第一篇：读胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告有感
毛泽东思想和中国特色 社会主义理论体系概论
读胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告有感
外语系英语08-1
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读胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告有感
胡锦涛总书记在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告，从十二个方面总述了：过去五年的工作；改革开放的伟大历史进程；深入贯彻落实科学发展观；实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求；促进国民经济又好又快发展；坚定不移发展社会主义民主政治；推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣；加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设；开创国防和军队现代化建设新局面；推进“一国两制”实践和祖国和平统一大业；始终不渝走和平发展道路；以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程。
我认为，这次报告的核心内容是实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求，具体手段是在经济方面深入贯彻落实科学发展观，促进国民经济又好又快发展；政治方面坚定不移发展社会主义民主政治，推进“一国两制”实践和祖国和平统一大业；文化方面推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣；这些手段都是为实现全面建设小康社会这一目标服务的。
胡锦涛再次声明科学发展观，第一要义是发展，核心是以人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，根本方法是统筹兼顾。——必须坚持把发展作为 ——必须坚持统筹兼顾。党执政兴国的第一要务。——必须坚持以人为本。——必须坚持全面协调可持续发展。这要求全党着力解决影响和制约科学发展的突出问题，把全社会的发展积极性引导到科学发展上来，把科学发展观贯彻落实到经济社会发展各个方面。胡锦涛说: 我们已经朝着十六大确立的全面建设小康社会的目标迈出了坚实步伐，今后要继续努力奋斗，确保到2020年实现全面建成小康社会的奋斗目标。而这对我国发展提出新的更高要求：——增强发展协调性，努力实现经济又好又快发展。——扩大社会主义民主，更好保障人民权益和社会公平正义。——加强文化建设，明显提高全民族文明素质。——加快发展社会事业，全面改善人民生活。——建设生态文明，基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式。这一目标和要求可谓是为我国的下一步发展指明了道路。但从现在发展的实际情况来看，我国的经济发展总量大大超过了既定目标，但还远远称不上又好又快发展，能源节约型和生态环保型发展模式尚未形成。究其原因，我认为是一些地方干部的思想并未和党的要求达成一致，政绩行，数字型发展模式深入其心；再者，党的监察力度不够。我认为这些因素是地方发展不给力的真正原因。
促进国民经济又好又快发展是胡锦涛总书记提出的经济发展新思路。主要包括一下几个方面：
（一）提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家。
（二）加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级。（三）统筹城乡发展，推进社会主义新农村建设。
（四）加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护，增强可持续发展能力。
（五）推动区域协调发展，优化国土开发格局。
（六）完善基本经济制度，健全现代市场体系。
（七）深化财税、金融等体制改革，完善宏观调控体系。
（八）拓展对外开放广度和深度，提高开放型经济水平。经济发展水平是我国综合国力的重要体现。从邓小平时代到如今，各届领导人始终坚定不移的紧抓经济，极大提升了我国的综合国力。但伴随着我国今年经济的不断进步，许多新问题，矛盾不断出现：如贫富差距不断扩大，地区发展严重脱节，经济政治文化发展水平不一致。这类问题成为我国目前亟待解决的问题。
以胡锦涛为首的这届政府带动我国经济政治发展水平不断提高，国际地位得以提升，得到了全国人民以及世界各国的肯定。随着我国发展水平的不断提高，在党的领导下，和谐社会不再是梦想。以上是我对胡锦涛总书记在中共十七大上的报告的浅显认识。
第二篇：胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告及解读
高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜 为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗
━━在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告
（2007年10月15日）
胡锦涛
【目录】
一、过去五年的工作
二、改革开放的伟大历史进程
三、深入贯彻落实科学发展观
四、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求
五、促进国民经济又好又快发展
六、坚定不移发展社会主义民主政治
七、推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣
八、加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设
九、开创国防和军队现代化建设新局面
十、推进“一国两制”实践和祖国和平统一大业
十一、始终不渝走和平发展道路
十二、以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程
同志们：
现在，我代表第十六届中央委员会向大会作报告。中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会，是在我国改革发展关键阶段召开的一次十分重要的大会。大会的主题是：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，继续解放思想，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗。
中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，是当代中国发展进步的旗帜，是全党全国各族人民团结奋斗的旗帜。解放思想是发展中国特色社会主义的一大法宝，改革开放是发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力，科学发展、社会和谐是发展中国特色社会主义的基本要求，全面建设小康社会是党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标，是全国各族人民的根本利益所在。
当今世界正在发生广泛而深刻的变化，当代中国正在发生广泛而深刻的变革。机遇前所未有，挑战也前所未有，机遇大于挑战。全党必须坚定不移地高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗臶，带领人民从新的历史起点出发，抓住和用好重要战略机遇期，求真务实，锐意进取，继续全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化，完成时代赋予的崇高使命。
一、过去五年的工作
十六大以来的五年是不平凡的五年。面对复杂多变的国 际环境和艰巨繁重的改革发展任务，党带领全国各族人民，高举邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想伟大旗臶，战胜各种困难和风险，开创了中国特色社会主义事业新局面，开拓了马克思主义中国化新境界。
十六大确立“三个代表”重要思想的指导地位，作出全面建设小康社会的战略决策。为贯彻十六大精神，中央召开七次全会，分别就深化机构改革、完善社会主义市场经济体制、加强党的执政能力建设、制定“十一五”规划、构建社会主义和谐社会等关系全局的重大问题作出决定和部署，提出并贯彻科学发展观等重大战略思想，推动党和国家工作取得新的重大成就。
经济实力大幅提升。经济保持平稳快速发展，国内生产总值年均增长百分之十以上，经济效益明显提高，财政收入连年显著增加，物价基本稳定。社会主义新农村建设扎实推进，区域发展协调性增强。创新型国家建设进展良好，自主创新能力较大提高。能源、交通、通信等基础设施和重点工程建设成效显著。载人航天飞行成功实现。能源资源节约和生态环境保护取得新进展。“十五”计划胜利完成，“十一五”规划进展顺利。
改革开放取得重大突破。农村综合改革逐步深化，农业税、牧业税、特产税全部取消，支农惠农政策不断加强。国有资产管理体制、国有企业和金融、财税、投资、价格、科 技等领域改革取得重大进展。非公有制经济进一步发展。市场体系不断健全，宏观调控继续改善，政府职能加快转变。进出口总额大幅增加，实施“走出去”战略迈出坚实步伐，开放型经济进入新阶段。
人民生活显著改善。城乡居民收入较大增加，家庭财产普遍增多。城乡居民最低生活保障制度初步建立，贫困人口基本生活得到保障。居民消费结构优化，衣食住行用水平不断提高，享有的公共服务明显增强。
民主法制建设取得新进步。政治体制改革稳步推进。人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度不断完善，基层民主活力增强。人权事业健康发展。爱国统一战线发展壮大。中国特色社会主义法律体系基本形成，依法治国基本方略切实贯彻。行政管理体制、司法体制改革不断深化。
文化建设开创新局面。社会主义核心价值体系建设扎实推进，马克思主义理论研究和建设工程成效明显。思想道德建设广泛开展，全社会文明程度进一步提高。文化体制改革取得重要进展，文化事业和文化产业快速发展，人民精神文化生活更加丰富。全民健身和竞技体育取得新成绩。
社会建设全面展开。各级各类教育迅速发展，农村免费义务教育全面实现。就业规模日益扩大。社会保障体系建设进一步加强。抗击非典取得重大胜利，公共卫生体系和基本 医疗服务不断健全，人民健康水平不断提高。社会管理逐步完善，社会大局稳定，人民安居乐业。
国防和军队建设取得历史性成就。中国特色军事变革加速推进，裁减军队员额二十万任务顺利完成，军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设全面加强，履行新世纪新阶段历史使命能力显著提高。
港澳工作和对台工作进一步加强。香港、澳门保持繁荣稳定，与内地经贸关系更加紧密。两岸政党交流成功开启，人员往来和经济文化交流达到新水平。制定反分裂国家法，坚决维护国家主权和领土完整。
全方位外交取得重大进展。坚持独立自主的和平外交政策，各项外交工作积极开展，同各国的交流合作广泛加强，在国际事务中发挥重要建设性作用，为全面建设小康社会争取了良好国际环境。
党的建设新的伟大工程扎实推进。党的执政能力建设和先进性建设深入进行。理论创新和理论武装卓有成效。保持共产党员先进性教育活动取得重大成果。党内民主不断扩大。领导班子和干部队伍建设特别是干部教育培训取得重要进展，人才工作进一步加强，干部人事制度改革和组织制度创新不断深入。党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争成效明显。
在看到成绩的同时，也要清醒认识到，我们的工作与人民的期待还有不小差距，前进中还面临不少困难和问题，突 出的是：经济增长的资源环境代价过大；城乡、区域、经济社会发展仍然不平衡；农业稳定发展和农民持续增收难度加大；劳动就业、社会保障、收入分配、教育卫生、居民住房、安全生产、司法和社会治安等方面关系群众切身利益的问题仍然较多，部分低收入群众生活比较困难；思想道德建设有待加强；党的执政能力同新形势新任务不完全适应，对改革发展稳定一些重大实际问题的调查研究不够深入；一些基层党组织软弱涣散；少数党员干部作风不正，形式主义、官僚主义问题比较突出，奢侈浪费、消极腐败现象仍然比较严重。我们要高度重视这些问题，继续认真加以解决。
总起来说，这五年，是改革开放和全面建设小康社会取得重大进展的五年，是我国综合国力大幅提升和人民得到更多实惠的五年，是我国国际地位和影响显著提高的五年，是党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力明显增强和全党全国各族人民团结更加紧密的五年。实践充分证明，十六大和十六大以来中央作出的各项重大决策是完全正确的。
五年来的成就，是全党全国各族人民共同奋斗的结果。我代表中共中央，向全国各族人民，向各民主党派、各人民团体和各界爱国人士，向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞和台湾同胞以及广大侨胞，向一切关心和支持中国现代化建设的各国朋友，表示衷心的感谢！
二、改革开放的伟大历史进程 我们即将迎来改革开放三十周年。一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。从那时以来，中国共产党人和中国人民以一往无前的进取精神和波澜壮阔的创新实践，谱写了中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进新的壮丽史诗，中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌发生了历史性变化。
改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，①目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族；②就是要推动我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展，赋予社会主义新的生机活力，建设和发展中国特色社会主义；③就是要在引领当代中国发展进步中加强和改进党的建设，保持和发展党的先进性，确保党始终走在时代前列（这三个目的，即发展经济、巩固和完善社会主义制度、加强和改进党的建设，揭示了改革开放的历史地位和伟大贡献）。
我们要永远铭记，改革开放伟大事业，是在以毛泽东同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体创立毛泽东思想，带领全党全国各族人民建立新中国、取得社会主义革命和建设伟大成就以及艰辛探索社会主义建设规律取得宝贵经验的基础上进行的。新民主主义革命的胜利，社会主义基本制度的建立，为当代中国一切发展进步奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础（以毛泽东同志为核心的第一代中央领导集体，为我们党 开启改革开放历史新时期奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础）。
我们要永远铭记，改革开放伟大事业，是以邓小平同志为核心的党的第二代中央领导集体带领全党全国各族人民开创的。面对十年“文化大革命”造成的危难局面，党的第二代中央领导集体坚持解放思想、实事求是，以巨大的政治勇气和理论勇气，科学评价毛泽东同志和毛泽东思想（不科学评价毛泽东同志和毛泽东思想，就无法作出改革开放科学决策），彻底否定“以阶级斗争为纲”的错误理论和实践，作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，确立社会主义初级阶段基本路线，吹响走自己的路、建设中国特色社会主义的时代号角，创立邓小平理论，指引全党全国各族人民在改革开放的伟大征程上阔步前进。
我们要永远铭记，改革开放伟大事业，是以江泽民同志为核心的党的第三代中央领导集体带领全党全国各族人民继承、发展并成功推向二十一世纪的。从十三届四中全会到十六大，受命于重大历史关头的党的第三代中央领导集体，高举邓小平理论伟大旗臶，坚持改革开放、与时俱进，在国内外政治**、经济风险等严峻考验面前，依靠党和人民，捍卫中国特色社会主义，创建社会主义市场经济新体制，开创全面开放新局面，推进党的建设新的伟大工程，创立“三个代表”重要思想，继续引领改革开放的航船沿着正确方向破浪前进。十六大以来，我们以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，顺应国内外形势发展变化，抓住重要战略机遇期，发扬求真务实、开拓进取精神，坚持理论创新和实践创新，着力推动科学发展、促进社会和谐，完善社会主义市场经济体制，在全面建设小康社会实践中坚定不移地把改革开放伟大事业继续推向前进。
新时期最鲜明的特点是改革开放。从农村到城市、从经济领域到其他各个领域（这是改革的顺序），全面改革的进程势不可当地展开了；从沿海到沿江沿边，从东部到中西部（这是开放的顺序），对外开放的大门毅然决然地打开了。这场历史上从未有过的大改革大开放，极大地调动了亿万人民的积极性，使我国成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。今天，一个面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的社会主义中国巍然屹立在世界东方。
新时期最显著的成就是快速发展。我们党实施现代化建设“三步走”战略，带领人民艰苦奋斗，推动我国以世界上少有的速度持续快速发展起来。我国经济从一度濒于崩溃的边缘发展到总量跃至世界第四、进出口总额位居世界第三，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，农村贫困人口从两亿五千多万减少到两千多万，政治建设、文化建设、社会建设取得举世瞩目的成就。中国的发展，不仅使中国人民稳定地 走上了富裕安康的广阔道路，而且为世界经济发展和人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。
新时期最突出的标志是与时俱进。我们党坚持马克思主义的思想路线，不断探索和回答什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义（邓小平理论），建设什么样的党、怎样建设党（“三个代表”重要思想），实现什么样的发展、怎样发展（科学发展观）等重大理论和实际问题，不断推进马克思主义中国化，坚持并丰富党的基本理论（中国特色社会主义理论）、基本路线（一个中心、两个基本点）、基本纲领（党在社会主义初级阶段建设有中国特色社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、和谐社会的基本目标和基本政策）、基本经验（改革开放30年来的“十个结合”）。社会主义和马克思主义在中国大地上焕发出勃勃生机，给人民带来更多福祉，使中华民族大踏步赶上时代前进潮流、迎来伟大复兴的光明前景。
事实雄辩地证明，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择，是发展中国特色社会主义、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路；只有社会主义才能救中国，只有改革开放才能发展中国、发展社会主义、发展马克思主义。
改革开放作为一场新的伟大革命，不可能一帆风顺，也不可能一蹴而就。最根本的是，改革开放符合党心民心、顺应时代潮流，方向和道路是完全正确的，成效和功绩不容否定，停顿和倒退没有出路。在改革开放的历史进程中，我们党把坚持马克思主义基本原理同推进马克思主义中国化结合起来，把坚持四项基本原则同坚持改革开放结合起来，把尊重人民首创精神同加强和改善党的领导结合起来，把坚持社会主义基本制度同发展市场经济结合起来，把推动经济基础变革同推动上层建筑改革结合起来，把发展社会生产力同提高全民族文明素质结合起来，把提高效率同促进社会公平结合起来，把坚持独立自主同参与经济全球化结合起来，把促进改革发展同保持社会稳定结合起来，把推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业同推进党的建设新的伟大工程结合起来（这“十个结合”是改革开放的基本经验），取得了我们这样一个十几亿人口的发展中大国摆脱贫困、加快实现现代化、巩固和发展社会主义的宝贵经验。
改革开放以来我们取得一切成绩和进步的根本原因，归结起来就是：开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系。高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗臶，最根本的就是要坚持这条道路和这个理论体系。
中国特色社会主义道路，就是在中国共产党领导下，立足基本国情，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，解放和发展社会生产力，巩固和完善社会主义制度，建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和谐社会，建设富强民主文明和谐的社 会主义现代化国家。中国特色社会主义道路之所以完全正确、之所以能够引领中国发展进步，关键在于我们既坚持了科学社会主义的基本原则，又根据我国实际和时代特征赋予其鲜明的中国特色。在当代中国，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，就是真正坚持社会主义。
中国特色社会主义理论体系，就是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想以及科学发展观等重大战略思想在内的科学理论体系。这个理论体系，坚持和发展了马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想，凝结了几代中国共产党人带领人民不懈探索实践的智慧和心血，是马克思主义中国化最新成果，是党最可宝贵的政治和精神财富，是全国各族人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。中国特色社会主义理论体系是不断发展的开放的理论体系。《共产党宣言》发表以来近一百六十年的实践证明，马克思主义只有与本国国情相结合、与时代发展同进步、与人民群众共命运，才能焕发出强大的生命力、创造力、感召力。在当代中国，坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系，就是真正坚持马克思主义。
实践永无止境，创新永无止境。全党同志要倍加珍惜、长期坚持和不断发展党历经艰辛开创的中国特色社会主义道路和中国特色社会主义理论体系，坚持解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进，勇于变革、勇于创新，永不僵化、永不停滞，不为任何风险所惧，不被任何干扰所惑，使中国特色社会主义 道路越走越宽广，让当代中国马克思主义放射出更加灿烂的真理光芒。
三、深入贯彻落实科学发展观
在新的发展阶段继续全面建设小康社会、发展中国特色社会主义（两者顺序不能颠倒。全面建设小康社会是中国特色社会主义发展进程中的一个阶段性目标），必须坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观。
科学发展观，①是对党的三代中央领导集体关于发展的重要思想的继承和发展，是马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现，②是同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想既一脉相承又与时俱进的科学理论，③是我国经济社会发展的重要指导方针，是发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻（注：还不是长期坚持的）的重大战略思想。（标识之一说明科学发展观是用来指导发展的，之二是阐明科学发展观是马克思主义中国化的最新成果，之三阐明了科学发展观的重大作用）
科学发展观，是立足社会主义初级阶段基本国情，总结我国发展实践，借鉴国外发展经验，适应新的发展要求提出来的。进入新世纪新阶段，我国发展呈现一系列新的阶段性特征，主要是：经济实力显著增强，同时生产力水平总体上还不高，自主创新能力还不强，长期形成的结构性矛盾和粗 放型增长方式尚未根本改变；社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，同时影响发展的体制机制障碍依然存在，改革攻坚面临深层次矛盾和问题；人民生活总体上达到小康水平，同时收入分配差距拉大趋势还未根本扭转，城乡贫困人口和低收入人口还有相当数量，统筹兼顾各方面利益难度加大；协调发展取得显著成绩，同时农业基础薄弱、农村发展滞后的局面尚未改变，缩小城乡、区域发展差距和促进经济社会协调发展任务艰巨；社会主义民主政治不断发展、依法治国基本方略扎实贯彻，同时民主法制建设与扩大人民民主和经济社会发展的要求还不完全适应，政治体制改革需要继续深化；社会主义文化更加繁荣，同时人民精神文化需求日趋旺盛，人们思想活动的独立性、选择性、多变性、差异性明显增强，对发展社会主义先进文化提出了更高要求；社会活力显著增强，同时社会结构、社会组织形式、社会利益格局发生深刻变化，社会建设和管理面临诸多新课题；对外开放日益扩大，同时面临的国际竞争日趋激烈，发达国家在经济科技上占优势的压力长期存在，可以预见和难以预见的风险增多，统筹国内发展和对外开放要求更高。（总结这八个方面阶段性特征归结起来就是，发展水平还比较低，还不够平衡、协调，发展的可持续性不强，“五个统筹”任务艰巨）
这些情况表明，经过新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来的不懈努力，我国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，从生产力 到生产关系、从经济基础到上层建筑都发生了意义深远的重大变化，但我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变。当前我国发展的阶段性特征，是社会主义初级阶段基本国情在新世纪新阶段的具体表现。强调认清社会主义初级阶段基本国情，不是要妄自菲薄、自甘落后，也不是要脱离实际、急于求成，而是要坚持把它作为推进改革、谋划发展的根本依据。我们必须始终保持清醒头脑，立足社会主义初级阶段这个最大的实际，科学分析我国全面参与经济全球化的新机遇新挑战，全面认识工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深入发展的新形势新任务，深刻把握我国发展面临的新课题新矛盾（注意：这“五化”的顺序本身的因果关系，不能颠倒。同时新增加的信息化内容，既是党对发展形势的新把握，也是对发展任务的新要求），更加自觉地走科学发展道路，奋力开拓中国特色社会主义更为广阔的发展前景。
科学发展观，第一要义是发展，核心是以人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，根本方法是统筹兼顾（新的总结。过去的提法是前三项）。
——必须坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务。发展，对于全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化，具有决定性意义。要牢牢扭住经济建设这个中心，坚持聚精会神搞 建设、一心一意谋发展，不断解放和发展社会生产力。更好实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、可持续发展战略，着力把握发展规律、创新发展理念、转变发展方式、破解发展难题，提高发展质量和效益（这就是又好又快发展的核心内容。过去的提法是“转变发展观念，创新发展模式，提高发展质量”），实现又好又快发展，为发展中国特色社会主义打下坚实基础。努力实现以人为本、全面协调可持续的科学发展，实现各方面事业有机统一、社会成员团结和睦的和谐发展，实现既通过维护世界和平发展自己、又通过自身发展维护世界和平的和平发展。
——必须坚持以人为本。全心全意为人民服务是党的根本宗旨，党的一切奋斗和工作都是为了造福人民。要始终把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益作为党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点，尊重人民主体地位，发挥人民首创精神，保障人民各项权益，走共同富裕道路，促进人的全面发展，做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。
——必须坚持全面协调可持续发展。要按照中国特色社会主义事业总体布局，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调。坚持生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，建设 资源节约型、环境友好型社会，实现速度和结构质量效益相统一、经济发展与人口资源环境相协调，使人民在良好生态环境中生产生活，实现经济社会永续发展。（这部分讲的是如何实现科学发展）
——必须坚持统筹兼顾。要正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业中的重大关系，统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展、国内发展和对外开放，统筹中央和地方关系，统筹个人利益和集体利益、局部利益和整体利益、当前利益和长远利益，充分调动各方面积极性。（上述三个统筹讲的是如何实现和谐发展）统筹国内国际两个大局，树立世界眼光，加强战略思维，善于从国际形势发展变化中把握发展机遇、应对风险挑战，营造良好国际环境（这个统筹讲的是如何实现和平发展）。既要总揽全局、统筹规划，又要抓住牵动全局的主要工作、事关群众利益的突出问题，着力推进、重点突破。（注意这四个统筹与原来的“五个统筹”的区别）
深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们始终坚持“一个中心、两个基本点”的基本路线。党的基本路线是党和国家的生命线，是实现科学发展的政治保证。以经济建设为中心是兴国之要，是我们党、我们国家兴旺发达和长治久安的根本要求；四项基本原则是立国之本，是我们党、我们国家生存发展的政治基石；改革开放是强国之路，是我们党、我们国 家发展进步的活力源泉。要坚持把以经济建设为中心同四项基本原则、改革开放这两个基本点统一于发展中国特色社会主义的伟大实践，任何时候都决不能动摇。
深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们积极构建社会主义和谐社会。社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性。科学发展和社会和谐是内在统一的。没有科学发展就没有社会和谐，没有社会和谐也难以实现科学发展（科学发展与社会和谐的辩证关系）。构建社会主义和谐社会是贯穿中国特色社会主义事业全过程的长期历史任务，是在发展的基础上正确处理各种社会矛盾的历史过程和社会结果（新提法）。要通过发展增加社会物质财富、不断改善人民生活，又要通过发展保障社会公平正义、不断促进社会和谐。实现社会公平正义是中国共产党人的一贯主张，是发展中国特色社会主义的重大任务。要按照民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处的总要求和共同建设、共同享有的原则（这是十七大报告的新提法，中央构建和谐社会的决定没有得出这一原则），着力解决人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，努力形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的局面，为发展提供良好社会环境。
深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们继续深化改革开放。要把改革创新精神贯彻到治国理政各个环节，毫不动摇地坚持改革方向，提高改革决策的科学性，增强改革措施的协调 性。要完善社会主义市场经济体制，推进各方面体制改革创新，加快重要领域和关键环节改革步伐，全面提高开放水平，着力构建充满活力、富有效率、更加开放、有利于科学发展的体制机制，为发展中国特色社会主义提供强大动力和体制保障。要坚持把改善人民生活作为正确处理改革发展稳定关系的结合点，使改革始终得到人民拥护和支持。
深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们切实加强和改进党的建设。要站在完成党执政兴国使命的高度，把提高党的执政能力、保持和发展党的先进性，体现到领导科学发展、促进社会和谐上来，落实到引领中国发展进步、更好代表和实现最广大人民的根本利益上来，使党的工作和党的建设更加符合科学发展观的要求，为科学发展提供可靠的政治和组织保障。
全党同志要全面把握科学发展观的科学内涵和精神实质，增强贯彻落实科学发展观的自觉性和坚定性，着力转变不适应不符合科学发展观的思想观念，着力解决影响和制约科学发展的突出问题，把全社会的发展积极性引导到科学发展上来，把科学发展观贯彻落实到经济社会发展各个方面。
四、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求 我们已经朝着十六大确立的全面建设小康社会的目标迈出了坚实步伐，今后要继续努力奋斗，确保到2020年实现全面建成小康社会的奋斗目标。我们必须适应国内外形势的新变化，顺应各族人民过上更好生活的新期待，把握经济社会发展趋势和规律，坚持中国特色社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设的基本目标和基本政策构成的基本纲领，在十六大确立的全面建设小康社会目标的基础上对我国发展提出新的更高要求。
——增强发展协调性，努力实现经济又好又快发展。转变发展方式取得重大进展，在优化结构、提高效益、降低消耗、保护环境的基础上，实现人均国内生产总值到2020年比2000年翻两番（2000年我国人均GDP为7858元,折合856美元；2006年为16084元,折合2010美元。按十七大的翻两番目标，应是3500美元，今后至2020年的年均增长为5.4%；十六大报告确定的是超过3000美元。若至2020年的年均增长7.5%，到2020年我国经济总量将达58万亿元，约合7.2万亿美元[按2006年汇率计]。按2020年总人口14.5亿计算，人均约为5000美元。）。社会主义市场经济体制更加完善。自主创新能力显著提高，科技进步对经济增长的贡献率大幅上升，进入创新型国家行列。居民消费率稳步提高，形成消费、投资、出口协调拉动的增长格局。城乡、区域协调互动发展机制和主体功能区布局基本形成。社会主义新农村建设取得重大进展。城镇人口比重明显增加。
——扩大社会主义民主，更好保障人民权益和社会公平正义。公民政治参与有序扩大。依法治国基本方略深入落实，全社会法制观念进一步增强，法治政府建设取得新成效。基层民主制度更加完善。政府提供基本公共服务能力显著增强。
——加强文化建设，明显提高全民族文明素质。社会主义核心价值体系深入人心，良好思想道德风尚进一步弘扬。覆盖全社会的公共文化服务体系基本建立，文化产业占国民经济比重明显提高、国际竞争力显著增强，适应人民需要的文化产品更加丰富。
——加快发展社会事业，全面改善人民生活。现代国民教育体系更加完善，终身教育体系基本形成，全民受教育程度和创新人才培养水平明显提高。社会就业更加充分。覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系基本建立，人人享有基本生活保障。合理有序的收入分配格局基本形成，中等收入者占多数，绝对贫困现象基本消除。人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。社会管理体系更加健全。
——建设生态文明，基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式。循环经济形成较大规模，可再生能源比重显著上升。主要污染物排放得到有效控制，生态环境质量明显改善。生态文明观念在全社会牢固树立。
到2020年全面建设小康社会目标实现之时，我们这个历史悠久的文明古国和发展中社会主义大国，将成为工业化基 本实现、综合国力显著增强、国内市场总体规模位居世界前列的国家，成为人民富裕程度普遍提高、生活质量明显改善、生态环境良好的国家，成为人民享有更加充分民主权利、具有更高文明素质和精神追求的国家，成为各方面制度更加完善、社会更加充满活力而又安定团结的国家，成为对外更加开放、更加具有亲和力、为人类文明作出更大贡献的国家。
今后五年是全面建设小康社会的关键时期。我们要坚定信心，埋头苦干，为全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会打下更加牢固的基础。
五、促进国民经济又好又快发展
实现未来经济发展目标，关键要在加快转变经济发展方式、完善社会主义市场经济体制方面取得重大进展。要大力推进经济结构战略性调整，更加注重提高自主创新能力、提高节能环保水平、提高经济整体素质和国际竞争力（这“三个提高”便是对如何转变发展方式的最好解释，也是与增长方式的质的区别）。要深化对社会主义市场经济规律的认识，从制度上更好发挥市场在资源配臵中的基础性作用，形成有利于科学发展的宏观调控体系。
（一）提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家。这是国家发展战略的核心，是提高综合国力的关键。要坚持走中国特色自主创新道路，把增强自主创新能力贯彻到现代化建设各个方面（这是总体要求，以下是具体内容）。认真落实国家中 长期科学和技术发展规划纲要，加大对自主创新投入，着力突破制约经济社会发展的关键技术。加快建设国家创新体系，支持基础研究、前沿技术研究、社会公益性技术研究。加快建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系，引导和支持创新要素向企业集聚，促进科技成果向现实生产力转化。深化科技管理体制改革，优化科技资源配臵，完善鼓励技术创新和科技成果产业化的法制保障、政策体系、激励机制、市场环境。实施知识产权战略。充分利用国际科技资源。进一步营造鼓励创新的环境，努力造就世界一流科学家和科技领军人才，注重培养一线的创新人才，使全社会创新智慧竞相迸发、各方面创新人才大量涌现。
（二）加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级。这是关系国民经济全局紧迫而重大的战略任务。要坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，坚持扩大国内需求特别是消费需求的方针，促进经济增长由主要依靠投资、出口拉动向依靠消费、投资、出口协调拉动转变，由主要依靠第二产业带动向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变，由主要依靠增加物质资源消耗向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变（这是总体要求）。发展现代产业体系，大力推进信息化与工业化融合，促进工业由大变强，振兴装备制造业，淘汰落后生产能力；提升高新技术产业，发展信息、生物、新材料、航空航天、海洋等产业；发展现代服务业，提高服 务业比重和水平；加强基础产业基础设施建设，加快发展现代能源产业和综合运输体系。确保产品质量和安全。鼓励发展具有国际竞争力的大企业集团。
（三）统筹城乡发展，推进社会主义新农村建设。解决好农业、农村、农民问题，事关全面建设小康社会大局，必须始终作为全党工作的重中之重（这是意义）。要加强农业基础地位，走中国特色农业现代化道路，建立以工促农、以城带乡长效机制，形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局（这是总体要求）。坚持把发展现代农业、繁荣农村经济作为首要任务，加强农村基础设施建设，健全农村市场和农业服务体系。加大支农惠农政策力度，严格保护耕地，增加农业投入，促进农业科技进步，增强农业综合生产能力，确保国家粮食安全。加强动植物疫病防控，提高农产品质量安全水平。以促进农民增收为核心，发展乡镇企业，壮大县域经济，多渠道转移农民就业。提高扶贫开发水平。深化农村综合改革，推进农村金融体制改革和创新，改革集体林权制度。坚持农村基本经营制度，稳定和完善土地承包关系，按照依法自愿有偿原则，健全土地承包经营权流转市场，有条件的地方可以发展多种形式的适度规模经营。探索集体经济有效实现形式，发展农民专业合作组织，支持农业产业化经营和龙头企业发展。培育有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民，发挥亿万农民建设新农村的主体作用。
（四）加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护，增强可持续发展能力。坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，关系人民群众切身利益和中华民族生存发展。必须把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战略的突出位置，落实到每个单位、每个家庭。要完善有利于节约能源资源和保护生态环境的法律和政策，加快形成可持续发展体制机制。落实节能减排工作责任制。开发和推广节约、替代、循环利用和治理污染的先进适用技术，发展清洁能源和可再生能源，保护土地和水资源，建设科学合理的能源资源利用体系，提高能源资源利用效率。发展环保产业。加大节能环保投入，重点加强水、大气、土壤等污染防治，改善城乡人居环境。加强水利、林业、草原建设，加强荒漠化石漠化治理，促进生态修复。加强应对气候变化能力建设，为保护全球气候作出新贡献。
（五）推动区域协调发展，优化国土开发格局。缩小区域发展差距，必须注重实现基本公共服务均等化，引导生产要素跨区域合理流动。要继续实施区域发展总体战略，深入推进西部大开发，全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地，大力促进中部地区崛起，积极支持东部地区率先发展（这几句话中前面的四个字，与十六大报告的叙述相比，语气推进了不少，也显示了几年来这几方面工作的的大进步）。加强国土规划，按照形成主体功能区的要求，完善区域政策，调整经济布局。遵循市场经济规律，突破行政区划界限，形成若干带动力强、联系紧密的经济圈和经济带。重大项目布局要充分考虑支持中西部发展，鼓励东部地区带动和帮助中西部地区发展。加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区发展扶持力度。帮助资源枯竭地区实现经济转型。更好发挥经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区在改革开放和自主创新中的重要作用。走中国特色城镇化道路，按照统筹城乡、布局合理、节约土地、功能完善、以大带小的原则，促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展。以增强综合承载能力为重点，以特大城市为依托，形成辐射作用大的城市群，培育新的经济增长极。
（六）完善基本经济制度，健全现代市场体系。①坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，坚持平等保护物权，形成各种所有制经济平等竞争、相互促进新格局。②深化国有企业公司制股份制改革，健全现代企业制度，优化国有经济布局和结构，增强国有经济活力、控制力、影响力。深化垄断行业改革，引入竞争机制，加强政府监管和社会监督。加快建设国有资本经营预算制度。完善各类国有资产管理体制和制度。推进集体企业改革，发展多种形式的集体经济、合作经济。③推进公平准入，改善融资条件，破除体制障碍，促进个体、私营经济和中小企业发展。以现代产权制度为基础，发展混合所有制经济。④加快形成统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系，发展各类生产要素市场，完善反映市场供求关系、资源稀缺程度、环境损害成本的生产要素和资源价格形成机制，规范发展行业协会和市场中介组织，健全社会信用体系。
（七）深化财税、金融等体制改革，完善宏观调控体系。围绕推进基本公共服务均等化和主体功能区建设，完善公共财政体系。深化预算制度改革，强化预算管理和监督，健全中央和地方财力与事权相匹配的体制，加快形成统一规范透明的财政转移支付制度，提高一般性转移支付规模和比例，加大公共服务领域投入。完善省以下财政体制，增强基层政府提供公共服务能力。实行有利于科学发展的财税制度，建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制。推进金融体制改革，发展各类金融市场，形成多种所有制和多种经营形式、结构合理、功能完善、高效安全的现代金融体系。提高银行业、证券业、保险业竞争力。优化资本市场结构，多渠道提高直接融资比重。加强和改进金融监管，防范和化解金融风险。完善人民币汇率形成机制，逐步实现资本项目可兑换。深化投资体制改革，健全和严格市场准入制度。完善国家规划体系。发挥国家发展规划、计划、产业政策在宏观调控中的导向作用，综合运用财政、货币政策，提高宏观调控水平。（改革的三大部分：财税体制、金融体制和投资体制）
（八）拓展对外开放广度和深度，提高开放型经济水平。坚持对外开放的基本国策，把“引进来”和“走出去”更好结合起来，扩大开放领域，优化开放结构，提高开放质量，完善内外联动、互利共赢、安全高效的开放型经济体系，形成经济全球化条件下参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势。深化沿海开放，加快内地开放，提升沿边开放，实现对内对外开放相互促进。加快转变外贸增长方式，立足以质取胜，调整进出口结构，促进加工贸易转型升级，大力发展服务贸易。创新利用外资方式，优化利用外资结构，发挥利用外资在推动自主创新、产业升级、区域协调发展（注：这是十七大的新提法）等方面的积极作用。创新对外投资和合作方式，支持企业在研发、生产、销售等方面开展国际化经营，加快培育我国的跨国公司和国际知名品牌。积极开展国际能源资源互利合作。实施自由贸易区战略，加强双边多边经贸合作。采取综合措施促进国际收支基本平衡。注重防范国际经济风险。
实现国民经济又好又快发展，必将进一步增强我国经济实力，彰显社会主义市场经济的强大生机活力。
六、坚定不移发展社会主义民主政治
人民民主是社会主义的生命。发展社会主义民主政治是我们党始终不渝的奋斗目标。改革开放以来，我们积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，我国社会主义民主政治展现出更加旺盛的生命力。政治体制改革作为我国全面改革的重要组成部分，必须随着经济社会发展而不断深化，与人民政治参与积极性不断提高相适应。要坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，坚持和完善人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度以及基层群众自治制度（这是党的代表大会报告第一次把“基层群众自治制度”纳入我国根本政治制度内容，以前是前三项。这说明，基层群众自治制度决不会改变。这也体现了中国式的民主是集选举民主、协商民主、自治民主于一体的民主），不断推进社会主义政治制度自我完善和发展。
深化政治体制改革，必须坚持正确政治方向，以保证人民当家作主为根本，以增强党和国家活力、调动人民积极性为目标，扩大社会主义民主，建设社会主义法治国家，发展社会主义政治文明。要坚持党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，提高党科学执政、民主执政、依法执政水平，保证党领导人民有效治理国家；坚持国家一切权力属于人民，从各个层次、各个领域扩大公民有序政治参与，最广泛地动员和组织人民依法管理国家事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业；坚持依法治国基本方略，树立社会主义法治理念，实现国家各项工作法治化，保障公民合法权益；坚持社会主义政治制度的特点和优势，推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化，为党和国家长治久安提供政治和法律制度保 障。
（一）扩大人民民主，保证人民当家作主。人民当家作主是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心。①要健全民主制度，丰富民主形式，拓宽民主渠道，依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督，保障人民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权。②支持人民代表大会依法履行职能，善于使党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志；保障人大代表依法行使职权，密切人大代表同人民的联系，建议逐步实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表；加强人大常委会制度建设，优化组成人员知识结构和年龄结构。③支持人民政协围绕团结和民主两大主题履行职能，推进政治协商、民主监督、参政议政制度建设；把政治协商纳入决策程序，完善民主监督机制，提高参政议政实效；加强政协自身建设，发挥协调关系、汇聚力量、建言献策、服务大局的重要作用（这是对政协自身工作的定位）。④坚持各民族一律平等，保证民族自治地方依法行使自治权。⑤推进决策科学化、民主化，完善决策信息和智力支持系统，增强决策透明度和公众参与度，制定与群众利益密切相关的法律法规和公共政策原则上要公开听取意见。⑥加强公民意识教育，树立社会主义民主法治、自由平等、公平正义理念（这是公民意识内容）。⑦支持工会、共青团、妇联等人民团体依照法律和各自章程开展工作，参与社会管理和公共服务，维护群众合法权益（这是对工青妇工 作的新要求）。
（二）发展基层民主，保障人民享有更多更切实的民主权利。人民依法直接行使民主权利，管理基层公共事务和公益事业，实行自我管理、自我服务、自我教育、自我监督，对干部实行民主监督，是人民当家作主最有效、最广泛的途径，必须作为发展社会主义民主政治的基础性工程重点推进。要健全基层党组织领导的充满活力的基层群众自治机制，扩大基层群众自治范围，完善民主管理制度，把城乡社区建设成为管理有序、服务完善、文明祥和的社会生活共同体。①全心全意依靠工人阶级，完善以职工代表大会为基本形式的企事业单位民主管理制度，推进厂务公开，支持职工参与管理，维护职工合法权益。②深化乡镇机构改革，加强基层政权建设，完善政务公开、村务公开等制度，实现政府行政管理与基层群众自治有效衔接和良性互动（乡镇政府与村委会管理上的衔接问题。注意，乡政府是行政命令式管理方式，村委会是村民自治管理方式）。③发挥社会组织在扩大群众参与、反映群众诉求方面的积极作用，增强社会自治功能（这是针对新阶段大量存在的“社会人”的管理问题）。
（三）全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家。依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。要坚持科学立法、民主立法，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系（十六大报告提出到2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系。十
七大报告总结中说，“中国特色社会主义法律体系基本形成”，故这里用“完善”一词）。加强宪法和法律实施，坚持公民在法律面前一律平等，维护社会公平正义，维护社会主义法制的统一、尊严、权威。推进依法行政。深化司法体制改革，优化司法职权配臵，规范司法行为，建设公正高效权威的社会主义司法制度，保证审判机关、检察机关依法独立公正地行使审判权、检察权。加强政法队伍建设，做到严格、公正、文明执法。深入开展法制宣传教育，弘扬法治精神，形成自觉学法守法用法的社会氛围。尊重和保障人权，依法保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利（这一提法体现了“以人为本”精神，也揭示了我国人权工作发展的新要求，即“平等参与、平等发展”，过去指的是“生存权”）。各级党组织和全体党员要自觉在宪法和法律范围内活动，带头维护宪法和法律的权威。
（四）壮大爱国统一战线，团结一切可以团结的力量（这一部分是新提法，表明了构建和谐社会关系在中国特色社会主义中的重要性）。促进政党关系、民族关系、宗教关系、阶层关系（新提法）、海内外同胞关系（“五大关系”）的和谐，对于增进团结、凝聚力量具有不可替代的作用。①要贯彻长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共的方针，加强同民主党派合作共事，支持民主党派和无党派人士更好履行参政议政、民主监督职能，选拔和推荐更多优秀党外干部担任领
导职务。②牢牢把握各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的主题，保障少数民族合法权益，巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐（“和谐”一词为新增）的社会主义民族关系。③全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针，发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用。④鼓励新的社会阶层人士积极投身中国特色社会主义建设。⑤认真贯彻党的侨务政策，支持海外侨胞、归侨侨眷关心和参与祖国现代化建设与和平统一大业。
（五）加快行政管理体制改革，建设服务型政府（从职能、职责和领导职数等方面予以规范）。行政管理体制改革是深化改革的重要环节。要抓紧制定行政管理体制改革总体方案，着力转变职能、理顺关系、优化结构、提高效能，形成权责一致、分工合理、决策科学、执行顺畅、监督有力的行政管理体制（十六大的提法是“行为规范、运转协调、公正透明、廉洁高效”。比较而言，现在的提法更具操作性）。健全政府职责体系，完善公共服务体系，推行电子政务，强化社会管理和公共服务。加快推进政企分开、政资分开、政事分开、政府与市场中介组织分开，规范行政行为，加强行政执法部门建设，减少和规范行政审批，减少政府对微观经济运行的干预。规范垂直管理部门和地方政府的关系。加大机构整合力度，探索实行职能有机统一的大部门体制，健全部门间协调配合机制。精简和规范各类议事协调机构及其办事
机构，减少行政层次，降低行政成本，着力解决机构重叠、职责交叉、政出多门问题。统筹党委、政府和人大、政协机构设置，减少领导职数，严格控制编制。加快推进事业单位分类改革。
（六）完善制约和监督机制，保证人民赋予的权力始终用来为人民谋利益。确保权力正确行使，必须让权力在阳光下运行。要坚持用制度管权、管事、管人，建立健全决策权、执行权、监督权既相互制约又相互协调的权力结构和运行机制（这是具有中国特色的“三权”运作机制）。健全组织法制和程序规则（保证科学决策、民主决策），保证国家机关按照法定权限和程序行使权力、履行职责。完善各类公开办事制度，提高政府工作透明度和公信力。重点加强对领导干部特别是主要领导干部、人财物管理使用、关键岗位的监督，健全质询、问责、经济责任审计、引咎辞职、罢免等制度。落实党内监督条例，加强民主监督，发挥好舆论监督作用，增强监督合力和实效。
社会主义愈发展，民主也愈发展。在发展中国特色社会主义的历史进程中，中国共产党人和中国人民一定能够不断发展具有强大生命力的社会主义民主政治。
七、推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣
当今时代，文化越来越成为民族凝聚力和创造力的重要源泉、越来越成为综合国力竞争的重要因素，丰富精神文化
生活越来越成为我国人民的热切愿望（这是意义）。要坚持社会主义先进文化前进方向，兴起社会主义文化建设新高潮，激发全民族文化创造活力，提高国家文化软实力（这是总体要求），使人民基本文化权益得到更好保障，使社会文化生活更加丰富多彩，使人民精神风貌更加昂扬向上（这是目标）。
（一）建设社会主义核心价值体系，增强社会主义意识形态的吸引力和凝聚力。社会主义核心价值体系是社会主义意识形态的本质体现。要巩固马克思主义指导地位，坚持不懈地用马克思主义中国化最新成果武装全党、教育人民，用中国特色社会主义共同理想凝聚力量，用以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神鼓舞斗志，用社会主义荣辱观引领风尚，巩固全党全国各族人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。①大力推进理论创新，不断赋予当代中国马克思主义鲜明的实践特色、民族特色、时代特色。开展中国特色社会主义理论体系宣传普及活动，推动当代中国马克思主义大众化。推进马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，深入回答重大理论和实际问题，培养造就一批马克思主义理论家特别是中青年理论家（怎样建设）。②切实把社会主义核心价值体系融入国民教育和精神文明建设全过程，转化为人民的自觉追求。积极探索用社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮的有效途径，主动做好意识形态工作，既尊重差异、包容多样，又有力抵制各种错误和腐朽思想的影响（怎样为民所用）。③
繁荣发展哲学社会科学，推进学科体系、学术观点、科研方法创新，鼓励哲学社会科学界为党和人民事业发挥思想库作用，推动我国哲学社会科学优秀成果和优秀人才走向世界（怎样走向世界）。
（二）建设和谐文化，培育文明风尚。和谐文化是全体人民团结进步的重要精神支撑。①要积极发展新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术事业，坚持正确导向，弘扬社会正气。重视城乡、区域文化协调发展，着力丰富农村、偏远地区、进城务工人员的精神文化生活。加强网络文化建设和管理，营造良好网络环境（公益文化建设）。②大力弘扬爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想，以增强诚信意识为重点，加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设，发挥道德模范榜样作用，引导人们自觉履行法定义务、社会责任、家庭责任。加强和改进思想政治工作，注重人文关怀和心理疏导，用正确方式处理人际关系。动员社会各方面共同做好青少年思想道德教育工作，为青少年健康成长创造良好社会环境（思想道德建设）。③深入开展群众性精神文明创建活动，完善社会志愿服务体系，形成男女平等、尊老爱幼、互爱互助、见义勇为的社会风尚。弘扬科学精神，普及科学知识（精神文明创建）。广泛开展全民健身运动。办好2008年奥运会、残奥会和2010年世博会。
（三）弘扬中华文化，建设中华民族共有精神家园。中
华文化是中华民族生生不息、团结奋进的不竭动力。①要全面认识祖国传统文化，取其精华，去其糟粕，使之与当代社会相适应、与现代文明相协调，保持民族性，体现时代性。②加强中华优秀文化传统教育，运用现代科技手段开发利用民族文化丰厚资源。③加强对各民族文化的挖掘和保护，重视文物和非物质文化遗产保护，做好文化典籍整理工作。④加强对外文化交流，吸收各国优秀文明成果，增强中华文化国际影响力。
（四）推进文化创新，增强文化发展活力。在时代的高起点上推动文化内容形式、体制机制、传播手段创新，解放和发展文化生产力，是繁荣文化的必由之路。①（这是总体要求，阐明推进文化创新的根本要求和宗旨）要坚持为人民服务、为社会主义服务的方向和百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针，贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众，始终把社会效益放在首位，做到经济效益与社会效益相统一。创作更多反映人民主体地位和现实生活、群众喜闻乐见的优秀精神文化产品。②（文化体制改革的总体要求）深化文化体制改革，完善扶持公益性文化事业、发展文化产业、鼓励文化创新的政策，营造有利于出精品、出人才、出效益的环境。③（扶持公益性文化事业）坚持把发展公益性文化事业作为保障人民基本文化权益的主要途径，加大投入力度，加强社区和乡村文化设施建设。④（发展文化产业）大力发展文化产业，实施重大文化
产业项目带动战略，加快文化产业基地和区域性特色文化产业群建设，培育文化产业骨干企业和战略投资者，繁荣文化市场，增强国际竞争力。⑤（鼓励文化创新）运用高新技术创新文化生产方式，培育新的文化业态，加快构建传输快捷、覆盖广泛的文化传播体系。设立国家荣誉制度，表彰有杰出贡献的文化工作者。
中华民族伟大复兴必然伴随着中华文化繁荣兴盛。要充分发挥人民在文化建设中的主体作用，调动广大文化工作者的积极性，更加自觉、更加主动地推动文化大发展大繁荣，在中国特色社会主义的伟大实践中进行文化创造，让人民共享文化发展成果。
（注：十七大报告在文化方面的新亮点有三：一是首次在党的代表大会上向全党发出了“推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣”、“兴起社会主义文化建设新高潮”的号召；二是首次明确把文化作为“国家软实力”提出来；三是强调加强对外文化交流，吸收人类优秀文化成果，提高中华文化影响力。）
八、加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设
社会建设与人民幸福安康息息相关。必须在经济发展的基础上，更加注重社会建设，着力保障和改善民生，推进社会体制改革，扩大公共服务，完善社会管理，促进社会公平正义，努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居，推动建设和谐社会（就业是民生之本，38 分配是民心所系，社保是民安所在）。
（一）优先发展教育，建设人力资源强国。教育是民族振兴的基石，教育公平是社会公平的重要基础。要全面贯彻党的教育方针，坚持育人为本、德育为先，实施素质教育，提高教育现代化水平，培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，办好人民满意的教育。优化教育结构，促进义务教育均衡发展，加快普及高中阶段教育，大力发展职业教育，提高高等教育质量。重视学前教育，关心特殊教育。更新教育观念，深化教学内容方式、考试招生制度、质量评价制度等改革，减轻中小学生课业负担，提高学生综合素质。坚持教育公益性质，加大财政对教育投入，规范教育收费，扶持贫困地区、民族地区教育，健全学生资助制度，保障经济困难家庭、进城务工人员子女平等接受义务教育。加强教师队伍建设，重点提高农村教师素质。鼓励和规范社会力量兴办教育。发展远程教育和继续教育，建设全民学习、终身学习的学习型社会。
（二）实施扩大就业的发展战略，促进以创业带动就业。就业是民生之本。要坚持实施积极的就业政策，加强政府引导，完善市场就业机制，扩大就业规模，改善就业结构。完善支持自主创业、自谋职业政策，加强就业观念教育，使更多劳动者成为创业者。健全面向全体劳动者的职业教育培训制度，加强农村富余劳动力转移就业培训。建立统一规范的
人力资源市场，形成城乡劳动者平等就业的制度。完善面向所有困难群众的就业援助制度，及时帮助零就业家庭解决就业困难。积极做好高校毕业生就业工作。规范和协调劳动关系，完善和落实国家对农民工的政策，依法维护劳动者权益。
（三）深化收入分配制度改革，增加城乡居民收入。合理的收入分配制度是社会公平的重要体现。要坚持和完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，健全劳动、资本、技术、管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的制度，初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系，再分配更加注重公平（注：十六大报告是讲初次分配要注重效率，再分配要注重公平）。逐步提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。着力提高低收入者收入，逐步提高扶贫标准和最低工资标准，建立企业职工工资正常增长机制和支付保障机制。创造条件让更多群众拥有财产性收入。保护合法收入，调节过高收入，取缔非法收入。扩大转移支付，强化税收调节，打破经营垄断，创造机会公平，整顿分配秩序，逐步扭转收入分配差距扩大趋势。
（四）加快建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系，保障人民基本生活。社会保障是社会安定的重要保证。要以社会保险、社会救助、社会福利为基础，以基本养老、基本医疗、最低生活保障制度为重点，以慈善事业、商业保险为补充，加快完善社会保障体系。促进企业、机关、事业单位基本养
老保险制度改革，探索建立农村养老保险制度。全面推进城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗制度建设。完善城乡居民最低生活保障制度，逐步提高保障水平。完善失业、工伤、生育保险制度。提高统筹层次，制定全国统一的社会保险关系转续办法（这对稳定外来务工人员就业尤其重要）。采取多种方式充实社会保障基金，加强基金监管，实现保值增值。健全社会救助体系。做好优抚安臵工作。发扬人道主义精神，发展残疾人事业。加强老龄工作。强化防灾减灾工作。健全廉租住房制度，加快解决城市低收入家庭住房困难。
（五）建立基本医疗卫生制度，提高全民健康水平。健康是人全面发展的基础，关系千家万户幸福。要坚持公共医疗卫生的公益性质，坚持预防为主、以农村为重点、中西医并重，实行政事分开、管办分开、医药分开、营利性和非营利性分开，强化政府责任和投入，完善国民健康政策，鼓励社会参与，建设覆盖城乡居民的公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系、药品供应保障体系，为群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的医疗卫生服务。完善重大疾病防控体系，提高突发公共卫生事件应急处臵能力。加强农村三级卫生服务网络和城市社区卫生服务体系建设，深化公立医院改革。建立国家基本药物制度，保证群众基本用药。扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展。加强医德医风建设，提高医疗服
务质量。确保食品药品安全。坚持计划生育的基本国策，稳定低生育水平，提高出生人口素质。开展爱国卫生运动，发展妇幼卫生事业。
（六）完善社会管理，维护社会安定团结。社会稳定是人民群众的共同心愿，是改革发展的重要前提。要健全党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与的社会管理格局，健全基层社会管理体制。最大限度激发社会创造活力，最大限度增加和谐因素，最大限度减少不和谐因素。妥善处理人民内部矛盾，完善信访制度，健全党和政府主导的维护群众权益机制。重视社会组织建设和管理。加强流动人口服务和管理。坚持安全发展，强化安全生产管理和监督，有效遏制重特大安全事故。完善突发事件应急管理机制。健全社会治安防控体系，加强社会治安综合治理，深入开展平安创建活动，改革和加强城乡社区警务工作，依法防范和打击违法犯罪活动，保障人民生命财产安全。完善国家安全战略，健全国家安全体制，高度警惕和坚决防范各种分裂、渗透、颠覆活动，切实维护国家安全。
和谐社会要靠全社会共同建设。我们要紧紧依靠人民，调动一切积极因素，努力形成社会和谐人人有责、和谐社会人人共享的生动局面。
九、开创国防和军队现代化建设新局面
国防和军队建设，在中国特色社会主义事业总体布局中
占有重要地位。必须站在国家安全和发展战略全局的高度，统筹经济建设和国防建设，在全面建设小康社会进程中实现富国和强军的统一。
全面履行党和人民赋予的新世纪新阶段军队历史使命，必须坚持以毛泽东军事思想、邓小平新时期军队建设思想、江泽民国防和军队建设思想为指导，把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，贯彻新时期军事战略方针，加快中国特色军事变革，做好军事斗争准备，提高军队应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的能力，坚决维护国家主权、安全、领土完整，为维护世界和平贡献力量。
军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设是统一的整体，必须全面加强、协调推进。要始终坚持党对军队绝对领导的根本原则和人民军队的根本宗旨，深入进行军队历史使命、理想信念、战斗精神和社会主义荣辱观教育，大力弘扬听党指挥、服务人民、英勇善战的优良传统。坚持科技强军，按照建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的战略目标，加快机械化和信息化复合发展，积极开展信息化条件下军事训练，全面建设现代后勤，加紧培养大批高素质新型军事人才，切实转变战斗力生成模式。坚持依法治军、从严治军，完善军事法规，加强科学管理。
适应世界军事发展新趋势和我国发展新要求，推进军事理论、军事技术、军事组织、军事管理创新。调整改革军队
体制编制和政策制度，逐步形成一整套既有中国特色又符合现代军队建设规律的科学的组织模式、制度安排和运作方式。调整改革国防科技工业体制和武器装备采购体制，提高武器装备研制的自主创新能力和质量效益。建立和完善军民结合、寓军于民的武器装备科研生产体系、军队人才培养体系和军队保障体系，坚持勤俭建军，走出一条中国特色军民融合式发展路子。深入研究新的历史条件下建军治军特点规律和人民战争战略战术，繁荣和发展军事科学。
增强全民国防观念，完善国防动员体系，加强国防动员建设，提高预备役部队和民兵建设质量。加强人民武装警察部队建设，更好履行维护国家安全和社会稳定、保障人民安居乐业的职责使命。坚持拥军优属、拥政爱民，积极开展军民共建，巩固军政军民团结。各级党组织、政府和人民群众要一如既往支持国防和军队建设，军队要继续为经济社会发展作贡献。
十、推进“一国两制”实践和祖国和平统一大业 香港、澳门回归祖国以来，“一国两制”实践日益丰富。“一国两制”是完全正确的，具有强大生命力。按照“一国两制”实现祖国和平统一，符合中华民族根本利益。
保持香港、澳门长期繁荣稳定是党在新形势下治国理政面临的重大课题。我们将坚定不移地贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方针，严格按照特别行政
区基本法办事；全力支持特别行政区政府依法施政，着力发展经济、改善民生、推进民主；鼓励香港、澳门各界人士在爱国爱港、爱国爱澳旗臶下和衷共济，促进社会和睦；加强内地与香港、澳门交流合作，实现优势互补、共同发展；积极支持香港、澳门开展对外交往，坚决反对外部势力干预香港、澳门事务。香港同胞、澳门同胞完全有智慧有能力管理好、建设好香港、澳门，香港、澳门已经并将继续为国家现代化建设发挥重要作用，伟大祖国永远是香港、澳门繁荣稳定的坚强后盾。
解决台湾问题、实现祖国完全统一，是全体中华儿女的共同心愿。我们将遵循“和平统一、一国两制”的方针和现阶段发展两岸关系、推进祖国和平统一进程的八项主张，坚持一个中国原则决不动摇，争取和平统一的努力决不放弃，贯彻寄希望于台湾人民的方针决不改变，反对“台独”分裂活动决不妥协，牢牢把握两岸关系和平发展的主题，真诚为两岸同胞谋福祉、为台海地区谋和平，维护国家主权和领土完整，维护中华民族根本利益。
坚持一个中国原则，是两岸关系和平发展的政治基础。尽管两岸尚未统一，但大陆和台湾同属一个中国的事实从未改变。中国是两岸同胞的共同家园，两岸同胞理应携手维护好、建设好我们的共同家园。台湾任何政党，只要承认两岸同属一个中国，我们都愿意同他们交流对话、协商谈判，什
么问题都可以谈。我们郑重呼吁，在一个中国原则的基础上，协商正式结束两岸敌对状态，达成和平协议，构建两岸关系和平发展框架，开创两岸关系和平发展新局面。
十三亿大陆同胞和两千三百万台湾同胞是血脉相连的命运共同体。凡是对台湾同胞有利的事情，凡是对维护台海和平有利的事情，凡是对促进祖国和平统一有利的事情，我们都会尽最大努力做好。我们理解、信赖、关心台湾同胞，将继续实施和充实惠及广大台湾同胞的政策措施，依法保护台湾同胞的正当权益，支持海峡西岸和其他台商投资相对集中地区经济发展。两岸同胞要加强交往，加强经济文化交流，继续拓展领域、提高层次，推动直接“三通”，使彼此感情更融洽、合作更深化，为实现中华民族伟大复兴而共同努力。
当前，“台独”分裂势力加紧进行分裂活动，严重危害两岸关系和平发展。两岸同胞要共同反对和遏制“台独”分裂活动。中国主权和领土完整不容分割。任何涉及中国主权和领土完整的问题，必须由包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民共同决定。我们愿以最大诚意、尽最大努力实现两岸和平统一，绝不允许任何人以任何名义任何方式把台湾从祖国分割出去。
两岸统一是中华民族走向伟大复兴的历史必然。海内外中华儿女紧密团结、共同奋斗，祖国完全统一就一定能够实现。
十一、始终不渝走和平发展道路
当今世界正处在大变革大调整之中。和平与发展仍然是时代主题，求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。世界多极化不可逆转，经济全球化深入发展，科技革命加速推进，全球和区域合作方兴未艾，国与国相互依存日益紧密，国际力量对比朝着有利于维护世界和平方向发展，国际形势总体稳定。
同时，世界仍然很不安宁。霸权主义和强权政治依然存在，局部冲突和热点问题此起彼伏，全球经济失衡加剧，南北差距拉大，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，世界和平与发展面临诸多难题和挑战。
共同分享发展机遇，共同应对各种挑战，推进人类和平与发展的崇高事业，事关各国人民的根本利益，也是各国人民的共同心愿。我们主张，各国人民携手努力，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。为此，应该遵循联合国宪章宗旨和原则，恪守国际法和公认的国际关系准则，在国际关系中弘扬民主、和睦、协作、共赢精神。政治上相互尊重、平等协商，共同推进国际关系民主化；经济上相互合作、优势互补，共同推动经济全球化朝着均衡、普惠、共赢方向发展；文化上相互借鉴、求同存异，尊重世界多样性，共同促进人类文明繁荣进步；安全上相互信任、加强合作，坚持用和平方式而不是战争手段解决国际争端，共同维护世界和平
稳定；环保上相互帮助、协力推进，共同呵护人类赖以生存的地球家园。
当代中国同世界的关系发生了历史性变化，中国的前途命运日益紧密地同世界的前途命运联系在一起。不管国际风云如何变幻，中国政府和人民都将高举和平、发展、合作旗臶，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，恪守维护世界和平、促进共同发展的外交政策宗旨。
中国将始终不渝走和平发展道路。这是中国政府和人民根据时代发展潮流和自身根本利益作出的战略抉择。中华民族是热爱和平的民族，中国始终是维护世界和平的坚定力量。我们坚持把中国人民的利益同各国人民的共同利益结合起来，秉持公道，伸张正义。我们坚持国家不分大小、强弱、贫富一律平等，尊重各国人民自主选择发展道路的权利，不干涉别国内部事务，不把自己的意志强加于人。中国致力于和平解决国际争端和热点问题，推动国际和地区安全合作，反对一切形式的恐怖主义。中国奉行防御性的国防政策，不搞军备竞赛，不对任何国家构成军事威胁。中国反对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。中国将始终不渝奉行互利共赢的开放战略。我们将继续以自己的发展促进地区和世界共同发展，扩大同各方利益的汇合点，在实现本国发展的同时兼顾对方特别是发展中国家
的正当关切。我们将继续按照通行的国际经贸规则，扩大市场准入，依法保护合作者权益。我们支持国际社会帮助发展中国家增强自主发展能力、改善民生，缩小南北差距。我们支持完善国际贸易和金融体制，推进贸易和投资自由化便利化，通过磋商协作妥善处理经贸摩擦。中国决不做损人利己、以邻为壑的事情。
中国坚持在和平共处五项原则的基础上同所有国家发展友好合作。我们将继续同发达国家加强战略对话，增进互信，深化合作，妥善处理分歧，推动相互关系长期稳定健康发展。我们将继续贯彻与邻为善、以邻为伴的周边外交方针，加强同周边国家的睦邻友好和务实合作，积极开展区域合作，共同营造和平稳定、平等互信、合作共赢的地区环境。我们将继续加强同广大发展中国家的团结合作，深化传统友谊，扩大务实合作，提供力所能及的援助，维护发展中国家的正当要求和共同利益。我们将继续积极参与多边事务，承担相应国际义务，发挥建设性作用，推动国际秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。我们将继续开展同各国政党和政治组织的交流合作，加强人大、政协、军队、地方、民间团体对外交往，增进中国人民和各国人民的相互了解和友谊。
中国发展离不开世界，世界繁荣稳定也离不开中国。中国人民将继续同各国人民一道，为实现人类的美好理想而不懈努力。
十二、以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程 中国特色社会主义事业是改革创新的事业。党要站在时代前列带领人民不断开创事业发展新局面，必须以改革创新精神加强自身建设，始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。
我们党已经成立八十六年，在全国执政五十八年，拥有七千多万党员，党的自身建设任务比过去任何时候都更为繁重。党领导的改革开放既给党注入巨大活力，也使党面临许多前所未有的新课题新考验。世情、国情、党情的发展变化，决定了以改革创新精神加强党的建设既十分重要又十分紧迫。（党的建设的总体要求）必须把党的执政能力建设和先进性建设作为主线，坚持党要管党、从严治党，贯彻为民、务实、清廉的要求，以坚定理想信念为重点加强思想建设，以造就高素质党员、干部队伍为重点加强组织建设，以保持党同人民群众的血肉联系为重点加强作风建设，以健全民主集中制为重点加强制度建设，以完善惩治和预防腐败体系为重点加强反腐倡廉建设，使党始终成为立党为公、执政为民，求真务实、改革创新，艰苦奋斗、清正廉洁，富有活力、团结和谐的马克思主义执政党。
（一）深入学习贯彻中国特色社会主义理论体系，着力用马克思主义中国化最新成果武装全党。思想理论建设是党的根本建设，党的理论创新引领各方面创新。要按照建设学
第三篇：胡锦涛在十七大上的讲话英文版
中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会报告 英文版
2008-01-28
HOLD HIGH THE GREAT BANNER OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIVE FOR NEW VICTORIES IN BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS
Report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 15, 2007
Hu Jintao
Comrades, Now I would like to make a report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)on behalf of the Sixteenth Central Committee.The Seventeenth Congress is one of vital importance being held at a crucial stage of China’s reform and development.The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, continue to emancipate the mind, persist in reform and opening up, pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the banner guiding development and progress in contemporary China and rallying the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country in our common endeavor.Emancipating the mind is a magic instrument for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, reform and opening up provide a strong driving force for developing it, and scientific development and social harmony are basic requirements for developing it.Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a goal for the Party and the state to reach by 2020, and represents the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups.The world today is undergoing extensive and profound changes, and contemporary China is going through a wide-ranging and deep-going transformation.This brings us unprecedented opportunities as well as unprecedented challenges, with the former outweighing the latter.The whole Party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead the people in starting from this new historical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realistic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mission bestowed by the times.I.The Work of the Past Five Years
The five years since the Sixteenth Congress was an extraordinary period.In order to accomplish the arduous tasks of reform and development in a complicated and volatile international situation, the Party led the people of all ethnic groups in holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, overcoming difficulties and risks, creating a new situation in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and attaining a new realm in adapting Marxism to conditions in China.At its Sixteenth Congress the Party established the important thought of Three Represents as its guide and made the strategic decision to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects.In order to implement
the guiding principles of the congress, the Central Committee convened seven plenary sessions, at which it made decisions on and arrangements for major issues of overall significance such as deepening institutional restructuring, improving the socialist market economy, strengthening the governance capability of the Party, drawing up the Eleventh Five-Year Plan(2006-10), and building a harmonious socialist society;and it formulated and applied the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts.All this helped the Party and the state score great new achievements.Economic strength increased substantially.The economy sustained steady and rapid growth.The GDP expanded by an annual average of over 10%.Economic performance improved significantly, national revenue rose markedly year by year, and prices were basically stable.Efforts to build a new socialist countryside yielded solid results, and development among regions became more balanced.The endeavor to make China an innovative nation registered good progress, with considerable improvement in the country’s capacity for independent innovation.Notable achievements were scored in the construction of infrastructure including energy, transport and telecommunications facilities and other key projects.Manned spaceflights were successfully conducted.Fresh progress was registered in energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation.The Tenth Five-Year Plan(2001-05)was fulfilled successfully and implementation of the eleventh is in smooth progress.Major breakthroughs were made in reform and opening up.Comprehensive reforms in rural areas gradually deepened;agricultural tax, livestock tax and taxes on special agricultural products were rescinded throughout the country;and policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers.Significant headway was made in reform of the state assets management system, state-owned enterprises, banking, public finance, taxation, investment, pricing, and the system for managing science and technology.The non-public sector of the economy grew stronger.A sound market system was being put in place, macroeconomic regulation continued to improve, and transformation of government functions was accelerated.The total volume of imports and exports increased sharply.Solid steps were taken in implementing the “go
global” strategy, and the open economy entered a new stage of development.Living standards improved significantly.Both urban and rural incomes increased considerably, and most families had more property than before.The system of subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents was basically in place, guaranteeing basic living conditions for the poor.Residents improved their consumption patterns, had increasingly better food, clothing, housing, transport and other daily necessities, and enjoyed markedly improved public services.Fresh progress was registered in improving democracy and the legal system.Political restructuring progressed steadily.Constant improvement was made in the system of people’s congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.Primary-level democracy increased its vitality.The cause of human rights witnessed sound development.The patriotic united front grew stronger.A socialist law system with Chinese characteristics was basically in place.The rule of law was effectively implemented as a fundamental principle.Reform of the government administration system and the judicial system continued to deepen.A new situation was created in cultural development.Efforts to establish the system of socialist core values made steady headway and marked achievements were scored in the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory.Extensive efforts were made to raise ideological and ethical standards and the whole of society became more culturally advanced.Cultural restructuring made important progress, cultural programs and the cultural industry developed rapidly, and the people enjoyed a richer cultural life.Fresh progress was made in public fitness programs and competitive sports.Social development proceeded in an all-round way.Education of various kinds and at different levels developed rapidly.Free compulsory education was made available in all rural areas.More job opportunities were created.The social security system was strengthened.The battle against SARS came to a great victory.The public health system and basic medical care constantly improved, contributing to better health of the
people.Social management improved step by step.Social stability was ensured and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.Historic achievements were scored in the development of national defense and the armed forces.The revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics was accelerated.The armed forces were reduced by 200,000 troops.Efforts were intensified in all respects to make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, which notably increased their capacity to accomplish their historical missions at this new stage in the new century.Work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan affairs was intensified.Hong Kong and Macao maintained their prosperity and stability and developed closer economic partnership with the mainland.Political parties on both sides of the Taiwan Straits started communication, and cross-Straits visits as well as economic and cultural exchanges reached a new high.The Anti-Secession Law was enacted to resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.Major progress was made in all-directional diplomacy.Pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace, China energetically carried out diplomatic activities, enhanced exchanges and cooperation with other countries in various fields and played a major constructive role in international affairs.This created a favorable international environment for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The great new undertaking to build the Party made solid progress.Endeavors to strengthen the Party’s governance capability and vanguard nature were intensified.Efforts to make theoretical innovations and arm Party members with the achievements proved successful.The campaign to educate Party members to preserve their vanguard nature yielded substantial results.Intra-Party democracy continued to expand.Major headway was made in strengthening the Party’s leading bodies and the ranks of its cadres, and especially in educating and training cadres.Work in relation to talented personnel was strengthened.Efforts were stepped up to reform the cadre and personnel system and make innovations in the organizational system.Remarkable results were achieved in improving the Party’s style of work, upholding integrity and combating corruption.While recognizing our achievements, we must be well aware that they still fall short of the expectations of the people and that there are still quite a few difficulties and problems on our way forward.The outstanding ones include the following: Our economic growth is realized at an excessively high cost of resources and the environment.There remains an imbalance in development between urban and rural areas, among regions, and between the economy and society.It has become more difficult to bring about a steady growth of agriculture and continued increase in farmers’ incomes.There are still many problems affecting people’s immediate interests in areas such as employment, social security, income distribution, education, public health, housing, work safety, administration of justice and public order;and some low-income people lead a rather difficult life.More efforts are needed to promote ideological and ethical progress.The governance capability of the Party falls somewhat short of the need to deal with the new situation and tasks.In-depth investigations and studies have yet to be conducted on some major practical issues related to reform, development and stability.Some primary Party organizations are weak and lax.A small number of Party cadres are not honest and upright, their formalism and bureaucratism are quite conspicuous, and extravagance, waste, corruption and other undesirable behavior are still serious problems with them.We must pay close attention to these problems and continue our efforts to solve them.To sum up, the past five years was a period in which substantial progress was made in reform, opening up and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.During this period, China’s overall strength grew considerably and the people enjoyed more tangible benefits.China’s international standing and influence rose notably.The creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the Party increased significantly, and the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups became more united.Facts have proved that the major policy decisions made by the Central Committee at and since the Sixteenth Congress are perfectly correct.Our achievements over the past five years are attributed to the concerted efforts of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups.On behalf of the Central Committee, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the people of all ethnic groups, the democratic parties, people’s
organizations and patriots from all walks of life, to our compatriots in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese nationals, and to our foreign friends who care about and support China’s modernization drive!
II.The Great Historical Course of Reform and Opening Up
We will soon be celebrating the 30th anniversary of the start of reform and opening up.In 1978, the Party held the historic Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, which ushered in the new historical period of reform and opening up.Since then, the Chinese Communists and the Chinese people have, in an indomitable enterprising spirit and with their spectacular practice of innovation, composed a new epic recounting the Chinese nation’s ceaseless efforts to make progress and become stronger, and historic changes have taken place in the visages of the Chinese people, socialist China and the CPC.Reform and opening up represent a great new revolution carried on by the people under the Party’s leadership in a new era to release and develop the productive forces, modernize the country, bring prosperity to the Chinese people and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation;to promote the self-improvement and development of China’s socialist system, inject new vitality into socialism, and build and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics;and to improve the building of the Party as it leads contemporary China in development and progress, preserve and enhance its vanguard nature, and ensure that it is always in the forefront of the times.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was conducted on a foundation laid by the Party’s first generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core, which founded Mao Zedong Thought, led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in establishing the People’s Republic and scoring great achievements in our socialist revolution and construction, and gained invaluable experience in its painstaking exploration for laws governing socialist construction.The victory in the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of the basic system of socialism provided the
fundamental political prerequisite and institutional basis for every inch of development and progress in contemporary China.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was initiated by the Party’s second generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the endeavor.In a precarious situation left by the “cultural revolution”(1966-76), the second generation of central collective leadership, persisting in emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and displaying immense political and theoretical courage, made a scientific appraisal of Comrade Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought, thoroughly repudiated the erroneous theory and practice of “taking class struggle as the key link,” and made the historic policy decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state onto economic development and introduce reform and opening up.It established the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, sounded the clarion call of the times for taking our own road and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, and led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in striding forward on the great journey of reform and opening up.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was carried on, developed and successfully carried into the 21st century by the Party’s third generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups on this mission.From the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee through the Sixteenth Congress, the third generation of central collective leadership, which took over the helm at a critical historical juncture, held high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, pressed ahead with reform and opening up and kept up with the times.Relying on the Party and the people, it stood the severe tests of political turbulences and economic risks at home and abroad, safeguarded socialism with Chinese characteristics, initiated the new, socialist market economy and ushered in a new phase of all-round opening up;and it advanced the great new undertaking to build the Party, founded the important thought of Three Represents, and steered the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right course.Since the Sixteenth Congress, we have followed the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, kept up with new developments and changes in and outside China, grasped the strategic opportunities in this important period, promoted the truth-seeking, pragmatic and pioneering spirit and persisted in innovation in both theory and practice.We have worked hard to promote scientific development and social harmony, improved the socialist market economy, and resolutely carried forward the great cause of reform and opening up in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Reform and opening up constitute the most salient feature of the new period.From the countryside to the cities and from the economic to other areas, the process of sweeping reform has unfolded with irresistible momentum.From the coastal areas to areas along the Yangtze River and the borders, and from the eastern to the central and western regions, the door has been resolutely opened to the outside world.This great undertaking of reform and opening up, never seen before in history, has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of Chinese people and brought about China’s historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy to a robust socialist market economy, and from a closed or semi-closed state to all-round opening up.Today socialist China is standing rock-firm in the East, oriented toward modernization, the world and the future.Rapid development represents the most remarkable achievement in the new period.The Party has been implementing the three-step strategy for modernization, leading the people in working hard to promote China’s sustained rapid development at a rate rarely seen in the world.China’s economy, once on the verge of collapse, has grown to rank as the fourth largest in the world, and its import and export volume, the third biggest.The Chinese people, once inadequately fed and clad, are leading a fairly comfortable life on the whole.The impoverished population in rural areas has dropped from more than 250 million to just over 20 million.The country’s achievements in political, cultural and social development have captured world attention.China’s development has not only enabled its people to move steadily toward prosperity and happiness, but also
contributed substantially to the growth of the world economy and the progress of human civilization.Keeping up with the times is the most prominent hallmark of the new period.Adhering to the Marxist ideological line, the Party has been constantly seeking answers to major theoretical and practical questions such as what socialism is and how to build it, what kind of party we must build and how to build it, and what kind of development China should achieve and how to achieve it.The Party has been constantly adapting Marxism to conditions in China, and adhering to and enriching its own basic theory, line, program and experience.Socialism and Marxism have shown great vitality on Chinese soil, brought more benefits to the people, and enabled the Chinese nation to catch up with the trend of the times in great strides and see the bright future of national rejuvenation.Facts have incontrovertibly proved that the decision to begin reform and opening up is vital to the destiny of contemporary China, that reform and opening up are the only way of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and rejuvenating the Chinese nation, that only socialism can save China and that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism.As a great new revolution, reform and opening up are not to be plain sailing or be accomplished overnight.Essentially they accord with the aspirations of the Party membership and the people and keep up with the trend of the times.The orientation and path of reform and opening up are entirely correct, and their merits and achievements can never be negated.To stop or reverse reform and opening up would only lead to a blind alley.In the historical course of reform and opening up, the Party has combined adhering to the basic tenets of Marxism with adapting it to Chinese conditions, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles with adhering to the reform and opening up policy, respecting the people’s pioneering initiative with strengthening the Party’s leadership, adhering to the basic system of socialism with developing the market economy, effecting changes in the economic base with promoting reform of the superstructure, developing the productive forces with improving the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation, raising efficiency with promoting social equity, pursuing independent development with taking part in economic
globalization, promoting reform and development with maintaining social stability, and advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics with making progress in the great new undertaking to build the Party.In this course the Party has gained invaluable experience in eliminating poverty, accelerating modernization, and consolidating and developing socialism in a large developing country of over one billion people.To sum up, the fundamental reason behind all our achievements and progress since the reform and opening up policy was introduced is that we have blazed a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established a system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Essentially, to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics means to keep to this path and uphold this system.Taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics means we will, under the leadership of the CPC and in light of China’s basic conditions, take economic development as the central task, adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and persevere in reform and opening up, release and develop the productive forces, consolidate and improve the socialist system, develop the socialist market economy, socialist democracy, an advanced socialist culture and a harmonious socialist society, and make China a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious modern socialist country.The main reason this path is completely correct and can lead China to development and progress is that we have adhered to the basic tenets of scientific socialism and in the meantime added to them distinct Chinese characteristics in light of China’s conditions and the features of the times.In contemporary China, to stay true to socialism means to keep to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute a system of scientific theories including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts.This system represents the Party’s adherence to and development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and embodies the wisdom and hard work of several
generations of Chinese Communists leading the people in carrying out tireless explorations and practices.It is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, the Party’s invaluable political and intellectual asset, and the common ideological foundation for the concerted endeavor of the people of all ethnic groups.It is an open system that keeps developing.Practices since the publication of the Communist Manifesto nearly 160 years ago have proved that only when Marxism is integrated with the conditions of a specific country, advances in step with the times and is tied to the destiny of the people can it demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal.In contemporary China, to stay true to Marxism means to adhere to the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.There is no end to practice or innovation.All Party members must cherish the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which the Party explored and created after going through all the hardships, keep to the path and uphold the system for a long time to come and constantly develop them.We must continue to emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts, keep up with the times, make bold changes and innovations, stay away from rigidity or stagnation, fear no risks, never be confused by any interference, broaden our path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that the truth of Marxism of contemporary China shines even more brightly.III.Thoroughly Applying the Scientific Outlook on Development
To continue to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics at the new stage of development, we must follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development.The Scientific Outlook on Development is a continuation and development of the important thoughts on development advanced by the previous three generations of central collective leadership of the CPC and a concentrated expression of the Marxist world outlook and methodology
with regard to development.It is a scientific theory that is in the same line as Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and keeps up with the times.It is an important guiding principle for China’s economic and social development and a major strategic thought that we must uphold and apply in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.In light of the basic reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, the Scientific Outlook on Development has been formulated to meet new requirements of development by analyzing China’s own practice and drawing on the experience of other countries in development.At this new stage in the new century, China’s development shows a series of new features which are mainly as follows: The economic strength has increased markedly, but the overall productivity remains low, the capacity for independent innovation is weak, and the longstanding structural problems and the extensive mode of growth are yet to be fundamentally addressed.The socialist market economy is basically in place, but there remain structural and institutional obstacles slowing down development, and further reform in difficult areas is confronted with deep-seated problems.A relatively comfortable standard of living has been achieved for the people as a whole, but the trend of a growing gap in income distribution has not been thoroughly reversed, there are still a considerable number of impoverished and low-income people in both urban and rural areas, and it has become more difficult to accommodate the interests of all sides.Efforts to balance development have yielded remarkable results, but the foundation of agriculture remains weak, the rural areas still lag behind in development, and we face an arduous task to narrow the urban-rural and interregional gaps in development and promote balanced economic and social development.Socialist democracy has continued to develop and we have made steady progress in implementing the rule of law as a fundamental principle, but efforts to improve democracy and the legal system fall somewhat short of the need to expand people’s democracy and promote economic and social development, and political restructuring has to be deepened.Socialist culture is thriving as never before, but the people have growing cultural needs and have become more independent, selective, changeable and diverse in thinking, setting higher requirements for the
development of an advanced socialist culture.Our society has become evidently more dynamic, but profound changes have taken place in the structure of society, in the way society is organized and in the pattern of social interests, and many new issues have emerged in social development and management.China is opening wider to the outside world, but international competition is becoming increasingly acute, pressure in the form of the economic and scientific dominance of developed countries will continue for a long time to come, both predictable and unpredictable risks are increasing, and the need to balance domestic development and opening to the outside world is greater than ever.All this shows that through the unremitting efforts we have made since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, particularly since the introduction of the reform and opening up policy, China has scored achievements in development that have captured world attention, and experienced far-reaching changes in the productive forces and the relations of production, as well as in the economic base and the superstructure.However, the basic reality that China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come has not changed, nor has Chinese society’s principal contradiction – the one between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low level of social production.The current features of development in China are a concrete manifestation of that basic reality at this new stage in the new century.Stressing recognition of the basic reality is not meant to belittle ourselves, wallow in backwardness, or encourage unrealistic pursuit of quick results.Rather, such recognition will serve as the basis of our endeavor to advance reform and plan for development.We must always remain sober-minded, base our efforts on the most significant reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, scientifically analyze the new opportunities and challenges arising from China’s full involvement in economic globalization, fully understand the new situation and tasks in China’s advance toward an industrialized, information-based, urbanized, market-oriented and internationalized country, have a good grasp of the new issues and problems we face in development, follow more conscientiously the path of scientific
development, and strive to open up a broader vista for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.The Scientific Outlook on Development takes development as its essence, putting people first as its core, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development as its basic requirement, and overall consideration as its fundamental approach.– We must regard development as the top priority of the Party in governing and rejuvenating the country.Development is of decisive significance for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and speeding up socialist modernization.We must firmly commit ourselves to the central task of economic development, concentrate on construction and development, and keep releasing and developing the productive forces.We must better implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation with trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development.We must grasp the law of development, make innovations in our thinking, transform the mode of development, crack hard issues and raise quality and efficiency to achieve sound and rapid development, so that we can lay a solid foundation for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must strive for scientific development by putting people first and making it comprehensive, balanced and sustainable;we must strive for harmonious development by integrating all undertakings and promoting unity and amity among all members of society;and we must strive for peaceful development in the course of which China develops itself by safeguarding world peace and contributes to world peace by developing itself.– We must always put people first.Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the Party, and its every endeavor is for the well-being of the people.We must always make sure that the aim and outcome of all the work of the Party and the state is to realize, safeguard and expand the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.We must respect the principal position of the people in the country’s political life, give play to their creativity, protect their rights and interests, take the path of prosperity for all and promote their
all-round development, to ensure that development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits.– We must pursue comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development.In accordance with the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we will promote all-round economic, political, cultural and social development, coordinate all links and aspects of our modernization drive, and balance the relations of production with the productive forces and the superstructure with the economic base.We must adopt an enlightened approach to development that results in expanded production, a better life and sound ecological and environmental conditions, and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society that coordinates growth rate with the economic structure, quality and efficiency, and harmonizes economic growth with the population, resources and the environment, so that our people will live and work under sound ecological and environmental conditions and our economy and society will develop in a sustainable way.– We must persist in overall consideration.We need to correctly understand and handle the major relationships in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world.We must take into overall consideration the relationships between the central and local authorities, between personal and collective interests, between interests of the part and those of the whole, and between immediate and long-term interests, so as to fully arouse the initiative of all sides.We must take both the domestic and international situations into consideration, develop a global and strategic perspective, be good at seizing opportunities for development and coping with risks and challenges in a changing world, and work for a favorable international environment.While planning our work from an overall perspective, we need to work hard to make breakthroughs on the key issues that affect the overall situation and on the major problems that affect public interests.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must always adhere to the Party’s basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as “one central task and two basic
points.” As the lifeblood of the Party and the country, this basic line provides the political guarantee for scientific development.Taking economic development as the central task is vital to invigorating our nation and is the fundamental requirement for the robust growth and lasting stability of the Party and the nation.The Four Cardinal Principles are the very foundation for building our country and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the nation.Reform and opening up are the path to a stronger China and the source of vitality for the Party and the nation in development and progress.We will continue to apply the line of “one central task and two basic points” in its entirety in our great endeavor to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics;we will never deviate from this line.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must work energetically to build a harmonious socialist society.Social harmony is an essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Scientific development and social harmony are integral to each other and neither is possible without the other.Building a harmonious socialist society is a historical mission throughout the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as a historical process and the social outcome of correctly handling various social problems on the basis of development.It is through development that we will increase the material wealth of society and constantly improve people’s lives, and it is again through development that we will guarantee social equity and justice and constantly promote social harmony.To realize social equity and justice is the Chinese Communists’ consistent position and a major task of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.In accordance with the general requirements for democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature and the principle of all the people building and sharing a harmonious socialist society, we will spare no effort to solve the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people and strive to create a situation in which all people do their best, find their proper places in society and
live together in harmony, so as to provide a favorable social environment for development.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must continue to deepen reform and opening up.We need to incorporate the spirit of reform and innovation into all links of governance, unswervingly adhere to the orientation of reform, and have more scientific decision-making and better coordinated measures for reform.We will improve the socialist market economy, promote institutional reform and innovation in various sectors, accelerate reform in important fields and crucial links, improve opening up in all respects and make our systems and mechanisms full of vigor, highly efficient, more open and conducive to scientific development, so as to provide a powerful driving force and an institutional guarantee for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We will always take improving people’s lives as a pivotal task in balancing reform, development and stability and ensure that our reform always has the endorsement and support of the people.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must strengthen our efforts to build the Party in earnest.As is required by the Party’s lofty mission of governing and rejuvenating the nation, our efforts to improve the Party’s governance capability and maintain and develop its vanguard nature must serve our task of directing scientific development, promoting social harmony, guiding development and progress in China and better representing and realizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.In this way, the Party’s work and our efforts to build the Party will better meet the requirement of the Scientific Outlook on Development and provide a reliable political and organizational guarantee for scientific development.All Party members must fully understand the content and grasp the essence of the Scientific Outlook on Development, be more conscious and determined in applying it, change notions that are not in line with it, work hard to solve major problems that affect or constrain scientific development, direct the whole society’s enthusiasm for development to scientific development, and apply this outlook to every aspect of economic and social development.IV.New Requirements for Attaining the Goal of Building
a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects
We have made steady progress toward the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress, and we will continue to work hard to ensure its attainment by 2020.In keeping with changes in domestic and international situations and in light of the expectations of the people of all ethnic groups for a better life, we must follow the trend and laws of economic and social development, uphold the basic program consisting of the basic objectives and policies for economic, political, cultural and social development under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and set new and higher requirements for China’s development on the basis of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress.– Promote balanced development to ensure sound and rapid economic growth.The development pattern will be significantly transformed.We will quadruple the per capita GDP of the year 2000 by 2020 through optimizing the economic structure and improving economic returns while reducing consumption of resources and protecting the environment.The socialist market economy will be improved.We will greatly enhance our capacity for independent innovation, enabling scientific and technological advancement to contribute much more to economic growth and making China an innovative country.The ratio of consumption to GDP will increase steadily, and consumption, investment and export will be coordinated to boost economic growth.A mechanism for urban and rural areas and for different regions to have balanced and interactive development and a layout of development priority zones will be basically in place.Efforts to build a new socialist countryside will make significant headway.The proportion of urban residents will notably increase.– Expand socialist democracy and better safeguard the people’s rights and interests as well as social equity and justice.Citizens’ participation in political affairs will expand in an orderly way.The rule
of law will be carried out more thoroughly as a fundamental principle, public awareness of law will be further enhanced, and fresh progress will be made in government administration based on the rule of law.Primary-level democracy will be improved.The government will markedly enhance its capability of providing basic public services.– Promote cultural development and notably enhance the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation.Socialist core values will prevail among the people, and fine ideological and ethical trends will be encouraged.A basic system of public cultural services will cover the whole society, the cultural industry will account for much more of the national economy and become more competitive internationally, and a more abundant supply of cultural products will be available to meet the people’s needs.– Accelerate the development of social programs and improve every aspect of the people’s well-being.The modern system of national education will be further improved, a basic system for lifelong education will be in place, the educational attainment of the whole nation will rise to a much higher level, and the training of innovative personnel will be improved markedly.Employment will be further expanded.A basic system of social security will cover both urban and rural residents so that everyone is assured of basic living standards.A reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution will be basically in place, with middle-income people making up the majority and absolute poverty basically eliminated.Everyone will have access to basic medical and health services.The system of social management will be further improved.– Promote a conservation culture by basically forming an energy-and resource-efficient and environment-friendly structure of industries, pattern of growth and mode of consumption.We will have a large-scale circular economy and considerably increase the proportion of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption.The discharge of major pollutants will be brought under effective control and the ecological and environmental quality will improve notably.Awareness of conservation will be firmly established in the whole of society.When the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is attained by 2020, China, a large developing socialist country
with an ancient civilization, will have basically accomplished industrialization, with its overall strength significantly increased and its domestic market ranking as one of the largest in the world.It will be a country whose people are better off and enjoy markedly improved quality of life and a good environment.Its citizens will have more extensive democratic rights, show higher ethical standards and look forward to greater cultural achievements.China will have better institutions in all areas and Chinese society will have greater vitality coupled with stability and unity.The country will be still more open and friendly to the outside world and make greater contributions to human civilization.The following five years will be a crucial period for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.We must enhance our confidence and work hard to lay a more solid foundation for success in building a moderately prosperous society of a higher level in all respects to the benefit of over one billion people.V.Promoting Sound and Rapid Development of the National Economy
To attain the objectives for economic development, it is essential to significantly accelerate the transformation of the development pattern and improve the socialist market economy.We need to vigorously push forward strategic economic restructuring and make greater efforts to improve China’s capacity for independent innovation as well as energy and environmental conservation, and to enhance the overall quality of the economy and its international competitiveness.We need to deepen our understanding of the laws governing the socialist market economy, introduce institutions to give better play to the basic role of market forces in allocating resources, and form a system of macroeconomic regulation conducive to scientific development.1.Enhance China’s capacity for independent innovation and make China an innovative country.This is the core of our national development strategy and a crucial link in enhancing the overall national strength.We need to keep to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics and improve our capacity for independent innovation in
all areas of modernization.We need to conscientiously implement the Outline of the National Program for Long-and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development(2006-20), increase spending on independent innovation, and make breakthroughs in key technologies vital to our economic and social development.We will speed up forming a national innovation system and support basic research, research in frontier technology and technological research for public welfare.We will step up our efforts to establish a market-oriented system for technological innovation, in which enterprises play the leading role and which combines the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes, and guide and support the concentration of factors of innovation in enterprises, thereby promoting the translation of scientific and technological advances into practical productive forces.We will deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, optimize the allocation of relevant resources, and improve the legal guarantee, policy system, incentive mechanism and market conditions to encourage technological innovation and the application of scientific and technological achievements in production.We will implement the strategy for intellectual property rights.We will make the best use of international resources of science and technology.We will continue to create conditions conducive to innovation, work to train world-class scientists and leaders in scientific and technological research, attach great importance to training innovative personnel in the frontline of production, inspire the creative wisdom of the whole society and bring forth large numbers of innovative personnel in all areas.2.Accelerate transformation of the mode of economic development and promote upgrading of the industrial structure.This is a pressing strategic task vital to the national economy as a whole.We must keep to the new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, pursue the policy of boosting domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, and propel three transitions in the mode of economic growth: the transition from relying mainly on investment and export to relying on a well coordinated combination of consumption, investment and export, the transition from secondary industry serving as the major driving force to primary, secondary and tertiary industries jointly driving economic
growth, and the transition from relying heavily on increased consumption of material resources to relying mainly on advances in science and technology, improvement in the quality of the workforce and innovation in management.We will develop a modern industrial system, integrate IT application with industrialization, push our large industries to grow stronger, invigorate the equipment manufacturing industry, and eliminate outdated production capacities.We will upgrade new-and high-technology industries and develop information, biotechnology, new materials, aerospace, marine and other industries.We will develop the modern service industry and raise the level of the service sector and its share in the economy.We will step up efforts to improve basic industries and infrastructure and accelerate development of a modern energy industry and a comprehensive transport system.We will ensure the quality and safety of products.We will encourage formation of internationally competitive conglomerates.3.Balance urban and rural development and build a new socialist countryside.As resolution of issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers has an overall impact on building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we must always make it a top priority in the work of the whole Party.We will strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, take a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, set up a permanent mechanism of industry promoting agriculture and urban areas helping rural areas, and form a new pattern that integrates economic and social development in urban and rural areas.We will continue to take developing modern agriculture and invigorating the rural economy as a primary task, strengthen infrastructure in rural areas, and improve the system of rural markets and that of services for agriculture.We will increase policy measures to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers, strictly protect arable land, increase spending on agriculture, promote advances in agriculture-related science and technology, and improve overall agricultural production capacity to ensure food security for the nation.We will intensify efforts to prevent and control animal and plant epidemic diseases and improve the quality and safety of agricultural products.To increase farmers’ income, we will develop rural enterprises，expand county economies, and transfer rural labor out of farming through various channels.We will enhance poverty reduction through development.We will deepen the comprehensive rural reform, promote reform and innovation in the rural banking system, and reform the system of collective forest rights.We will uphold the basic system for rural operations, stabilize and improve land contract relations, improve the market for transferring land contract and management rights in accordance with the law and on a voluntary and compensatory basis, and develop various forms of appropriate large-scale operations where conditions permit.We will explore effective forms of collective economic operations, develop specialized farmers’ cooperatives, and support the industrialized operation of agriculture and the development of leading agribusinesses.We will train a new type of farmers who are educated and understand both agricultural techniques and business management, and encourage hundreds of millions of farmers to play the major role in building a new countryside.4.Improve energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation and enhance China’s capacity for sustainable development.Adhering to the basic state policy of conserving resources and the environment is vital to the immediate interests of the people and the survival and development of the Chinese nation.We must give prominence to building a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society in our strategy for industrialization and modernization and get every organization and family to act accordingly.We will improve laws and policies to promote energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation, and speed up the formation of systems and mechanisms for sustainable development.We will implement the responsibility system for conserving energy and reducing emissions.We will develop and extend advanced and appropriate technologies for conserving, substituting and recycling energy and resources and for controlling pollution, develop clean and renewable energy sources, protect land and water resources and set up a scientific, rational system for using energy and resources more efficiently.We will develop environmental conservation industries.We will increase spending on energy and environmental conservation with the focus on intensifying prevention and control of water, air and soil
pollution and improving the living environment for both urban and rural residents.We will improve water conservancy, forestry and grasslands, intensify efforts to bring desertification under control and prevent the spread of stony deserts, and promote restoration of the ecosystems.We will enhance our capacity to respond to climate change and make new contributions to protecting the global climate.5.Promote balanced development among regions and improve the pattern of land development.To narrow the gap in development among regions, we must work to ensure their equal access to basic public services and guide a rational flow of factors of production between regions.Following the general strategy for regional development, we will continue to carry out large-scale development of the western region, rejuvenate northeast China and other old industrial bases in an all-round way, boost the development of the central region and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We will strengthen land planning, improve policies for regional development and adjust the geographical distribution of economic operations in accordance with the requirement to form development priority zones.In compliance with the laws governing the market economy, we will work beyond administrative divisions to form a number of close-knit economic rims and belts that will provide a strong impetus to the development of other areas.In locating major projects, we must give full consideration to supporting development of the central and western regions and encourage the eastern region to help them develop.We will give more support to the development of old revolutionary base areas, ethnic autonomous areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas.We will help transform the economies of areas where natural resources are exhausted.We will have the special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin play a major role in reform, opening up and independent innovation.Taking a path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, we will promote balanced development of large, medium-sized and small cities and towns on the principle of balancing urban and rural development, ensuring rational distribution, saving land, providing a full range of functions and getting larger cities to help smaller ones.Focusing on increasing the overall carrying capacity of cities, we will form city clusters with megacities as the core so that
they can boost development in other areas and become new poles of economic growth.6.Improve the basic economic system and the modern market system.We need to uphold and improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and different economic sectors develop side by side, unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector, ensure equal protection of property rights, and create a new situation in which all economic sectors compete on an equal footing and reinforce each other.We will deepen the reform to introduce the corporate and shareholding systems in state-owned enterprises, improve the modern corporate structure and optimize the distribution and structure of the state sector of the economy to enhance its dynamism, dominance and influence.We will deepen the reform of monopoly industries by introducing competition, and strengthen government regulation and public oversight of them.We will accelerate development of a budget system for managing state capital and improve systems and regulations for managing all types of state assets.We will press ahead with the reform of collectively-owned enterprises and develop various forms of collective and cooperative economic operations.We will promote equitable market access, improve the financing environment and remove institutional barriers in order to promote development of individually-owned businesses and private companies as well as small and medium-sized enterprises.We will develop the economic sector of mixed ownership based on the modern system of property rights.We will accelerate the formation of a modern market system that is unified and open and that allows orderly competition, develop markets for factors of production, improve the pricing mechanism for factors of production and resources to reflect changes in market supply and demand, resource scarcities and environmental costs, regulate and develop industry associations and market-based intermediaries, and improve the social credibility system.7.Deepen fiscal, taxation and financial restructuring and improve macroeconomic regulation.We will improve the public finance system as we work to ensure equal access to basic public services and establish development priority zones.We need to deepen reform of the
budget system, tighten budgetary management and oversight, improve the system whereby both the central and local governments have financial resources proportionate to their duties and responsibilities, accelerate the establishment of a unified, standardized and transparent system for transfer payments, enlarge the size and proportion of general transfer payments, and increase input in public services.We will improve fiscal systems at and below the provincial level to enhance the capacity of county and township governments to provide public services.We will adopt fiscal and taxation systems conducive to scientific development and set up sound compensation systems for use of resources and for damage to the ecological environment.We will proceed with financial reforms to develop various types of financial markets and build a modern financial system that is inclusive of different forms of ownership and different ways of operation and that features a reasonable structure, complete functions, efficiency and security.We will make our banking, securities and insurance industries more competitive.We will improve the structure of the capital market and raise the proportion of direct financing through multiple channels.We will strengthen financial supervision and control, and forestall and defuse financial risks.We will improve the RMB exchange rate regime and gradually make the RMB convertible under capital accounts.We will deepen reform of the investment system and improve and strictly enforce market access rules.We will improve the state planning system.We will give play to the guiding role of national development plans, programs and industrial policies in macroeconomic regulation and combine the use of fiscal and monetary policies to improve macroeconomic regulation.8.Expand opening up in scope and depth and improve our open economy.Adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, we will better integrate our “bring in” and “go global” strategies, expand the areas of opening up, optimize its structure, raise its quality, and turn our open economy into one in which domestic development and opening to the outside world interact and Chinese businesses and their foreign counterparts engage in win-win cooperation, and one that features security and efficiency, in order to gain new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition amid economic
globalization.We will deepen the opening up of coastal areas, accelerate that of inland areas and upgrade that of border areas, so that opening up at home and opening to the outside world will promote each other.We will expedite transformation of the growth mode of foreign trade, stress quality, adjust the mix of imports and exports, promote transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and energetically develop service trade.We will make innovations in the way of using foreign capital, improve the structure of foreign investment utilized, and let the use of foreign capital play a positive role in facilitating independent innovation, industrial upgrading and balanced development among regions.We will make innovations in our way of overseas investment and cooperation, support domestic enterprises in carrying out international operations of R&D, production and marketing, and accelerate the growth of Chinese multinational corporations and Chinese brand names in the world market.We will vigorously carry out mutually beneficial international cooperation in energy and resources.We will implement a strategy of free trade zones and expand bilateral and multilateral trade and economic cooperation.We will adopt comprehensive measures to maintain a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments.We must guard against international economic risks.By ensuring sound and rapid growth of the economy, we will further enhance China’s economic strength, and enable our socialist market economy to exhibit its great vitality.VI.Unswervingly Developing Socialist Democracy
People’s democracy is the lifeblood of socialism.The Party has been consistently pursuing the goal of developing socialist democracy.Since China began its reform and opening up, we have made vigorous yet steady efforts to promote political restructuring, and socialist democracy has demonstrated greater vitality in the country.As an important part of the overall reform, political restructuring must be constantly deepened along with economic and social development to adapt to the growing enthusiasm of the people for participation in political affairs.We must keep to the path of political development under socialism with Chinese
characteristics, and integrate the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law.We must uphold and improve the system of people’s congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of self-governance at the primary level of society.All this will promote continuous self-improvement and development of the socialist political system.In deepening political restructuring, we must keep to the correct political orientation.On the basis of ensuring the people’s position as masters of the country, we will expand socialist democracy, build a socialist country under the rule of law and develop socialist political civilization to enhance the vitality of the Party and the state and arouse the initiative of the people.We must uphold the Party’s role as the core of leadership in directing the overall situation and coordinating the efforts of all quarters, and improve its capacity for scientific, democratic and law-based governance to ensure that the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country.We must ensure that all power of the state belongs to the people, expand the citizens’ orderly participation in political affairs at each level and in every field, and mobilize and organize the people as extensively as possible to manage state and social affairs as well as economic and cultural programs in accordance with the law.We must uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance to ensure that all work of the state is based on the law and that the legitimate rights and interests of citizens are safeguarded.We must maintain the features and advantages of the socialist political system and define institutions, standards and procedures for socialist democracy to provide political and legal guarantees of lasting stability for the Party and the country.1.Expand people’s democracy and ensure that they are masters of the country.The essence and core of socialist democracy are that the people are masters of the country.We need to improve institutions for democracy, diversify its forms and expand its channels, and we need to carry out democratic election, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law to guarantee the people’s rights
to be informed, to participate, to be heard, and to oversee.We must support people’s congresses in performing their functions pursuant to law and effectively turn the Party’s propositions into the will of the state through legal procedures.We must ensure that deputies to people’s congresses exercise their functions and powers in accordance with the law and maintain close ties with the general public.We propose that both urban and rural areas gradually adopt the same ratio of deputies to the represented population in elections of deputies to people’s congresses.We must strengthen the institutions of standing committees of people’s congresses and improve their membership composition in terms of intellectual background and age.We will support the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)in performing its functions centered on the two major themes of unity and democracy and improve the system of political consultation, democratic oversight, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs.We will incorporate political consultation in decision-making procedures, improve democratic oversight and ensure that the CPPCC participates in the deliberation and administration of state affairs more effectively.The CPPCC is encouraged to improve itself and play its important role in coordinating relations, pooling strengths, making proposals and serving the overall interests of the country.We must ensure equality among all ethnic groups and guarantee the right of ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy pursuant to law.To ensure scientific and democratic decision-making, we will improve the information and intellectual support for it, increase its transparency and expand public participation in it.In principle, public hearings must be held for the formulation of laws, regulations and policies that bear closely on the interests of the public.We need to step up education about citizenship and establish socialist concepts of democracy, the rule of law, freedom, equality, equity and justice.We support trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations and other people’s organizations in functioning in accordance with the law and their respective charters, participating in social management and public services and helping protect the people’s legitimate rights and interests.2.Develop primary-level democracy and ensure that the people enjoy democratic rights in a more extensive and practical way.The most effective and extensive way for the people to be masters of the country is that they directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law to manage public affairs and public service programs at the primary level, practice self-management, self-service, self-education and self-oversight, and exercise democratic oversight over cadres.Such practices must be emphasized and promoted as the groundwork for developing socialist democracy.We need to improve the dynamic mechanism of people’s self-governance at the primary level under the leadership of primary Party organizations, expand the scope of self-governance, and improve the institution for democratic management, with a view to turning urban and rural neighborhoods into communities of social life that are well managed, supported by complete services, and filled with civility and harmony.We must rely wholeheartedly on the working class, improve the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions with workers’ conferences as its basic form and increase transparency in factory affairs to support workers’ participation in management and to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.We need to deepen institutional reforms at the town and township level to strengthen government authorities there and improve the systems for transparency in government and village affairs to bring about effective connection and beneficial interaction between government administration and primary-level self-governance.We also encourage social organizations to help expand the participation by the public and report on their petitions to improve the self-governance capability of society.3.Comprehensively implement the rule of law as a fundamental principle and speed up the building of a socialist country under the rule of law.The rule of law constitutes the essential requirement of socialist democracy.We must persist in scientific and democratic legislation to improve the socialist law system with Chinese characteristics.We will strengthen the enforcement of the Constitution and laws, ensure that all citizens are equal before the law, and safeguard social equity and justice and the consistency, sanctity and authority of the socialist legal system.We need to carry out government administration in accordance with the law.We need to deepen the reform of the judiciary system, optimize the distribution of judicial functions and powers, standardize judicial practices, and build a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judiciary system to ensure that courts and procuratorates exercise their respective powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.We need to improve the overall quality of judicial, procuratorial and public security personnel to ensure that law enforcement is strict, impartial and civilized.We need to step up the education campaign to increase public awareness of law, and promote the spirit of the rule of law, creating a social environment in which people study, abide by and apply laws of their own accord.We must respect and safeguard human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law.Party organizations at all levels and all Party members must act under the Constitution and laws on their own initiative and take the lead in upholding the authority of the Constitution and laws.4.Expand the patriotic united front and unite with all forces that can be united.Promoting harmony in relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social strata, and between our compatriots at home and overseas plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing unity and pooling strengths.Acting on the principle of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing of both good and bad times, we will strengthen our cooperation with the democratic parties, support them and personages without party affiliation in better performing their functions of participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs and democratic oversight, and select and recommend a greater number of outstanding non-CPC persons for leading positions.Keeping in mind the objective of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development, we must guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, and strengthen and develop socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony.We will fully implement the Party’s basic principle for its work related to religious affairs and bring into play the positive role of religious personages and believers in promoting economic and social development.We encourage members of emerging social
strata to take an active part in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.We will conscientiously follow the Party’s policy on overseas Chinese affairs and support overseas Chinese nationals, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives in caring about and participating in the modernization drive and the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland.5.Accelerate the reform of the administrative system and build a service-oriented government.The administrative reform is an important part of the efforts to deepen China’s overall reform.We must lose no time in working out a master plan for it, with the focus on changing functions, straightening out relations, optimizing the setup and raising efficiency, and bring about a system which matches powers with responsibilities, divides work in a rational way, fosters scientific decision-making, and ensures smooth enforcement and effective oversight.We need to improve the government responsibility system and the public service system, promote e-government and strengthen social management and public services.We will accelerate the separation of the functions of the government from those of enterprises, state assets management authorities, public institutions and market-based intermediaries, standardize administrative practices, strengthen administrative law-enforcement agencies, reduce the number of matters requiring administrative examination and approval and standardize such procedures, and reduce government intervention in microeconomic operations.We will standardize the relationship between local departments directly under central government organs and local governments.We will step up our efforts to streamline government organs, explore ways to establish greater departments with integrated functions, and improve the mechanism of coordination and collaboration between government departments.We will downsize and standardize various organs for deliberation and coordination and their working offices, cut down levels of administration, minimize its costs, and address the problems of overlapping organizations and functions and conflicting policies from different departments.We will give overall consideration to the setup of Party committees and governments as well as that of people’s congresses and CPPCC committees, reduce the number of their leading positions and strictly control their
staffing.We will step up the restructuring of different categories of public institutions.6.Improve the mechanism of restraint and oversight and ensure that power entrusted by the people is always exercised in their interests.Power must be exercised in the sunshine to ensure that it is exercised correctly.We must have institutions to govern power, work and personnel, and establish a sound structure of power and a mechanism for its operation in which decision-making, enforcement and oversight powers check each other and function in coordination.We will improve organic laws and rules of procedure to ensure that state organs exercise their powers and perform their functions and responsibilities within their statutory jurisdiction and in accordance with legal procedures.We will improve the open administrative system in various areas and increase transparency in government work, thus enhancing the people’s trust in the government.We will focus on tightening oversight over leading cadres and especially principal ones, over the management and use of human, financial and material resources, and over key positions.We will improve the systems of inquiries, accountability, economic responsibility auditing, resignation and recall.We will implement the intra-Party oversight regulations, strengthen democratic oversight and give scope to the oversight role of public opinion, pooling forces of oversight from all sides to make it more effective.Democracy will keep developing along with the progress of socialism.In the historical course of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese Communists and the Chinese people will surely advance socialist democracy that is full of vitality.VII.Promoting Vigorous Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture
In the present era, culture has become a more and more important source of national cohesion and creativity and a factor of growing significance in the competition in overall national strength, and the Chinese people have an increasingly ardent desire for a richer cultural life.We must keep to the orientation of advanced socialist culture, bring about a new upsurge in socialist cultural development, stimulate the
cultural creativity of the whole nation, and enhance culture as part of the soft power of our country to better guarantee the people’s basic cultural rights and interests, enrich the cultural life in Chinese society and inspire the enthusiasm of the people for progress.1.Build up the system of socialist core values and make socialist ideology more attractive and cohesive.The system of socialist core values represents the essence of socialist ideology.We must consolidate the guiding position of Marxism, persistently arm the whole Party with and educate the people in the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, rally the people with our common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, inspire the people with patriotism-centered national spirit and with the spirit of the times centering on reform and innovation, guide social ethos with the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and solidify the common ideological basis of the joint endeavor of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups.We will make every effort to carry out theoretical innovation and give Marxism of contemporary China distinct characters of practice, of the Chinese nation and of the times.We will publicize the theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and take Marxism of contemporary China to the general public.We will carry on the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory to provide in-depth answers to major theoretical and practical questions and to bring up a group of Marxist theoreticians, especially young and middle-aged ones.We will incorporate the socialist core values into all stages of national education and the entire process of cultural and ethical progress to make them the targets pursued by the people of their own accord.We will explore effective ways of letting the system of socialist core values guide trends of thought and take the initiative in ideological work, respecting divergence and allowing diversity while effectively resisting the influence of erroneous and decadent ideas.We will develop philosophy and social sciences, promoting innovation in academic disciplines, academic viewpoints and research methods.We encourage people working in these fields to serve as a think tank for the cause of the Party and the people, and we will introduce related outstanding achievements and distinguished scholars to the world arena.2.Foster a culture of harmony and cultivate civilized practices.A culture of harmony provides important intellectual support for the unity and progress of all our people.We must step up the development of the press, publishing, radio, film, television, literature and art, give correct guidance to the public and foster healthy social trends.We must balance cultural development between urban and rural areas and among different regions, focusing on enriching the cultural life in rural and remote areas and of rural migrant workers in cities.We will strengthen efforts to develop and manage Internet culture and foster a good cyber environment.We will promote patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology.With the emphasis on enhancing people’s awareness of integrity, we will promote social ethics, professional codes of conduct, family virtues and individual morality, let paragons of virtue serve as role models for society, and guide people in conscientiously carrying out legal obligations and social and family responsibilities.We will strengthen and improve our ideological and political work, paying attention to compassionate care and psychological counseling and correctly handling interpersonal relations.We will mobilize all sectors of society in doing a good job of ideological and moral education among young people and create a favorable environment for their healthy development.We will carry out intensive activities to promote cultural and ethical progress among the public, improve the system of voluntary public services, and encourage practices such as upholding gender equality, respecting the elderly, caring for the young, showing concern for and helping each other and coming to the rescue of others even at risk to oneself.We will promote the scientific spirit and spread scientific knowledge.We will launch extensive public fitness programs and ensure the success of the 2008 Olympic Games and the Paralympics in Beijing and the 2010 World Exposition in Shanghai.3.Promote Chinese culture and build the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation.Chinese culture has been an unfailing driving force for the Chinese nation to keep its unity and make progress from generation to generation.We must have a comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture, keep its essence and discard its dross to enable it to fit in with present-day society, stay in harmony with modern
civilization, keep its national character and reflect changes of the times.We will further publicize the fine traditions of Chinese culture and use modern means of science and technology to exploit the rich resources of our national culture.We will explore and better protect the cultures of all ethnic groups, attach great importance to the protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage and do a good job collating ancient books and records.We will also strengthen international cultural exchanges to draw on the fine achievements of foreign cultures and enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide.4.Stimulate cultural innovation and enhance the vitality of cultural development.The only way to invigorate culture is to promote innovation in its content and form, its structure and mechanism, and its means of dissemination from the high starting point of our times and release and develop its productive forces.We must keep to the orientation of serving the people and socialism, uphold the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and maintain close contact with reality, life and the public.We must always give top priority to social benefits and try to ensure both good economic returns and social benefits.We must create more excellent, popular works that reflect the people’s principal position in the country and their real life.We must deepen cultural restructuring and improve the policies for supporting nonprofit cultural programs, developing the cultural industry and encouraging cultural innovation, so as to create favorable conditions for producing fine works, outstanding personnel and good results.We must continue to develop nonprofit cultural programs as the main approach to ensuring the basic cultural rights and interests of the people, increase spending on such programs, and build more cultural facilities in urban communities and rural areas.We must vigorously develop the cultural industry, launch major projects to lead the industry as a whole, speed up development of cultural industry bases and clusters of cultural industries with regional features, nurture key enterprises and strategic investors, create a thriving cultural market and enhance the industry’s international competitiveness.We will use new and high technology to create new ways of producing cultural works, foster new forms of operation in the cultural industry and accelerate the
establishment of a dissemination system featuring fast communication and wide coverage.We will establish a national system of honors for outstanding cultural workers.The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will definitely be accompanied by the thriving of Chinese culture.We will give full scope to the principal position of the people in cultural development, arouse the enthusiasm of cultural workers, promote vigorous development and prosperity of culture more conscientiously and actively, and create cultural works in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, so that the people will share in the benefits of cultural development.VIII.Accelerating Social Development with the Focus
on Improving People’s Livelihood
Social development is closely related to the people’s well-being.More importance must therefore be attached to social development on the basis of economic growth to ensure and improve people’s livelihood, carry out social restructuring, expand public services, improve social management and promote social equity and justice.We must do our best to ensure that all our people enjoy their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing, so as to build a harmonious society.1.Give priority to education and turn China into a country rich in human resources.Education is the cornerstone of national rejuvenation, and equal access to education provides an important underpinning for social equity.We must implement the Party’s educational policy to the letter, focus on educating students with top priority given to cultivating their moral integrity, improve their overall quality, modernize the educational system, and train socialist builders and successors who have all-round attainments in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic education.All this is designed to run education to the satisfaction of the people.We will optimize the educational structure, promote balanced development of compulsory education, move faster toward universal access to senior secondary education, vigorously develop vocational education, and improve the quality of higher education.We will also attach
importance to pre-school education and care about special education.We will update our views on education and deepen reform in curricula, modes of instruction, the systems of examination and enrollment, and the system for evaluating educational quality.We will ease the study load of primary and secondary school students and improve their overall quality.We will continue to run education on a nonprofit basis, increase government spending on education, regulate the collection of education-related fees, support the development of education in poverty-stricken and ethnic autonomous areas, improve the system of financial aid to students, and ensure that children from poor families and of rural migrant workers in cities enjoy equal access to compulsory education as other children.We will build up the ranks of teachers, with the emphasis on improving the quality of teachers in rural areas.We will encourage and regulate educational programs run by nongovernmental sectors.Distance learning and continuing education will be promoted to make ours a society in which every citizen is committed to learning and pursues lifelong learning.2.Implement a development strategy that promotes job creation and encourage entrepreneurship to create more employment opportunities.Employment is vital to people’s livelihood.We will continue to follow a proactive employment policy, strengthen government guidance, improve the market mechanism for employment, create more jobs and improve the employment structure.We will improve policies to encourage people to start businesses or find jobs on their own and promote a healthy attitude toward employment so that more people in the labor force will launch their own businesses.We will improve vocational education and training for the labor force and intensify pre-employment training for surplus labor transferred from rural areas.We will establish a unified, standardized labor market and a mechanism that ensures equal employment opportunities for both urban and rural residents.We will improve employment assistance to the needy and make it a priority to help zero-employment families to have job opportunities.We will do our best to help college graduates find jobs.We will regulate and coordinate labor relations, improve and implement government policies concerning rural migrant workers in cities, and protect the rights and interests of every worker in accordance with the law.3.Deepen reform of the income distribution system and increase the income of urban and rural residents.Equitable income distribution is an important indication of social equity.We will adhere to and improve the system whereby distribution according to work remains the predominant mode and coexists with various other modes.We will improve the distribution system to allow factors of production such as labor, capital, technology and managerial expertise to have a rightful share according to their respective contribution.A proper balance will be struck between efficiency and equity in both primary distribution and redistribution, with particular emphasis on equity in redistribution.We will gradually increase the share of personal income in the distribution of national income, and raise that of work remuneration in primary distribution.Vigorous efforts will be made to raise the income of low-income groups, gradually increase poverty-alleviation aid and the minimum wage, and set up a mechanism of regular pay increases for enterprise employees and a mechanism for guaranteeing payment of their salaries.Conditions will be created to enable more citizens to have property income.We will protect lawful incomes, regulate excessively high incomes and ban illegal gains.We will increase transfer payments, intensify the regulation of incomes through taxation, break business monopolies, create equal opportunities, and overhaul income distribution practices with a view to gradually reversing the growing income disparity.4.Accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents and guarantee their basic living conditions.Social security is an important guarantee of social stability.We will step up the building of a sound social security system that is based on social insurance, assistance and welfare, with basic old-age pension, basic medical care and subsistence allowances as its backbone, and supplemented by charity and commercial insurance.We will promote reform of basic old-age insurance systems in enterprises, Party and government organs and public institutions and explore ways to set up an old-age insurance system in rural areas.We will promote the development of basic medical insurance systems for urban workers and residents and a new type of cooperative medical care system in rural areas.We will improve the system of subsistence allowances for both urban and rural
residents and gradually increase such allowances.We will improve the systems of unemployment, workers’ compensation and maternity insurances.We will upgrade management of social security funds to higher-level authorities and work out unified methods for transferring social security accounts nationwide.We will provide more social security funds through various means and strengthen their oversight and management to maintain and increase their value.We will improve social assistance.We will do a good job providing special assistance to families of martyrs and servicemen and helping demobilized military personnel return to civilian life.We will promote programs for the disabled in a humanitarian spirit.We will develop more programs for the elderly.We will intensify our efforts in disaster prevention and reduction.We will improve the low-rent housing system and speed up resolution of the housing difficulties of low-income families in urban areas.5.Establish a basic medical and health care system and improve the health of the whole nation.Health provides the foundation for people’s all-round development and has a direct bearing on the happiness of each family.We must maintain the public welfare nature of public medical and health care services, always put disease prevention first, center on rural areas and attach equal importance to traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.We will separate government administration from medical institutions, management from operation, medical care from pharmaceuticals, and for-profit from nonprofit operations.We will increase government responsibilities and spending, improve the national health policy, and encourage greater participation of nongovernmental sectors so as to develop systems of public health services, medical services, medical security and medicine supply to provide both urban and rural residents with safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health services.We will improve the system to prevent and control the outbreak of major diseases and enhance our capacity to respond to public health emergencies.We will improve the three-tier rural health care network spanning the county, township and village and the urban community-based health care system, and deepen reform of public hospitals.We will set up a national system for basic pharmaceuticals to ensure their supply.We will support the development of traditional Chinese medicine
and the folk medicines of ethnic minorities.We will work harder to improve the professional ethics and style of work of health workers and the quality of medical services.We must ensure food and drug safety.We will adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, keep the birthrate low and make the newborns healthier.We will launch patriotic sanitation campaigns and develop health care programs for women and children.6.Improve social management and safeguard social stability and unity.Social stability is the common aspiration of the people and an important prerequisite for reform and development.We need to improve the structure of social management comprising Party committee leadership, government responsibility, nongovernmental support and public participation, and improve the system of social management at the primary level.We will stimulate the creativity of society to the greatest extent, maximize factors conducive to harmony and minimize those detrimental to it.We will properly handle contradictions among the people, improve the system for handling complaints in the form of letters and visits from the public, and strengthen the mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the people in which the Party and the government play the leading role.We will attach importance to the development and management of social organizations.We will improve services for and management of the floating population.We must ensure safe development by strengthening management and oversight of work safety and taking effective measures to prevent serious or exceptionally serious accidents.We will improve the mechanism of emergency management.We will improve the crime prevention and control system, maintain law and order through comprehensive measures, launch intensive campaigns to ensure public security, reform and step up community policing in both urban and rural areas, and prevent and crack down on crime in accordance with the law to protect people’s lives and property.We will improve the strategy and mechanism for national security, and keep high vigilance against and resolutely forestall separatist, infiltrative and subversive activities in various forms to safeguard national security.It requires joint efforts of the whole society to build a harmonious society.We must therefore rely firmly on the people and
mobilize all positive factors to create a lively situation in which everyone is duty-bound to work for and benefits from social harmony.IX.Opening Up New Prospects for Modernization of
National Defense and the Armed Forces
To strengthen national defense and the armed forces occupies an important place in the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Bearing in mind the overall strategic interests of national security and development, we must take both economic and national defense development into consideration and make our country prosperous and our armed forces powerful while building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.For the armed forces to fully carry out the historical missions assigned by the Party and the people at this new stage in the new century, we must always follow the guidance of Mao Zedong’s military thinking, Deng Xiaoping’s thinking on building the armed forces in the new period and Jiang Zemin’s thinking on building national defense and the armed forces, and take the Scientific Outlook on Development as an important guiding principle for strengthening national defense and the armed forces.We must implement the military strategy for the new period, accelerate the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics, ensure military preparedness, and enhance the military’s capability to respond to various security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks.We are determined to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and territorial integrity and help maintain world peace.To make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized is an integrated endeavor, and balanced progress must be made in all the three aspects.We must always adhere to the fundamental principle of the Party exercising absolute leadership over the armed forces and the fundamental purpose of the armed forces serving the people.We will educate the military in its historical missions, ideals, beliefs, combat-ready spirit and the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and ensure that it carries forward its fine traditions of following the Party’s orders, serving the people and fighting valiantly and skillfully.We must build strong armed forces through science and technology.To attain the strategic objective of building computerized armed forces and winning IT-based warfare, we will accelerate composite development of mechanization and computerization, carry out military training under IT-based conditions, modernize every aspect of logistics, intensify our efforts to train a new type of high-caliber military personnel in large numbers and change the mode of generating combat capabilities.We must run the armed forces in accordance with the law, enforce strict discipline, improve relevant laws and regulations and strengthen scientific management.In keeping with the new trends in world military affairs and the new requirements of China’s development, we must promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization and management.We will adjust and reform the structure, staffing, policies and institutions of the armed forces to gradually develop a complete set of scientific modes of organization, institutions and ways of operation with Chinese characteristics and in conformity with the laws governing the development of modern armed forces.We will adjust and reform the systems of defense-related science, technology and industry and of weapons and equipment procurement, and enhance our capacity for independent innovation in R&D of weapons and equipment with better quality and cost-effectiveness.We will establish sound systems of weapons and equipment research and manufacturing, military personnel training and logistics that integrate military with civilian purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support, build the armed forces through diligence and thrift, and blaze a path of development with Chinese characteristics featuring military and civilian integration.We will enrich and develop military sciences by carefully studying the features and laws of building and running the armed forces and the strategies and tactics for people’s war under the new historical conditions.We will raise the people’s awareness of national defense, strengthen national defense mobilization by improving the mobilization system, and enhance the quality of the reserves and the militia.We will strengthen the People’s Armed Police so that it can better fulfill its duties of safeguarding national security and social stability and
ensuring that the people live and work in peace.We must ensure that the government and the people support the military and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and that the military supports the government and cherishes the people.We will energetically encourage the military and the people to work together to promote cultural and ethical progress, and consolidate the solidarity between the military and the government and between the military and the people.Party organizations and governments at all levels and the general public will, as always, support efforts to strengthen national defense and the armed forces, and the military will continue to contribute to economic and social development.X.Carrying Forward the Practice of “One Country, Two Systems” and Advancing the Great Cause of Peaceful National Reunification
Since the return of Hong Kong and Macao to the motherland, more and more experience has been gained in putting into practice the principle of “one country, two systems.” The principle is perfectly correct and full of vigor.To realize China’s peaceful reunification on this principle accords with the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.A major task the Party faces in running the country in the new circumstances is to ensure long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao.We will unswervingly implement the principle of “one country, two systems,” under which Hong Kong people administer Hong Kong and Macao people administer Macao with a high degree of autonomy, and act in strict accordance with the basic laws of the two special administrative regions.We will render full support to the governments of the two regions in their administration in accordance with the law and in their efforts to promote economic growth, improve people’s lives and advance democracy.We encourage people from all walks of life in Hong Kong and Macao to work with one accord to promote social amity under the banner of love for the motherland and devotion to their respective regions.We will increase exchanges and cooperation between the mainland and the two regions so that they can draw on each other’s strengths and develop side by side.We will actively support the two regions in their external exchanges and firmly
oppose attempts by any external force to interfere in their affairs.Our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao, without doubt, have the wisdom and ability to successfully administer and develop their regions.Both regions have played and will continue to play an important role in China’s modernization drive, and the great motherland will always provide them with strong backing for their prosperity and stability.To resolve the Taiwan question and achieve complete national reunification is a common aspiration of all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation.We will uphold the principle of “peaceful reunification and one country, two systems” and the eight-point proposal for developing the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and advancing the process of peaceful national reunification in the present stage.We will never waver in our commitment to the one-China principle, never abandon our efforts to achieve peaceful reunification, never change the policy of placing our hopes on the people in Taiwan and never compromise in our opposition to the secessionist activities aimed at “Taiwan independence.” With a firm grasp of the theme of peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, we will sincerely work for the well-being of our compatriots on both sides of the Straits and for peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and safeguard China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.Upholding the one-China principle constitutes the political basis for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.Although the mainland and Taiwan are yet to be reunified, the fact that they belong to one and the same China has never changed.China is the common homeland for the compatriots on both sides of the Straits, who have every reason to join hands to safeguard and develop this homeland.We are ready to conduct exchanges, dialogue, consultations and negotiations with any political party in Taiwan on any issue as long as it recognizes that both sides of the Straits belong to one and the same China.Here we would like to make a solemn appeal: On the basis of the one-China principle, let us discuss a formal end to the state of hostility between the two sides, reach a peace agreement, construct a framework for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, and thus usher in a new phase of peaceful development.The 1.3 billion people on the mainland and the 23 million people in Taiwan are of the same blood and share a common destiny.We will make every effort to achieve anything that serves the interests of our Taiwan compatriots, contributes to the maintenance of peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and facilitates peaceful national reunification.We understand, trust and care about our compatriots in Taiwan, and we will, therefore, continue to implement and enrich the policies and measures that benefit them, protect their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, and support economic development on the west shore of the Straits in Fujian Province and in other areas where Taiwan investment is concentrated.The compatriots on both sides of the Straits need to increase contacts, strengthen economic and cultural exchanges in more areas and at higher levels and push for the resumption of direct links of mail, transport and trade, so that they will develop greater empathy and closer cooperation and work together for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.At present, the forces for “Taiwan independence” are stepping up their secessionist activities, seriously jeopardizing the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.The compatriots on both sides need to work together to oppose and contain such activities.China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division, and any matter in this regard must be decided by the entire Chinese people including our Taiwan compatriots.We are willing to make every effort with the utmost sincerity to achieve peaceful reunification of the two sides, and will never allow anyone to separate Taiwan from the motherland in any name or by any means.The two sides of the Straits are bound to be reunified in the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.With close solidarity and concerted efforts of all Chinese people at home and overseas, the complete reunification of the motherland will surely be achieved.XI.Unswervingly Following the Path of Peaceful Development
The world today is undergoing tremendous changes and adjustments.Peace and development remain the main themes of the present era, and
pursuit of peace, development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times.The progress toward a multipolar world is irreversible, economic globalization is developing in depth, and the scientific and technological revolution is gathering momentum.Global and regional cooperation is in full swing, and countries are increasingly interdependent.The international balance of power is changing in favor of the maintenance of world peace, and the overall international situation is stable.At the same time, the world remains far from tranquil.Hegemonism and power politics still exist, local conflicts and hotspot issues keep emerging, imbalances in the world economy are worsening, the North-South gap is widening, and traditional and nontraditional threats to security are intertwined.All this poses difficulties and challenges to world peace and development.Sharing opportunities for development and rising to challenges together so as to further the noble cause of peace and development of humanity bear on the fundamental interests of the people of all countries and meet their common aspirations.We maintain that the people of all countries should join hands and strive to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.To this end, all countries should uphold the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, observe international law and universally recognized norms of international relations, and promote democracy, harmony, collaboration and win-win solutions in international relations.Politically, all countries should respect each other and conduct consultations on an equal footing in a common endeavor to promote democracy in international relations.Economically, they should cooperate with each other, draw on each other’s strengths and work together to advance economic globalization in the direction of balanced development, shared benefits and win-win progress.Culturally, they should learn from each other in the spirit of seeking common ground while shelving differences, respect the diversity of the world, and make joint efforts to advance human civilization.In the area of security, they should trust each other, strengthen cooperation, settle international disputes by peaceful means rather than by war, and work together to safeguard peace and stability in the world.On environmental
issues, they should assist and cooperate with each other in conservation efforts to take good care of the Earth, the only home of human beings.Historic changes have occurred in the relations between contemporary China and the rest of the world, resulting in ever closer interconnection between China’s future and destiny and those of the world.Whatever changes take place in the international situation, the Chinese government and people will always hold high the banner of peace, development and cooperation, pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, safeguard China’s interests in terms of sovereignty, security and development, and uphold its foreign policy purposes of maintaining world peace and promoting common development.China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development.This is a strategic choice the Chinese government and people have made in light of the development trend of the times and their own fundamental interests.The Chinese nation is a peace-loving people, and China is always a staunch force safeguarding world peace.We are committed to combining the interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of the people of other countries, and always stand for fairness and justice.We maintain that all countries, big and small, strong and weak, rich and poor, are equal.We respect the right of the people of all countries to independently choose their own development path.We will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or impose our own will on them.China works for peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues, promotes international and regional security cooperation, and opposes terrorism in any form.China follows a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, and it does not engage in arms race or pose a military threat to any other country.China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion.China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening up.We will continue to contribute to regional and global development through our own development, and expand the areas where our interests meet with those of various sides.While securing our own development, we will accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries, especially other developing countries.We will increase market access in accordance with
internationally recognized economic and trade rules, and protect the rights and interests of our partners in accordance with the law.We support international efforts to help developing countries enhance their capacity for independent development and improve the lives of their people, so as to narrow the North-South gap.We support efforts to improve international trade and financial systems, advance the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and properly resolve economic and trade frictions through consultation and collaboration.China will never seek benefits for itself at the expense of other countries or shift its troubles onto others.China is committed to developing friendship and cooperation with all other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.For developed countries, we will continue to strengthen strategic dialogue, enhance mutual trust, deepen cooperation and properly manage differences to promote long-term, stable and sound development of bilateral relations.For our neighboring countries, we will continue to follow the foreign policy of friendship and partnership, strengthen good-neighborly relations and practical cooperation with them, and energetically engage in regional cooperation in order to jointly create a peaceful, stable regional environment featuring equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.For other developing countries, we will continue to increase solidarity and cooperation with them, cement traditional friendship, expand practical cooperation, provide assistance to them within our ability, and uphold the legitimate demands and common interests of developing countries.We will continue to take an active part in multilateral affairs, assume our due international obligations, play a constructive role, and work to make the international order fairer and more equitable.We will also continue to conduct exchanges and cooperation with the political parties and organizations of other countries, and strengthen the external exchanges of people’s congresses, CPPCC committees, the armed forces, localities and people’s organizations to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between the Chinese people and the people of other countries.China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity and stability without China.The Chinese
第四篇：党十七大五中全会报告内容
中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展
第十二个五年规划的建议
（2010年10月18日中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议通过）
“十二五”时期（二０一一年至二０一五年），是全面建设小康社会的关键时期，是深化改革开放、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期。深刻认识并准确把握国内外形势新变化新特点，科学制定“十二五”规划，对于继续抓住和用好我国发展的重要战略机遇期、促进经济长期平稳较快发展，对于夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利、推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业，具有十分重要的意义。
一、加快转变经济发展方式，开创科学发展新局面。
（1）“十一五”时期经济社会发展取得巨大成就。“十一五”时期是我国发展史上极不平凡的五年。面对国内外环境的复杂变化和重大风险挑战，我们党团结带领全国各族人民，紧紧抓住发展这个党执政兴国的第一要务，贯彻落实党的理论和路线方针政策，实施正确而有力的宏观调控，充分发挥我国社会主义制度的政治优势，充分发挥市场在资源配臵中的基础性作用，使国家面貌发生新的历史性变化。我们有效应对国际金融危机巨大冲击，保持了经济平稳较快发展良好态势，并为长远可持续发展奠定了重要基础。我们战胜了汶川特大地震等重大自然灾害，成功举办了北京奥运会和上海世博会，胜利完成了“十一五”规划确定的主要目标和任务。经过五年努力奋斗，我国社会生产力快速发展，综合国力大幅提升，人民生活明显改善，国际地位和影响力显著提高，社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设和党的建设取得重大进展，谱写了中国特色社会主义事业新篇章。五年取得的成绩来之不易，积累的经验弥足珍贵，创造的精神财富影响深远。
（2）“十二五”时期经济社会发展的国内外环境。当前和今后一个时期，世情、国情继续发生深刻变化，我国经济社会发展呈现新的阶段性特征。综合判断国际国内形势，我国发展仍处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期，既面临难得的历史机遇，也面对诸多可以预见和难以预见的风险挑战。我们要增强机遇意识和忧患意识，科学把握发展规律，主动适应环境变化，有效化解各种矛盾，更加奋发有为地推进我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设。当今世界，和平、发展、合作仍是时代潮流，世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展，世界经济政治格局出现新变化，科技创新孕育新突破，国际环境总体上有利于我国和平发展。同时，国际金融危机影响深
远，世界经济增长速度减缓，全球需求结构出现明显变化，围绕市场、资源、人才、技术、标准等的竞争更加激烈，气候变化以及能源资源安全、粮食安全等全球性问题更加突出，各种形式的保护主义抬头，我国发展的外部环境更趋复杂。我们必须坚持以更广阔的视野，冷静观察，沉着应对，统筹国内国际两个大局，把握好在全球经济分工中的新定位，积极创造参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势。
从国内看，工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深入发展，人均国民收入稳步增加，经济结构转型加快，市场需求潜力巨大，资金供给充裕，科技和教育整体水平提升，劳动力素质改善，基础设施日益完善，体制活力显著增强，政府宏观调控和应对复杂局面能力明显提高，社会保障体系逐步健全，社会大局保持稳定，我们完全有条件推动经济社会发展和综合国力再上新台阶。同时，必须清醒地看到，我国发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题依然突出，主要是，经济增长的资源环境约束强化，投资和消费关系失衡，收入分配差距较大，科技创新能力不强，产业结构不合理，农业基础仍然薄弱，城乡区域发展不协调，就业总量压力和结构性矛盾并存，社会矛盾明显增多，制约科学发展的体制机制障碍依然较多。我们必须科学判断和准确把握发展趋势，充分利用各种有利条件，加快解决突出矛盾和问题，集中力量办好自己的事情。
（3）制定“十二五”规划的指导思想。制定“十二五”规划，必须高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗臶，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，适应国内外形势新变化，顺应各族人民过上更好生活新期待，以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，深化改革开放，保障和改善民生，巩固和扩大应对国际金融危机冲击成果，促进经济长期平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定，为全面建成小康社会打下具有决定性意义的基础。
以科学发展为主题，是时代的要求，关系改革开放和现代化建设全局。我国是拥有十三亿人口的发展中大国，仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，发展仍是解决我国所有问题的关键。在当代中国，坚持发展是硬道理的本质要求，就是坚持科学发展，更加注重以人为本，更加注重全面协调可持续发展，更加注重统筹兼顾，更加注重保障和改善民生，促进社会公平正义。
以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，是推动科学发展的必由之路，符合我国基本国情和发展阶段性新特征。加快转变经济发展方式是我国经济社会领域的一场深刻变革，必须贯穿经济社会发展全过程和各领域，提高发展的全面性、协调性、可持
续性，坚持在发展中促转变、在转变中谋发展，实现经济社会又好又快发展。基本要求是：
——坚持把经济结构战略性调整作为加快转变经济发展方式的主攻方向。构建扩大内需长效机制，促进经济增长向依靠消费、投资、出口协调拉动转变。加强农业基础地位，提升制造业核心竞争力，发展战略性新兴产业，加快发展服务业，促进经济增长向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变。统筹城乡发展，积极稳妥推进城镇化，加快推进社会主义新农村建设，促进区域良性互动、协调发展。
——坚持把科技进步和创新作为加快转变经济发展方式的重要支撑。深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略，充分发挥科技第一生产力和人才第一资源作用，提高教育现代化水平，增强自主创新能力，壮大创新人才队伍，推动发展向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变，加快建设创新型国家。
——坚持把保障和改善民生作为加快转变经济发展方式的根本出发点和落脚点。完善保障和改善民生的制度安排，把促进就业放在经济社会发展优先位臵，加快发展各项社会事业，推进基本公共服务均等化，加大收入分配调节力度，坚定不移走共同富裕道路，使发展成果惠及全体人民。
——坚持把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会作为加快转变经济发展方式的重要着力点。深入贯彻节约资源和保护环境基本国策，节约能源，降低温室气体排放强度，发展循环经济，推广低碳技术，积极应对气候变化，促进经济社会发展与人口资源环境相协调，走可持续发展之路。
——坚持把改革开放作为加快转变经济发展方式的强大动力。坚定推进经济、政治、文化、社会等领域改革，加快构建有利于科学发展的体制机制。实施互利共赢的开放战略，与国际社会共同应对全球性挑战、共同分享发展机遇。
（4）“十二五”时期经济社会发展主要目标。“十二五”规划要具有战略性、前瞻性、指导性，与应对国际金融危机冲击重大部署紧密衔接，与到二０二０年实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标紧密衔接。综合考虑未来发展趋势和条件，今后五年经济社会发展的主要目标是：
——经济平稳较快发展。价格总水平基本稳定，就业持续增加，国际收支趋向基本平衡，经济增长质量和效益明显提高。
——经济结构战略性调整取得重大进展。居民消费率上升，服务业比重和城镇化水平提高，城乡区域发展的协调性增强。经济增长的科技含量提高，单位国内生
产总值能源消耗和二氧化碳排放大幅下降，主要污染物排放总量显著减少，生态环境质量明显改善。
——城乡居民收入普遍较快增加。努力实现居民收入增长和经济发展同步、劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步，低收入者收入明显增加，中等收入群体持续扩大，贫困人口显著减少，人民生活质量和水平不断提高。
——社会建设明显加强。覆盖城乡居民的基本公共服务体系逐步完善，全民受教育程度稳步提升，全民族思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质不断提高。社会主义民主法制更加健全，人民权益得到切实保障。文化事业和文化产业加快发展。社会管理制度趋于完善，社会更加和谐稳定。
——改革开放不断深化。财税金融、要素价格、垄断行业等重要领域和关键环节改革取得明显进展，政府职能加快转变，政府公信力和行政效率进一步提高。对外开放广度和深度不断拓展，互利共赢开放格局进一步形成。经过全国人民共同努力奋斗，要使我国转变经济发展方式取得实质性进展，综合国力、国际竞争力、抵御风险能力显著提高，人民物质文化生活明显改善，全面建成小康社会的基础更加牢固。
二、坚持扩大内需战略，保持经济平稳较快发展
坚持扩大内需特别是消费需求的战略，必须充分挖掘我国内需的巨大潜力，着力破解制约扩大内需的体制机制障碍，加快形成消费、投资、出口协调拉动经济增长新局面
（5）加强和改善宏观调控。巩固和扩大应对国际金融危机冲击成果是“十二五”时期的重要任务。要处理好保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，保持宏观经济政策的连续性和稳定性，增强针对性和灵活性，提高宏观调控的科学性和预见性，防范各类潜在风险，避免经济大的起落。把短期调控政策和长期发展政策有机结合起来，加强各项政策协调配合，促进经济平稳较快发展。
（6）建立扩大消费需求的长效机制。把扩大消费需求作为扩大内需的战略重点，进一步释放城乡居民消费潜力，逐步使我国国内市场总体规模位居世界前列。要积极稳妥推进城镇化，大力发展服务业和中小企业，增加就业创业机会。要完善收入分配制度，合理调整国民收入分配格局，着力提高城乡中低收入居民收入，增强居民消费能力。要增加政府支出用于改善民生和社会事业比重，扩大社会保障制度覆盖面，逐步完善基本公共服务体系，形成良好的居民消费预期。要加强市场流
通体系建设，发展新型消费业态，拓展新兴服务消费，完善鼓励消费的政策，改善消费环境，保护消费者权益，积极促进消费结构升级。要合理引导消费行为，发展节能环保型消费品，倡导与我国国情相适应的文明、节约、绿色、低碳消费模式。
（7）调整优化投资结构。发挥投资对扩大内需的重要作用，保持投资合理增长，优化投资结构，完善投资体制机制，提高投资质量和效益，有效拉动经济增长。“十二五”前期要确保国家扩大内需的重点在建和续建项目顺利完成并发挥效益。发挥产业政策作用，引导投资进一步向民生和社会事业、农业农村、科技创新、生态环保、资源节约等领域倾斜。坚持区别对待、分类指导，引导投资更多投向中西部地区。严格执行投资项目用地、节能、环保、安全等准入标准，有效遏制盲目扩张和重复建设。促进投资消费良性互动，把扩大投资和增加就业、改善民生有机结合起来，创造最终需求。明确界定政府投资范围，加强和规范地方政府融资平台管理，防范投资风险。规范国有企业投资行为，注重提高经济效益和社会效益。鼓励扩大民间投资，放宽市场准入，支持民间资本进入基础产业、基础设施、市政公用事业、社会事业、金融服务等领域。
三、推进农业现代化，加快社会主义新农村建设
在工业化、城镇化深入发展中同步推进农业现代化，是“十二五”时期的一项重大任务，必须坚持把解决好农业、农村、农民问题作为全党工作重中之重，统筹城乡发展，坚持工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活方针，加大强农惠农力度，夯实农业农村发展基础，提高农业现代化水平和农民生活水平，建设农民幸福生活的美好家园。
（8）加快发展现代农业。坚持走中国特色农业现代化道路，把保障国家粮食安全作为首要目标，加快转变农业发展方式，提高农业综合生产能力、抗风险能力、市场竞争能力。实施全国新增千亿斤粮食生产能力规划，加大粮食主产区投入和利益补偿。严格保护耕地，加快农村土地整理复垦，大规模建设旱涝保收高标准农田。推进农业科技创新，健全公益性农业技术推广体系，发展现代种业，加快农业机械化。完善现代农业产业体系，发展高产、优质、高效、生态、安全农业，促进园艺产品、畜产品、水产品规模种养，加快发展设施农业和农产品加工业、流通业，促进农业生产经营专业化、标准化、规模化、集约化。推进现代农业示范区建设。发展节水农业。推广清洁环保生产方式，治理农业面源污染。
（9）加强农村基础设施建设和公共服务。按照推进城乡经济社会发展一体化 的要求，搞好社会主义新农村建设规划，加快改善农村生产生活条件。农村基础设施建设要以水利为重点，大幅增加投入，完善建设和管护机制，推进小型病险水库除险加固，加快大中型灌区配套改造，搞好抗旱水源工程建设，完善农村小微型水利设施，全面加强农田水利建设。继续推进农村电网改造，加强农村饮水安全工程、公路、沼气建设，继续改造农村危房，实施农村清洁工程，开展农村环境综合整治。提高农村义务教育质量和均衡发展水平，推进农村中等职业教育免费进程。加强农村三级医疗卫生服务网络建设。完善农村社会保障体系，逐步提高保障标准。深入推进开发式扶贫，逐步提高扶贫标准，加大扶贫投入，加快解决集中连片特殊困难地区的贫困问题，有序开展移民扶贫，实现农村低保制度与扶贫开发政策有效衔接。
（10）拓宽农民增收渠道。提高农民职业技能和创收能力，多渠道增加农民收入。鼓励农民优化种养结构、提高效益，完善农产品市场体系和价格形成机制，健全农业补贴等支持保护制度，增加农民生产经营收入。引导农产品加工业在产区布局，发展农村非农产业，壮大县域经济，促进农民转移就业，增加工资性收入。
（11）完善农村发展体制机制。坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，现有农村土地承包关系保持稳定并长久不变，在依法自愿有偿和加强服务基础上完善土地承包经营权流转市场，发展多种形式的适度规模经营，支持农民专业合作社和农业产业化龙头企业发展，加快健全农业社会化服务体系，提高农业经营组织化程度。完善城乡平等的要素交换关系，促进土地增值收益和农村存款主要用于农业农村。按照节约用地、保障农民权益的要求推进征地制度改革，积极稳妥推进农村土地整治，完善农村集体经营性建设用地流转和宅基地管理机制。深化农村信用社改革，鼓励有条件的地区以县为单位建立社区银行，发展农村小型金融组织和小额信贷，健全农业保险制度，改善农村金融服务。深化农村综合改革，推进集体林权和国有林区林权制度改革，完善草原承包经营制度。认真总结统筹城乡综合配套改革试点经验，积极探索解决农业、农村、农民问题新途径。
四、发展现代产业体系，提高产业核心竞争力
坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，必须适应市场需求变化，根据科技进步新趋势，发挥我国产业在全球经济中的比较优势，发展结构优化、技术先进、清洁安全、附加值高、吸纳就业能力强的现代产业体系。
（12）改造提升制造业。制造业发展重点是优化结构，改善品种质量，增强产业配套能力，淘汰落后产能。发展先进装备制造业，调整优化原材料工业，改造提
升消费品工业，促进制造业由大变强。完善依托国家重点工程发展重大技术装备政策，提高基础工艺、基础材料、基础元器件研发和系统集成水平。支持企业技术改造，增强新产品开发能力和品牌创建能力。合理引导企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度，发展拥有国际知名品牌和核心竞争力的大中型企业，提升小企业专业化分工协作水平，促进企业组织结构优化。
（13）培育发展战略性新兴产业。科学判断未来市场需求变化和技术发展趋势，加强政策支持和规划引导，强化核心关键技术研发，突破重点领域，积极有序发展新一代信息技术、节能环保、新能源、生物、高端装备制造、新材料、新能源汽车等产业，加快形成先导性、支柱性产业，切实提高产业核心竞争力和经济效益。发挥国家重大科技专项的引领支撑作用，实施产业创新发展工程，加强财税金融政策支持，推动高技术产业做强做大。
（14）加快发展服务业。把推动服务业大发展作为产业结构优化升级的战略重点，建立公平、规范、透明的市场准入标准，探索适合新型服务业态发展的市场管理办法，调整税费和土地、水、电等要素价格政策，营造有利于服务业发展的政策和体制环境。大力发展生产性服务业和生活性服务业，积极发展旅游业。拓展服务业新领域，发展新业态，培育新热点，推进规模化、品牌化、网络化经营。推动特大城市形成以服务经济为主的产业结构。
（15）加强现代能源产业和综合运输体系建设。推动能源生产和利用方式变革，构建安全、稳定、经济、清洁的现代能源产业体系。加快新能源开发，推进传统能源清洁高效利用，在保护生态的前提下积极发展水电，在确保安全的基础上高效发展核电，加强电网建设，发展智能电网，完善油气管网，扩大油气战略储备。按照适度超前原则，统筹各种运输方式发展，构建便捷、安全、高效的综合运输体系。推进国家运输通道建设，基本建成国家快速铁路网和高速公路网，发展高速铁路，加强省际通道和国省干线公路建设，积极发展水运，完善港口和机场布局，改革空域管理体制。
（16）全面提高信息化水平。推动信息化和工业化深度融合，加快经济社会各领域信息化。发展和提升软件产业。积极发展电子商务。加强重要信息系统建设，强化地理、人口、金融、税收、统计等基础信息资源开发利用。实现电信网、广播电视网、互联网“三网融合”，构建宽带、融合、安全的下一代国家信息基础设施。推进物联网研发应用。以信息共享、互联互通为重点，大力推进国家电子政务网络
建设，整合提升政府公共服务和管理能力。确保基础信息网络和重要信息系统安全。
（17）发展海洋经济。坚持陆海统筹，制定和实施海洋发展战略，提高海洋开发、控制、综合管理能力。科学规划海洋经济发展，发展海洋油气、运输、渔业等产业，合理开发利用海洋资源，加强渔港建设，保护海岛、海岸带和海洋生态环境。保障海上通道安全，维护我国海洋权益。
五、促进区域协调发展，积极稳妥推进城镇化
实施区域发展总体战略和主体功能区战略，构筑区域经济优势互补、主体功能定位清晰、国土空间高效利用、人与自然和谐相处的区域发展格局，逐步实现不同区域基本公共服务均等化。坚持走中国特色城镇化道路，科学制定城镇化发展规划，促进城镇化健康发展。
（18）实施区域发展总体战略。坚持把深入实施西部大开发战略放在区域发展总体战略优先位臵，给予特殊政策支持，发挥资源优势和生态安全屏障作用，加强基础设施建设和生态环境保护，大力发展科技教育，支持特色优势产业发展。加大支持西藏、新疆和其他民族地区发展力度，扶持人口较少民族发展。全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地，发挥产业和科技基础较强的优势，完善现代产业体系，促进资源枯竭地区转型发展。大力促进中部地区崛起，发挥承东启西的区位优势，改善投资环境，壮大优势产业，发展现代产业体系，强化交通运输枢纽地位。积极支持东部地区率先发展，发挥对全国经济发展的支撑作用，在更高层次参与国际经济合作和竞争，在转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构和自主创新中走在全国前列。加强和完善跨区域合作机制，消除市场壁垒，促进要素流动，引导产业有序转移。实行地区互助政策，开展多种形式对口支援。加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度。更好发挥经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区在改革开放中先行先试的重要作用。加快沿边地区开发开放，加强国际通道、边境城市和口岸建设，深入实施兴边富民行动。
（19）实施主体功能区战略。按照全国经济合理布局的要求，规范开发秩序，控制开发强度，形成高效、协调、可持续的国土空间开发格局。对人口密集、开发强度偏高、资源环境负荷过重的部分城市化地区要优化开发。对资源环境承载能力较强、集聚人口和经济条件较好的城市化地区要重点开发。对影响全局生态安全的重点生态功能区要限制大规模、高强度的工业化城镇化开发。对依法设立的各级各类自然文化资源保护区和其他需要特殊保护的区域要禁止开发。基本形成适应主体
功能区要求的法律法规、政策和规划体系，完善绩效考核办法和利益补偿机制，引导各地区严格按照主体功能定位推进发展。
（20）完善城市化布局和形态。按照统筹规划、合理布局、完善功能、以大带小的原则，遵循城市发展客观规律，以大城市为依托，以中小城市为重点，逐步形成辐射作用大的城市群，促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展。科学规划城市群内各城市功能定位和产业布局，缓解特大城市中心城区压力，强化中小城市产业功能，增强小城镇公共服务和居住功能，推进大中小城市交通、通信、供电、供排水等基础设施一体化建设和网络化发展。
（21）加强城镇化管理。要把符合落户条件的农业转移人口逐步转为城镇居民作为推进城镇化的重要任务。大城市要加强和改进人口管理，中小城市和小城镇要根据实际放宽外来人口落户条件。注重在制度上解决好农民工权益保护问题。合理确定城市开发边界，提高建成区人口密度，防止特大城市面积过度扩张。城市规划和建设要注重以人为本、节地节能、生态环保、安全实用、突出特色、保护文化和自然遗产，强化规划约束力，加强城市公用设施建设，预防和治理“城市病”。
加强土地、财税、金融政策调节，加快住房信息系统建设，完善符合国情的住房体制机制和政策体系，合理引导住房需求。强化各级政府职责，加大保障性安居工程建设力度，加快棚户区改造，发展公共租赁住房，增加中低收入居民住房供给。加强市场监管，规范房地产市场秩序，抑制投机需求，促进房地产业平稳健康发展。
六、加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，提高生态文明水平
面对日趋强化的资源环境约束，必须增强危机意识，树立绿色、低碳发展理念，以节能减排为重点，健全激励和约束机制，加快构建资源节约、环境友好的生产方式和消费模式，增强可持续发展能力。
（22）积极应对全球气候变化。把大幅降低能源消耗强度和二氧化碳排放强度作为约束性指标，有效控制温室气体排放。合理控制能源消费总量，抑制高耗能产业过快增长，提高能源利用效率。强化节能目标责任考核，完善节能法规和标准，健全节能市场化机制和对企业的激励与约束，实施重点节能工程，推广先进节能技术和产品，加快推行合同能源管理，抓好工业、建筑、交通运输等重点领域节能。调整能源消费结构，增加非化石能源比重。提高森林覆盖率，增加蓄积量，增强固碳能力。加强适应气候变化特别是应对极端气候事件能力建设。建立完善温室气体排放和节能减排统计监测制度，加强气候变化科学研究，加快低碳技术研发和应用，逐步建立碳排放交易市场。坚持共同但有区别的责任原则，积极开展应对全球气候变化国际合作。
（23）大力发展循环经济。以提高资源产出效率为目标，加强规划指导、财税金融等政策支持，完善法律法规，实行生产者责任延伸制度，推进生产、流通、消费各环节循环经济发展。加快资源循环利用产业发展，加强矿产资源综合利用，鼓励产业废物循环利用，完善再生资源回收体系和垃圾分类回收制度，推进资源再生利用产业化。开发应用源头减量、循环利用、再制造、零排放和产业链接技术，推广循环经济典型模式。
（24）加强资源节约和管理。落实节约优先战略，全面实行资源利用总量控制、供需双向调节、差别化管理。加强能源和矿产资源地质勘查、保护、合理开发，形成能源和矿产资源战略接续区，建立重要矿产资源储备体系。完善土地管理制度，强化规划和计划管控，严格用途管制，健全节约土地标准，加强用地节地责任和考核。高度重视水安全，建设节水型社会，健全水资源配臵体系，强化水资源管理和有偿使用，鼓励海水淡化，严格控制地下水开采。
（25）加大环境保护力度。以解决饮用水不安全和空气、土壤污染等损害群众健康的突出环境问题为重点，加强综合治理，明显改善环境质量。落实减排目标责任制，强化污染物减排和治理，增加主要污染物总量控制种类，加快城镇污水、垃圾处理设施建设，加大重点流域水污染防治力度，有效控制城市大气、噪声污染，加强重金属、危险废物、土壤污染治理，强化核与辐射监管能力。严格污染物排放标准和环境影响评价，强化执法监督，健全重大环境事件和污染事故责任追究制度。完善环境保护科技和经济政策，建立健全污染者付费制度，建立多元环保投融资机制，大力发展环保产业。
（26）加强生态保护和防灾减灾体系建设。坚持保护优先和自然恢复为主，从源头上扭转生态环境恶化趋势。实施重大生态修复工程，巩固天然林保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草等成果，推进荒漠化、石漠化综合治理，保护好草原和湿地。加快建立生态补偿机制，加强重点生态功能区保护和管理，增强涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙能力，保护生物多样性。加强水利基础设施建设，推进大江大河支流、湖泊和中小河流治理，增强城乡防洪能力。加快建立地质灾害易发区调查评价体系、监测预警体系、防治体系、应急体系。加大重点区域地质灾害治理力度，加强救援队伍建设，提高物资保障水平。推行自然灾害风险评估，科学安排危险区域生产和
生活设施的合理避让。
七、深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略，加快建设创新型国家
推动我国经济发展更多依靠科技创新驱动，必须全面落实国家中长期科技、教育、人才规划纲要，大力提高科技创新能力，加快教育改革发展，发挥人才资源优势，为加快转变经济发展方式、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标奠定坚实科技和人力资源基础。
（27）增强科技创新能力。坚持自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来的方针，增强共性、核心技术突破能力，促进科技成果向现实生产力转化。加快推进国家重大科技专项，深入实施知识创新和技术创新工程。把科技进步与产业结构优化升级、改善民生紧密结合起来，增强原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新能力，在现代农业、装备制造、生态环保、能源资源、信息网络、新型材料、安全健康等领域取得新突破，在核心电子器件、极大规模集成电路、系统软件、转基因新品种、新药创制等领域攻克一批核心关键技术。加强基础前沿研究，在生命科学、空间海洋、地球科学、纳米科技等领域抢占未来科技竞争制高点。
（28）完善科技创新体制机制。深化科技体制改革，加强科学研究与高等教育有机结合，建设国家创新体系，强化基础性、前沿性技术和共性技术研究平台建设，加强军民科技资源集成融合，推进各具特色的区域创新体系建设，鼓励发展科技中介服务，深化科研经费管理制度改革，完善科技成果评价奖励制度。重点引导和支持创新要素向企业集聚，加快建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系。增强科研院所和高校创新动力，鼓励大型企业加大研发投入，激发中小企业创新活力，发挥企业家和科技领军人才在科技创新中的重要作用。鼓励发明创造。强化支持企业创新和科研成果产业化的财税金融政策，加大政府对基础研究的投入，推进重大科技基础设施建设和开放共享，促进科技和金融结合，培育和发展创业风险投资。实施知识产权战略，完善知识产权法律制度，加强知识产权创造、运用、保护、管理。
（29）加快教育改革发展。全面贯彻党的教育方针，保障公民依法享有受教育的权利，办好人民满意的教育。按照优先发展、育人为本、改革创新、促进公平、提高质量的要求，深化教育教学改革，推动教育事业科学发展。全面推进素质教育，遵循教育规律和学生身心发展规律，坚持德育为先、能力为重，促进学生德智体美全面发展。积极发展学前教育，巩固提高义务教育质量和水平，加快普及高中阶段
教育，大力发展职业教育，全面提高高等教育质量，加快发展继续教育，支持民族教育、特殊教育发展，建设全民学习、终身学习的学习型社会。创新人才培养体制、教育管理体制、办学体制，改革教学内容、教学方法、质量评价、考试招生制度。促进教育公平，合理配臵公共教育资源，重点向农村、边远贫困、民族地区倾斜，加快缩小教育差距。健全国家资助制度，扶助家庭经济困难学生完成学业。加强师德师风建设，提高教师业务水平，鼓励优秀人才终身从教。增加教育投入，鼓励引导社会力量兴办教育，以加强薄弱环节和关键领域为重点，实施重大教育改革和发展项目。
（30）建设人才强国。坚持党管人才原则，坚持服务发展、人才优先、以用为本、创新机制、高端引领、整体开发的指导方针，加强现代化建设需要的各类人才队伍建设，充分发挥国内人才作用，积极引进和用好海外高层次人才。建立健全政府宏观管理、市场有效配臵、单位自主用人、人才自主择业的体制机制，形成多元化投入格局，明显提高人力资本投资比重。营造尊重人才的社会环境、平等公开和竞争择优的制度环境，促进优秀人才脱颖而出。改进人才管理方式，落实国家重大人才政策，抓好重大人才工程，推动人才事业全面发展。
八、加强社会建设，建立健全基本公共服务体系
着力保障和改善民生，必须逐步完善符合国情、比较完整、覆盖城乡、可持续的基本公共服务体系，提高政府保障能力，推进基本公共服务均等化。加强社会管理能力建设，创新社会管理机制，切实维护社会和谐稳定。
（31）促进就业和构建和谐劳动关系。实施更加积极的就业政策，大力发展劳动密集型产业、服务业和小型微型企业，多渠道开发就业岗位，鼓励自主创业，促进充分就业。健全统一规范灵活的人力资源市场，为劳动者提供优质高效的就业服务。加强职业培训和择业观念教育，提高劳动者就业能力，把解决高校毕业生、农村转移劳动力、城镇就业困难人员就业问题作为工作重点。做好退役军人就业工作。加强劳动执法，完善劳动争议处理机制，改善劳动条件，保障劳动者权益。发挥政府、工会和企业作用，努力形成企业和职工利益共享机制，建立和谐劳动关系。
（32）合理调整收入分配关系。坚持和完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系，再分配更加注重公平。努力提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。创造条件增加居民财产性收入。健全扩大就业增加劳动收入的发展环境和制
度条件，促进机会公平。逐步提高最低工资标准，保障职工工资正常增长和支付。规范分配秩序，加强税收对收入分配的调节作用，有效调节过高收入，努力扭转城乡、区域、行业和社会成员之间收入差距扩大趋势。完善公务员工资制度，深化事业单位收入分配制度改革。
（33）健全覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系。坚持广覆盖、保基本、多层次、可持续方针，加快推进覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系建设。实现新型农村社会养老保险制度全覆盖，完善实施城镇职工和居民养老保险制度，实现基础养老金全国统筹。推动机关事业单位养老保险制度改革。进一步做实养老保险个人账户，实现跨省可接续。扩大社会保障覆盖范围，逐步提高保障标准。发展企业年金和职业年金。发挥商业保险补充性作用。实现城乡社会救助全覆盖。积极稳妥推进养老基金投资运营。大力发展慈善事业。加强社会保障信息网络建设，推进社会保障卡应用，实现精确管理。
（34）加快医疗卫生事业改革发展。按照保基本、强基层、建机制的要求，增加财政投入，深化医药卫生体制改革，调动医务人员积极性，把基本医疗卫生制度作为公共产品向全民提供，优先满足群众基本医疗卫生需求。加强公共卫生服务体系建设，扩大国家基本公共卫生服务项目。健全覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗保障体系，逐步提高保障标准。建立和完善以国家基本药物制度为基础的药品供应保障体系，确保药品质量和安全，加强城乡医疗卫生服务体系建设，新增医疗卫生资源重点向农村和城市社区倾斜，加强医学人才特别是全科医生培养，完善鼓励全科医生长期在基层服务政策。积极稳妥推进公立医院改革，探索形成各类城市医院和基层医疗机构合理分工和协作格局。坚持中西医并重，支持中医药事业发展。积极防治重大传染病、慢性病、职业病、地方病和精神疾病。鼓励社会资本以多种形式举办医疗机构，促进有序竞争，加强监管，提高服务质量和效率，满足群众多样化医疗卫生需求。
（35）全面做好人口工作。坚持计划生育基本国策，逐步完善政策，促进人口长期均衡发展。提高生殖健康水平，改善出生人口素质，遏制出生人口性别比偏高趋势。坚持男女平等，切实保障妇女合法权益，加强未成年人保护，发展妇女儿童事业。积极应对人口老龄化，注重发挥家庭和社区功能，优先发展社会养老服务，培育壮大老龄服务事业和产业。支持残疾人事业发展，健全残疾人服务体系。
（36）加强和创新社会管理。按照健全党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众
参与的社会管理格局的要求，加强社会管理法律、体制、能力建设。完善法律法规和政策，健全基层管理和服务体系，加强和改进基层党组织工作，发挥群众组织和社会组织作用，提高城乡社区自治和服务功能，形成社会管理和服务合力。健全党和政府主导的维护群众权益机制，完善人民调解、行政调解、司法调解联动的工作体系，整合各方面力量，建立调处化解矛盾纠纷综合平台。畅通和规范群众诉求表达、利益协调、权益保障渠道，建立重大工程项目建设和重大政策制定的社会稳定风险评估机制，正确处理人民内部矛盾，把各种不稳定因素化解在基层和萌芽状态。加大公共安全投入，加强安全生产，健全对事故灾难、公共卫生事件、食品安全事件、社会安全事件的预防预警和应急处臵体系。做好流动人口服务管理，加强特殊人群帮教管理和服务工作，加大社会管理薄弱环节整治力度。完善社会治安防控体系，加强城乡社区警务、群防群治等基层基础建设，加强政法队伍建设，严格公正廉洁执法，增强公共安全和社会治安保障能力，加强重点地区社会治安综合治理。严密防范、依法打击各种违法犯罪活动，切实保障人民生命财产安全。
九、推动文化大发展大繁荣，提升国家文化软实力
文化是一个民族的精神和灵魂，是国家发展和民族振兴的强大力量，必须坚持社会主义先进文化前进方向，弘扬中华文化，建设和谐文化，发展文化事业和文化产业，满足人民群众不断增长的精神文化需求，充分发挥文化引导社会、教育人民、推动发展的功能，建设中华民族共有精神家园，增强民族凝聚力和创造力。
（37）提高全民族文明素质。建设社会主义核心价值体系，加强走中国特色社会主义道路和实现中华民族伟大复兴的理想信念教育，倡导爱国守法和敬业诚信，构建传承中华传统美德、符合社会主义精神文明要求、适应社会主义市场经济的道德和行为规范。深入推进社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设，不断拓展群众性精神文明创建活动，广泛开展志愿服务。弘扬科学精神，加强人文关怀，注重心理疏导，培育奋发进取、理性平和、开放包容的社会心态。提倡修身律己、尊老爱幼、勤勉做事、平实做人，推动形成我为人人、人人为我的社会氛围。强化职业操守，支持创新创业，鼓励劳动致富，发扬团队精神。净化社会文化环境，保护青少年身心健康。综合运用教育、法律、行政、舆论手段，引导人们知荣辱、讲正气、尽义务，形成扶正祛邪、惩恶扬善的社会风气。
（38）推进文化创新。适应群众文化需求新变化新要求，弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化，使精神文化产品和社会文化生活更加丰富多彩。立足当代中国实践，传承优
秀民族文化，借鉴世界文明成果，反映人民主体地位和现实生活，提高文化产品质量，创作生产更多思想深刻、艺术精湛、群众喜闻乐见的文化精品。推进学科体系、学术观点、科研方法创新，繁荣发展哲学社会科学。深化文化体制改革，创新文化生产和传播方式，解放和发展文化生产力，增强文化发展活力。
（39）繁荣发展文化事业和文化产业。坚持一手抓公益性文化事业、一手抓经营性文化产业，始终把社会效益放在首位，实现经济效益和社会效益有机统一。以农村基层和中西部地区为重点，继续实施文化惠民工程，基本建成公共文化服务体系。广泛开展群众性文化活动。加强重要新闻媒体建设，重视互联网等新兴媒体建设、运用、管理，把握正确舆论导向，提高传播能力。加强基层文化队伍建设。扶持公益性文化事业，加强文化遗产保护。在政府引导下发挥市场机制积极作用，培育骨干文化企业和战略投资者，鼓励和引导非公有制经济进入，发展新型文化业态，增强多元化供给能力，满足多样化社会需求，繁荣社会主义文化市场，推动文化产业成为国民经济支柱性产业。加强对外宣传和文化交流，创新文化“走出去”模式，增强中华文化国际竞争力和影响力。大力开展全民健身运动，增强人民体质，提高竞技运动水平，振奋民族精神。
十、加快改革攻坚步伐，完善社会主义市场经济体制
改革是加快转变经济发展方式的强大动力，必须以更大决心和勇气全面推进各领域改革。更加重视改革顶层设计和总体规划，明确改革优先顺序和重点任务，进一步调动各方面改革积极性，尊重群众首创精神，大力推进经济体制改革，积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，加快推进文化体制、社会体制改革，不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，使上层建筑更加适应经济基础发展变化，为科学发展提供有力保障。
（40）坚持和完善基本经济制度。坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，营造各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护的体制环境。推进国有经济战略性调整，健全国有资本有进有退、合理流动机制。加快国有大型企业改革。深化垄断行业改革。完善各类国有资产管理体制。健全国有资本经营预算和收益分享制度。支持和引导非公有制经济发展，鼓励非公有制企业参与国有企业改革。
（41）推进行政体制改革。进一步转变政府职能，深化行政审批制度改革，加快推进政企分开，减少政府对微观经济活动的干预，加快建设法治政府和服务型政府。继续优化政府结构、行政层级、职能责任，降低行政成本，坚定推进大部门制
改革，在有条件的地方探索省直接管理县（市）的体制。健全科学决策、民主决策、依法决策机制，推进政务公开，增强公共政策制定透明度和公众参与度，加强行政问责制，改进行政复议和行政诉讼，完善政府绩效评估制度，提高政府公信力。
（42）加快财税体制改革。积极构建有利于转变经济发展方式的财税体制。在合理界定事权基础上，按照财力与事权相匹配的要求，进一步理顺各级政府间财政分配关系。增加一般性转移支付规模和比例，加强县级政府提供基本公共服务财力保障。完善预算编制和执行管理制度，提高预算完整性和透明度。改革和完善税收制度。扩大增值税征收范围，相应调减营业税等税收，合理调整消费税范围和税率结构，完善有利于产业结构升级和服务业发展的税收政策。逐步建立健全综合和分类相结合的个人所得税制度。继续推进费改税，全面改革资源税，开征环境保护税，研究推进房地产税改革。逐步健全地方税体系，赋予省级政府适当税政管理权限。
（43）深化金融体制改革。构建逆周期的金融宏观审慎管理制度框架。稳步推进利率市场化改革，完善以市场供求为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制度，改进外汇储备经营管理，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换。加强金融监管协调，建立健全系统性金融风险防范预警体系和处臵机制。参与国际金融准则新一轮修订，提升我国金融业稳健标准。建立存款保险制度。深化政策性银行体制改革。健全国有金融资产管理体制。完善地方政府金融管理体制。
（44）深化资源性产品价格和要素市场改革。理顺煤、电、油、气、水、矿产等资源类产品价格关系，完善重要商品、服务、要素价格形成机制。加快多层次资本市场体系建设，显著提高直接融资比重。积极发展债券市场，稳步发展场外交易市场和期货市场。健全土地、资本、劳动力、技术、信息等要素市场，加快社会信用体系建设，完善市场法规和监管体制，规范市场秩序。
（45）加快社会事业体制改革。积极稳妥推进科技、教育、文化、卫生、体育等事业单位分类改革。培育扶持和依法管理社会组织，支持、引导其参与社会管理和服务。改革基本公共服务提供方式，引入竞争机制，扩大购买服务，实现提供主体和提供方式多元化。推进非基本公共服务市场化改革，增强多层次供给能力，满足群众多样化需求。
十一、实施互利共赢的开放战略，进一步提高对外开放水平
适应我国对外开放由出口和吸收外资为主转向进口和出口、吸收外资和对外投资并重的新形势，必须实行更加积极主动的开放战略，不断拓展新的开放领域和空
间，扩大和深化同各方利益的汇合点，完善更加适应发展开放型经济要求的体制机制，有效防范风险，以开放促发展、促改革、促创新。
（46）优化对外贸易结构。继续稳定和拓展外需，保持现有出口竞争优势，加快培育以技术、品牌、质量、服务为核心竞争力的新优势，延长加工贸易国内增值链，推进市场多元化，大力发展服务贸易，促进出口结构转型升级。发挥进口对宏观经济平衡和结构调整的重要作用，促进贸易收支基本平衡。
（47）提高利用外资水平。利用外资要优化结构、丰富方式、拓宽渠道、提高质量，注重完善投资软环境，切实保护投资者合法权益。加大智力、人才和技术引进工作力度，鼓励外资企业在华设立研发中心，借鉴国际先进管理理念、制度、经验，促进体制创新和科技创新。扩大金融、物流等服务业对外开放，发展服务外包，稳步开放教育、医疗、体育等领域，引进优质资源，提高服务业国际化水平。
（48）加快实施“走出去”战略。按照市场导向和企业自主决策原则，引导各类所有制企业有序到境外投资合作。发展海外工程承包，扩大农业国际合作，深化国际能源资源互利合作，积极开展有利于改善当地民生的项目合作。逐步发展我国大型跨国公司和跨国金融机构，提高国际化经营水平。扩大人民币在跨境贸易和投资中的作用。做好海外投资环境研究，强化投资项目的科学评估。提高综合统筹能力，完善跨部门协调机制，加强实施“走出去”战略的宏观指导和服务。维护我国海外权益，防范各类风险。
（49）积极参与全球经济治理和区域合作。推动国际经济体系改革，促进国际经济秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。推动建立均衡、普惠、共赢的多边贸易体制，反对各种形式的保护主义。引导和推动区域合作进程，加快实施自由贸易区战略，深化同新兴市场国家和发展中国家的务实合作，增加对发展中国家的经济援助。
十二、全党全国各族人民团结起来，为实现“十二五”规划而奋斗
（50）充分发挥党的领导核心作用。党的领导是实现“十二五”时期经济社会发展目标的根本保证，必须加强党的执政能力建设和先进性建设，不断提高党领导经济社会发展能力和水平。各级党委要准确把握发展趋势，科学谋划发展蓝图，努力创新发展模式，加强对发展的统筹协调，切实提高发展质量。推进学习型党组织建设，加强和改进干部教育培训，注重实践锻炼，增强领导班子和领导干部推动科学发展、促进社会和谐能力。深化干部人事制度改革，创新和完善干部选拔任用机制，健全领导班子和领导干部考核评价制度，形成有利于科学发展的用人导向。
（51）加强社会主义政治文明建设。坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，发展社会主义民主政治，保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权。坚持和完善人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度以及基层群众自治制度。巩固和壮大最广泛的爱国统一战线。发挥工会、共青团、妇联等人民团体作用。切实做好民族和宗教工作，加强民族团结进步教育。全面落实依法治国基本方略，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系，维护法制权威，推进依法行政、公正廉洁执法，加强普法教育，形成人人学法守法的良好社会氛围，加快建设社会主义法治国家。加强人权保障，促进人权事业全面发展。
（52）加强国防和军队现代化建设。在全面建设小康社会进程中实现富国和强军的统一，将国防和军队现代化建设融入国家经济社会发展进程。坚持以毛泽东军事思想、邓小平新时期军队建设思想、江泽民国防和军队建设思想为指导，把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，贯彻新时期军事战略方针，全面加强军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设，加快军队机械化信息化复合发展，提高以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务能力。深化国防和军队改革，优化领导管理体制，健全联合作战指挥体制，发展新型作战力量，推动军事理论、军事技术、军事组织、军事管理创新。坚持军民融合式发展路子，完善武器装备科研生产体系、军队人才培养体系、军队保障体系和国防动员体系。建设现代化武装警察力量。深化全民国防教育，加强后备力量建设，密切军政军民团结。
（53）保持香港、澳门长期繁荣稳定。坚定不移贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方针，严格按照特别行政区基本法办事，全力支持特别行政区行政长官和政府依法施政。加强内地和香港、澳门交流合作，继续实施更紧密经贸关系安排。深化粤港澳合作，促进区域经济发展。支持香港巩固和提升国际金融、贸易、航运中心地位，增强产业创新能力，推动经济社会协调发展。支持澳门建设世界旅游休闲中心，促进经济适度多元发展。
（54）推进两岸关系和平发展和祖国统一大业。坚持“和平统一、一国两制”的方针和现阶段发展两岸关系、推进祖国和平统一进程的八项主张，全面贯彻推动两岸关系和平发展重要思想和六点意见，牢牢把握两岸关系和平发展主题，反对“台独”分裂活动。巩固两岸关系发展基础，推进两岸交往机制化进程，构建两岸关系和平发展框架。深化两岸经济合作，落实两岸经济合作框架协议，促进双向投资，加强新兴产业、金融等现代服务业合作。积极扩大两岸各界往来，加强两岸文化、教育等领域交流合作，依法保护台湾同胞正当权益。充分发挥海峡西岸经济区在推进两岸交流合作中的先行先试作用。
（55）积极创造有利的外部环境。高举和平、发展、合作旗臶，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，坚持走和平发展道路，坚持互利共赢的开放战略，维护我国主权、安全、发展利益，同世界各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。扩大同发达国家的交流合作，增进相互信任，提高合作水平。深化同周边国家的睦邻友好和务实合作，维护地区和平稳定，促进共同发展繁荣。加强同发展中国家的团结合作，深化传统友谊，维护共同利益。深入开展多边外交，积极参加国际合作。维护我国海外公民和企业正当权益。加强公共外交，广泛开展民间友好交往，推动人文交流，增进中国人民同各国人民相互了解和友谊。
（56）全党同志要充分发挥推动科学发展、促进社会和谐的先锋模范作用。全体共产党员要坚定不移贯彻党的理论和路线方针政策，牢固树立科学发展理念，积极落实加快转变经济发展方式决策部署。切实加强党的基层组织建设，深入开展创先争优活动，带领广大群众推动经济社会又好又快发展。各级领导干部要坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，坚持党的群众路线，始终保持同人民群众的血肉联系，树立正确政绩观，努力做出经得起实践、人民、历史检验的实绩。严明党的政治纪律，健全对中央重大决策部署执行情况纪律保障机制，确保中央政令畅通。加强反腐倡廉建设，推进反腐倡廉制度创新，严格执行党风廉政建设责任制，深化党性党风党纪教育，加强领导干部廉洁自律和严格管理，严格权力运行制约和监督，加大查办违纪违法案件工作力度。大力弘扬党的光荣传统和优良作风，谦虚谨慎，不骄不躁，艰苦奋斗，勤俭节约，真抓实干，坚决反对形式主义、官僚主义，以优良党风凝聚党心民心，形成推进中国特色社会主义事业的强大力量。
全党同志和全国各族人民要紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央周围，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗臶，解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、开拓创新，为实现国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划和全面建设小康社会宏伟目标而奋斗！
第五篇：胡锦涛总书记在党的十七届五中全会上指出
胡锦涛总书记在党的十七届五中全会上指出，必须深入研究和把握新形势下群众工作的新特点新要求，综合运用多种有效方法，提高群众工作的针对性和实效性。2010年以来，乐山市以点、线、面相结合的方式扩大群众工作覆盖面，构建干群联系的“大沟通”机制，全市矛盾纠纷同比减少29.8%，来信来访同比减少166批次、273人次。
民情观察员制度：上下沟通“点对点”
针对群众反映问题渠道单一，党委、政府与群众沟通渠道不畅的情况，乐山市推行“民情观察员”制度，实现了“点对点”的民意快速直通。一是突出代表性，选好代话人。我们从社会各阶层、各方面聘请责任心强、有一定威望和知识水平的民情观察员630余名。他们不仅观察民情，还承担政策宣传员、民意调查员、维稳信息员、信访接待员等重要角色。二是突出针对性，为群众代言。作为党委、政府的“代言人”和人民群众的“代话人”，他们将党委、政府的重大决策部署和群众意见多、呼声大的问题作为“代言”“代话”的重点，实现“上情下达”、“下情上达”。三是突出实效性，话后有回音。对民情观察员反映的具体问题，群众工作部门及时以“社情民意交办单”的形式交由相关部门办理，并在规定时限内反馈；对于普遍性的问题和意见建议，定期编辑《社情民意》简报送市委、市政府领导参阅，促进问题解决。2010年以来，群众工作部门收集社情民意信息521条，并做到事事有着落。
网络对话制度：交流互动“线对线”
目前，乐山网民人数达100余万人，占全市总人口的1/3。我们深入研究网上舆论引导的特点和规律，在全市建立“网络对话”制度，架起了沟通的桥梁。一是设立“群众意见建议网上受理中心”，搭建民意收集平台。按照“群众诉求网上分送、责任单位网上认领、办理结果网上回复、办理效果网上监督”的原则，收集群众意见，办理群众诉求，并进行满意度调查。2010年以来，共收到群众意见建议3500余条。二是设立网络“社区会客厅”，搭建干群沟通平台。围绕市民关心、网民关注的热点问题，定期邀请相关部门负责人与群众网上直接对话交流。2010年以来，市领导及相关部门负责人先后20余次就干部选拔、城市建设等热点问题与网民在线交流，参与网友累计达15万人次。三是设立“重要决策网上咨询”与“重大事项网上公示”栏目，搭建民智汇聚平台。党委、政府作出重大决策或公布重大事项前，利用网络进行咨询和评估，促进民主决策、科学决策。在制定“十二五”规划过程中，市委、市政府开辟专栏、公布邮箱，开展网络对话和“金点子”征集活动，共收到群众意见建议2500余条，较好地实现了群众路线、专家路线与干部路线的有机结合。
基层夜话制度：沉下身子“面对面”
城镇化加速推进改变着人们的生产生活方式，“早出晚归”成为一种常态，基层干部与群众的联系沟通出现“时间错位”。为此，我们建立“基层夜话”制度，利用晚上时间，干部与群众面对面话政策、话发展、话民生、话和谐。一是上下联动，多方参与。村和社区按照因地制宜、方便群众的原则设立基层夜话站，每月开展1—2次夜话活动，围绕群众关注的问题确定活动主题，建好“夜话台账”，记好“民情日记”；乡镇（街道）定期检查活动开展情况，督导活动深入开展；市、县相关职能部门主动参与，上下联动，切实帮助解决各种困难和问题。二是积极稳妥，解决问题。对群众反映的问题和建议，我们坚持能够现场解决的现场解决；不能现场解决的，及时研究，限时解决；确实不能解决的，做好解释工作，争取群众理解。同时，建立办理事项公示制度，通过回音壁、公示栏等形式对问题办理情况进行公示。三是领导带动，作好表率。去年“七·一”前夕，市委班子成员分别深入联系点，参加基层党员干部群众“夜话交流”，协调解决“老、大、难”问题30余个，受到广大群众的热烈欢迎。
群众生活月制度：关注民生“心连心”
针对乐山城乡差别大、部分群众生产生活难题多的实际，我们建立了“群众生活月”制度，每年用一个月时间组织各级领导干部集中调研群众生活，解决突出问题。一是确定主题。根据工作重点和群众反映强烈的热点问题，确定一个活动主题，集中力量解决突出问题。二是走访调研。领导带头，干部参与，深入农村、企业、社区，宣传政策、走访群众，收集意见建议。三是带案下访。将比较突出的信访案件分类梳理，明确责任领导和牵头部门，在活动中带案下访，深入一线了解情况，面对面解决问题，真正将矛盾化解在基层。四是分类解决。调研后，对意见建议梳理汇总，做到解决问题时间、人员、责任“三个落实”。在2010年5月开展的“群众生活月”活动中，我们组织了11个调研组，集中解决群众困难问题3500多个，修路、就医、入学等一批突出问题得到有效解决。
便民服务制度：便捷高效“人对人”
主动服务是最有效的沟通。为方便群众办理审批、登记等民生事项，我们积极构建全面覆盖的便民服务网络，将政务服务延伸到群众“家门口”，实现了“群众动嘴、干部跑腿”。一是服务网络立体化。建立市、县、乡、村、组五级便民服务网络。在市、县两级建设标准化政务服务中心，在乡镇（街道）建设便民服务中心，在村（社区）设立便民服务站，在村（居民小组）配备便民代办员，实现政务服务全覆盖。二是服务标准规范化。通过委托授权，将市、县两级部门部分职能下放到乡镇（街道），整合形成48个民生服务项目，实行开放式办公、窗口式服务，极大地方便了群众。三是服务职能多样化。各级便民服务网络逐步增加水电气费缴纳、法律服务、心理疏导等便民项目。
群众参与干部考评制度：成效检验“实打实”
“大沟通”机制的成效如何、群众工作的效果如何、干部的工作业绩如何，都需要由广大群众来评价、检验。为此，我们探索建立了群众参与干部考评制度，落实群众对领导班子和领导干部的监督权及评价权。一是合理确定考评人员。考评人员主要由基层干部，党代表、人大代表、政协委员，工作“服务对象”，普通群众等四类人员组成，突出参与考评人员的广泛性、代表性、知情性。二是科学设置考评程序。考评主要分为大会述职、民主测评、个别谈话三个程序，确保考评结果更加全面、客观、准确。三是将考评结果作为选拔使用干部的重要依据。对“优秀”得票率超过90%的领导干部，优先提拔使用；对“不称职、不了解”得票率超过50%的领导干部，进行诫勉谈话或组织调整。
【材料1】
经济全球化给我们发展中的大国带来很多新的机遇，但是也带来挑战。因为这种经济全球化是在西方发达国家占主导地位的条件下的全球化，是他们在经济、科技、综合国力等等方面占优势下的全球化，所以对我们这种发展中国家来讲压力是很大的。世界上已经有过执政党没有把握好全球化的局势而失去执政地位的先例，例如墨西哥的革命制度党。所以这些对我们来讲还是一个考验。
随着新一轮科技革命浪潮的推进，随着信息技术不断的发展，人才的竞争和国家新一轮的竞争也日趋激烈，这些对我们执政党来讲也构成了一种新的挑战。特别是随着这种状况的发展，世界各国在经济、政治、外交、安全等方面相互依存又相互制约而形成的各种矛盾交织在一起。在这种情况下，就要求我们不断提高处理国际问题的能力和水平。
冷战结束后，政治向多极化发展的势头越来越明显，这个趋势有利于我们发展中的国家，然而在这种状况下虽然可以获得更多的发言权，但由于美国新一轮战略扩张，使世界向多极化发展的道路十分曲折。
所以从国际上发生的新的情况来看，形势对我们执政党要求是越来越高了。
【材料2】
我们将长期面临人民日益增长的物质文化需求与落后生产之间的矛盾。也就是说我们将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，那么我们面临的这个矛盾在相当长一段时间内还是主要矛盾。
当然我们也要看到这些年来，特别是改革开放二十多年来，我们在发展方面，在经济、社会各方面的发展中取得了举世公认的成就，但是另一方面我们也不要忘了，毕竟我们原来的底子比较薄，毕竟我们还是发展中国家，我们现在面临的发展压力还相当的大。我们虽然基本上已经实现了小康，但是我们的小康还是低水平的，还有三千万人没有完全达到温饱水平，还有六千万人刚刚脱离了温饱。这给执政党的压力是明显的。
随着改革的深化，社会上长期积累的很多矛盾日益凸现出来，而且解决的难度越来越大。改革本身就是利益的调整，但是，在不同的时期这个调整所触动的利益是不一样的。随着改革的深化毕竟要触及到深层次的问题，这样长期积累下来的很多矛盾就日益凸现出来。这些问题解决得不好就会影响到改革开放的成果，所以我们需要在这方面不断地提高推动经济全面发展的能力、提高驾驭市场经济的能力、提高处理各种社会矛盾的能力等等。
国内的政治体制改革是国人比较关心的话题。随着经济体制改革和其他领域体制改革的深化，政治体制改革的任务已经越来越迫切地提劐我们面前。但是大家都知道，政治体制改革本身就是有很大风险的改革。因为改革是一种利益调整，而政治体制改革更是涉及到更多人的利益。政治体制改革本身要比经济改革风险要大。另一方面，对于我们的政治改革，西方的敌对势力也是很关心的。他们时刻在听着我们的政治改革，希望我们的政治体制改革按照他们所设想的方向发展。应该说在这一点上，他们在苏联及东欧的改革中是起了很大作用的，而且最后他们的目的也是达到了。所有这些国内问题、发展的压力、面临的矛盾以及我们下一步将会面对的更加艰巨的任务，对我们执政党来讲都是一种新的考验，也是一种新的挑战。
总体来看，关于我们的执政能力，适应面占主要地位。但是，同时我们也应该看到在执政能力方面也有不适应的方面，而且这些方面有些还是比较明显或者严重的。
【材料3】
我们的一些党组织出现脱离群众，理想信念动摇，世界观、人生观发生动摇并出现腐败现象。如果这种现象得不到抑制的话，会影响到我们党在群众中的威信，影响到党的公信力，影响到党的执政基础。
我们党的一些组织及领导干部依法执政的能力不强，一些党员和基层组织缺乏应有的战斗力。
从总体来看，认为我们党在当前科学判断形式这方面能力比较弱的占58.1％，驾驭市场经济方面能力比较弱的占66.9％，应对复杂局面方面能力比较弱的占33.5％，认为依法执政方面比较弱的占43.4％，认为总览全局方面比较弱的占19.9％。
问题：
根据材料中反映的问题，简述加强我党执政能力建设的重要性和紧迫性。
【参考答案】
我们党成为执政党，是历史的选择、人民的选择。加强党的执政能力建设，是时代的要求、人民的要求。进入新世纪新阶段，国际局势发生新的深刻变化，世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势继续在曲折中发展，科技进步日新月异，综合国力竞争日趋激烈，各种思想文化相互激荡，各种矛盾错综复杂，敌对势力对我国实施西化、分化的战略图谋没有改变，我们仍面临发达国家在经济、科技等方面占优势的压力。
我国改革发展处在关键时期，社会利益关系更为复杂，新情况新问题层出不穷。在机遇和挑战并存的国内外条件下，我们党要带领全国各族人民全面建设小康社会，实现继续推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展这三大历史任务，必须大力加强执政能力建设。这是关系中国社会主义事业兴衰成败、关系中华民族前途命运、关系党的生死存亡和国家长治久安的重大战略课题。只有不断解决好这一课题，才能保证我们党在世界形势深刻变化的历史进程中始终走在时代前列，在应对国内外各种风险和考验的历史进程中始终成为全国人民的主心骨，在建设中国特色社会主义的历史进程中始终成为坚强的领导核心。
2006年3月4日，胡锦涛看望出席全国政协十届四次会议的委员，在民盟、民进联组会上，胡锦涛强调，要把发展社会主义先进文化放到十分突出的位置，充分发挥文化启迪思想、陶冶情操、传授知识、鼓舞人心的积极作用，努力培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的社会主义公民。胡锦涛说，社会风气是社会文明程度的重要标志、是社会价值导向的集中体现。树立良好的社会风气是广大人民群众的强烈愿望，也是经济社会顺利发展的必然要求。在我们的社会主义社会里，是非、善恶、美丑的界限绝对不能混淆，坚持什么、反对什么，倡导什么、抵制什么，都必须旗帜鲜明。要在全社会大力弘扬爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想，倡导社会主义基本道德规范，促进良好社会风气的形成和发展。要引导广大干部群众特别是青少年树立社会主义荣辱观，坚持以热爱祖国为荣、以危害祖国为耻，以服务人民为荣、以背离人民为耻，以崇尚科学为荣、以愚昧无知为耻，以辛勤劳动为荣、以好逸恶劳为耻，以团结互助为荣、以损人利己为耻，以诚实守信为荣、以见利忘义为耻，以遵纪守法为荣、以违法乱纪为耻，以艰苦奋斗为荣、以骄奢淫逸为耻。
问题：
请结合以上材料回答：
在实际生活中，如何贯彻社会主义荣辱观?
【参考答案】
广泛开展以树立社会主义荣辱观为核心内容的道德教育和实践活动。一要迅速行动．掀起学习热潮。各地各部门应把学习贯彻胡锦涛同志关于“八荣八耻”的重要论述作为当前理论学习和思想教育的重要内容，通过座谈、讲座、知识竞赛、图片展览等丰富多彩的形式，大力开展普及教育。组织有关专家、学者和讲师团深入基层广泛开展社会主义荣辱观宣讲活动，编写通俗读本，进行生动形象的宣传，使社会主义荣辱观家喻户晓、深入人心。二要区分层次，开展好主题实践活动。在全社会特别是青少年中开展以“知荣辱、讲正气、树新风、促和谐”为主题的道德实践活动。立足基层，着眼实践，把社会主义荣辱观渗透到日常工作生活之中，教育和引导人们从我做起、从现在做起、从身边小事做起。党政机关要把社会主义荣辱观教育同深入开展争创文明机关、争当“人民满意公务员”活动结合起来，进一步使广大党员干部牢记党的宗旨，增强党的观念，为人民群众作出表率。学校要把树立社会主义荣辱观作为加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设和大学生思想政治教育的重要内容，在进教材、进课堂、进头脑上下功夫。企业要以创建文明单位和文明行业为龙头，广泛开展“共铸诚信”等活动，培育诚信经营理念。推动社会信用体系建设。城市社区要广泛开展创建文明社区、和谐社区等活动，促进家庭和睦、邻里团结、互助友爱。乡村要结合社会主义新农村建设，深入开展创建星级文明户、文明村镇等活动，培养新型农民。三要培育典型，发挥典型的示范引导和辐射带动作用。应善于总结和发现实践社会主义荣辱观的先进典型，特别是注意发现和宣传人民群众中的好人好事，激励人们尊荣弃耻、见贤思齐。
着力抓好新闻宣传和精神文化产品创作生产，营造“知荣辱、讲正气、树新风、促和谐”的浓厚氛围。新闻媒体应深入宣传普及社会主义荣辱观的科学内涵和基本要求。可以采取多种形式进行宣传，抓好舆论监督，围绕身边的典型事例，弘扬真善美，鞭挞假恶丑，营造树立社会主义荣辱观的浓厚舆论氛围。社科研究部门、党校、大专院校应发挥优势，深入研究新形势下树立社会主义荣辱观与加强党的执政能力建设和先进性建设的关系、与培养中国特色社会主义建设者和接班人的关系、与建立社会主义道德体系的关系，深化人们对社会主义荣辱观的认识。文化部门应以“八荣八耻”为主要内容．创作和生产一批优秀文学艺术作品，用群众喜闻乐见的方式，开展社会主义荣辱观宣传教育。加强组织领导和制度建设，确保社会主义荣辱观宣传教育工作持之以恒。树立社会主义荣辱观是一项长期任务。
【材料1】
我国资源总量很大，但是人均资源占有量相对不足，使资源、能源成为我国经济持续增长的严重制约。
【材料2】
2005年我国经济总量占世界4．4％，但原油消耗占世界7．3％，原煤31％，钢材27％，水泥40％，表明我国资源利用水平低，浪费严重；单位产值的资源、能源消耗量远远高于世界平均水平；使我国资源、能源和环境问题更加严重。
【材料3】
由于资源利用水平低，浪费严重，所以造成了严重的环境污染和生态破坏，使我国经济增长付出了过高的、难以承受的资源成本和环境代价。
【材料4】
1980年到2000年中国的经济总量翻了两番，但是资源、能源消耗只翻了一番，特别是20 世纪90年代，我国能源自给率始终在90％以上，表明我国既是世界性的能源、资源消费大国，又是生产大国，为人类可持续发展作出了重大贡献，所谓的“中国资源威胁论”是没有根据的。
【材料5】
前几年我国能源性企业、行业发展过快、过热，近两年片面追求投资，追求外贷、追求出口，甚至追求房地产经济扩张又重新抬头，表明粗放型增长问题依然很严重，使我国的资源、能源、环境问题更为严重，雪上加霜，难以为继。
【材料6】
2004年的绿色指标考核报告表明当年主要的环境损失占GDP的3．O5％。
【材料7】
20世纪90年代以来，我国经济增长中的科技贡献率不断提高；机电产品出口的比例不断增加；研发经费迅速增长，2006年达到1360亿美元，已经成为世界第二；在校大学生多年保持在1400万左右，每年毕业的工程技术人员100万左右；世界各国科技贡献率平均为45％左右，创新型国家的主要标志是科技贡献率70％以上，研发经费占GDP的2％以上，科技依赖率30％以下，从而表明，近年来我国按照科学发展观要求，落实科教兴国战略，转变发展观念，创新发展模式，提高发展质量初见成效，经济增长开始转到依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质上来。但是总体上科技贡献率低于世界平均水平，与创新型国家存在很大差距。
问题：
(1)资源节约型社会的内涵及增长方式转变要处理好的三大关系。
(2)分析新型工业化与科学发展观的内在联系。
(3)分析增长方式转变与科学发展观的内在联系。
(4)分析建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会与科学发展观的内在联系。
(5)分析建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会与构建和谐社会的内在联系。
【参考答案】
(1)资源节约型社会的内涵：
资源节约型社会是指在生产、流通、消费等领域，通过采取法律、经济和行政等综合性措施，提高资源利用效率，以最少的资源消耗获得最大的经济和社会收益，保障经济社会可持续发展。建设资源节约型社会，其目的在于追求更少资源消耗、更低环境污染、更大经济和社会效益，实现可持续发展。
增长方式转变要处理好的三大关系：
第一，数量和质量；
第二，速度和效率；
第三，依靠资源、能源消耗和依靠科技进步，提高劳动者素质的关系。
核心是速度和效率的关系。
(2)第一，科学发展观是指导思想，以人为本的、全面的、协调的、可持续的发展观，本身就包含着新型工业化“科技含量高、经济效益好”等方面的主要内容和基本要求。
第二，新型工业化是落实科学发展观的具体实践，科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少等，与全面、协调、可持续的发展观是完全一致的；新型工业化强调“人力资源优势充分发挥”，直接体现了以人为本的发展观。
(3)第一，科学发展观是指导思想，以人为本的，全面的、协调的、可持续的发展观，本身就包含了增长方式转变的主要内容和基本要求，就是要从数量型经济转向质量型经济，实现又好又快的经济增长。
第二，增长方式转变是落实科学发展观的具体实践，从追求投入、追求数量扩张转到以效益和质量为中心的轨道上来，转到依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质上来，也就是从“高投入、高消耗、高污染、低效益”转向“低投入、低消耗、低污染、高效益”，是落实科学发展观的具体实践，与又好又快的科学发展的基本要求是完全一致的。
(4)第一，科学发展观是指导思想，以人为本，全面的、协调的、可持续的发展观，本身就包含了建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的主要内容和基本要求。
第二，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会是落实科学发展观的具体实践，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会以节约资源，提高资源利用率为核心，建设环境友好型社会以人与自然和谐相处为根本目标，与全面、协调、可持续的发展观是完全一致的。
(5)第一，和谐社会建设是行动纲领，和谐社会最根本的是两大和谐，一个是人与人的和谐，一个是人与自然的和谐，人与自然的和谐本身就包含了资源节约型、环境友好型社会的主要内容和基本要求。
第二，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会是落实和谐社会行动纲领的具体实践，节约资源，提高资源利用率，建设生态、保护环境，目的就是为了达到人与自然和谐相处，为构建和谐社会创造环境和生态条件，使人们在优美的环境中工作、学习和生活。
案例分析题1 市政府的通告属于何种类型的行政行为?
某市原有甲、乙、丙、丁四家定点屠宰场，营业执照、卫生许可证、屠宰许可证等证照齐全。1997年国务院发布《生猪屠宰管理条例》，该市政府根据其中确认并颁发定点屠宰标志牌的规定发出通告，确定只给甲发放定点标志牌。据此，市工商局吊销乙、丙、丁三家屠宰场营业执照。乙、丙、丁三家屠宰场对此不服，找到市政府，市政府称，通告属于抽象行政行为，需遵守执行。三家屠宰场提起行政诉讼。
(1)市政府的通告属于何种类型的行政行为?理由何在?(2)颁发定点屠宰标志牌属于何性质的行为? 【参考答案】
(1)市政府的通告属于具体行政行为。
具体行政行为是在行政管理过程中，依照法律，法规针对特定的人特定的事采取具体措施的行为，其行为的内容和结果将直接影响某一个人或组织的权益；而抽象行政行为是以不特定的人或事为管理对象，制定具有普遍约束力的规范性文件的行为。
市政府的通告针对的事特定，即确认颁发定点屠宰标志牌；针对的人特定，即甲、乙、丙、丁四家屠宰场。
(2)颁发定点屠宰标志牌的行为是行政确认行为。
即市政府先确认甲屠宰场符合(或具备)从事屠宰业务的各方面的条件，然后赋予甲屠宰场专门从事屠宰的法律资格。
案例分析题2 甲县政府及其工商管理部门的行为性质如何?
甲县前几年为发展山区农村经济，投巨资扶持农民栽苹果树，几年过去，苹果树开始大量结果，但由于品种以及土壤、气候等原因，该县所产苹果太小、味酸、色泽不好，因此，苹果的销路一向不好。该县有一个佳美罐头厂，其生产的“佳美”牌苹果罐头和苹果汁销路一直很好，自从县政府有关部门要求该罐头厂采购本县苹果作原料以来，销量也急剧下降。
为了扭转这种局面，该厂决定从外地采购原料，于是与乙县某地号称“苹果大王”的种植专业户刘金龙签订了购买苹果的协议。1997年8月，刘金龙向罐头厂交付了第一批苹果，因品质优良，罐头厂非常满意，要求刘金龙继续向该厂提供苹果。因佳美罐头厂过去是县苹果最大的买家，现罐头厂不购买本县苹果作原料，对于本来就打不开销路的果农，更是雪上加霜，大量的苹果无人采，大批的苹果烂掉，果农纷纷找到政府想办法，1997年8月底，县政府一位副县长找到佳美厂厂长，要求该厂不要到外地购买苹果，用本地苹果做原料。佳美罐头厂基于企业利益，予以拒绝，县政府于是通知工商管理部门，要求其联合相关部门上路设卡堵截，禁止外地苹果进入本县市场。1997年9月2日。刘金龙按照合同的约定向佳美罐头厂交付第二批水果1万余斤，价值5000元，在路上被甲县工商部门截住，苹果被扣下，堆放在一农民的院坝里，无人看守。至9月中旬，甲县工商管理部门才许可刘金龙将苹果运往外地销售，此时，该批苹果由于霉烂、丢失，仅剩1千余斤，刘金龙损失4500元。为了使这批苹果运往外地销售，刘金龙还支付各种费用2500元，佳美罐头厂也因原料短缺，被迫停工达两个星期，损失8万元左右。1997年10月底，刘金龙向甲县人民法院提起诉讼，状告甲县工商管理部门。佳美罐头厂作为第三人参加了诉讼。
根据反不正当竞争法，回答下列各问题(1)本案中，甲县人民政府及其所属工商管理部门的行为性质如何?
(2)原告刘金龙的哪些损失和费用可以请求人民法院判决甲县工商管理部门予以赔偿?佳美罐头厂的损失能否直接请求甲县工商管理部门赔偿，为什么?(3)对于甲县人民政府及其所属工商管理部门，人民法院应作何处理? 【参考答案】
(1)根据《反不正当竞争法》第7条的规定，甲县人民政府及其所属工商管理部门的行为是政府机构的限制竞争行为，为不正当竞争行为之一种类型。
(2)根据《反不正当竞争法》第20条的规定，刘金龙苹果直接损失4500元，以及其因苹果被扣而支出的费用2500元可以一并请求甲县工商管理部门赔偿。
根据《反不正当竞争法》第20条第2款规定，佳美罐头厂的经济损失也可以直接请求甲县工商管理部门予以赔偿，因为该经济损失是由于甲县人民政府及其所属工商管理部门的不正当竞争行为直接造成的。
(3)根据《反不正当竞争法》第30条规定，甲级人民法院除判决被告依法承担民事责任，并可以对被告处以罚款外，还应当向甲县人民政府的上一级人民政府提出司法建议，建议甲县人民政府的上级人民政府责令甲县人民政府停止其限制竞争的不正当竞争行为，并给予有关责任人员以行政处分。
案例分析题3 县委和县政府的干部任免通知为什么要撤销?
1997年6月，某县县委向县人大常委会党组发出免去一位同志的乡镇企业局局长职务和任命另一位同志担任该职务的通知。在县人大常委会还没有讨论这两位同志的任免事项时，县政府就发出了任命拟免去乡镇企业局局长职务的同志为县农委委员的通知，县委一位负责同志也找拟任乡镇企业局局长职务的同志谈话，让他离职就任。对于这种不按法定程序任命干部的做法，县人大常委会及时向县委提出了意见。县委常委会专门召开会议，进行讨论。随后，县委与县政府分别撤销了原来发出的通知。
问：县委和县政府违反了宪法和法律的哪些有关规定？
【参考答案】
我国宪法有关条款规定：县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会有权“依照法律规定的权限决定国家机关工作人员的任免”。按照宪法和地方组织法的规定，对县乡镇企业局局长职务的任免，应由县人大常委会履行法定手续。县委和县政府违反了上述宪法规定，因而是非法的、无效的任免，应予撤销。
案例分析题4 动迁部门对张某的处置是否正确?
张某与李某签订了一份房屋买卖合同。李某将面积为30平方米左右的两间违章搭建房子，以8000元的价格卖给张某。张某付清了全部房屋价款后，即搬入该房屋内居住。1年后该房屋所在地区的土地被征用，动迁部门仅对其酌情给付了1000元。
请问：
(1)张某能否从李某那里要回房款7000元?(2)动迁部门对张某的处置是否正确? 【答案要点】
(1)李某明知出卖的房屋是违章建筑，未取得合法的房屋产权，反而将违章建筑卖给张某，使张某遭受重大损失，这一买卖合同的标的本身是不合法的，因此这一合同是无效合同。按照处理无效合同的法律规定，张某有权要求李某返还购房款。
(2)根据法律规定，违章建筑不属于拆迁补偿的范围，其使用人不应得到补偿。可见，动迁部门的处理是正确的，酌情付给张某1000元已是对张某极大限度的照顾了。
案例分析题5 “整顿小组”是否有权收回和拍卖书报亭的经营权
据报载，某市近年来在吸引投资方面费力不小，优化投资环境是该市吸引投资的重要准备工作之一。但是，旧书报亭破破烂烂，影响市容。于是该市决定将书报亭折旧换新。市政府专门成立了“某市报刊零售整顿工作领导小组”，决定拍卖新书报亭的经营权，并在制定拍卖政策时采取了优惠措施，对于没能获得书报亭经营权的原经营者，“整顿小组”定下来的补偿标准是每户1000元。
2003年9月4日，“整顿小组”将二百多个新书报亭的经营权对全市下岗工人招标拍卖，价高者得。拍得新书报亭的人，可以获得5—8年的经营权。通过拍卖，成交的最高价格达到了7.2万元，平均每个书报亭的成交价为1万多元。拍卖结束后，有33户旧书报亭经营者流标，二十多户原经营者没有参加投标。
此次拍卖，被该市有关部门称为既“依法办事”，又“有情操作”。但在当地却引起了很大的争议，特别是引起原书报亭经营者的不满。“整顿小组”认为通过拍卖，可以把书报亭这种社会资源重新分配；而原书报亭经营者认为当初审批书报亭的时候，土地局、规划局等各个部门都批准过，五证齐全，每年也按时缴纳各种税费，从来没有人说过我这个书报亭不合法，现在为什么说拍卖就要拍卖。该市的最低生活保障线为192元，上万元的拍卖价格也让一些原本想经营书报亭的下岗工人望而却步。
假设以上案例发生在《中华人民共和国行政许可法》(简称《行政许可法》)实施以后，试分析回答以下问题：
(1)该案中“整顿小组”是否有权收回和拍卖书报亭的经营权，为什么？
(2)书报亭的收回程序是否合法，为什么？
(3)原书报亭经营者经营权被收回后的利益如何保障？
【参考答案】
(1)无权收回。
根据《行政许可法》第69条规定，不符合撤销行政许可的条件。而本案中的拍卖是不合法的，根据第12条第三款和第53条，不应该予以拍卖。
(2)不合法。
因为没有进行听证程序。行政许可法第47条规定，行政许可直接涉及申请人与他人之间重大利益关系的，行政机关在做出行政许可决定前，应当告知申请人、利害关系人享有要求听证的权力。
(3)根据《行政许可法》第69条，撤销不合法；根据《行政许可法》第53条，拍卖不合法；根据《行政许可法》第47条，没有进行听证，所以应该根据《行政许可法》第76条，提起行政诉讼，要求赔偿。
案例分析题6 造纸厂的污染行为谁来管?
京海造纸厂因超标排污影响了周围环境，居民李某等多次找环保局解决。1996年2月8日，环保局对造纸厂作出罚款3000元，责令停止排污的处罚决定。此后3个月内，造纸厂既不履行处罚决定，也未向法院起诉。起诉期过后，环保局也未向法院申请强制执行。1996年7月10日，距行政处罚决定作出5个月后，李某等人就此再次找到环保局，要求解决造纸厂污染问题。
请问：
(1)此时，环保局就原处罚决定向法院申请强制执行，人民法院是否应当受理?为什么?
(2)如果环保局不申请法院强制执行，李某等人对环保局提起诉讼，人民法院是否应当受理?为什么?
(3)如果造纸厂履行了原处罚决定，环保局是否可以对造纸厂的同一违法行为再作出吊销排污许可证的处罚决定?为什么? 【参考答案】
(1)人民法院应当受理。因为公民、法人或者其他组织对具体行政行为在法定期限内不起诉又拒不履行的，行政机关可以依法申请人民法院强制执行。
(2)人民法院应当受理。因为公民申请行政机关履行保护人身权、财产权的法定职责，行政机关拒绝履行或不予答复的，属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围。
(3)环保局可以对造纸厂的同一行为再次作出吊销排污许可证的处罚。因为根据《水污染防治法实施细则》的规定，对于超标排污的，环保机关可以给予罚款等行政处罚，如果情节严重，可以吊销其排污许可证。根据《行政处罚法》的规定，环保局在根据实际情况认为有必要的话，完全可以对造纸厂的同一行为再作出吊销排污许可证的处罚。
案例分析题7 超市制定的罚款规定属什么性质?
李老太，家住某超市附近，她和老伴是这家超市的常客。2003年春节前的一天，李老太和往常一样与老伴前去超市买东西。按惯例李老太负责挑选，老伴负责推车交钱。一圈下来，东西已经挑选的差不多了，老伴就推上满载货物的小车交钱去了。这时，患有糖尿病的李老太看见出口处货架上有杏干，心想：都说得了糖尿病吃点杏子好，我也不妨试试。于是就顺手拿了一包。回头一看老伴已经交完钱出去了，心里一着急，拿着杏子就往外走。
不料刚走出超市，就被超市保安抓了个“人赃俱获”。李老太和那包3块钱的杏干被保安带到了办公室。保安人员说，“我们超市有规定，5元以下商品未交款拿走者要罚1000元。”李老太身上没有带那么多钱，只交了600元。忘了付款被人当作小偷，李老太自觉很没面子，回家后也没敢告诉家人。此后，茶饭不香，夜不能寐，连春节都没过好。春节后，李老太鼓足勇气找到当地工商行政管理局投诉。工商行政管理人员还没等李老太说完，就以该案为治安案件不属工商行政管理机关管辖为由，令李老太去公安机关申诉。
请问：
(1)“超市“是否具有行政主体资格？为什么？
(2)“超市”制定的罚款规定是什么性质？
(3)“超市“保安人员的罚款行为属于什么性质？
(4)工商部门的说法是否正确?为什么? 【参考答案】
（1）“超市”不具有行政主体资格。因为他没有也不能得到法律、法规授权。
（2）“超市“制定的“罚款规定”，属于无效的店堂告示。
（3）“超市"保安人员的罚款行为属于民事侵权行为。（4）工商行政管理部门的说法是错误的。因为，工商行政管理部门有保护消费者的合法权益的法定职责。
案例分析题8 杨某等人的行为是职务行为吗?
2002年春节期间的一天下午，G市法院法警大队副队长杨某与行政庭副庭长敖某等一行四人，身着警服、驾驶警车来到街心路口，见大街上人多车挤，便拉开警笛借人行道穿行向前。由于车速过快，将停在路边下客的一辆新“的士”的车门刮破一道口。“的士”司机上前理论，杨某称：“我们在执行公务，你为何不让道，你自认倒霉吧”!“的士”司机说：“我是替老板开车，现在新车被你们刮坏，怎么也得有个说法”。双方遂争吵起来。杨某等人又是凶又是骂，将“的士”司机推到一边扬长而去。第二天，“的士”司机找到市法院领导，要求解决问题。经法院纪检监察部门调查，杨某等人当天是开着警车去一企业老板处吃拜年饭，并非执行公务。遂决定给予杨某、敖某等警告处分，并责令由其个人赔偿“的士”司机的损失。“的士”司机不服，认为人是法院的法官，车是法院的警车，应当由法院承担赔偿责任。
请问：
(1)本案杨某等人的法律身份如何?
(2)本案杨某等人的行为应当认定为公务行为还是个人行为?理由是什么?(3)本案肇事方应当承担行政赔偿责任还是民事赔偿责任? 【参考答案】
(1)杨某等人在本案中是公民身份。
(2)杨某等人的行为应当认定为个人行为，因为该行为与执行职务无关。
(3)本案应由杨某等承担民事赔偿责任。
案例分析题9 处分段某的法律依据是什么?
段某，男，46岁，某单位人事科长。段某在当人事科长期间，于1993年4月15日，在上级主管部门批给的招工指标中，利用职权私自安插其亲友5人。对此，本单位职工潘某向上级纪检部门写信揭发，使段某受到通报批评，其私自安插的5人也被除名。之后，段某借调整工资之机，捏造、散布潘某流氓行为，致使潘某未能升级。潘某向纪律检查机关提出控告，上级主管部门给予段某撤职的行政处分。请问：处分段某的宪法根据是什么？
【参考答案】
我国宪法规定：“中华人民共和国对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员，有提出批评和建议的权利，对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为，有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或检举的权利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举，有关国家机关必须查清事实，负责处理，任何人不得压制和打击报复”。申诉、控告、检举权是宪法赋予公民的权利。段某打击报复控告人，是对公民宪法权利的公然侵犯，理当受到处分。
案例分析题10 乡政府能否强制黄某履行兵役?
黄某，男，19岁，农民。1998年10月经体检、政审合格后，县征兵办公室确定该青年到某军区炮兵师服现役。但是，黄某突然隐匿，逃避征兵。事情发生后，县征兵办公室找到他的父母，进行说服教育。他父母始终不说出儿子的去向。后经查找，发现黄某藏在其姑母家。县征兵办公室把黄某找回，进行了批评教育。黄某拒不答话。后来了解到他逃避征集的原因主要是其未婚妻扯他的后腿，就又做他未婚妻的工作，仍未做通。根据宪法、法律的有关规定，某乡人民政府依法强制黄某履行了兵役义务。
问：某乡人民政府强制黄某履行兵役的宪法根据是什么？
【参考答案】
我国宪法第55条规定：“保卫祖国、抵抗侵略是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务”。我国兵役法对此作了具体规定。黄某被确定为应征公民，经体检、政审合格，应履行宪法规定的义务，依法服兵役。而他却逃避征集，屡教不改。因而某乡人民政府根据宪法、法律的有关规定，强制其履行服兵役的义务。
乡镇是我国最基层的政权组织，直接面对广大农村和农民的生产、生活和经济社会发展，是我们党直接面向农村的关键层次。乡镇工作干的好与坏，关系到党在农村的执政基础，关系到广大群众的切身利益。到底什么样的乡镇干部才是合格的？我结合自己在乡镇三年多的工作经历，谈几点粗浅认识。
一、摆正位置，勇于承担。
乡镇副职干部在工作上应积极当好书记、镇长的参谋助手，为领导科学决策出谋划策或提供依据。在职责范围内，应该主动承担起责任。重大事项，主动请示或提交党政会议研究；日常工作或者需要现场决策的，大胆决策，不能瞻前顾后。乡镇副职相对于决策时是配角，相对于执行和落实时又是主角。决不能遇到难题绕道走，碰到矛盾溜边过，必须要以身作则，以务实的工作作风来带动和督促干部履职，在广大干部群众中树立党委、政府的良好形象。
二、善于学习，找准方法。
乡镇工作是应对的部门多，处理的事务杂，工作联系的面广。乡镇副职要把学习摆在首位，不断提高自身综合素质，学会“十个手指弹钢琴”。因而必须准确理解上级精神；必须深入调查研究本地情况；必须继承和创新过去的发展经验，找准上情与下情、全局与局部、现在与未来、宏观与微观的最佳结合点，超前思维，集思广益，科学决策，不错过、不放过加快本地发展的每一个先机。
三、明确责任，服务群众。
我认为当好一名乡镇副职干部还必须要眼明、干实、身正，即能找准问题、干到实处、一身正气。要把农村发展速度、农民致富程度作为衡量自己合不合格、胜不胜任的重要因素，积极为农民增收铺好路、搭好桥。要真心实意地为群众办实事、办好事，真心实意把农民群众的利益维护好、发展好，真心实意与群众交朋友，想问题贴近群众的心，谋发展贴近群众的实情，办事情贴近群众的愿望。
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