英语论文撰写结论

第一篇：英语论文撰写结论

Writing Conclusions Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts which usually serve two functions.The first is to summarise and bring together the main areas covered in the writing, which might be called “looking back”;and the second is to give a final comment or judgement on this.The final comment may also include making suggestions for improvement and speculating on future directions.In dissertations and research papers, conclusions tend to be more complex and will also include sections on significance of the findings and recommendations for future work.Conclusions may be optional in research articles where consolidation of the study and general implications are covered in the Discussion section.However, they are usually expected in dissertations and essays.Summarising the content This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X....This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to....This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.This dissertation has investigated....Restatement of aims(research)This study set out to determine....The present study was designed to determine the effect of....In this investigation, the aim was to assess....The purpose of the current study was to determine....This project was undertaken to design....and evaluate....Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that....Summarising the findings(research)This study has shown that....These findings suggest that in general....One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that....It was also shown that....This study has found that generally....The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study....The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.This study/research has shown that....The second major finding was that....The results of this investigation show that....The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that....X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of....Multiple regression analysis revealed that the....Suggesting implications The evidence from this study suggests that....The results of this study indicate that....The results of this research support the idea that....In general, therefore, it seems that....Taken together, these results suggest that....An implication of this is the possibility that....The findings of this study suggest that....Significance of the findings(research contribution)This work contributes to existing knowledge X by providing....The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of....These findings enhance our understanding of....This research will serve as a base for future studies and....The current findings add substantially to our understanding of....The current findings add to a growing body of literature on....The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of....The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to....The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of ….The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature.First,…

The present study provides additional evidence with respect to ….Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests....Significance of the findings with a qualification Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate....Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into....Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest that ….Notwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that ….Limitations of the current study(research)Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered.First,....A number of caveats need to be noted regarding the present study.The most important limitation lies in the fact that....The current investigation was limited by....The current study was unable to analyse these variables.The current research was not specifically designed to evaluate factors related to....The current study has only examined....The project was limited in several ways.First, the project used a convenience sample that....However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to....The sample was nationally representative of X but would tend to miss people who were....A limitation of this study is that the numbers of patients and controls were relatively small.Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of....However, these findings are limited by the use of a cross sectional design.The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations.First, these data apply only to ….An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether….One source of weakness in this study which could hare affected the measurements of was that....Several limitations to this pilot study need to be acknowledged.The sample size is.....The main weakness of this study was the paucity of ….Recommendations for further work(research)This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.Further work needs to be done to establish whether....It is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas: Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate....What is now needed is a cross-national study involving....More broadly, research is also needed to determine....It is suggested that the association of these factors is investigated in future studies.Further research might explore/investigate....Further research in this field/regarding the role of X would be of great help in....Further investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended.A number of possible future studies using the same experimental set up are apparent.It would be interesting to assess the effects of....More information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of....needs to be developed.I suggest that before X is introduced, a study similar to this one should be carried out on....These findings provide the following insights for future research:....Considerably more work will need to be done to determine....Future trials should assess a full selective decontamination regimen including More research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and....It would be interesting to compare experiences of individuals within the same … A further study could assess ….A future study investigating X would be very interesting.The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further Future research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of ….More research is required on....Large randomised controlled trials could provide more definitive evidence.Implications/recommendations for practice or policy These findings suggest several courses of action for....An implication of these findings is that both X and Y should be taken into account when....The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.There is, therefore, a definite need for....There are a number of important changes which need to be made.Another important practical implication is that....Moreover, more X should be made available to....Other types of X could include : a), b).....Unless governments adopt X, Y will not be attained.This information can be used to develop targetted interventions aimed at....A reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to....Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to....

第二篇：英语论文结论部分写作特点总结

英语论文写作

论文结论部分（Conclusion）写作特点总结

Conclusion

Conclusion是作者对所研究课题进行的总体性讨论，具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。

Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。

Conclusion的具体内容通常包含以下几个部分：(1)概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。

(2)比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。(3)与他人的相关研究进行比较。

(4)本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。Conclusion通常使用现在时态

Result和Conclusion 本次选取5篇文章，第一篇，论文中的主要Result已在第2部分和第三部分中叙述，在Conclusion又重新总结了一下。

第二篇，论文中的主要Result写在 Conclusion中。

第三篇，论文中的主要Result写在第3部分（3.CASE STUDIES AND RESULTS）中，Result和Conclusion是分开的。

第四篇，论文中的主要Result已第4部分的（IV.Results and Discussion）中进行叙述，Result和Conclusion是分开的。

第五篇，论文中的主要Result已第4部分的（4.Results and discussion）中进行叙述，Result和Conclusion是分开的。

第1篇

题目：An overview of NACA 6-digit airfoil series characteristics with reference to airfoils for large wind turbine blades

IV.Conclusions

The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated, with a view to verify RFOIL calculations at high Reynolds numbers.The following conclusions can be drawn:

-The zero-lift angle of the NACA 64-618 airfoil needs to be adjusted with-0.4 degrees.-The zero-lift angle of The NACA 63-615 needs to be corrected with-0.87 degrees in the smooth case and with +1 degree in case of wrap around roughness.-The maximum lift coefficients predicted with RFOIL match the LTPT data well at Re=3x106, but under predict the Cl,max at Re=6x106 by 3.5 % , up to 6.5% at Re=9x106.-It is uncertain if the established differences in lift between experiment and calculations are caused by a constant bias in the measurements or by the fact that the RFOIL code fails to predict the right level of maximum lift.-RFOIL consistently under predicts the drag coefficient.The difference is about 9% for a wide range of airfoils and Reynolds numbers

-NACA standard roughness causes a reduction in the lift coefficient of 18% to 20% for most airfoils from the NACA 64 series

-The zero-lift angle of airfoil NACA 64-418 with wrap-around roughness needs a correction of +0.54 degrees.-Wind tunnel experiments and side-by-side tests in the field with one clean rotor need to be done to be able to better predict the effects of roughness.写作特点：

内容：第1句，概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第8句逐条的列出了文章的得出结论。

使用了被动语态，The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated have been investigated.主要时态为一般现在时态

第2篇

题目： HIGH-LIFT ENHANCEMENT USING ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL

V.CONCLUSIONS The high-lift performance of an airfoil with a single-element flap is enhanced significantly using an active flow control system consisting of spanwise fluidic actuators that are integrated near the separation point.Spanwise arrays of spanwise-oscillating or non-oscillating jets issue tangentially to the local surface from a miniature downstreamfacing surface step.Jet actuation leads to flow attachment of varying streamwise extent that depends on the jet momentum coefficient and the formation of a low pressure domain near the juncture between the main body and the flap.As a result, lift is increased substantially, by as much as CL = 1.40, 1.22 and 1.04 at Rec = 6.7∙105, 8.3∙105 and 1.0∙106, respectively, for α = 4º.In the present experiments, three spanwise rows of fluidic jets are placed in the vicinity of the juncture and operated in various combinations leading to significant increases in lift.The upstream(x/c = 0.59)and middle(x/c = 0.61)actuators, which are closest to separation(x/c = 0.62)are most effective, while the downstream actuator(x/c = 0.64)only produces a significant lift increment when operated in conjunction with one of the other actuators.The degree of flow attachment increases with jet momentum coefficient and simultaneous operation of multiple actuators can increase the lift increment further even when the flow is attached.Actuation results in a strong suction peak near the juncture(Cp ~ −7.5)and also leads to increases in suction on the main body of the airfoil and near the leading edge.The lift increment is measured over a range of angles of attack(0º < α < 12º)and is accompanied by an increase in lift-induced pressure drag and an increase in nose-down pitching moment.It is shown that the high-lift performance can be improved significantly by design modifications of the surface interface between the jet actuators and the surrounding flow.In particular, modifying the jet orifices from a “stepped” to a “recessed” configuration enhances the interaction of the jets with the cross flow, resulting in increased lift for a given momentum coefficient, particularly at lower levels of C.The recessed design also reduces the loss in lift caused by the presence of the orifices and the attached flow exhibits significantly stronger suction peaks near the flap juncture and the leading edge.At C = 0.36% the upstream actuator yields CL = 0.57 and 0.79 for the stepped and recessed configurations, respectively, and operating the combination of upstream and middle actuators at C = 0.36% each yields CL = 0.78 and 0.92, respectively.The effect of the actuator jets on the attached flow is characterized using PIV measurements of the flow field over the flap and additional high-magnification measurements in the vicinity of the actuators.In the absence of actuation, the flow separates near the juncture between the flap and the main body(x/c = 0.62), forming a recirculating domain over the flap and a detached vorticity layer.Actuation leads to complete flow attachment through the trailing edge with significant acceleration of the flow within the attached boundary layer downstream of the actuators and outside of the boundary layer along most of the flap.At C= 1.6% an interaction domain containing a cross-stream velocity peak(~2.3 times the maximum speed of the jet under quiescent conditions)is formed along the flap between the actuator jet and the free stream flow that is particularly apparent using the recessed configuration.这篇文章的结论部分很特殊，统计的结果为565个单词，包含了4个段落。

第1段概括了文章的主要研究内容（active flow control system），第2段到第4段主要说明了文章的研究方法（experiment，PIV），以及一些具体的结果。

主要时态为一般现在时态

第3篇

题目： REPRESENTATION METHOD EFFECTS ON GENETIC ALGORITHM IN 2-D AIRFOIL DESIGNVIBRATIONAL

4.CONCLUSION In this article, Bezier and Parsec representation methods are tested in two different flow conditions;subsonic and transonic flows.In the fist test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the subsonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.8.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Parsec representation method.In the second test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the transonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.11.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Bezier representation method.From these cases it is concluded that Parsec method is more global and more efficient than Bezier method in subsonic flows.However, Bezier method is more flexible than Parsec method within transonic flows.本篇文章相比于上篇文章内容上比较简短：统计结果为134个单词，包含1个段落 第1句，概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第7句回顾了文章中的两个算例。第8 句说明了本文方法的优越性，最后一句说明了本文方法的不足。主要时态为一般现在时态

句型： In this article, The comparison between is shown in Fig.8.From these cases it is concluded that However，第4篇

题目： Unsteady Flow Simulation of a High-Lift configuration using a Lattice Boltzmann Approach

V.Conclusions Simulations of a generic high-lift geometry were carried out using the Lattice Boltzmann based code PowerFLOW with the framework of the 1st AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop held in 2010.The results shown here were the only unsteady simulations among all workshop participants and show excellent agreement of drag and lift forces as well as cp distributions for all workshop cases.Good predictions in the region of maximum lift were a particularly distinguishing feature of the Lattice Boltzmann simulations, indicating the importance of unsteady simulations in correctly capturing strongly separated flow structures.The slight over-prediction of cL,max observed for the baseline case was shown to be largely attributable to the absence of slat and flap brackets in the simulations.Adding these brackets(Case 3 of the workshop)shows a significant reduction of lift in particular at the higher angle of attack, bringing the simulation results to almost perfect agreement with measured results.The effect of changing flap angles was also well captured by the simulations.The position of laminar-to-turbulence transition was set for most of the simulations presented here based on published experimental results since the method used for the current study uses a wall model rather than fully resolving the boundary layer.Fully turbulent simulations were carried out for selected configurations and showed a significant reduction of lift.In addition to the workshop cases a study of wind tunnel blockage effects is shown here.Adding walls in the simulation corresponding to the dimensions of the wind tunnel led to a change of predicted forces consistent with the corrections applied to the experimental results.Computational times required for the unsteady simulations were generally in the same order of magnitude or even slightly below as the RANS simulations presented by other workshop participants, confirming the high level of efficiency of the unsteady Lattice Boltzmann method.Overall, this method was shown to be an interesting and viable alternative to the predominantly used RANS methods for the simulation of high-lift wings.本篇文章的结论也相对较长,统计结果为329个单词，包含4个段落 第1段概括了文章的的主要研究内容。

第2段对文章中的使用的计算方法中的laminar-to-turbulence transition进行了说明。第3段文章中的使用的计算方法中的一点（Adding walls in the simulation）进行了说明。第4段对文章的计算效率进行了说明。进一步说明文章方法的优越性。

主要时态为一般现在时态

第5篇

题目： Design of a new urban wind turbine airfoil using a pressure-load inverse method

5.Conclusions A pressure-load inverse design method was successfully applied to the design of a high-loaded airfoil for application in a small wind turbine for urban environment.The pressure distribution of the designed blade section shows a smooth increase of the blade pressure-load, defined as the pressure difference between the upper and the lower sides of the section, from the leading edge up to 20% of the axial chord.From 20% up to 80% of the axial chord, the pressure-load is almost constant and it reduces smoothly toward the trailing edge.The experimental testing of the new blade section, as an isolated airfoil, confirmed the high maximum lift and a moderate drag.Future developments will consider the application of the current design method with an optimization of the thickness distribution for viscous flow.Due to the specification of the blade load, this methodology will reduce the drag without changing the lift.本篇文章的结论相对比较简洁,统计结果为149个单词，包含1个段落 第1句概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第4句对文章方法进行了再次说明 第5句进行了展望

第6句提到本文方法的优越性。主要时态为一般现在时态

第三篇：论文摘要和结论撰写攻略

一、如何写摘要

1.摘要的概念和作用

摘要又称概要、内容提要，如何写论文摘要和论文结论。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。对一篇完整的论文都要求写随文摘要，摘要的主要功能有：

(1)让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断；所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

(2)为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用，从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。随着电子计算机技术和Internet网的迅猛发展，网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段，网上各类全文数据库、文摘数据库，越来越显示出现代社会信息交流的水平和发展趋势。同时论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

2.摘要的写作注意事项

(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。

(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。

(3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应，教育教学论文《如何写论文摘要和论文结论》。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。

(4)用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。

(5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。

(6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。

(7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。

(8)缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。

二、如何写结论

结论的任务是精炼表达在理论分析和实验验证的基础上，通过严密的逻辑推理而得出的富有创造性、指导性、经验性的结果。它又以自身的条理性、明确性、客观性反映了论文或研究成果的价值。结论与引言相呼应，同摘要一样可为读者和二次文献作者提供依据。结论的内容不是对研究结果的简单重复，而是对研究结果更深入一步的认识，是从正文部分的全部内容出发，并涉及引言的部分内容，经过判断、归纳、推理等过程而得到的新的总观点。主要包括：

(1)本研究结果说明了什么问题，得出了什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题；对论文创新内容的概括，措辞要准确、严谨，不能模棱两可，含糊其辞。不用“大概”、“也许”、“可能是”这类词，以免使人有似是而非的感觉，从而怀疑论文的真正价值。

(2)对前人有关问题的看法作了哪些检验，哪些与本研究结果一致，哪些不一致，作者作了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定。

(3)本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。如是否存在例外情况或本论文尚难以解释或解决的问题，也可提些进一步研究本课题的建议。

对于某一篇论文的“结论”，上述要点(1)是必须的，而(2)和(3)则视论文的具体内容可以有，也可以没有；如果不能导出结论，也可以没有结论而进行必要的讨论。

结论段具有相对的独立性，应提供明确、具体的定性和定量的信息。对要点要具体表述，不能用抽象和笼统的语言。可读性要强，如一般不用量符号，而宜用量名称。行文要简短，不再展开论述，不对论文中各段的小结作简单重复。

研究成果或论文的真正价值是通过具体“结论”来体现的，所以结论段也不宜用如“本研究具有国际先进水平”、“本研究结果属国内首创”、“本研究结果填补了国内空白”一类语句来作自我评价。

第四篇：英语论文

农村的中学英语课堂教学

如何实施目标教学, 优化教学过程, 推进素质教育并在课堂教学中融进素质教育，就农村的中学英语教学而言, 我认为最好的方法就是让课堂教学活起来。那么, 在中学英语教学中, 怎样才能让课堂教学活起来呢?

一、利用各种教学媒体, 激活教科书, 让学生更易理解接受。

.在教学中, 我们应想方设法, 利用电教器材如TV、VCD、电脑、收音机等, 让教科书活起来、动起来、形象起来、发出声来, 让活的教科书震撼学生的心灵、开发学生的智力, 培养学生的创新能力。如我在讲Shopping 这一课时, 就利用共享中的教学软件, 将各种商品的图片展现在电脑上,让学生充当购物者, 运用所学过的句型进行现场模拟练习, 使课堂变得有声有色、生动有趣。学生则充满激情, 很好地理解和掌握了教学内容, 并能模仿自编自演对话, 达到了活学活用的效果。

二、重视学生的主体地位, 发扬教学民主, 创设和谐气氛, 增强学生的参与意识, 让学生在课堂中活起来

2.树立学生的自信心与勇气, 增强学生的参与意识。英语学科的教学特色是充分发挥其语言功能, 讲究对话的艺术。这就要求教师引导学生全体主动参与, 使其克服羞于开口的毛病, 积极参与语言交际活动。在英语教学中, 我常常用表扬和鼓励的话语激励学生, 让学生能够大胆地表现自己, 每一课都尽量创设大量情境并提供广泛的语言材料, 让学生进行听说读写训练。如Unit 8 My family 和Unit 9 A birthday party 的教学, 我先让学生看图听录音跟读, 然后口述,并运用句型进行家庭及人物的介绍, 再自编自演对话。这样, 本来只有几句话的内容, 经过处理, 就成为一个生动有趣的说话练习了。长期的训练, 使学生由克服了说英语的胆怯心理, 变得自然大方, 而且不时有出色的表现。

三、教师转变观念, 让教学方法与教学手段活起来

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一、呆板的教学方法与手段, 只能让课堂变得枯燥乏味。新课程背景下的英语课堂教学应是快节奏的、灵活多样的、丰富多彩的, 而不是黑白无声的。教师上课节奏要快, 以训练学生的反应、思维。学生的有意注意时间大多不超过20 分钟, 注意力易分散, 一旦教学方法呆板、节奏慢, 就会出现学生做小动作或小声讲话等不良习惯。因此, 教师应抓住学生注意力集中的短暂时刻, 用学生能接受的节奏组织形式多样的课堂活动, 如游戏、唱歌、做动作、抢答竞赛等, 使学生既紧张又活泼, 在轻松愉快而又紧张刺激的氛围中学习。这样, 学生的学习积极性高, 不会感到厌倦, 对知识记忆得也特别牢固, 教学效果自然较好。

四、优化合理的课堂结构:

(l)灵活运用“五步教学法”。(2)对好单词关。培养兴趣，激发求知欲;直观教学，增强感官印象;总结规律，记忆单词。(3)过好导课关。“温故而知新”，在复习基础上，巧设情景，引出新语言项目，再启发学生观察、分析、归纳。由学生尝试去总结悟出新语言的规律，并让学生在练中学、学中练。

五、发扬民主, 营造和谐气氛, 注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣激发学生的学习兴趣，帮助学生形成学习动机让学生动起来

（1）诱发学习动机、激发学习兴趣。学生的学习活动总是由一定的学习动机引起的, 只有当学生喜欢学、要求学, 有迫切的学习愿望时, 他们才能自觉积极地投入到学习活动中去。那么, 学生的这种学习动机从何而来呢? 这就要靠教师的教学艺术, 要靠教师组织富有成效的学习活动去诱发学生的学习动机、激发学习兴趣、活跃学生的思维, 如设置悬念、创设情境等, 将学生置于心求通而未达, 口欲言而不能的心理状态。如组织课前活动时, 我通常以听说训练为重点,利用课前的几分钟, 开展Free talk 活动, 其中内容包括日常生活中常用的问候句型、自我介绍句型, 以及日期、天气的正确表达方法, 让学生以轻松、愉快的心情迎来即将开始的英语课。

（2）.心理学家告诉我们, 爱动是孩子的天性。在英语教学中, 教师应将“动中学、学中动”有机结合, 使学生动脑、动口、动眼、动耳、动手, 以最佳心理状态投入到学习中去。如在教学Unit 3 In my schoolbag 时, 我一边教学新单词、一边让学生运用句型猜测老师的提包和笔盒中分别有什么。这样, 学生学得趣味盎然, 教师也教得轻松自如。兴趣是一种学习的动力，学习英语的兴趣越浓，学习的积极性就越高，学习的效果就越好。课堂教学是教师激发学生学习兴趣，提高学生参与行为的重要场所之一，教师应尽力使自己的课生动有趣。学生在课堂教学过程中发挥出的主体作用反过来又促进了教师的课堂教学质量的提高，教与学真正进人良性循环。著名心理学家布鲁纳说过“学习最好的刺激是对所学教材的兴趣”，对学生来说，“兴趣”将直接影响学习效果。新教材内容贴近学生的生活，在教学的过程中，应充分挖掘其趣味性，唤起情感共鸣，引起学生兴趣。教师应做到备学生、备教材，设计每一节课，都使其有趣味性。创造和谐的课堂气氛，充分调动学生的主动性和积极性，应尽量多扬少抑，哪怕这个学生仅仅取得一点进步。孔子曰:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”激活学生学习动机，增强他们的学习积极性，变被动应付为主动探求知识，使之成为乐之者

六、培养竞争意识，增强学习自觉性现代社会充满了机遇，也充满了竞争，充满了走上台来推销自己的时机。

这种竞争应该在日常学习和生活中进行，成为习惯性意识，随时准备抓住机遇，去迎接挑战。教师在教学中，要纠正学生的保守态度和嫉妒心理，向学生灌输正确的人生观念、高尚的思想意识，并身体力行地发动学生，促成他们充满活力、积极向上、勇于表现、不怕竞争的人生观，以适应现代生活的需求。具体可以分小组竞赛、男女生之间竞赛、自由组合竞赛、个人挑战竞赛等。如教单词可竞争谁读得又快又好又准;教会话时，可竞赛谁对话正确、流利;竞赛哪个组，哪个学生先背出来。这样竞赛项目一出来，学生们的热情立刻高涨起来，学习自觉性增强，学习效率就大大提高了。

综上所述，课堂教学十分重要。英语素质教育的教学中，优化课堂教学模式是重点，也是实施素质教育主渠道，这就要求我们教师应做到优化教学目标的制定，优化课堂教学的设计，优化教学方法的组合等，通过优化课堂教学模式，以达到实施素质教育的目的。

第五篇：英语论文

如何提高英语阅读能力

第三初中

张艳萍

多年以来，英语教育一直把学生的阅读能力放在首位，因为阅读是获取信息的一个极其重要的途径。在英语教学大纲中也有明确的规定，英语教育的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力、初步的写和说的能力，使学生能以英语为工具获取专业所需的信息，并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。那么，英语学习者应该怎样提高英语阅读能力呢？

上海对外贸易学院的黄源深教授大声呼吁：“外语是读出来的，不是做练习做出来的。”读出来的外语才是自然的、地道的，因为那是从语境中悟出来的；靠练习做出来的外语是生硬的，常常也是不地道的，因为缺少语感，是依靠规则在拼凑。因此，在英语阅读教学中，要有意识地扩大学生的阅读量，增加语言输入的数量和频率；不仅让学生学会语言知识，获取文章所提供的信息，领悟文章的文化内涵，更为重要的是要采取适当的阅读教学策略，使学生掌握阅读的方法和技能，逐步培养用英语获得信息、处理信息的能力，学会用英语进行思维和表达、分析问题和解决问题。

一、明确读什么

阅读能力的训练总是离不开阅读材料，如果在文章选材上不下工夫，所读内容干巴巴、思想陈旧、表达生硬不地道，会使读者阅读兴趣大减，甚至失去信心，达不到提高阅读能力的目的。因此，应该选择时代气息浓、难易适中的、可读性强的文章。

二、明确怎样读

阅读的训练在提高阅读速度和阅读理解质量。然而，阅读速度和理解能力不是与生俱来，也不是一时半会就能提高的。如果盲目“加载提速”，则会欲速则不达。因此，掌握一套有效的训练方法很重要。1.注意精读与泛读的结合

1）做精读训练时，要注意培养理解能力和表达能力，注意对所学内容的理解和归纳，注意对语法知识的总结和积累；明确概括能力（尤其是逻辑思维能力）、背景知识以及加工策略（词汇、句型、语法知识和语篇分析理解能力）在阅读理解中的相互作用，逐步掌握如何抓住话题，利用自己已有知识对所读文章进行预测、推断、验证和修改。通过精读了解文章的结构特点、表达习惯，明确词汇、句型、语法等语言基础知识在形成阅读理解能力中所起的作用，为进行广泛和快速的阅读打下坚实的基础。

2）泛读就是学生选择适当的材料进行大量的阅读。泛读是提高阅读速度、增强背景知识的有效途径。做泛读训练要逐步达到以下三级理解层次：①理解文章的字面意思。②理解文章的深层含义。通过分析、判断、推理等方法理解字里行间的言外之意——引申义，发展分析、综合和概括的能力。③通过阅读查阅读相关资料，扩展自己的知识面。这样在文章中出现而又没有阐述的人文知识，立刻会跃入你的脑海，使本来模糊的语句清晰无比，可谓如鱼得水。2.注重语言基础知识和语篇能力相结合

所谓语篇能力是指学习和掌握所学语言的风格和表达习惯。词汇、句型、语法都是语篇衔接的重要手段。在学习语言基础知识的过程中，着眼培养和提高语言能力，同时注意在阅读、完形填空、短文改错、写作等语篇训练中激活、巩固、升华语言基础知识，才能促进知识与能力之间的转化和迁移。在做阅读训练时，如何将“知识”与“能力”相结合，提高英语阅读能力呢？

（1）注意词汇在语篇中的衔接作用。在词汇的学习中除了要结合阅读语篇等来扩大词汇量外，还要养成归纳同义词、近义词、上下义词、反义词和固定搭配的好习惯，把词汇学习与语篇能力有机结合起来。（2）注意语法和句式在语篇衔接中的作用。语法好似语言的编码系统，在语篇衔接中自然起着重要作用。

我通常的做法是：根据英语报刊的写作版，指导学生采用扩写、仿写、续写、改写、缩写、写读后感及内容梗概等方式完成写作练习，一周一篇，通过互批、展示和面批，及时反馈、检测学生的阅读情况，并据此对学生提出新的、有针对性的阅读要求。

在这种循序渐进的自主式阅读训练中，学生拓展了视野，积累了大量的词汇。更重要的是，学生不再将英语阅读视为被动的、外在式的行为方式，而是一种主动的、内需式的自主学习活动。

二、立足课堂优化，培养阅读策略

自主式阅读以课外为主，采取自学的方式，但这并不表示要摒弃课堂，相反，在有限的课堂教学时间里，教师更要静心指导，让学生可以借鉴他人的成功经验，切实提高阅读效率和阅读能力。在每周一节的阅读辅导课上，我从以下几个方面指导学生阅读：

（一）有针对性地介绍阅读技巧

阅读技巧是学生顺利阅读的关键因素之一。在学生积存了一定阅读量的基础上，教师根据教学目标，精选一到两篇文章，设计阅读任务，向学生介绍跳读和略读（skimming）、细读（scanning）等阅读技巧。

1.跳读是一种有选择的阅读。跳读所选的内容往往是文章中某些具体的事实和信息，直接以某个细节的关键词（如时间、地名、人名等）为寻找对象。在跳读训练的初期，应设置一些

特定的细节问题，帮助学生快速地锁定跳读目标。比如，阅读Teens Junior 3Arm strong passes away一文时，我给学生设计了如下提示性问题：

1）When did Armstrong become the firstman to walk on the moon? 2）What did Armstrong do on the moon?.3）Who did he walk with on the moon? 2.略读也是一种选择性阅读，但其侧重点是对整体内容的把握。当我们要确定文章的主题、作者的观点、作者的风格或明确文章的结构时，就应选择略读的方式。略读时，应引导学生抓住文章的一些标志性词句，如文章的标题、段首与段尾、主题句以及文章结尾带有观点性的陈述句。比如，阅读TeensJunior 3中的Thereal United Stated一文时，我出示了以下两个问题引导学生略读：

（二）适当精讲部分文章

结合学生的需求、兴趣和语言程度选择阅读材料后，应先要求学生限时阅读，随后教师对文章重点（如体裁、中心思想、背景知识和写作意图等）作适当讲解，帮助学生更深刻地理解和领悟文章内容。比如，2014年青奥会将在南京举办，体育明星是学生追捧的对象，我们便集中一节课介绍了青奥会的相关知识，还有一些常见体育项目的英文名（如swimming，boxing，weightlifting，tennls等）以及这些项目的比赛规则等；“汶川”地震后，我向学生介绍了一些国际和国内的慈善机构，为加深对9A Unit 6Reading Earthquake in Taiwan一课内容的理解，我还请学生摘录并在课堂上朗诵了这样一首诗：

（三）适时检测阅读质量

初中生处于青春波动期，自律能力相对欠缺，学习自觉性有时还不够，若完全放手，有的学生会因为惰性而不能及时完成阅读任务，使课后的自主阅读流于形式。通过一定的课堂检测，可以起到督促学生的作用。一般我以周为时间单位，事先准备好一些题目，内容涉及学生所阅读的英语报刊的所有版面。学生以小组为单位，抽取老师事先准备好的题目。我会根据作答情况，对小组给予奖励。为了更好地掌握学生阅读英语报刊的情况和阅读辅导课的效果，我还把报刊阅读测试与课本教学测试相结合，从英语报刊上选取两到三个内容放入测试题中，进一步督促学生认真阅读。