第一篇:古代文学术语解释 诸宫调
古代文学术语解释
诸宫调诸宫调:是一种讲唱文艺形式,是在鼓子词和赚词的基础上发展起来的,用同一宫调的曲牌组成套曲,再用若干宫调的套曲组成
长篇,间以说白,来演唱故事。
第二篇:古代文学术语解释 志怪小说
古代文学术语解释
志怪小说
志怪小说:多指超现实的神灵鬼怪之事魏晋南北朝时期大量产生,是与当时宗教迷信思想的盛行有关的。是普通百姓表达理想愿望的需要,他们将自,己的反抗情绪和对理想的追求,通过大胆的幻想,曲折的表达出来。志怪小说的内容是宣扬迷信思想,大谈鬼神妖异,神仙道术志怪小说大都采用非现实的故事题材展现出浓厚的浪漫,主义色彩,在艺术上比较简略。代表作是干宝的《搜神记》。
第三篇:术语解释
《语言学》术语解释: 1.语系:
(1)语系是按照“谱系分类”的方法,根据语言间亲属关系的有无,把世界上的语言所分成的不同的类,凡是有亲属关系的语言都属于同一语系,反之则属于不同的语系。
(2)比如汉语、藏语、壮语、傣语、苗语等是亲属语言。它们都属于汉藏语系。
(3)世界上的诸语言按其亲属关系大致可以分为汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪含语系、高加索语系、达罗毘语系、马来—玻利尼西亚语系、南亚语系九大语系。2.歧义:
歧义句是在理解上会产生两种可能的句子,换句话说,就是可以这样理解也可以那样理解的句子。也就是谓语言文字的意义不明确,有两种或几种可能的解释。
一个句子有两种或两种以上的解释,就会产生歧义,歧义产生的原因:词义不明确、句法不固定、层次不分明、指代不明
歧义有主要由口语与书面的差别造成的,有主要由多义词造成的,还有语言组合造成的。组合的歧义中又有语法组合的歧义和语义组合的歧义。3符号
1. 符号就是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记,它包括形式和意义两个方面,指称现实现象。例如红绿灯就是一种符号,红灯表示“停止“的意义。
符号是人们共同约定用来指称一定对象的标志物,它可以包括以任何形式通过感觉来显示意义的全部现象。在这些现象中某种可以感觉的东西就是对象及其意义的体现者 它有两个方面的内涵:一方面它是意义的载体,是精神外化的呈现;另一方面它具有能被感知的客观形式。3.字母:
拼音文字或注音符号的最小书写单位。如:英文字母;汉语拼音字母。
4.基础方言:
(1)一种语言的共同语并不是凭空产生的,而是在某一个方言的基础上形成的,这种作为共同语基础的方言叫做“基础方言”。
(2)所谓作为共同语的基础指共同语的语音、语汇和语法系统主要来自基础方言。
(3)例如,意大利共同语的基础方言是多斯岗方言,现代汉民族共同语的基础方言是北方方言。
5.共同语:
指一个部落或民族内部大多数成员所共同掌握和使用的语言。它是在某个区域的人们在日常生活中以口语的形式逐渐形成的。这个地方通常是政治、经济、文化中心的地区,在这个基础上有了语言而后有形成方言。
如普通话
共同语是在一种方言的基础上建立起来的一个民族或一个国家通用的语言,例如普通话就是现代汉民族的共同语。
6.音位:
音位是具体语言中有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。
7.混合语:
两种或几种语言,在一定社会条件下,互相接触而产生的混杂语言。洋泾浜
8.语法手段:
根据语法形式的共同特点所归并的语法形式的基本类别叫做语法手段。语法手段可分为词法
手段和句法手段两大类。2 词法手段包括词形变化,词的轻重音和词的重叠;句法手段包括虚词,词类选择,语序和语调。9.语流音变:
在语言的组合过程中,一个音位受到邻近音位的影响或语流的影响而可能产生的变化,叫语流音变。常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、换位、弱化和脱落。
10.语言符号的线条性:
语言符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现,在时间线条上绵延,不能在空间的面上铺开,这就是语言符号的线条性,它是语言符号的一个重要特征。
语言符号具有线条性的特点。不能把“我看书”说成“书看我”,这是因为符号和符号的组合不是任意的,而是有条件的。符号和符号的组合条件就是语言里的各种结构的规则
11.语法的组合规则:
语法的组合规则包括语素组合成词的规则和词组合成句子的规则,前者叫构词法,它和词的变化规则合在一起叫做词法,后者叫做句法。
语法的组合规则包括构词法和句法。语法的组合规则存在话语中,是现实的12.语法的聚合规则:
具有相同语法特征的单位总是聚合成类,供组合选择。语法的聚合是多种多样的,最普遍的是词类和词形变化:语言里的词按语法作用的不同而分成名词、动词等等的词类;在好多语言里,名词动词又有格、位等等的变化。语法的聚合规则就是语法单位的分类和变化规则。
13.仿译词:
用本族语言的材料逐一翻译原词的语素,不但把它的意义,而且把它的内部构成形式也转植过来。仿译词属于意译词。如汉语词“黑板”的构词材料是“黑”(形容词性,表颜色)和“板”(名词性,表厚度小而面积大的较硬的事物),以“修饰+中心语”次序的定中关系组织起来,而它所源自的外语词是英语的blackboard,含有的构词材料也是两个:black(形容词性,表黑颜色),board(名词性,表厚度小而面积大的较硬的事物),两成分的关系也是“修饰+中心语”次序的定中
仿译词是意译词的一种,用本族语言的构词材料对译外语词
14.音位变体:
处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成为同一个音位在不同位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,所以我们把它们叫做音位变体。
处于互补关系之中而在音质上又比较相似的各个不同的音素是同一音位的不同的变体式,音位变体是音位在特定语音环境下的具体体现或具体代表。
15.语义指向:
语义指向指的是句法结构的某一成分在语义上和其他成分(一个或几个)相匹配的可能性。语义指向研究的是句子成分之间在语义上的搭配关系,句法结构研究的是句子成分的组合关系。
语义指向是指句子中某个成分在语义上指向哪儿,或者说同哪个或哪些成分发生语义联系。例如,补语位置上的成分,在语义上既可能指向主语,如“我吃饱了”中的“我”;也可能指向宾语,如“我吃光了碗里的饭”中的“碗里的饭”。
16.意音文字:
意音文字,或称语素-音节文字、语词-音节文字,是一种图形符号既代表语素,又代表音节的文字系统。这种文字系统是音节文字(如日文)、字母文字、辅音文字等以外的文字系统。意音文字代表人类文字史走出原始时期,进入古典时期。
意音文字指一部分字符是意符,一部分字符是音符的文字。如汉字就是意音文字,汉字中许多字符是直接表意的,而假借字则是假借意符直接表音、间接表意的音符
17.聚合关系:
聚合关系在语言学上聚合关系指在结构的某个特殊位置上可以相互替代的成分之间的关系或者是共现的成分和非共现的成分之间的关系,同一聚合关系语句只受句法关系限制语义因素不在考虑范围处于聚合关系中的语句与共同的句法特征但在语义上不能互相替换聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位(如音位、词)之间的关系,简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。
聚合关系——在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换、具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫聚合关系
18.音标:
音标是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号。它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,而一个音标并不只表示一个音素(双元音就是由2个音素组成的,相对于单元音来说。由2个音素构成的音标我们称之为双元音)。如汉语拼音字母、英语的韦氏音标和国际音标等。
19.词法范畴:
由词的变化形式所表示的意义方面的聚合。
词法范畴——由综合手段(词形变化)表现的语法意义概括起来就是词法范畴。
20.语言的类型分类:
我们把世界语言一般分为屈折语、孤立语、粘着语和复综语。
语言的类型分类——根据词的结构特点对世界的语言进行的分类叫语言的类型分类。
第四篇:术语解释
1.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.2.Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.3.Rhyme: It’s one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry.It is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme.If the rhyme occurs within a line, it is called internal rhyme.4.Heroic couplet: Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.5.Iambic抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.6.Free Verse: Free verse has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint(对照法)of stressed and unstressed syllables.7.Romanticism: it is a reaction against the Enlightenment and rationalism in 18th century, and a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified in classicism and neoclassicism.Authors in this period advocate return to nature and the innate goodness of humans(善良的本性).They emphasize the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary and the transcendental(超验).8.Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality.But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.9.Enlightenment: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from 1680s to 1789.It celebrates reason(rationality), equality, science.Everything should be put under scrutiny, to be measured by reason.This is the “eternal truth”, “eternal justice” and “natural equality”.It on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism.They aim to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.10.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.11.Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue” is one of the modern literary techniques.It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate
the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality.The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique.In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators.Time sequences were often dislocated.The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer.A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.12.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.13.Transcendentalism: A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era(peaking between 1835 and 1845).It appeared after1830s, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history.The term was derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits.It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and nature.Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”.It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual’s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation(复兴)and against the materialism of American society.14.Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years.The Lost Generation writers were dissatisfied with the oppressive materialism and cultural narrowness of the American society, so they went abroad to search for a more congenial, artistic locale and produced a great number of the best works in the American literary history.They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated.They painted the post-war western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.They had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.15.Naturalism: An extreme form of realism.Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.Naturalists are inevitably pessimistic in their view because firstly, they accept the negative implication of Darwin’s theory of evolution,and believe that society is a “jungle” where survival struggles go on.Secondly, they believe that man’s instinct, the environment and other social and economic forces play an overwhelming role and man’s fate is “determined” by such forces beyond his control.16.Black Humor(黑色幽默): It also known as Black Comedy, writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.17.Gothic novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century and was one phase of the Romantic Movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period.
第五篇:饭店术语解释
饭店术语解释
Skipper 意思是故意逃账者;
其特征是:无行李或少行李者,使用假信用卡或假支票等; 对于无行李或少行李者都要留意其消费情况,使用假信用卡或假支票者,要收取其消费保证金。Register 意思是入住登记,指要入住饭店的客人需要办理手续,如填写登记表等; 登记的意义在于可以确保客人身份的真实性,便于查询、联络和沟通;
登记的内容包括客人的姓名、出生年月、国籍、证件号码、签发机关、有效期等。Upgrade 意思是将高价格种类的房间按低价格的出售;
用途:A、用于房间紧张时,给有预订的客人;B、提高接待规格给重要客人。Early arrival 意思是提前到达。指客人在预订时间之前到达。
提前到达有两种情况:A、是指在预订日期之前到达。B、在饭店规定的入住时间之前到达。无论以上哪种情况,都要妥善安排好客人。Connecting room 意思是相连房。指相邻且相通的房间; 适于安排关系密切及需互相照顾的客人; 不宜安排敌对或不同种类的客人。
Room change 指为客人转换房间;
客人转房的两种主要原因是客人休息受到影响及房间设备出现问题; 转房的手续是:叫行李生拿新的房间钥匙及欢迎卡到客人的房间换旧的房匙及欢迎卡,请客人在新的欢迎卡上签名。最后通知相关部门,更改有关资料。
Sleep out
“店外住宿”简称“外宿” House use 指饭店人员用房;
饭店提供一部分房间给管理人员休息用,以便于工作; 要控制好饭店人员用房的数量 Guest history 意思是客史档案;
客人离店后,前台人员将客人的有关资料记录下来并加以保存; 客史档案是饭店极富价值的资料,有利于对客提供针对性、个性化的服务以及开展市场调研,以巩固和稳定客源市场。Sleep out 是“馆外住宿”,简称“外宿”。Tips 意思是小费,指客人为感谢服务员所提供的服务而给予的赏金。按规定不能收)取小费,应婉言谢绝。
如盛情难却,应将小费上交上级部门统一处理。Walk-in 指没有预先订房而前来入住的客人,简称“无预订散客”。Commercial rate 商务房价:指饭店为争取更多的客人而与一些公司签订合同,给予他们优惠的房间价格。Pressing 预先分房:指客人抵达前预先安排所需房间。Net rate 净房价。指房价中除去佣金、税收、付加费等剩下的纯房间收入。Waiting list 意思是等候名单。当饭店房间已满,仍有客人要求订房或入住,可做等候名单。Adjoining room 相邻房。指导相邻而不相通的房间。
适于安排相互熟识的客人,不宜安排敌对或不同种类的客人。Tariff 价目表,是一种向客人提供饭店的房间类型及房间价格等信息的资料。Day use 半天用房,指客人要求租用客房半天,不过夜。
一般租用时间为六小时以内,退房时间为下午六点钟以前,房价是全价的一半。Average room rate平均房价。计算方法:客房总收入除以总住房数。Guaranteed booking 保证性订房。指客人通过使用信用卡、预付定金、订立合同等方法,来确保饭店应有的收入。饭店必须保证为这类客人提供所需的客房,它使双方建立起了一种更为牢靠的关系。DND(do not disturb的缩写)
请勿打扰,客人避免外界打扰而出示的标志。IDD(international direct dial的缩写)意思是直拔国际长途电话。No-show 指没有预先通知取消又无预期抵达的订房。Package 指包价服务。指宾馆将几个项目组成一个整体,一个性出售给客人。Message 意思是留言服务,它是一项饭店帮助客人传递口信的服务。Night audit 意思是夜间稽核,主要负责复核各营业点的营业收入报表、单据、客人房租是否正确,各类特殊价格的审批是否符合规定,发现错误应立即更改,以保证饭店营业收入账目的准确。Cancellation 指客人取消预订的要求。简称取消预订。、Pick up service 意思是接车服务,饭店派人或车到车站、机场、码头把客人接回饭店。Wake-up call 意思是叫醒服务。Hotel chain 意思是旅馆连锁。拥有、经营两个以上旅馆的公司或系统。连锁旅馆使用统一名称,同样的标志,实行统一的经营。管理规范服务标准。House credit limit 指赊账限额。指饭店允许要客人在饭店内消费赊账的最高数额。Rooming list 意思是团体名单,它作为旅行团预订和入住登记时分房之用。Rollaway bed 意思是摺叠床,又叫“加床”。Rack rate 门市价格,是指客人直接在饭店购买客房商品的价格。Out of order 意思是坏房,指那些由于需要维修而不能出租的房间。Over booking 意思是超额预订。Double Occupancy 指两人占用房比例。客房同时有两位客人入住,称两人占用房,两人占用房在出租房中所占的比例,叫两人占用房比例。Emergency exit 意思是紧急出口。饭店专门设置的,供馆内人员在发生火灾等紧急情况时逃生用的出口。Executive floor 行政楼层
饭店将一层或几层的客房相对划分出来,用以接待高级商务行政人员,这些楼层称为行政楼层。它设有自己的总台、收款处、餐厅、休息室等,为客人提供细致周到的服务,其房间也比一般客房豪华。Lost & found 意思是失物招领处。Late checkout 意思是愈时退房。Log book 意思是工作日记本。
FIT(free individual tourist的简称)意思是散客。Room type 意思是房间种类。
常见的房间种类有:单人房、双人房、三人房、标准房、豪华房、套房、相连房和公寓等。不同种类的房间适于不同种类的客人。Group 意思是团体,指那些有组织地进行旅游活动的群体。Settlement 意思是付账或清账。将赊欠饭店的款项付清或签报。付账的方式有几种:现金、信用卡、支票、报账等。Full house 意思是房间客满。Room status 意思是房间状态。
一般房间状态分为:住房已清洁、住房未清洁、空房已清洁、维修房等。Check in 指客人入住饭店办理登记手续的过程。Pre registration 预先登记。
在客人到达前,根据客人历史资料帮客人填好登记表。Coupon 意思是客人已支付费用的住宿凭证。Master folio 总账户。两人或两间房以上发生的所有费用有一个特定账户来记录,结账时统一结算,此账户称总账户。
Confirmed reservation 意思是确认订房。它是指饭店对客人的预订要求予于以接受的答复。Room change 指为客转换房间。Advanced deposit 意思是预付订金。指客人在订房时所交纳的订金。Up selling 意思是根据客人特点,推销更高价格的客房。Check out 意思是指客人办理结账离馆手续。Concierge 意思是委托代办。Arrival departure time Arrival:指客人到宾馆的时间。
Departure:指客人离开宾馆的时间。VIP:(very important person 的缩写)意思是重要客人之意。