to form syllables, morphemes, words and utterances.INSTRUMENT FLOWER MOTION STATIONERY STATE [f] [?] [j] [?] [s] psycho + logy un + palat + able holi + day grand + mother morph + em + ic 2)Two different forms, though different in pronunciation, may be identical in meaning.Some speakers in a dialect of English pronounce the word economics in one way and some speakers in another dialect in another way.The different pronunciation of economics is free variations.3)Assimilation in language is a common phonetic process in which two phonemes, usually adjacent to each other, become identical or similar, or acquire common characteristic, due to the influence of one upon the other when they occur in the sequential speech sounds.If the change affects the adjacent sounds the process is called contiguous or juxtapositional assimilation, e.g./z/ in news become [s] in newspaper.It is also composed of regressive assimilation, total, partial, assimilation, etc.Ⅸ.Apply the reflexive transformation rule and imperative transformation rule to form the following tree: S NP Φ V VP NP pron behave yourself
Ⅹ.Illocutionary acts may be various in form and function.Based on the nature of the illocutionary force or effect, Searle suggested the following five types of utterances: 1)Representative, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as asserting, concluding e.g.―I think it is raining.‖ 2)Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something, such as requesting, questioning, e.g.― I beg you to give me some advice.‖ 3)Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future action of undertaking some future promise, such as promising, offering, threatening, e.g.―I’ll beat you if you don’t behave yourself.‖ 4)Expressives, which express a psychological state, such as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, e.g.―I apologize to you for my late reply to you last letter.‖ 5)Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, such as declaring war, christening, firing from employment, e.g.As soon as the employer says to the employee ―you’re friend!‖, the latter immediately loses his job.Ⅺ..Some sentences may be just grammatically well-formed, but semantically they may be not acceptable or anomalous.For example, The colorless green ideas sleep furiously.By the Standard Theory the semantic component contains the rules that specify the semantic features of lexical items, which are necessary for the choice of appropriate lexical items from lexicon.Lexical items or words must be chosen and fitted in according to the selectional restriction rules.Chomsky and his followers have made quite a few revisions and amendments of their original theories and of the Standard Theory.Extended Standard Theory, Revised Extended Standard Theory, Governing and Binding Theory are
all the revised theories.综合测试题（综合测试题
（九）答案
I.1－5 F T T F F 6－10 T T T F F 11－15 T F F T T 16－20 F T F T T II.1.voiced 2.fricative 3.labial 4.alveolar 5.high, vowel
III.1)The stress of greenhouse is on green while that of green house is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word;green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2)The stress of sleeping car is on sleeping while that of sleeping boy is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep.A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV.Deixis means ―pointing‖ via language.Person Deixis: we, I, him, it… Place Deixis: here, there… Time Deixis: now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last year, in three days… Discourse Deixis: in the previous section, in the next chapter, in the rest of this paper, in conclusion, this, that…
V.a)Those who quickly went there made a fortune.Those who went there made a fortune quickly.a)The planes which are flying can be dangerous.It’s dangerous to fly planes.b)They put fish into cans.They are able to fish.c)The design is full of big squares and big circles.The design is full of circles and big squares.d)I saw the couple who were in the cafeteria.In the cafeteria I saw the couple.VI.The maxim of relation is violated.The implicature is that B doesn’t want to gossip about the hostess.VII.The two sentences are both wrong.―This,‖ ―here,‖ ―that,‖ and ―there‖ are all deixis.―This‖ and ―here‖ are proximal deixis, while ―that‖ and ―there‖ are distal deixis.―Bring‖ means to carry something to the speaker;―take‖ means to carry something away from the speaker.The deixis in both sentences contradict with the two verbs.The correct sentences should be: 1)Bring that here.2)Take this there.VIII.a)The advantages of this approach to meaning analysis are obvious.Firstly, it is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning.Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen.Secondly, it reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis.The limitations of componential analysis are also apparent.It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, but merely to words within the same semantic field.It is controversial whether semantic features are universal primes of word meanings in all languages.b)Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used.The properties of human neck(source domain)have been transferred to the neck of the bottle(target domain).c)Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow(v.)and bow(n., a weapon).Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones.Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones.Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.综合测试
（十）I.1－5 C D A B D 6－10 A A B C B 11－15 C A D B B 16－20 D A C D B II.a)[m] b)[w] c)[u] d)[l] e)[b] III.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.3.They finally made a decision on the boat.They finally chose the boat.4.Can you see the man who is carrying a pair of binoculars? Can you see the man through a pair of binoculars? IV.a.truck b.elevator C.sidewalk d.can e.candy V.(Relation)The addressee does not think the dress is beautiful.VI.S NP Det N PP Prep NP Det N V Prep VP PP NP Det N VII.a)The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government.A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b)A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat.A red coat means a coat whose color is red.c)A bluebird refers to a kind of bird.A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.d)A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse.A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light.VIII.The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.IX.1.Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality.Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature.Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved.This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves.But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective.Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality.They unite reasoning and imagination.Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference.By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.2.The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical)dialects, sociolects(social dialects)and registers(functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ 3.Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world.London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain.The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal.The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference.Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense.For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression.Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind.Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent.Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.
第五篇：语言学概论
语言学概论试题
第一部分 选择题
一、单项选择题
1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话
C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统
2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是
A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象
12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是
A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分
D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊 C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊 D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊
14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分
D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统
3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为
A．传统语言学
B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学
D．社会语言学
4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
A．音渡
B．音素
C．音位
D．音节 5．[p„]的发音特征是
A．双唇送气清塞音
B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音
D．舌尖前不送气清塞音
6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A． [i，u]
B． [e，o]
C． [A，y]
D． [æ，a] [ ] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是
A．节律重音
B．语法重音
C．固定重音
D．强调重音
8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词
B．派生词
C．复合词
D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子
B．鸽子
C．瓜子
D．日子
11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是 A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则
上的主要差别是
A．理性意义不同
B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同
D．语气意义不同
15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是
A．他申请去北京进修
B．你去请他比较好 C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他
16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是 A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服
C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》
D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书
17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于
A．正字法改革
B．字符类型改革 C．文字类型改革
D．字符类型和文字类型改革 [
18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于
A．纯粹音译词
B．音译兼意译词 C．意译词
D．仿译词
19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是
A．通用语汇
B.常用语汇
C．基本语汇
D．专用语汇
20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的 B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的 C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言 D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言 [ ]
21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是 A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失
B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大 C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代
D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一
22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见 B．主要由权威机构强制推行
C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行 D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程
23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件D．“面貌”本指相貌，后引申指事物所呈现景象、状态 E．“锯”本指一种工具，后引申指凭借这一工具的行为 31．在“语言转用”现象中，哪种语言能够取代其他语言主要取决于
A．语言使用者在政治上的优势地位 B．语言使用者在经济上的优势地位
C．语言使用者在文化发展水平上的优势地位 D．语言使用者在生产资料占有上的优势地位 E．语言使用者在人口数量上的优势地位
第二部分 非选择题
三、名词解释
解释的是
A．模仿说
B、天赋说
C．强化说 D．刺激反应说 24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是
A．失读症
B.布洛卡失语症 C．失名症
D．维尔尼克失语症 25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语
B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式 c．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际 D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢
26．词典最常见的分类是
A．语言词典和历史词典
B．描写词典和历史词典 C．百科词典和历史词典
D．百科词典和语言词典
二、多项选择题
27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。弱化的表现有
A．脱落
B．清辅音变成浊辅音 C．浊辅音变成清辅音
D．单元音变成复元音 E．单元音向央元音靠拢 [ ] 28．下列各个汉语词语中属于复合词的是 A．逻辑
B．幽默
C．寂寞
D．忘记
E．崎岖 29．语体色彩最基本的类型有
A．口语色彩
B．科技语体色彩 C．公文语体色彩
D．政论语体色彩 E．书面语色彩
30．下列各项词义引申中，采用借代方式的有 A．“领航”本指一种行为，后引申指实施这一行为的人 B．“脉络”本指动脉和静脉，后引申指条理或头绪 C．“谜”本指谜语，后引申指尚未弄明白的事物
32.音节结构的元辅音分析法
33.语义指向
34.意音文字
35.语言规划
四、简答题
36.举例说明为什么说音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征负担的。
37.请结合实例说明语法的抽象性表现在哪些方面。
38.以实例说明义素分析的方法和主要步骤。
五、分析题
39.试从词语构造方式（A）和词类（B）两个角度对下
列重叠形式进行分类，分别填入各项中：星星 猩猩 妈妈 刚刚 蝈蝈 个个 试试 大大方方 热闹热闹 A1叠音式单纯词________________________________ A2重叠式合成词___________________________ A3语法重叠形式______________________________ B1名词性成分___________________________ B2动词性成分______________________________ B3其他词类成分_______________________________ 40.请指出下列两个语言片段各有哪些不同的结构和意义，并从语音影响语法的角度分析说明。Ａ 想起来了 节分别属于上述四种基本类型。
33.语义指向是指句子中某个成分在语义上指向哪儿，或者说同哪个或哪些成分发生语义联系。例如，补语位置上的成分，在语义上既可能指向主语，如“我吃饱了”中的“我”；也可能指向宾语，如“我吃光了碗里的饭”中的“碗里的饭”。
34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如汉字就是意音文字，汉字中许多字符是直接表意的，而假借字则是假借意符直接表音、间接表意的音符。
35．语言规划是指社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织Ｂ 我们三个人一组
六、论述题
41.举例说明为什么在描写句子的语义结构时，常常要从谓词入手，也就是把谓词看作处于支配地位的核心成分。
42.结合实例说明语言接触的具体表现形式。
语言学概论试题参考答案 课程代码：0541
一、单项选择题
1． B 2.C 3． C 4． B 5． A 6． D 7.D 8． D 9． C 10． C 11． C 12.A 13． A 14． C 15． C 16． B 17.A 18． B 19． C 20． A 21.C 22.B 23． B 24． B 25． C 26． D
二、多项选择题
27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE
三、名词解释
32．这种音节结构分析方法以元辅音为基本分析单位，把音节结构分为V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四种基本类型(其中的V代表元音，C代表辅音)。例如汉语普通话中的[i](一)、[t„i](题)、[an)(安)、[t„an)(谈)等四个音的、有意识的管理、调节和改进。例如，我国国家语言文字工作委员会所作的推广普通话、文字改革、语言规范化、制定正确的民族语言政策等工作。
四、简答题
36．(1)具体语言中的每个音位都可以分解为几个区别特征，不同音位之间的对立实际上可以进一步分解为区别特征之间的对立，因此音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征来负担的。
(2)例如，汉语普通话里／k／／k„／和／p／三个音位具有辨义功能，它们的语音特征分别是“舌根、闭塞、不送气”、“舌根、闭塞、送气”和“双唇、闭塞、不送气，”／k／通过“不送气”和/k„／相区别·，通过“舌根”和／p／相区别。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k„an51／和“办”／pan51／等三个词在语音形式上的区别可以归结为这三个音位在区别特征上的对立。
37．(1)所谓“抽象”即对具体的东西进行类的概括。语法规则就是对人们说的话中的单位、结构和关系的某种类的概括。
(2)语法单位类别的抽象。如以从词的用法建立词类为例。
(3)语法关系类别的抽象。如以从结构形式建立语法结构为例。
(4)语法意义类别的抽象。如以从形态或格式建立时态意义、句式意义等为例。
38．(1)确定对比的范围。一般来说，义素分析应该先从指称事物最小类别成员的一组词语开始，如有需要，再进一步扩大对比分析的范围。分析“男人”的义素，可以先从“男人”与“女人”、“男孩”的对比开始，因为它们同属于“人”这个最小类别。(2)比较词义的异同。对比的范围确定之后：下一步就是运用对比分析的方法，找出不同词义在语义成分上的共同点和不同点，也就是提取它们的共同义素和区别义素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的义素，可以首先比较这三个词的意义，从中提取出共同义素[人]，然后将“男人”与“女人”比较，提取出区别义素[±男性]，再将“男人”和“男孩”比较，提取出区别义素[±成年]。利用这些共同义素和区别义素，不仅可以使这三个词的意义互相区别开来，而且也可以使它们同其他的词语相区别。通过对比分析，找出不同词语的
共同义素和区别义素，这是义素分析最关键的一步，构的框架是由谓词语义规定的。人们只要按照一个谓词对变元数量和性质的要求，在述谓结构的框架中填入适当的变元，就可以产生一个句子的命题意义。这可以从人们理解省略句的事实中得到证明，比如问某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都会知道这个“去”虽然是一词一句，但在语义上却等于“我去北京”，人们之所以能够在理解过程中将“去”的动作发出者和目的地补充出来，从而正确理解这句话的实际含义，就是因为“去”所规定的述谓结构框架起着引导的作用。42．(1)语言成分的借用与吸收。不同语言之间相互影响一般总是从引进借词开始，语言成分的借用与吸收是语
五、分析题 39．A1 猩猩 蝈蝈
A2 星星 妈妈 刚刚 大大方方 A3 个个 试试 热闹热闹 B1 星星 猩猩 妈妈 蝈蝈 B2 试试 热闹热闹 B3 刚刚 个个 大大方方
40．(1)①A片段有两种结构和意思：A1是动宾结构，意思是“打算起床”；A2是动补结构，意思是“回想起”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于： A1中“起来”要重读，A2中“起来”要轻读。
(2)①B片段有两种结构和意思：Bl“我们”是主语，“三个人一组”是谓语，意思是“我们有很多人，每三个人是一组”。B2“我们三个人”是主语，“一组”是谓语，意思是“我们一共三个人，只有一个组”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于B１中在“我们”后停顿，B2中在“我们三个人”后停顿。
六、论述题
41．(1)一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元，都是由谓词的语义规定的。比如“咳嗽”指一种生理活动，在这种活动中，只有行为发出者，而不会有另外的涉及对象，因而在由“咳嗽”充当谓词的述谓结构中就只能有一个必有变元，而且这个变元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“经咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在这种行为中，不仅要有一个行为发出者，而且一定还要有被“咽下去”的东西，因而在由“吃”充当谓词的述谓结构中就可以有两个必有变元，而且这两个变元一个是施事，一个是受事。
(2)一个述谓结构是由谓词和变元组成的，既然变元的数量和性质都是由谓词决定的，因而也可以说整个述谓结
言接触最常见的现象。例如，公元11世纪起，说法语的日尔曼人曾长期占领和统治英格兰，在长期的接触和交往中，英语从法语中吸收了大量的语言成分。(2)出现双语现象。使用不同语言的人如果在同一个社会杂居，还可能产生双语现象。例如，我国广西壮族自治区，由于壮族人长期和汉族人生活在一起，大部分壮族人都是壮语和汉语使用者，(3)出现语言转用现象。在一定历史条件及长期的发展过程中，不同民族的接触和融合还会出现语言转用现象。
例如，我国的回族、满族都基本上放弃了自己原有的语言而转用了汉语。
(4)出现语言的混合。①在不同语言频繁接触的地区，会出现语言混合现象。不同语言混合会产生“洋泾浜语‟。例如，在旧上海外国商人聚居的地方出现的混杂着汉语成份的“洋泾浜英语”。②在一定的历史条件下，洋泾浜语有可能转变为“克里奥耳语”，成为某一社会主要的交际工具，并被当作母语来学习和使用。例如，广泛使用于加勒比海地区的以法语为基础的克里奥耳语。
语言学概论试题
（三）一 单项选择题；
1．盐“巴”中的“巴”属于（）。
①词根
②词尾
③词干
④后缀 ２．多义词的中心意义与本义（）。
①完全一致
②在多数词中一致
③在少数词中一致
④完全不一致
３．语言是由（）够成的系统。①词组和句子
②语义和语法
③词汇和语法
①具有反义因素
②全民常用
③具④组合规则和聚和规则
４．孤立语最重要的特点是（）。
①有词形变化
②没有词形变化
③词序不严格
④虚词的作用不大
５．语言符号音义之间的关系（）。具有线条性的特点 ②具有任意性的特点 ③是一种组合关系 ④是一种聚合关系 ６．语言是一种（）现象。
①个人
②个人心理
③社会
④自然 7．词的理性意义（）以现实现象为基础。有一大批同义词
④具有稳固性
⑤有较强的够词能力 ⒊发元音［i］时，（）。④舌位半高
⑤舌位高 ⒋汉语中沙发这个词（）。
①包含有两个语素
②只包含一个语素
③应当被看成是一个词组
④是一个单纯词
⑤是一个复合词
三、解释题
①要圆唇
②不用圆唇
③舌位靠前
①必须
②大多数
③少数
④可以不
8.英语的sing→sang 采用的语法手段是（）。
①加词尾
②变换重音的位置
③加词缀
④词根内部音素的变化
9.语法的组合规则包括（）。
词法和句法 ②构词法和语法范畴 ③句法和形态 ④内部屈折和词序
10.语音可以从它的（）属性方面去进行研究。①历史
②阶级
③自然 ④美学
11.英语同义词few（少）和little（少）的主要不同点是（）不同。①强调的重点和方面
②搭配习惯
③感情色彩 ④风格色彩
12.对于拉丁字母来说（）是它的子语。①匈牙利语
②英语
③法语
④俄语 13.“超人”一词属于（）。
①基本词汇里的词
②借词
③仿译词
④方言词
14.在汉语普通话中，（）之间存在着互补关系。①［t］[s]
②[u][y]
③[a][e]
④[m][ ] 15.共同语的基础是建立在（）之上的。
①一种方言
②书面语言
③文学语言
④统治者所用的语言
二 多项选择题（多选、少选、错选均无分）⒈一组同义词里面各个词的意义（）。
具有重叠关系 ②具有对立关系 ③往往同中有异 ④异中有同 ⑤完全没有反义因素 ⒉基本词汇最重要的特点是（）。
⒈非音质音位
⒉复合词
⒊词尾
⒋区别特征 四 判断分析题（判断正误并说明理由）⒈在语言的发展过程中，语音的发展速度最快。⒉在语言的融和中，统治民族的语言最终会取代被统治民族的语言。
3.社会方言不等于地域方言。
五
简答题（只要求简要回答，不要求分析举例）⒈从形式上看句子的最大的特点是什么？
2.什么叫亲属语言？
六
论述题
⒈举例论述什么叫组合关系，什么叫聚合关系？ ⒉文字和语言的关系怎样？文字是怎样去记录语言的？
第一章 语言和语言学
一、单项选择题
1.语言的客观存在形式首先表现为口语。语言学是指研究语言的科学。
2.在个别情况下，当口语已经发生巨大变化而书面语长期保持古代语言的面貌不变时，就可能产生言文脱节的现象。
3.在我国，白话文代替文言文的时间是五四运动以后。
4.世界各国都把书面语的产生作为文明史的开端。
5.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感是确定一个“民族”的最根本的标准。
6.语言是最直观最容易识别的民族标志。
7.口语是语言的有声客观存在形式。
8.书面语虽然在口语的基础上产生，但也影响口语的发展。
9.口语和书面语都有两个方面：一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形，这是一种物理现象；另一方面则是由声音或图形表示的意义，那是一种心理现象。
10.人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的，从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为编码和解码的过程。
11.主张把语言和言语分开的代表人和集大成的学者是现代语言之父索绪尔，他的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。
25.我国哲学家荀子认为“名”和“实”之间没有必然联系。
26.中国古代传统语言学被称之为“小学”。
27.历史比较语言学建立的时间是18世纪末到19世纪初。
28.“普通语言学”中的“普通”是“一般的”意思，指研究人类的社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论。
29.传统语言学一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学。
第三章 语汇
一、单项选择题
12.语言符号的特点有：任意性、强制性、可变性、离散性、线性。
13.索绪尔创立的语言学，使语言学成为现代意义的科学。
14.言语活动可以分为语言和言语两个分支，即索绪尔提出人类言语活动可分为语言和言语两个部分。
15.语言和言语：“语言”是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的有规律可循而又成为系统的那一部分。言语是个人“说话”的具体行为和结果，在每个人的发音、用词和使用的句子结构等方面体现出个人特色。
16.书面语和口语的关系是：前者是第二性的，后者是第-性的。
17.口语和书面语的所谓一致，是指基本的语言成分。
18.语言符号的物质实体（语音）和所表示的意义（语义）之间没有必然的理据关系，这说明，语言符号具有任意性。
19.语言符号是离散的，在时间这根轴上成线性排列。语言符号的线性特征使离散的语言符号有可能组合成大小不等的语言单位，组合成连续的语流。
20.在语言系统的各个子系统中，语音系统的系统性最强。
21.语言系统中最小的语言单位是语素；最小的交际单位是句子；最大的交际单位语篇。
22.在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起采的关系中，这种关系称为聚合关系。
23.最早广泛应用语言学的理论和成果的社会领域是语言教学领域。
24.希腊哲学家柏拉图认为“名”是由“实”决定的。
1.语汇包括词、语、某个专业范围的词语汇集。
2.各种语言的语汇能表示大量共同的概念是因为语汇具有普遍性。
3.旧词的消失与新词的产生反映了语汇的活跃性。
4、有些词的音和义之间的结合是可以论证的，这反映了语汇的理据性。
5.汉语语汇中不包括语素。
6.“尚且”属于汉语古语词：“目击”不属于汉语古语词：“瘪三”属于汉语方言词。
7.“花、草、虫、鱼”这组词属于汉语的基本语汇：“千古、间苗、雷达”属于一般语汇。
8.汉语中特有的而且是最大量使用的熟语形式是成语，如来自历史事件的成语“指鹿为马”。
9、外来词“俱乐部”属于音译兼意译。
10.在“邯郸学步、名牌大学、敲竹杠、春运”这几个语言单位中，不属于“语”的是“名牌大学”。
11.“天下乌鸦一般黑”属于谚语中的俗语（俗话）。
12.“雨伞”属于语素：“光”是不定位语素：“天（天地）”属于实义语素。
13.复合词的类型有：陈述式如“口吃”；偏正式如“狂热”；支配式如“丢脸”；补充式如“改善”；并列式“动静”等。
14、“犹豫”属于单纯词：“芒果”是复合词；reader（读者）属于派生词：“者”不是词。
15.在“前景、大衣、带走、香槟”这几个语言单位中，“带走”是词组。
16.复合词“纲要”中，语素与语素的组合关系的模式为并列式。
17.合成词“收割机”中包括的所有词根语素的是收、割、机。
18.汉语中特有的复合同是补充式复合词。
第四章 语法
一、单项选择题
1.“想出来了”可包含“思考出（一个结果）”和“想要（从某处）出来”两个意思，在语音表达上这两个意思的方法分别是：“出来”分别轻读和重读。
2.在“差点挨打／差点没挨打、差点感冒／差点没感冒、差点考上／差点没考上”的说法中所表达的意义不一样的是：差点考上／差点没考上。
3.在“说话的场所、运用的辞格、对话人、上下文”征，用语法学术语来表示，叫数。
θ]”（牙齿，复数）运用的语法手段是内部屈折。
复数）运用的语法手段是附加。
22.关于汉语中的“研究”和“研究研究”，说法正确的是：这是一个词的两种形式，后者增加了一定的语法意义。
23.在“把钢笔丢了”“钢笔坏了”“买一只钢笔”“这钢笔好用”这四个词组中，“钢笔”属于“无定” 的是：“买一
19.英语的“tooth[tu：θ]”（牙齿，单数）——“teeth[ti：
20.英语的：“book”（书、单数）——“books”（书，21.相对于词形变化的词的原形形式叫做零形式。
中，“运用的辞格”不属于语境的内容。
4.语法是一种简明的规则，重复使用有限的几条规则就能管住大量的现象，因为语法规则具有递归性。
5.语法是一种有效的规则，规则一旦形成就不大可能随意增加或废止，这是因为语法规则具有稳定性。
6.语法是一种概括的规则，只需处理一类一类现象而不必去管一个一个具体的词语和句子，因为语法规则具有抽象性。
7.语法是一种有解释力的规则，即语法规则环环相扣，规则与规则之间具有或制约或补充的关系，这是因为语法规则具有系统性。
8.关于词的特点，“词不一定非得有实在的意义”这个说法是正确的。
9.词组和句子的本质区别是词组不能用于交际，句子可以用于交际。
10.根据语法单位的功能，可把各种语法单位分为三级。
11、把语法分为组合规则和聚合规则的是结构语法学。
12.所谓“小语法”指的是核心语法；所谓“大语法”指的是外围语法。
13.面向信息处理的语法又可称为计算机语法。
14.英语中定语和状语出现的位置，都是既可以出现在中心语之前，也可以出现在中心语之后。
15.英语的“good”（好，原级）——“better”（好，比较级）运用的语法手段是异根。
16.以语法单位之间相对位置的变化来表示语法意义的形式手段是语序。
17.词根语素保持不变，用增减替换词尾或词缀来造成词形变化的方法叫附加。
18.由词的语法形式所反映的事物在数量上的特
只钢笔”。
24.用词形变化表示名词与其他词的语法结构关系的范畴是格。
25.用词形变化表现出来的，行为发生的时间与说话时间的关系的范畴是时。
26.用词形变化表现的行为动作进行的状况的范畴是体。
27.由词形变化表现出来的，动词所表示动作与主语间的施受关系的范畴是态。
28.“主语”和“宾格”是某些语言中名词和代词所具有的语法童义。
29.语序是一种语法手段。
30.“单数”“复数”是某些语言中名词所具有的语法意义。
第四章 语法
一、单项选择题
1.“想出来了”可包含“思考出（一个结果）”和“想要
（从某处）出来”两个意思，在语音表达上这两个意思的方法分别是：“出来”分别轻读和重读。
2.在“差点挨打／差点没挨打、差点感冒／差点没感冒、差点考上／差点没考上”的说法中所表达的意义不一样的是：差点考上／差点没考上。
3.在“说话的场所、运用的辞格、对话人、上下文”中，“运用的辞格”不属于语境的内容。
4.语法是一种简明的规则，重复使用有限的几条规则就能管住大量的现象，因为语法规则具有递归性。
5.语法是一种有效的规则，规则一旦形成就不大可能随意增加或废止，这是因为语法规则具有稳定性。
6.语法是一种概括的规则，只需处理一类一类现象
而不必去管一个一个具体的词语和句子，因为语法规则具有抽象性。
7.语法是一种有解释力的规则，即语法规则环环相扣，规则与规则之间具有或制约或补充的关系，这是因为语法规则具有系统性。
8.关于词的特点，“词不一定非得有实在的意义”这个说法是正确的。
9.词组和句子的本质区别是词组不能用于交际，句子可以用于交际。
10.根据语法单位的功能，可把各种语法单位分为三级。
26.用词形变化表现的行为动作进行的状况的范畴是体。
27.由词形变化表现出来的，动词所表示动作与主语间的施受关系的范畴是态。
28.“主语”和“宾格”是某些语言中名词和代词所具有的语法童义。
29.语序是一种语法手段。
30.“单数”“复数”是某些语言中名词所具有的语法意义。
31.从所包含成分的性质和数量看，最大的一种语法单位是句组。
11、把语法分为组合规则和聚合规则的是结构语法学。
12.所谓“小语法”指的是核心语法；所谓“大语法”指的是外围语法。
13.面向信息处理的语法又可称为计算机语法。
14.英语中定语和状语出现的位置，都是既可以出现在中心语之前，也可以出现在中心语之后。
15.英语的“good”（好，原级）——“better”（好，比较级）运用的语法手段是异根。
16.以语法单位之间相对位置的变化来表示语法意义的形式手段是语序。
17.词根语素保持不变，用增减替换词尾或词缀来造成词形变化的方法叫附加。
18.由词的语法形式所反映的事物在数量上的特征，用语法学术语来表示，叫数。
19.英语的“tooth[tu：θ]”（牙齿，单数）——“teeth[ti：θ]”（牙齿，复数）运用的语法手段是内部屈折。
20.英语的：“book”（书、单数）——“books”（书，复数）运用的语法手段是附加。
21.相对于词形变化的词的原形形式叫做零形式。
22.关于汉语中的“研究”和“研究研究”，说法正确的是：这是一个词的两种形式，后者增加了一定的语法意义。
23.在“把钢笔丢了”“钢笔坏了”“买一只钢笔”“这钢笔好用”这四个词组中，“钢笔”属于“无定” 的是：“买一只钢笔”。
24.用词形变化表示名词与其他词的语法结构关系的范畴是格。
25.用词形变化表现出来的，行为发生的时间与说话时间的关系的范畴是时。
32.“我认为他的观点不对”这个句子属于复杂结构单句。
33.主从关系复句指前是转折复句：“如果投有你，我就输了”的复句类型是假设复句。
34.“学校派我来听课”的句子类型是兼语句：“那支笔我送给小丁了”的句子类型是话题句。
35.“妈妈和***同事”属于联合词组：“接待过上海的同志”属于述宾词组。
36.复句中表达一定意义的，前后有较小停顿的、又具有相对独立性的语言单位叫做分句。
37.“只要刻苦学习，就能取得好成绩”，两个分句之间的意义关系为条件关系。
38.句子“我们厂一个戴安全帽的都没有”可切分为5个层次。
39.根据句子的用途和语气分出的句子类别称为句子的功能类。
40.“饭我吃完了”变换为“我把饭吃完了”所用的变换形式是添加和移位。
41.非主谓句中由一个单词直接构成的句子叫做独词句。
42.“舒舒服服睡它一觉”的正确切分是： 舒舒服服睡它一觉
43.汉语的词类划分比较适用于分布标准。
44.词类是词在语法上的分类。各种语言内部最复杂的词类是动词。
45.“你听过吗？”属于完全主谓句：“非常生气”属于状中偏正词组。
46.动宾词组“踢足球”的语义关系为“动词+受事”：“的”字词组属于“体词性词组”。
47.英语句子“He is reading the book”（他正在读书）
所属的句型为SVO.48.从所包含成分的性质和数量看，最大的一种语法单位是句组。
语言学概论试题
课程代码：00541
一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分）
在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多7．下列各组词语中，属于重叠词的一组是（）A．爸爸 星星 娃娃 B．听听 个个 次次
C．~乎乎 ~甸甸 ~兮兮 D．姥姥 狒狒 蝈蝈
8．下列关于基本语汇的表述，不正确的一项是（）
A．基本语汇是整个语汇系统的核心和基础
B．基本语汇使用范围广、构词能力强
C．基本语汇大部分是相当稳定的
D．基本语汇也包括大部分新造词和古语词
这在词的形成方式上属于（）
9．英语名词lab(实验室)原来的形式是laboratory，选或未选均无分。
1．语言符号的任意性是指（）
A．语言符号可以任意使用和创造
B．绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系
C．可以任意使用语言符号给事物命名
D．语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变
2．下列语言学流派中集中研究语言本体的流派是（）
A．功能语言学 B．社会语言学
C．认知语言学 D．结构语言学
3．下列关于舌尖元音的表述，不正确的一项是（）
A．发音时舌面不起主要作用 B．有舌尖前音和舌尖后音的区别
C．没有圆唇音和不圆唇音的区别 D． 是汉语普通话中的一个舌尖元音
4．下列各组辅音中，都是舌面后音的一组是（）
5．下列关于重音的表述，不正确的一项是（）A．有些语言中一个词可以有一个以上的重音
B．能够区别不同意义的重音可以看作一个音位
C．词重音可以分为“固定重音”和“自由重音” D．重音只跟音强的增加有关
6．下列各组合成词中，每个词都包含粘着语素的一组是（）
A．偷袭 赠送 B．买卖 肤浅
C．老人 初五 D．蔬菜 电器
A．直接成词 B．变形成词
C．变性成词 D．逆序成词
10．英语动词“去”的原形是“go”，过去时的形式是“went”，这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作（）
A．附加 B．屈折
C．异根 D．零形式
11．下列关于虚词的表述，不正确的一项是（）
A．虚词可以分为辅助词和功能词两个小类
B．虚词包括助动词、介词、连词和语气词
C．虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词
D．使用虚词来表现语法意义属于词法手段
12．下列对“撞倒了他的自行车”这个歧义词组的分析，不正确的一项是（）
A．偏正词组 B．动补词组
C．动宾词组 D．向心词组
13．下列对“你把这本书好好读一遍！”这个句子类型的分析，不正确的一项是（）
A．句型类是主谓句 B．句式类是把字句
C．功能类是陈述句 D．繁简类是单句
14．“年龄”和“岁数”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（）
A．感情色彩不同 B．语体色彩不同
C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同
15．使用字符最少的文字是（）
A．音位文字 B．音节文字
C．语素文字 D．意音文字
16．在下面的几种古老文字中，不属于自源文字的是（）
A．腓尼基文字 B．苏美尔文字
C．中国的甲骨文 D．古埃及文字
17．语言中发展演变速度最快的是（）
A．语法规则 B．音位系统
C．一般语汇 D．基本语汇
18．下列各项中，不是语言统一途径的一项是（）
A．共同语的推广 B．语言成分的借用
C．语言的转用 D．非克里奥耳化
19．亲属语言的“亲属”是指（）
A．历史同源 B．地域接近
C．结构相似 D．类型相同
20．下列各项中，不属于社会方言的一项是（）
A．土语 B．隐语
C．行话 D．黑话
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