第一篇:环境污染容易引起人类哪些疾病
1、空气污染对人体的危害
空气里面主要含有氮气、氧气,其中氧气是人和动植物最需要的,大约占空气的21%;如果空气中的氧气含量降到16%时,正在点燃着的蜡烛就会熄灭;如果降到7%时,人和动物很快就会被憋死。空气中还含有水蒸气、二氧化碳、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、灰尘等气体和物质。如果空气中的硫氧化物、氮氧化物、灰尘等有害气体和灰尘含量过高,这种空气就是被污染了,空气中掺杂的这些有害气体和脏东西越多,空气被污染的也就越厉害,对人和动植物的危害也就越大。空气污染首先是危害人们的身体健康,其次是影响动植物的生长,还会引起全球性的气候变化。
空气污染引起人体呼吸系统疾病,造成人群死亡率增加。重庆市污染严重地区的肺癌死亡率逐年上升,超过50人/10万,比相对清洁区高4.7倍。长沙市个别街区的肺癌死亡率高达94.36人/10万。
2、温室效应增强、气候变暖对人体的危害
近几十年来,由于人类活动的影响,特别是所消耗能源急剧增加,以及森林遭到破坏,致使空气中二氧化碳的含量不断增加,使得温室效应不断增强,全世界的气候变暖。这就会使人们的呼吸道疾病、癌症、头疼等发病率增高,并助长疟疾等热带流行性疾病的发生和蔓延。
3、酸雨对人类的生产和生活的影响
酸雨被称为空中死神,它能使土壤酸化,湖酸化,从而使森林衰退和枯萎,许多水生生物无法生存。进而影响人类的生产和生活。而且,酸雨还对文物古迹和建筑物有侵蚀作用。
4、水污染的影响。
水环境污染的后果是严重的,不但使工农业生产备受损失,而且淡水鱼的捕获量也大幅度下降,许多名贵鱼种如长江鲥鱼和黑龙江的大马哈鱼产量急剧下降,有的甚至绝迹。全国性污染导致的死鱼、人畜中毒事件频频发生,全国肝癌、胃癌、食道癌等消化系统癌症发病率逐年上升,我国的水环境污染已经到了非治理不可的地步。
5、噪声污染给居民的生活和健康造成很大的影响
据29个环保部门统计,在群众来信来访中,反映噪声问题的占30%以上。一些工厂工人耳聋、高血压、心脏病、神经衰弱的发病率高达30%~60%。据上海第一医院耳鼻喉科统计,耳病患者中,约有1/3是因噪声引起的。有的地区,噪声已威胁到青少年智力发育。有关部门预测,如不采取措施,到本世纪末,我国85%的城市居民将无法正常地工作和生活。
20世纪世界著名的八大公害
(1)比利时马斯河谷事件:1930年12月,比利时马斯河谷工业区,排放的工业有害废气和粉尘对人体造成综合影响,一周内近60人死亡,市民中心脏病、肺病患者的死亡率增高,家畜死亡率也大大增高。
(2)美国落衫叽烟雾事件:本世纪40年代美国落衫叽的大量汽车废气在紫外线照射下产生的光化学烟雾,造成许多人眼睛红肿、咽炎、呼吸道疾病恶化乃至思维紊乱,肺水肿。(3)美国多诺拉事件:1984年10月,美国滨西法尼亚洲多诺拉镇的二氧化硫及其氧化物,与大气粉尘结合,是大气产生严重污染,造成5911人暴病。
(4)英国伦敦烟雾事件:1952年12月5-8日,英国伦敦由于冬季染煤引起的煤烟性烟雾,导致4天时间4000多人死亡,两月后又有8000多人死亡。
(5)日本水俣病事件:1953年--1968年,日本熊本县水俣湾,由于人们食用了含汞污水污染的海湾中富集了汞和甲基汞的鱼虾和贝类及其他水生物,造成近万人的中枢神经疾病,其中甲基汞中毒患者283人中有60余人死亡。
(6)日本四日市废气事件:1961年,日本四日市由于石油冶炼和工业燃油产生的废气,严重污染大气,引起居民呼吸道疾病聚增,尤其是哮喘病的发病率大大提高,形成了一种突出的环境问题。
(7)日本的爱知糠油事件:1963年3月,在日本的爱知县一带,由于对生产米糠油的管理不善,造成多氯联苯污染物混入米糠油,人们食用了这种被污染的油之后,酿成13000多人中毒,数十万只鸡死亡的严重污染事件。
(8)日本富山的痛痛病事件:1955年--1977年,生活在 日本富山的人们,因为饮用了含镉的河水和食用了含镉的大米,以及其他含镉事物引起痛痛病,就诊患者258人,其中死亡者达207人。在20世纪里,世界环境污染公害事故和公害病显著增加。30~60年代发生了马斯河谷事件、多诺拉烟雾事件、伦敦烟雾事件。日本水俟病事件、四日市哮喘事件、米糠油事件、疼痛病事件、美国洛杉矾光化学烟雾事件等
“旧八大公害事件”;80年代又发生
“新八大公害事件”。近年来,了意大利塞维索化学污染事故、美国三里岛核电站泄漏事故、墨西哥液化气爆炸事件、印度搏帕尔农药泄漏事件、前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站泄漏事故、瑞士巴塞尔赞多兹化学公司莱茵河污染事故、全球大气污染和非洲大灾荒等我国学者对全球的生态环境问题进行了研究,提出了严重威胁社会经济发展的全球性生态环境问题主要有7个方面:“三废”物质污染、噪音污染、水资源污染、土地沙漠化、温室效应、大气臭氧层破坏、核污染。
环境
在环境科学中,一般认为环境是围绕着人群的空间,及其中可以直接、间接影响人类生活和发展的各种自然因素的总体,但有些人认为环境除自然因素外,还应包括有关的社会因素。
世界各国的一些环境保护法规中,往往把环境中应当保护的环境要素或对象,如大气、水、土地、矿藏、森林、草原、野生动物、自然遗迹、人文遗迹、自然保护区、风景名胜区、城市和乡村等称为环境,但环境并不限于这些内容。
环境目前还没有形成统一的分类方法。一般按照环境的主体,环境的范围,环境的要素和人类对环境的利用或环境的功能进行分类。环境污染
环境污染主要是人类活动所引起的环境质量下降而有害于人类及其他生物的正常生存和发展的现象。环境污染的产生有一个从量变到质变的过程。当某种能造成污染的物质的浓度或其总量超过环境自净能力,就会产生危害。环境污染有不同的类型:
按环境要素可分为:
大气污染、水体污染和土壤污染;
按污染物的性质可分为:
生物污染、化学污染和物理污染;
按污染物的形态可分为:
废气污染、废水污染和固体污染,噪声污染、辐射污染等等;
按污染物的产生原因可分为:
生产污染和生活污染,生产污染又分为:工业污染、农业污染、交通污染等等;
按污染物的分布范围可分为:
全球性污染、区域性污染、局部性污染等。
第二篇:环境污染容易引起人类哪些疾病
环境污染容易引起人类哪些疾病?
一、1930年,马斯河谷烟雾事件 比利时马斯河谷工业区。在这个狭窄的河谷里有炼油厂、金属厂、玻璃厂等许多工厂。12月1日到5日的几天里,河谷上空出现了很强的逆温层,致使13个大烟囱排出的烟尘无法扩散,大量有害气体积累在近地大气层,对人体造成严重伤害。一周内有60多人丧生,其中心脏病、肺病患者死亡率最高,许多牲畜死亡。这是本世纪最早记录的公害事件。
二、1943年,洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件 夏季,美国西海岸的洛杉矶市。该市250万辆汽车每天燃烧掉1100吨汽油。汽油燃烧后产生的碳氢化合物等在太阳紫外光线照射下引起化学反应,形成浅蓝色烟雾,使该市大多市民患了眼红、头疼病。后来人们称这种污染为光化学烟雾。1955年和1970年洛杉矶又两度发生光化学烟雾事件,前者有400多人因五官中毒、呼吸衰竭而死,后者使全市四分之三的人患病。
三、1948年,多诺拉烟雾事件 10月下旬,美国的宾夕法尼亚州多诺拉城有许多大型炼铁厂、炼锌厂和硫酸厂。1948年10月26日清晨,大雾弥漫,受反气旋和逆温控制,工厂排出的有害气体扩散不出去,全城14000人中有6000人眼痛、喉咙痛、头痛胸闷、呕吐、腹泻。17人死亡。
四、1955~1972年,骨痛病事件 镉是人体不需要的元素。日本富山县的一些铅锌矿在采矿和冶炼中排放废水,废水在河流中积累了重金属“镉”。人长期饮用这样的河水,食用浇灌含镉河水生产的稻谷,就会得“骨痛病”。病人骨骼严重畸形、剧痛,身长缩短,骨脆易折。
五、1968年,日本米糠油事件 先是几十万只鸡吃了有毒饲料后死亡。人们没深究毒的来源,继而在北九州一带有13000多人受害。这些鸡和人都是吃了含有多氯联苯的米糠油而遭难的。病人开始眼皮发肿,手掌出汗,全身起红疙瘩,接着肝功能下降,全身肌肉疼痛,咳嗽不止。这次事件曾使整个西日本陷入恐慌中。
六、1984年,印度博帕尔事件 12月3日,美国联合碳化公司在印度博帕尔市的农药厂因管理混乱,操作不当,致使地下储罐内剧毒的甲基异氰酸脂因压力升高而爆炸外泄。45吨毒气形成一股浓密的烟雾,以每小时5000米的速度袭击了博帕尔市区。死亡近两万人,受害20多万人,5万人失明,孕妇流产或产下死婴,受害面积40平方公里,数千头牲畜被毒死。
七、1986年,切尔诺贝利核泄漏事件 4月26日,位于乌克兰基辅市郊的切尔诺贝利核电站,由于管理不善和操作失误,4号反应堆爆炸起火,致使大量放射性物质泄漏。西欧各国及世界大部分地区都测到了核电站泄漏出的放射性物质。31人死亡,237人受到严重放射性伤害。而且在20年内,还将有3万人可能因此患上癌症。基辅市和基辅州的中小学生全被疏散到海滨,核电站周围的庄稼全被掩埋,少收2000万吨粮食,距电站7公里内的树木全部死亡,此后半个世纪内,10公里内不能耕作放牧,100公里内不能生产牛奶„„这次核污染飘尘给邻国也带来严重灾难。这是世界上最严重的一次核污染。
第三篇:环境污染与人类
地下水污染与人类健康
姓名:刘思齐 学院:外国语学院学号:201101144
4内容摘要:地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。它是中国北方城市重要的供水来源更是中国非常重要的战略储备资源,因此地下水环境的好坏关系到国民经济的发展和人们身体健康。然而近年来由于人类活动的影响,特别是城市生活污水、垃圾以及工业三废的排放,农业生产大量使用农药化肥等,导致地下水污染问题日益突出,严重制约着国民经济的可持续发展,威胁着人类生命的健康,同时也给环境带来了很大的压力。地下水不同于地表水,被喻为人类的“生命水”。一旦遭受污染,治理需千年的时间。如今一些企业为躲避查处,将致命性污水通过高压水井直接注入地下,一名名村民因饮用污染水而染上怪病,一个个村庄沦为“癌症村”,“生命之源”变成“绝命之源”。关键词:地下水污染 污染来源 污染现状 癌症村 人类健康 治理
一、地下水污染简介
地下水污染(ground water pollution)主要指人类活动引起地下水化学成分、物理性质和生物学特性发生改变而使质量下降的现象。地表以下地层复杂,地下水流动极其缓慢,因此,地下水污染具有过程缓慢、不易发现和难以治理的特点。地下水一旦受到污染,即使彻底消除其污染源,也得十几年,甚至几十年才能使水质复原。至于要进行人工的地下含水层的更新,问题就更复杂了。地下水污染的原因主要有:工业废水向地下直接排放,受污染的地表水侵入到地下含水层中,人畜粪便或因过量使用农药而受污染的水渗入地下等。污染的结果是使地下水中的有害成分如酚、铬、汞、砷、放射性物质、细菌、有机物等的含量增高。污染的地下水对人体健康和工农业生产都有危害。地下水污染与地表水污染有一些明显的不同:由于污染物进入含水层,以及在含水层中运动都比较缓慢,污染往往是逐渐发生的,若不进行专门监测,很难及时发觉;发现地下水污染后,确定污染源也不像地表水那么容易。更重要的是地下水污染不易消除。排除污染源之后,地表水可以在较短时期内达到净化;而地下水,即便排除了污染源,已经进入含水层的污染物仍将长期产生不良影响。
二、地下水污染从何而来
1.沿海地区海水入侵和倒灌。海水倒灌是指海水入侵淡水含水层的现象。造成海咸水入侵的主要原因是地下水淡水的过量开采。如果地下淡水过量开采,滨海或岛屿上淡水—海水界面可以处于不平衡状态。我国北方沿海地区,进人80年代以来,出现连续多年的干旱,降雨量偏低,地下水补给量减少,但是工农业需用水量却不断增加,地下淡水“入不敷出”,导致海水入侵。
2.工业污染。工业“三废”(废水、废气、废渣)是地下水污染的主要因素之一。工业废水如工业电镀废水、工业酸洗污水、冶炼工业废水、轻工业废水和石油化工有机废水不经过处理而排人城市下水道、江河湖海或直接排到水沟、大渗坑里,导致地下水化学污染。
3.农业污染。由于农业活动而造成的地下水污染源主要包括土壤中剩余农药、化肥、动植物遗体的分解以及不合理的污水灌溉等。它们引起大面积浅层地下水质恶化,其中最主要的是NO3—N的增加和农药、化肥的污染。
4.生活污染。一边是经济的不断发展,大量塑料、金属、电池等不可消化的新垃圾出现,一边是基础设施和管制的缺失,农村污水、垃圾直排现象愈发严重。生活垃圾随着日晒雨淋及地表径流的冲洗,其溶出物会慢慢渗入地下,污染地下水。
三、中国地下水污染现状
中国地下水资源现状:64%遭受严重污染,中国水资源总量的1/3是地下水,而全国90%的地下水遭受了不同程度的污染。据报道,有关部门对118个城市连续监测数据显示,约有64%的城市地下水遭受严重污染,33%的地下水受到轻度污染,基本清洁的城市地下水只有3%。初步调查表明,华北平原局部地区地下水存在重金属超标现象,主要污染指标为汞、铬、镉、铅等,主要分布在天津市和河北省石家庄、唐山以及山东省德州等城市周边及工矿企业周围;局部地区地下水有机物污染较严重,主要污染指标为苯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯等,主要分布在北京市南部郊区,河北省石家庄、邢台、邯郸城市周边,山东省济南地区—德州东部,河南省豫北平原等地区。在华北平原的各大省份中,“水危机”一直是河北省最为关注的公众议题。数据显示,该省人均水资源307立方米,仅为全国人均值的1/7,是中国严重资源性缺水省份之一。而河北七成以上的用水来自地下水。
四、地下水污染的危害
人及动物饮用农药污染的地下水会引起各种怪病,如怪胎、肿瘤、皮肤及神经系统疾病等。农业灌溉水、农村家畜产生的有机废物、城镇居民产生的生活垃圾和生活污水,其中含有纤维素、淀粉、尿素、洗涤剂,还含有多种微生物,这些污染物质渗入地下水中引起水的理化指标变差,COD、BOD升高,严重者出现水质浑浊、恶臭以至于不能饮用,并且由于微生物的作用使含氮有机物转变为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐,长期饮用高硝酸盐浓度的地下水会引起消化道疾病、婴儿高铁血红蛋白症,导致婴儿窒息或死亡,据调查,地下水硝酸盐含量高的地区,人群的消化道癌症发病率高出对照区二至五倍之多。
地下水中含有超量的汞、铬、镉、砷及铅等金属元素及其化合物,每一种物质的超量存在都会对人及动物造成严重的危害。这些金属元素及其化合物在自然界生物体内都有蓄集作用,即通过生物链的传递使污染物的浓度不断扩大,造成的危害也就越来越大。它们可以在人体的肝、肾、脾以及脑组织、骨组织等重要部位富集,长期饮用含超标汞的地下水可引起肝炎、肾炎、运动失调等疾病,往往导致死亡或遗患终生。镉在人体中有很强的富集作用,饮用被镉污染的水往往引起人的慢性中毒,损害人的肝、肾和骨骼等。镉的致癌致畸作用也在动物实验中得到了证实。砷及其化合物都是强毒性的,摄入超量的砷会引起慢性中毒,潜伏期可长达几年甚至几十年,最终将造成癌变或畸变。
五、地下水污染催生“癌症村”
知名环保人士、原美国夏威夷大学环境专家董良杰介绍,“其实脏水还不可怕,可怕的是毒水!”我们肉眼看到的往往是发黑、发绿的脏水,大多是浅表水被污染了,其中污染物大多为有机物,通过现有的污水处理办法,还有改善的可能,而如果是被铬、砷、汞这类重金属污染,几乎不可能被处理掉,那才是有毒的、致病的、甚至致命!
关于地下水污染与疾病发生的关系,尽管国内没有直接的数据来佐证,但我国癌症逐年高发,水污染是元凶之一的说法并没有遭到反对。前不久发布“中国癌症发病地图”的全国肿瘤登记中心副主任陈万青深有体会。他在调研过程中,有一个明显的感受,那就是工业发达地区比欠发达地区的癌症发病率明显要高,城市癌症发病率也高于农村。说到其中原因,陈万青讳莫如深,“目前我国还没有关于水污染引起癌症的具体数据,但有一点是明确的是,水污染跟癌症发病率脱不了干系!”
“人体长期饮用被污染的水,积累到一定程度,会引发全身各种癌症。”陈万青说,在水污染中,一些化学物质如苯,就是强致癌物,长期摄入,会引起白血病、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌。而被污染的水中含有的重金属,如砷、铅、镉、锰等,也可能导致癌症。近年来,淮河流域
众多“癌症村”不断在国内外媒体上曝光,我国河南林州每年因食道癌死亡人数为150/10万左右,同时发现该地区的鸡也有很高的食道癌死亡率(175/10万);江苏省启东县肝癌发病率较高,而当地鸭子的肝癌发病率也高。这种“人畜共患病”现象,更加揭示出健康对环境的依赖性,尤其是水环境。
网上公布的“中国癌症村地图”,邹平“榜上有名”——其描述为“邹平孝妇河沿岸”。在上世纪80年代,孝妇河沿岸主要受上游淄博企业污染之害,51个村庄因癌症死亡400多人,此事被学者写进了一份调查报告。这就是“孝妇河沿岸癌症村”消息的源头。
一边是全国县域经济基本竞争力百强县前列,一边是毒气笼罩的癌症村,山东邹平癌症死亡名单和水污染现状触目惊心。污水涌出工厂,顺着河沟流向远方,空气中飘着刺鼻的酸臭和辛辣味。邹平县九户镇利民村村民所在的这个被称作“癌症村”东南约三百米处,有两家化工企业,福海科技和开元化工。工厂排放的污水毒气已经达到当地村民忍耐的极限。“如果有炸药的话,我会抱着炸药炸掉开元化工,今天我说的话,你们记者一定要将我的名字刊登出来。”一位村民激愤地强调。可见地下水污染对村民的生活造成了多么恶劣的影响。在上世纪七八十年代以前,邹平农村大概是这样的景致:村里有三五口水井,家家户户人工挑水吃,妇女们在井边涮衣洗菜,男人在井边谈天说地;改革开放前后,大家陆续在自家院里打井,手工摇水,生活自然方便了不少。然而,好景不长,随着企业如雨后蘑菇般地冒出,人们惊讶地发现,井水被污染了,水井越打越深,到最后出水还是不敢喝了。在紧靠邹平县长山镇镇驻地的茶棚村来了个做豆腐脑的,起初不了解情况,打开水管就用了自来水点卤,由于不清楚那是浅层水,结果那批豆腐脑全都遭践泼掉了。
九户镇利民村一位刘姓老汉,既无奈又自豪地说,他买“商品水”已有14年的历史,是全村买水“第一人”。一家农民娇贵得买水喝?刚开始还引起村民的笑话和不解。到后来,村里成批量地出现癌症病人,一查几乎个个都是晚期,这时大家才佩服他的”英明“。现在,村里所有人都只喝”商品水“,再穷的人家也不敢在这方面省钱。
除了山东,近年来,我国接二连三发生水质污染事件,导致大量地下水被破坏。生活在北京市西四环外的永合庄村和北天堂村居民,从2005年开始就不用村里的地下水了。原因是当地有两个大型野垃圾填埋站,垃圾渗液让地下水受到严重污染。近年来,大部分村民逐渐搬离,剩下的不到1/5的村民基本上就喝政府每天用水车送来的水。虽然地下水对人们的健康生活尤为重要,但并没得到珍惜,地下水污染问题非常普遍。
五、地下水污染的防治
地下水污染带来的危害是触目惊心的,地下水污染一般不容易发觉,不像地表水,可以从水体的颜色、嗅味等物理性状来初步判断是否受到污染。具有污染途径隐蔽、污染机理与污染防治系统庞大、地下水流慢等特点,一旦污染很难治理,即使花很大的代价,耗时较长,也难奏效。因此,在地下水环境保护工作上要坚持以防为主的方针,宁肯在预防上投入足够的人力、物力,而不要在污染发生后付出更大代价去治理。坚持“预防为主、防治结合、分类管理、综合治理”原则,既要积极治理现存的污染,保护地下水的用户,防止水质的进一步恶化,又要采取有力的措施防止新的污染产生,以全面保护地下水资源。
1、合理开发和利用地下水资源从可持续发展的角度出发,有计划地开发和利用这些有限的地下水资源。保护地下水资源,制止过量开采地下水,减少地下水位下降幅度,防止地面沉降等,以减少污水的下渗。在开发利用过程中做到采补平衡,严格控制地下水开采量的同时,还应采取多种措施加大对地下水的回灌补给。
2、提高公众环境意识并加强地下水保护宣传力度严格贯彻执行我国的《水污染防治法》《水法》等法规,本着“谁污染,谁治理”的原则,加强执法力度,使每个人都能准确地理解我们的行为给地下水质造成了什么影响。建设必要的污水处理设施;抓好重点污染源的综
合治理,对毒性大的污染物,必须在厂内处理,对于毒性小的污染物汇入城市污水处理厂进行集中处理。统筹规划、合理布局。
3、建立水质监测网并重点做好水质监测工作加强基础设施建设,建立水质监测站网,迅速补充和完善地下监测井网,逐步建立和完善水环境监测体系。设立地下水观测专用井,建立地下水动态监测与分析预测服务系统。对重点污染地区(段)进行重点监测,系统掌握区域地表水、地下水水质的污染发展变化及动态特征,为开发利用和管理保护提供及时、科学的依据。
4、欧洲、北美和澳大利亚等地区,在地下水污染防治工作中,已经从以污染治理为重点转变为以防止污染为重点,其中采取的一个重要措施即是进行地下水环境脆弱性评价,并编制评价图册这种方法值得我国借鉴。脆弱性调查评价可以为决策、管理人员和规划、设计人员提供有关地区地下水环境的条件,指导工程选址、选线,也将对地下水水质监测起指导作用。对于脆弱性高的地区,可以加强监测,这样使得监测网的布设更为科学和合理,避免人力、物力的分散和浪费。
六、结语
地下水是生态循环系统中不可或缺的一部分对于人类生存和社会的可持续发展发挥着重要作用。为保障人类的健康和经济的可持续发展,污染防治需要每个人的关心和参与,保护地下水不受污染是我们的责任与义务。对于已污染的地下水,要查明污染源,切断污染途径,努力开发研究有效的污染治理技术。对于没有污染的区域,要未雨绸缪,防患于未然,积极采取预防措施,避免污染的发生。要全面贯彻“预防为主,防治结合”的方针,确保地下水环境的洁净与安全。
参考文献
1、期刊论文 赵勇胜 地下水污染场地污染的控制与修复-吉林大学学报(地球科学版)2007,37(2)、林年丰 环境水文地质学 1990、武汉地质学院 地球化学 1979
第四篇:环境污染与人类健康
环境污染及其人类健康人侵害
一、教学目标
通过介绍对人类有害污染,使学生能够远离污染,从而养成健康的身体。
使学生懂得污染对人类造成的危害,从而在今后的工作中,从自己做起,从现在做起,为把我们国家建设成为一个到处是绿水青山作出贡献。
二、教学重点
(1)什么是环境污染
(2)环境污染有哪些,它造成的原因是什么。
三、教学内容
(1)环境污染的定义:是指由于自然的人为的因素致使自然环境发生变化,并超出
了其自净能力,从而破坏了生态平衡,影响到人类健康的现象。
(2)*环境污染产生的原因:随着世界人口的迅速增加以及工业化的迅速发展、人类
对自然资源的毁灭性的开发与利用,环境污染问题愈来愈严重,已经开始威胁人类的生存。
(3)*空气污染对内健康的危害:空气污染主要是由工业生产中散发来的尘埃、烟灰
等有害气体对空气的污染。目前,空气中的污染物已达一百多种。
(4)对人体的直接危害:呼吸道的鼻炎、咽炎、气管炎、肺结核、肺癌;心血管系
统的功能下降;内脏器官的肝肿大、肾炎;神经系统的头晕、头痛、失眠、神经衰弱。另外,对内分泌系统、骨骼系统、少年儿童发育都有负面影响。
(5)对人体的间接危害:导致佝偻病、眼部病症的发生。
(6)*水污染对健康的危害:水污染主要是指由工厂排出的未经净化处理的污水、生
活污水、垃圾和各种有害物质流入、渗入水中,使江、河、湖、海遭到污染。
(7)对人体的直接危害:人们直接饮用受污染的水,会导致各种肠胃疾病,严重受
污染的水会直接导致特异性疾病的发生,甚至危及生命。
(8)对人体的间接危害:通过食物链,有害的水浇灌农用物,污水中的水产类、食
用有害物质的动物等最后由人类来食用,会危及人类的健康。
*噪声音污染对健康的危害:噪音污染是指由生产、交通、生活中发出的超常规的振动。
(1)对人体的直接危害:导致人心烦躁、引起头痛和听力障碍。当噪声达到100分
贝时,人就烦躁难受;达到130分贝时耳朵疼痛;达到160分贝时耳膜破裂;达到170分贝时会导致死亡。
(2)对人体的间接危害:长时间生活在噪声达70~90分贝时的环境中,会引起神经、心血管、消化系统紊乱,内分泌功能失调,导致寇心病、脑血管疾病和心理疾病发生。
第五篇:5容易引起误解的句子
容易引起误解的句子
有些句子的意思,尤其是一些惯用句子的意思,我们是不能单从字面来理解的。下面就是一些常见的容易引起误解的句子: 第一组:
1.He is the last person to do such a thing.他决不会干这种事。She is the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner.她是我在宴席上最不愿意与之相邻就座的女子。
That's the last thing I should expect him to do.那是我最不可能指望他去做的事情。
注:“ the last + 名词 + 不定式或定语从句”中的 last 作“ least likely / suitable/ willing/ desirable ”解,即常常将 last 译为“最不可能的;最不合适的;最不愿意的;最不希望的”,而不作“最后的”解。
2.We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.(= We cannot estimate the value of modern science much enough.= It is impossible to estimate the value of modern science too much/ much enough.)无论怎么重视现代科学的价值都不为过分。
We cannot be too careful in doing experiments.(= We cannot be careful enough in doing experiments.)我们做实验时无论怎样小心都不过分。
注:“ cannot/ could not„„ too + 形容词或副词 = cannot/ could not„„ + 形容词或副词 + enough ”。我们不能把第 1 句理解成:“我们不能过分估算现代科学的价值。”也不能把第 2 句理解成:“我们做实验时不能太小心。”
3.It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.无论怎样聪明的人也难免要犯错误。It is a long lane that has no turning.无论怎样长的巷子也有弯。
注:这个句子含有比较储蓄的让步意味。我们不能把第 1 句理解成:“从不犯错误的人是一个聪明的人。”也不能把第 2 句理解成:“那是一个没弯的长巷。” 4.If the sun were to rise in the west,I would not break my word.使太阳从西方出来,我也不会背弃我的诺言。
Were the danger even greater(= Even if the danger were greater),I should feel compelled to go.即使危险再大,我也觉得非去不可。
注:从形式上看上面句子中的从句像是条件状语从句,但实际上却是让步状语从句,因为其中的主句和从句在意义上形成鲜明的对照。若句子含条件状语从句,则从句表示的是条件,主句表示的是结果。下面句子中的从句就是条件状语从句:
If the sun were to rise in the west,I would break my word.如果太阳从西方出来,我就会背弃我的诺言。
Were the danger even greater,I should not go.如果危险再大一些,我就不去了。5.A mountain is not famous because it is high.山出名不在高。
I don't believe that he will come tomorrow.我相信他明天不会来。
Mary did not leave the office in order to meet Tom.玛莉离开办公室为的是不见汤姆。
注:上面这三句话中都包含一个被转移的否定词 not.因此不能把第 1 句理解成:“山不出名是因为高。”也很少将第 2 句转换成:“ I believe that he will not come tomorrow.”第 3 句可以转换成:“ Mary left the office in order not to meet Tom.”也可以将其理解成:“玛莉没离开办公室是为了见到汤姆”。为了避免产生上述歧义,我们最好说:“ It was in order to meet Tom that Mary did not leave the office.”(玛莉没离开办公室是为了见到汤姆。)和“ It was in order not to meet Tom that Mary left the office.”(玛莉离开办公室为的是不见汤姆。)6.Who in the world(on earth)told you that? 那事到底是谁告诉你的? 注:这里的 in the world(on earth)是用来加强语气,意思是“到底”,“究竟”,而不是“在世界上”。
7.He is too ready to talk 他爱说话。Men are too apt to forget.人们往往健忘。
We are only too pleased to work together with the workers.我们和工人们一起劳动,太高兴了。
They are but too glad to do so.他们非常喜欢这么做。
注:若 too 后面跟 ready,apt,likely 等形容词,或 only too,but too,all too 和 not too 后面跟一个形容词或副词,则后面的不定式没有否定意义。8.No man is so old but he may learn.(= No man is too old to learn.)
没有人因为太老而不能学(活到老学到老)。
I never go past my old school but I think(= without thinking)of Mr Wilkins,the headmaster.每当我走过我的母校时,都想起校长威尔金斯先生。
注:这里的 but 是从属连词,本身有否定含义,而不能被理解成“可是”。
第二组:英语中有些句子,乍看起来很简单,但是其中的某些词汇和搭配的可能跟常见的意义相去甚远,这时可千万不能望文生义哦!本文为大家总结了42个容易理解错误的句子和它们的正确翻译,赶快背下来吧!1.Do you have a family?你有孩子吗?
2.It’s a good father that knows his son。就算是最好的父亲,也未必了解自己的儿子。3.I have no opinion of that sort of man。我对这类人很反感。
4.She put 5 dollars into my hand, “you have been a great man today.”
她把5美圆塞到我手上说:“你今天表现得很好。” 5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two。
我是最小的儿子,但是我还有两个妹妹。6.The picture flattered her。她比较上照。
7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England。
她在那个国家水土不服,所以回到了英国。8.He is a walking skeleton。他很瘦。
9.The machine is in repair。机器已经修好了。
10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty。
他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情,最终宣布儿子有罪。11.You don’t know what you are talking about。你在胡说八道。12.You don’t begin to understand what they mean。
你根本不知道他们在干嘛。(don’t begin :决不)13.They didn’t praise him slightly。他们大大地表扬了他。14.That’s all I want to hear。我已经听够了。
15.I wish I could bring you to see my point。你要我怎么说你才能明白呢。16.You really flatter me。你让我受宠若惊。
17.He made a great difference。有他没他结果完全不一样。
18.You cannot give him too much money。你给他再多的钱也不算多。
19.The long exhausting trip proved too much。这次旅行矿日持久,我们都累倒了。20.The monk is only not a dead man。这个和尚虽然活着,但跟死了差不多。
21.A surgeon made a cut in the patient’s stomach。外科医生在病人胃部打了个洞。22.You look darker after the holiday。你看上去更健康了。23.As luck would have it, he was caught by the teacher again。不幸的是,他又一次被老师逮个正着 24.She held the little boy by the right hand。
她抓着小男孩的右手。(若将“by”换成“with”,则动作主语完全相反。)25.Are you there?等于句型:Do you follow me? 26.If you think he is a good man, think again。如果你认为他是好人,那你就大错特错了。27.She has blue eyes。她长着双蓝眼睛。28.That took his breath away。他大惊失色。
29.Two is company but three is none。两人成伴,三人不欢。
30.The elevator girl reads between passengers。开电梯的姑娘在没有乘客时看书。
(between=without。相同用法:She modeled between roles.译成:她不演戏时去客串下模特。)31.Students are still arriving。学生还没有到齐。
32.I must not stay here and do nothing。我不能什么都不做待在这儿。33.They went away as wise as they came。他们一无所获。34.I won’t do it to save my life。我死也不会做。
35.Nonsense, I don’t think his painting is any better than yours。胡说,我认为他的画比你好不到哪去。
36.Traditionally, Italian presidents have been seen and not heard。这个总统有名无权。37.Better late than never。迟做总比不做好。38.You don’t want to do that。你不应该去做。
39.My grandfather is nearly ninety and in his second childhood。
我祖父快90岁了,什么事都需要别人来做。40.Work once and work twice。一次得手,再次不愁。41.Rubber easily gives way to pressure。橡胶很容易变形。
42.If my mother had known of it she’d have died a second time。
要是我妈妈知道了,她会从棺材里爬起来。
第三组:中国人经常“误解”的英语词句 1.日常用语类
lover 情人(不是“爱人”)busboy 餐馆勤杂工(不是“公汽售票员”)busybody 爱管闲事的人(不是“大忙人”)dry goods(美)纺织品;(英)谷物(不是“干货”)heartman 做心脏移植手术的人(不是“有心人”)mad doctor 精神病科医生(不是“发疯的医生”)eleventh hour 最后时刻(不是“十一点”)blind date(由第三者安排的)男女初次会面(并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”)dead president 美钞(上印有总统头像)(并非“死了的总统”)personal remark 人身攻击(不是“个人评论”)sweet water 淡水(不是“糖水”)confidence man 骗子(不是“信得过的人”)criminal lawyer 刑事律师(不是“犯罪的律师”)service station 加油站
rest room 厕所(不是“休息室”)dressing room 化妆室(不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”)sporting house 妓院(不是“体育室”)horse sense 常识(不是“马的感觉”)capital idea 好主意(不是“资本主义思想”)familiar talk 庸俗的交谈(不是“熟悉的谈话”)black tea 红茶(不是“黑茶”)black art 妖术(不是“黑色艺术”)black stranger 完全陌生的人(不是“陌生的黑人”)white coal(作动力来源用的)水
white man 忠实可靠的人(不是“皮肤白的人”)yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书,以黄纸为封)(不是“黄色书籍”)red tape 官僚习气(不是“红色带子”)green hand 新手(不是“绿手”)blue stocking 女学者、女才子(不是“蓝色长统袜”)China policy 对华政策(不是“中国政策”)Chinese dragon 麒麟(不是“中国龙”)American beauty 红蔷薇(不是“美国美女”)English disease 气管炎(不是“英国病”)Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年(不是“印度的夏日”)Greek gift 害人的礼品(不是“希腊礼物”)Spanish athlete 吹牛的人(不是“西班牙运动员”)French chalk 滑石粉(不是“法国粉笔”)2.表达方式类
Look out!当心!(不是“向外看”)What a shame!多可惜!真遗憾!(不是“多可耻”)You don't say!是吗!(不是“你别说”)You can say that again!说得好!(不是“你可以再说一遍”)I haven't slept better.我睡得好极了。(不是“我从未睡过好觉”)You can't be too careful in your work.你工作越仔细越好。(不是“你工作不能太仔细”)It has been 4 years since I smoked.我戒烟4年了。(不是“我抽烟4年了”)All his friends did not turn up.他的朋友没全到。(不是“他的朋友全没到”)People will be long forgetting her.人们在很长时间内会记住她的。(不是“人们会永远忘记她”)He was only too pleased to let them go.他很乐意让他们走。(不是“他太高兴了,不愿让他们走 It can't be less interesting.它无聊极了。(不是”它不可能没有趣“)3.成语类
pull one's leg 开玩笑(不是”拉后腿“)in one's birthday suit 赤身裸体(不是”穿着生日礼服“)eat one's words 收回前言(不是”吃话“)an apple of love 西红柿(不是”爱情之果“)handwriting on the wall 不祥之兆(不是”大字报“)bring down the house 博得全场喝彩(不是”推倒房子“)have a fit 勃然大怒(不是”试穿“)make one's hair stand on end 令人毛骨悚然-恐惧(不是”令人发指--气愤“)be taken in 受骗,上当(不是”被接纳“)think a great deal of oneself 高看或看重自己(不是”为自己想得很多“)pull up one's socks 鼓起勇气(不是”提上袜子“)have the heart to do(用于否定句)忍心做....。不是”有心做“或”有意做")She's really green, she looks nervous.(她是新手,看起来很紧张)She thinks she has a crush on John.(她认为她爱上约翰了)Man:)You look very beautiful(你很漂亮)(Girl:)Get out of here.(别骗了)第四组:高考单选英语陷阱-词义误解型
有许多所谓的陷阱题,倒不是因为句子结构有多么复杂,用词多么生僻,而是因为其中 有个别词(尤其是其中的关键词)的词义很容易误解,或是同学们对此平时没引起足够的重视,对这类词理解不准,在运用时其词义在脑海中模棱两可,从而导致做题失误。下面请看几道实例:
1.Mr.Black, who is a _____, is now in love with Miss Smith, who is a _____.A.cooker, typewriter B.cook, typist C.cooker, typist D.cook, typewriter 汉语中的“厨师”,说成英语是cook,还是cooker?汉语说“打字员”,说成英语是typist,还是typewriter?你若分不清,此题将无法做对。此题正确答案为B,但容易误选A,许多同学想当然地认为:cook用做动词,表示“煮饭”,所以cooker应是其相应的名词,表示“煮饭的人”,即“厨师”;type用做动词,表示“打字”,所以typewriter应表示“打字员”。而事实是:cook =厨师,cooker =炊具;typist =打字员,typewriter =打字机。比较: The cook bought a new cooker.这个厨师买了件新炊具。
The typist bought a new typewriter.这个打字员买了台新打字机。2.They decided to _____ their new product on TV.A.advertise
B.advertise on C.advertise for D.advertise to D.advertise
是及物动词还是不及物动词?或者既可用做及物动词也可用做不及物动词,只是含义不同?要表示为某物打广告以便将其卖出,其英语表达是advertise sth,还是advertise for sth?这个介词for该不该用?或者用与不用有什么区别?
I _____ him not to go abroad, but he wouldn't listen.A.persuaded
B.tried to persuade
C.have persuaded
D.was persuaded persuade的真正意思是“说服”,还是“设法说服”?换句话说,它是表示“说服”的过程,还是表示“说服”的结果?你想知道以上问题的答案吗?请听下文分解。
These ______ much alike that I can't tell which is which.A.twin looks B.twins look C.twin look D.twins looks 此题容易误选C,误认为twin的意思是“双胞胎”,指两个,表复数意义。其实,此题的正确答案为B,twin的意思是“孪生子之一”或“双胞胎之一”,英文解释为either of two children born of the same mother at the same time,即它指的是两者中的一个,而不是两个,要表示双胞胎,要用复数twins。
类似地,parent的意思是“父(母)亲,父亲或母亲”,其英文解释是the father or mother of a person or animal。要表示“父母双亲”,要用复数parents。如:Where are your parents?你父母在哪儿?Denise and Martin have recently become parents.丹尼斯和马丁最近当爸爸妈妈了。Being a parent can be hard work.为人父母是件很辛苦的事。To have good children one must be a good parent.要想培育出好的孩子,自己必须要是好的父母。3.是advertise sth还是advertise for sth
If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.A.advertise
B.advertise for C.advertise on
D.advertise to 此题正确答案为A,但容易误选B,认为advertise的意思是“做广告”,advertise for的意思是“为„„做广告”。事实上,advertise可用做及物和不及物动词,及物时,其意为“为„„做广告”、“登广告宣传”;不及物时,其意为“做广告”、“登广告”,此时通常后接介词for,表示“做广告征求”。比较:advertise for sth(sb)广告征求或寻找某物或某人
(此时advertise不及物)advertise sth为„„登广告,登广告宣传„„(此时advertise是及物动词,其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语)He advertised for a new secretary.他登广告招聘一名新秘书。People advertise things that they wish to sell.人们为要卖的东西登广告。
再比较:advertise jobs登广告招人,advertise for jobs登广告求职
(1)We must _____ the people heart and soul.A.serve
B.serve for
C.serve to
D.serve on
答案选A,serve意为“为„„服务”,可直接用做及物动词,其后不能按汉语意思误加 介词for。
(2)I _____ you yesterday, but you weren't in.A.rang
B.rang to
C.rang with
D.rang to
答案选A,ring可以用做及物动词,表示“给„„打电话”,故其后不用介词。
(3)How can I _____ you? A.contact
B.contact with
C.contact to
D.contact for
答案选A,contact为及物动词,表示“与„„联系”,其后不接介词。4.There are five pairs, but I'm at a loss which _____ to buy.A.to be chosen
B.to choose from C.to choose
D.for choosing 此题容易误选C,其实应选B。choose表示“选择”,其实是指“选择出来”(pick out),而不是指“从„„选择”,要表示后者的意思,要用choose from,有时也用choose among。同样地,下面两例中的介词from也不可省略:
Here are some books for you to choose from.这些书可供你选择。
There are too many cakes to choose from.蛋糕太多了,不知要选哪个好。
比较:He didn't know what to choose.他不知道选什么。
He didn't know what to choose from.他不知道从哪儿去选。5.They kept trying _____ they must have known it was hopeless.A.if
B.because C.when
D.where 此题最佳答案为C,when在此的意思不是“当„„的时候”,而是“尽管”、“虽然”的意思。又如:He walks when he might take a taxi.尽管他可以坐出租车,但他却走路。He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time.尽管他本来下次就可以成功的了,但他却停止努力了。The boy was restless when he should have listened to the teacher carefully.这男孩子本来应该专心听老师讲的,但他却坐立不安。
有许多同学只知道when表示“当„„的时候”,而不知道它还有其他许多意思,除上面提到的表示“尽管”、“虽然”外,when还可表示“既然”、“考虑到”。如:Why do you want a new job when you've got such a good one already? 既然你有了这么好的一份工作,你为什么还要找新的工作呢?
6.persuade是“说服”还是“设法说服”
I _____ him not to go abroad, but he wouldn't listen.A.persuaded
B.tried to persuade
C.have persuaded
D.was persuaded 此题正确答案为B,但容易误选A。persuade的真正意思是“说服”,而不是“设法说服”,要表示后者的意思英语应用try to persuade(当然也可用其他词,如advise等)。类似地:kill的意思是“杀死”,不表示“设法杀死”,要表示后者的意思英语用try to kill;prevent 的意思是“阻止”,不表示“设法阻止”,要表示后者的意思英语用try to prevent等等。
(4)“What did he ask you?” “_____ I would be late.”
That
B.When
C.Where
D.Whether 此题选D,为He asked me whether I would be late.之省略。7..If not, not作何解
If the weather is fine, we'll go.If _____, _____.A.not, not
B.no, no
C.not, no
D.no, not
此题应选A。If not, not.为If the weather is NOT fine, we will NOT go.之省略,全句意为“如果天气好,我们就去;如果天气不好,我们就不去”。该句的特点是:后句与前句的用词和句式完全相同,只是前句为肯定,后句为否定,为了简洁起见,于是将后句与前句相同部分省略,只保留否定词not。
If it is cheap, I'll buy it.If not, not.如果这东西便宜,我就买;如果不便宜,我就不买。If you study hard, you'll succeed.If not, not.你若努力,你就会成功;你若不努力,你就不会成功。
If you start at once, you'll catch the train.If not, not.你若马上动身,你就会赶上火车;你若不马上动身,你就赶不上火车了。请再看以下例子(只保留否定词not)。如:
“Can you repair it yourself?” “I am afraid not.”“你自己会修吗?”“恐怕不行。”(I'm afraid not.为I am afraid I can't repair it myself.之省略,注意不能说I'm not afraid,后者的意思是“我不怕”)“Did you know anything about it?” “Not until you told me.”“这事你以前知道吗?”“你告诉我才知道。”(Not until you told me.为I didn't know anything about it until you told me.之省略)“Will it rain today?” “I hope not.”“今天会下雨吗?”“希望不会。”(I hope not.为I hope it will not rain today.之省略)8.“She's not a dancing teacher, is she?” “_____.”
A.Yes, and she isn't
B.Yes, but she was C.No, but she isn't
D.No, but she was 此题最佳答案为D,可视为No, she isn't.But she was a dancing teacher.之省略,即其意为“她现在不是舞蹈教师,但她过去是”。此题也可以这样回答:No, but she used to be.9.请补出此句省略的if从句
She's too thin.She ____ gain some weight but she _____ too little.A.would, ate
B.will, eats C.would, eats
D.will, ate 此题有些难度,许多同学不知如何分析。我们先根据题目所提供的选项将句意大致概括出来:她太瘦了。她会增加体重的,但她吃得太少了。根据句首She's too thin这一所给信息可知,“她瘦”应是客观事实。按照一般的常识,“吃得少”就会导致“瘦”,“吃得多”就会导致“胖”,根据句首的信息,“她瘦”是客观事实,所以她“吃得少”也应是事实,因此第二空应填eats(即用一般现在时表示现在的事实)。根据上面的分析:“她瘦”和“她吃得少”均为现在的事实,那么“她体重会增加”就应是假设(注意句中的转折连词but),所以第一空应填would,其实,此句可理解为其后省略了一个条件状语if she ate more(如果她多吃一点的话)。此题最佳答案选C。
10.是you还是me,或是I还是you “I like you more than her, my dear.” “You mean more than _____love her or more than she loves _____?”
A.you, me
B.she, you C.I, me
D.I, you 做对此题的关键是要弄清填空句是个省略句,补充完整为:You mean that you love me more than you love her or that you love me more than she loves me? 句意为:“你是说你爱我胜过你爱她,还是说你爱我胜过她爱我?”所以最佳答案应选A。11.“Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?” “I______, but I had an unexpected visitor.”
A.had
B.would C.was going to
D.did 此题应选C,为I was going to come.之省略,意为“我本来是打算来的”,这与其后but I had an unexpected visitor的语境刚好吻合。注意不能选would,因为它没有“打算”之意。12.until spoken to是如何省略来的
He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _____ to.A.spoken
B.speaking C.speak
D.be spoken 此题容易误选B,认为until是介词,后接动词时用动名词形式。其实,此题应选A,until spoken to为until he is spoken to之省略。句意为“他是个沉默寡言的人,别人不同他说话,他很少同别人说话”。按英语习惯,一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、让步等的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语包含动词be,那么可将从句的主语和动词be省略:
You must study hard while(you are)young, or you will regret when(you are)old.趁年轻时要努力学习,不然到老了你会后悔的。
I won't go unless(I am)invited.我不会去,除非请我。
Look out for cars when(you are)crossing the streets.过马路时要注意汽车。
While(I was)waiting I was reading some old magazines.等的时候我在看一些旧杂志。
He worked very hard though(he was)still rather poor in health.尽管身体还不好,但他仍努力工作。
He will work hard wherever(he is)sent by the Party.无论党把他派往哪里,他都会努力工作。
(1)If _____ carefully, the experiment will be successful.A.do
B.does
C.done
D.doing
答案选C,可视为if it is carefully done之省略。
(2)The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins
B.having begun
C.beginning
D.begun 答案选D,可视为once it is begun之省略。13.If not more than是个省略结构
In that month, he earned as much as, if ____ than, $40 000.A.no more
B.not more C.no much
D.not much
此题最佳答案应是B。if not more than实际为if he didn't earn more than $40 000之省略。
请看类似试题(答案均选B):
(1)Her pronunciation is as good as, if ____than, her teacher's.A.no better
B.not better
C.no good
D.not good
(2)This church is as old as, if _____ than, that one.A.no older
B.not older
C.no old
D.not old
(3)He has read the book as many as, if _____ than, five times.A.no more
B.not more
C.no much
D.not much 14.如何理解这个not
They are different in form but _____ in meaning.A.not
B.no C.aren't
D.don't
最佳答案选A,but not in meaning为but they are not different in meaning之省略。
(1)In the accident the child was hurt, but the mother _____.A.killing
B.to kill
C.killed
D.kill
最佳答案选C,but the mother killed.为but the mother was killed之省略。
(2)The apartment's fine for two people, but_____.A.no more
B.no any
C.not more
D.not any
最佳答案选C,but not more.为but it is not fine for more than two people.之省略。15.做对此题要结合语境和省略? “Everyone says you are a good student.You never sleep in class, do you?”
“_____.”
A.Yes, never
B.Yes, sometimes
C.No, sometimes
D.Oh, really 答案选B,答句是针对You never sleep in class, do you? 这一问句来回答的,Yes, sometimes.为Yes, I do.Sometimes I sleep in class.之省略,其意为“不,我上课有时睡觉”。其余几项不合语境。
“You've never been to the village, have you?” “____.It is the most beautiful village I've ever seen.”
A.No, never
B.No, I have C.No, only once
D.Yes, only once
答案选D,Yes, only once.为Yes, I have.But I've been there only once.之省略,句意为“不,我去过,但只去过一次”。注意句末的It is the most beautiful village I've ever seen.表明“我”去过那儿,所以不能选A。英语单选易错100题
1.Stop making so much noise ____ the neighbor will start complaining.A.or else
B.but still
C.and then
D.so that
2.We hope to go to the beach tomorrow, but we won't go ____ it's raining.A.if
B.when
C.though
D.because 3.——The weather is too cold ____ March this year.——It was still ____ when I came here years ago.A.for;colder
B.in;cold
C.in;hot
D.for;hotter 4.——How much vinegar did you put in the soup?
——I'm sorry to say, ____.I forget.A.no
B.no one
C.nothing
D.none
5.He is only too ready to help others, seldom, ____, refusing them when they turn to him.A.if never
B.if ever
C.if not
D.if any
6.——What should I wear to attend his wedding party?
——Dress ____ you like.A.what
B.however
C.whatever
D.how
7.——The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding.Who do
you think can do the job?
——____ my students have a try?
A.Shall
B.Must
C.Will
D.May
8.I'd like to live somewhere ____ the sun shines all year long.A.which
B.that
C.where
D.in which
9.I ____ to go for a walk, but someone called and I couldn't get away.A.was planning
B.planned
C.had planned
D.would plan 10.——Your book, Tommy?
——No, Mom, it's my friend's.——Remember to return it to ____ name is on it.A.what
B.which
C.whose
D.whosever
11.Thank you for sending us ____ fresh vegetables of many kinds.You have done us ____ a great service.A.不填;a
B.the;a
C.不填;不填
D.the;不填
12.Now that we ____ all the money, it's no use turning on me and saying it's all my fault.A.had lost
B.lost
C.have lost
D.lose
13.We had a really bad time about six months ago but now things are ____.A.looking up
B.coming up
C.making up
D.turning up 14.——When did it begin to snow?
——It started ____ the night.A.during
B.by
C.from
D.at
15.Young as he is, David has gained ____ rich experience in ____ society.A.the;the
B.a;不填
C.不填;不填
D.不填;the
16.____ from endless homework on weekends, the students now find their own activities,such as taking a ride together to watch the sunrise.A.Freed
B.Freeing
C.To free
D.having freed 17.——So you missed the meeting.——____.I got there five minutes before it finished.A.Not at all
B.Not exactly
C.Not especially
D.Not really 18.——Do you mind if I smoke?
——____
A.Why not?
B.Yes, help yourself
C.Go ahead
D.Yes, but you'd better not 19.——We must thank you for taking the trouble to cook us a meal.——____.A.With pleasure
B.It doesn't matter
C.It was no trouble at all
D.By all means 20.____ the temperature might drop, coal was prepared for warming.A.To consider
B.Considered
C.Considering
D.To be considered 21.——Tom, you are caught late again.—— Oh, ____.A.not at all
B.just my luck
C.never mind
D.that's all right 22.——What do you think of the concert?
——I really enjoy it.I didn't expect it was ____ wonderful.A.as
B.more
C.most
D.very
23.The engineers made two big plans for the dam, ____ was never put in force.A.one of them
B.which
C.one of which
D.every one of which 24.I have no one ____ me, for I am a new comer here.A.help
B.helping
C.to help
D.to have helped
25.The little girl couldn't work the problem out.She wasn't ____ clever.A.that
B.much
C.enough
D.too 26.Listen!His family must be quarrelling, ____?
A.mustn't it
B.isn't it
C.aren't they
D.needn't they 27.The police have ____ power to deal with such matters by ____ law.A.the;the
B.不填;不填
C.不填;the
D.the;不填
28.Jack felt unhappy as they all went outing ____ him.A.except
B.but
C.without
D.besides
29.That she hadn't kept her ____ on her work resulted in the failure.A.head
B.heart
C.brain
D.mind
30.——Did your sister pass the exam?
——She failed and is in low spirits.——I'm sorry for her.——____.A.Thank you
B.You're welcome
C.I would think so
D.Never mind 31.The students spent as much time getting trained as they ____ studying.A.disliked
B.were
C.had
D.did
32.It was believed that things would get worse, but ____ it is they are getting better.A.before
B.after
C.because
D.as 33.As time went by, the plan stuck ____ fairly practical.A.to proved
B.to proving
C.proved
D.to be proved 34.More than one ____ the people heart and soul.A.official has served
B.officials have served C.official has served for
D.officials have served for
35.The president stood by a window inside the room, ____, looking over the square.A.where I entered
B.into which I entered
C.which I entered
D.that I entered 36.Though I ____ to go abroad, I changed my mind and decided to stay with my family.A.had wanted
B.wanted
C.would want
D.did want 37.My brother is very tall.The little bed won't ____ for him.A.prepare
B.match
C.fit
D.do
38.——Thank you so much for the lovely evening, Dennis.——You're quite welcome, Julie.____.We'd been looking forward to seeing you.A.Were glad to meet you
B.I'm afraid you didn't have a good time
C.Thank you for your coming
D.Just stay a little longer, please 39.Scientists say they have found a way to produce the human body's own cancer-killing
cells through gene treatment, ____ new hope to cancer sufferers.A.offering
B.showing
C.taking
D.making
40.We are going to discuss the way of reading works ____ it is used for real life purposes,and this should give you a better understanding of it.A.that
B.which
C.where
D.when
41.——The dinner was delicious!
——I agree.I am so full.——That's too bad.But some dessert ____.A.has ordered
B.will be ordered
C.has been ordered
D.was going to be ordered 42.——This wall of air is an effective answer to the problem and it ____ work.——But it is a question to put such a wall of air around the statue.A.may
B.must
C.should
D.could
43.We should know that we can only reach the top if we are ready to ____ and learn from failure.A.deal with
B.depend on
C.carry on
D.go with 44.——Good evening.I ____ to see Miss Jessic.——Oh!Good evening.I'm sorry, but she is not in.A.came
B.come
C.have come
D.had come
45.——Please call me at 8:00 tomorrow morning.I'm kind of forgetful.——Don't worry about that, you'll be surely ____.A.reminded
B.told
C.warned
D.informed 46.——What's the matter with Tim?
——Oh, Tim's cell phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never ____ again.A.to find
B.to be found
C.finding
D.being found
47.A terrible earthquake happened in that district at the end of 2004, ____ many countries in
the world paid close attention to this.A.where
B.when
C.which
D.what 48.——How come a simple meal like this costs so much?
——We have ____ in your bill the cost of the cup you broke just now.A.added
B.included
C.contained
D.charged 49.——You didn't wait for Mr.Black last night, did you?
——No, but we ____.He didn't return home at all.A.couldn't have
B.needn't have
C.didn't need to
D.should wait have 50.——How do you think I should receive the reporter?
——____ you feel about him, try to be polite.A.How
B.What
C.Whatever
D.However
51.____ has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public
vehicles remains a serious problem.A.That
B.What
C.In spite of what
D.Though what 52.As we have much time left, let's discuss the matter ____ tea and cake.A.over
B.with
C.by
D.at
53.Mr.Black must be worried about something.You can ____ it from the look on his face.A.reason
B.recognize
C.read
D.realize 54.——Can I pay the bill by check?
——Sorry, sir.But it is the management rule of our hotel that payment ____ be made in cash.A.shall
B.need
C.will
D.can
55.If you win the competition, you will be given ____ to Europe for two.A.a free 7-day trip
B.a free trip for 7-day
C.a 7-day free trip
D.a trip for 7-day free
56.——Hey, Kelin.Happy new year!____?
——Ok, I guess.My grandma kept cooking and cooking, so I just kept eating.A.How was your break
B.How is your grandma
C.Where did you go for holiday
D.What did you do in your holiday
57.——Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management?
——if you make ____ most of the equipment, there will be ____ rise in production.A.不填;不填
B.the;a
C.不填;a
D.the;不填
58.——Will $200 ____ the cost of the damage?
——I'm afraid not.I need at least $100 more.A.do
B.include
C.cover
D.afford
59.If you live in the country or have ever visited there, ____ are that you have heard birds
singing to welcome the new day.A.situations
B.facts
C.dances
D.possibilities 60.I ____ you, but I didn't think you would listen to me.A.could have told
B.must have told
C.should tell
D.might rell 61.This problem may lead to more serious ones if ____ unsolved.A.making
B.remained
C.keeping
D.left 62.I have no dreams ____ to have a happy life.A.rather than
B.more than
C.other than
D.less than 63.——You know Mr.Green has been ill for days?
——Yes, I wonder if he is ____ better now.A.some
B.much
C.any
D.no
64.$100 a month could hardly ____ the cost of his life in such a big city in this country.A.spend
B.take
C.cover
D.meet
65.Working in the kitchen for years made Tom ____ a good cook.A.for
B.into
C.of
D.as
66.She was such a proud person that she would die ____ she would admit she was wrong.A.rather than
B.until
C.after
D.before
67.——Are you through with your homework?
—— Well, ____.A.sort of
B.go ahead
C.why not
D.that's OK
68.—— What field will your son go into after graduation from Nanjing University?
——I'm not quite certain, but he ____ a good teacher of English.A.promises
B.becomes
C.makes
D.proves
69.My mother is always warning me when I go out, “Don't get off the bus ____ it is stopping.”
A.until
B.before
C.while
D.after
70.The dance performed by the disabled actors is really a hit, but years ago no one ____ they were to achieve such great success.A.must have imagined
B.could have imagined
C.should have imagined
D.would have imagined 71.The young lady prefers dressing up for a party to ____ by others.A.be noticed
B.being noticed
C.having been noticed
D.have been noticed 72.Before the war broke out, many people ____ possessions they could not take with them.A.threw away
B.put away
C.gave away
D.carried away
73.____ the pressure from work, teachers have to deal with psychological problems caused 6 by interpersonal relationship.A.As far as
B.As long as
C.As well as
D.As soon as 74.——I hear your aunt likes travel, music, clothes and fine food.——Oh, yeah, and music may have been ____ of her tastes.A.the rather more respectable
B.much the most respectable C.very the most respectable
D.even more respectable one 75.____ children tend to prefer sweets to meat.A.The most
B.Most
C.Most of
D.The most of the 76.——He looks very hot and dry.——So ____ if you had a temperature of 103.A.would you
B.will you
C.would you have been
D.do you
77.In 1927 Benjamin Franklin founded one of the first adult-education organizations, ____ the Junto.A.has been called
B.to call
C.a group called
D.which group called 78.The car ____ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o'clock tonight.A.went
B.is going
C.goes
D.will be going 79.——You didn't invite Mary to the ball? ——____ her, too?
A.Must I invite
B.Should I have invited
C.Must I have invited
D.Should I invite
80.The number 9.11 is a special number, ____, I think, that will be remembered by the Americans forever.A.what
B.it
C.which
D.one
81.Will you see to ____ that my birds are looked after well while I'm away?
A.them
B.yourself
C.it
D.me
82.Many teens don't get enough sleep because they have too much homework, which ____
them up at night.A.makes
B.breaks
C.turns
D.keeps 83.——Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.——But in fact she is cold and hard on us.You ____ believe it!A.shouldn't
B.wouldn't
C.mustn't
D.needn't
84.The program is like a window on the world ____ you sit by it and fix your attention on what it shows.A.if
B.as
C.while
D.unless
85.___ the search engine just gave me some brief introductions rather than the whole content of the book to read.A.Luckily
B.Mostly
C.Funnily
D.Disappointingly 86.——Did you know any French before you arrived in Washington?
——Never ____ it, actually.A.had I learned
B.have I learned
C.I learned
D.was I learning
87.In fact, more and more people ____ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “green life”.A.chose
B.choose
C.are choosing
D.have chosen
88.A special dinner there might include Chinese pork dish, British roast beef and French-style vegetables.Boiled rice ____ just about everything.A.is served with
B.will serve
C.serves with
D.is served
89.The professor walked onto the platform and seated himself in a chair, ____ for answering questions.A.had prepared
B.being prepared
C.preparing
D.prepared
90.In Scandinavian countries it is common ____ for the husband to stay at home to look after the baby.A.use
B.sense
C.practice
D.idea 91.——Why was our foreign teacher unhappy yesterday?
——News about the tsunami striking her country ____ an attack of homesickness.A.set for
B.set out
C.set about
D.set off
92.——We are informed that the Weifang International Kite Festival starts at 7:00.——Oh, I didn't expect it was so early!I ____ to go out for dinner with my friends first.A.was planning
B.am planning
C.have been planning
D.have planned 93.____ abroad for a tour can be a great honor for an ordinary person like me.A.Taken
B.Taking
C.Being taken
D.Having been taken 94.——Did your classmate accept your invitation?
——No, he ____ refused.A.as far as
B.as well as
C.as soon as
D.as good as
95.I spent the whole day repairing the motorbike.The work was ____ simple.A.nothing but
B.anything but
C.something of
D.all except 96.——Not getting that job was a big let-down.——Don't worry.Something better will ____.A.come along
B.take on
C.go by
D.fall behind
97.____ the help of experienced career instructors, this type of job-hunting training ____ to be very efficient.A.By;has proved
B.With;has proved
C.Under;is proving
D.With;is proved 98.To get as much firsthand information as possible, inspectors will hold workshops and distribute questionnaires, ____?
A.isn't it
B.won't it
C.aren't they
D.won't they 99.It's a bad practice to ____ children much money as a New Year gift.A.promise
B.permit
C.admit
D.allow
100.By the time you arrive home, I ____, so please don't make any noise when you come in.A.shall have been sleeping
B.shall have slept
C.shall sleep
D.shall be sleeping