第一篇:论文及英文翻译格式
六、毕业设计(论文)的撰写
1、内容与要求
毕业设计(论文)的内容一般依次由以下部分组成:封面、任务书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、(符号说明)、前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、(附录)、外文资料译文、外文原文。
毕业设计(论文)应采用汉语(外语专业用外语)撰写。要求内容层次分明、文理通顺、数据可靠、文字简练、说明透彻、立论正确、推理严谨。
2、毕业设计(论文)的格式及规范
毕业设计(论文)的格式、图纸绘制、实验数据、各种标准的运用和引用都要符合各学科、各专业国家标准的规定。毕业设计(论文)一律使用计算机编辑,用A4规格纸输出,页面设置上、下页边距2.54厘米,左、右页边距2.5厘米,装订线1厘米,文档网格设为小四号宋体,指定行网格和字符网格,每行33个字符,每页31行,栏数为1。外文资料译文页面设置、格式规范及字体同正文要求一样,装订时外文资料译文在前,外文原文在后。除封面、任务书、外文资料译文、外文原文外,毕业设计(论文)其余部分均设置页眉,页眉为“河南科技大学毕业设计(论文)”五号宋体居中。毕业设计(论文)正文页码用“1、2、3„„”小五号宋体居中设置,封面、任务书、外文原文及外文资料译文不设页码,目录及中、英文摘要的页码用“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ„„”小五号宋体居中设置。
各部分的具体要求如下:
(1)封面:由学校统一印制;封面填写课题名称,作者姓名,指导教师姓名,院系专业等内容;题目不得超过36个汉字。学院统一填写全称:材料科学与工程学院;专业填写全称,专业方向统一规范,如材料成型及控制工程(铸造)。
(2)毕业设计任务书(3)中英文摘要
① 毕业设计(论文)中文题目为三号黑体字,可以分成1或2行居中打印。② 题目下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(三号黑体),字间空一格。③ “摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(小四号宋体)。每段开头空二格。
④ 中文摘要内容下空一行打印“关键词”三字(小四号黑体),其后为关键词(小四号宋体)。关键词数量为4-6个,每一关键词之间用逗号分开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。如关键词较多,自然换行顶头打印。
⑤ 英文摘要题目采用三号“Times New Roman”字体(实词首写字母大写),可分成1-3行居中打印。每行左右两边至少留2个字符空格。
⑥ 英文题目下空二行居中打印“ABSTRACT”(三号大写 “Times New Roman”字体),其下空二行打印英文摘要内容。
⑦ 英文摘要内容采用小四号小写“Times New Roman”字体,每段开头留四个字符空格。
⑧ 英文摘要内容后下空二行打印“KEY WORDS”(小四号大写“Times New Roman”字体),其后关键词用小四号小写“Times New Roman”字体,每一关键词之间用逗号分开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。如关键词较多,自然换行顶头打印。
(4)目录
“目录”二字用三号黑体居中打印,两字中间空一格,下空一行为章、节、小节及其开始页码。章、节、小节分别以第*章、§*.*、§*.*.*等形式依次标出,并与相应的内容之间空一格。第*章及标题以及参考文献、致谢等同一级别的目录均采用四号黑体,其他级别的目录内容采用四号宋体字。
(5)符号说明(6)前言
“前言”二字用三号黑体居中打印,两字中间空一格,下空一行用小四号宋体打印前言内容。
对于论文类,不用再撰写“前言”部分,直接从正文第一章绪论开始撰写;对于设计类,应先撰写前言,第一章开始撰写正文(正文不用再撰写“绪论”部分)。
(7)正文
标题:每章标题以三号黑体居中打印(第*章与“标题”之间空一格);“章”下空两行为“节”,以四号黑体左起打印;“节”下空一行为“小节”,以小四号黑体左起打印。换行后打印论文正文,其中章、节、小节序号与各自的标题之间空一格。
(概括起来:每章需另起一页开始,每章的标题下空两行,每节的标题上下各空一行,每小节的标题上下都不空行,采用1.5倍行距。所有的章、节、小节的序号与标题间都要空一格。)
正文:采用小四号宋体,§*.*或§*.*.*中部分内容的划分排序宜采用从“
一、二„„”至“
1、2„„”至“(1)、(2)„„”再至“a、b„„”的方式。
图:图中一律采用英文标注,五号“Times New Roman”字体。图题采用中文五号楷体,位于图下方居中,图题与下方正文之间空一格。引用图应在图题右上角标出文献来源。
图表号按章顺序编号,如图3-2为第三章第二图。如果图中含有几个不同部分,应将分图号标注在分图的左上角,并在图题下列出各部分内容,用a)、b)„„等区分,标题用五号楷体。
绘图必须工整、清晰、规范。其中机械零件图按机械制图规格要求;示意图应能清楚反映图示内容;如果需要标尺的则应在图片右下角给出放大标尺;图片幅面不宜过大,以每A4纸幅面占6幅图片为宜。
表格:表格按章顺序编号,如表5-4为第五章第四表。表应有标题,采用五号楷体,位于表格上方居中,表的编号和表的标题之间应留一空格。标题与上方正文之间空一行,与表格之间不空行。表下空一行接正文。表内必须按规定的符号标注单位,表内汉字用五号宋体,英文用五号“Times New Roman”字体。表格原则不要跨页,如果表格确实需要跨页,则把表格截断,后页部分加“续表*-*”,不加标题,加表头。
公式:公式书写应在文中另起一行,居中放置。后续内容需要引用的公式其后应注明序号,该序号靠右放置,序号按章顺序编排,如公式5-4为第五章第四个公式。公式中相应符号另起一行不空格予以说明。
(8)结论
结论打印格式同前言。(9)参考文献
1)“参考文献”四个字以三号黑体居中打印,下空一行按顺序列出参考文献的内容(用小四号宋体),每条参考文献的编号单独对齐,具体内容按行左对齐。
2)在正文中按参考文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字连续编号,并将序号置于方括号内作为上角标,例如:“„„建立了模拟加载实验台”。
3)参考文献中每条项目应齐全。文献中的作者不超过三位时全部列出;超过三位时只列前三位,后面加“等”字或“etc”;作者姓名之间用逗号分开;中外人名一律采用姓在前、名在后的著录法。
4)序号全部采用[1]、[2]、[3] „„格式,后空一格接作者姓名。参考文献中采用的“.”、“,”、“:”等符号全部采用英文半角符号。
参考文献中著录格式示例: ① 期刊
序号 作者.题名.刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码 ② 专著
序号 作者.书名.版本(第1版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码 ③ 论文集
序号 作者.题名.论文集名.出版地,出版年:起止页码 ④ 毕业论文
序号 作者.题名:[毕业论文](英文用[Dissertation]).保存地点:保存单位,年份,起止页码
⑤ 专利
序号 专利申请者.题名.国别,专利文献种类,专利号出版日期 ⑥ 技术标准
序号 起草责任者.标准代号.标准顺序号—发布年.标准名称.出版地:出版者,出版年度
⑦ 网页
[5]序号 作者.题名.实际链接地址
如:[11] 张**.关于*****的研究.http://(10)致谢
致谢打印格式同前言。(11)附录
“附录”二字用三号黑体居中打印,两字中间空一格,下空一行是附录题目(四号黑体居中打印),下空一行是附录内容(用小四号宋体)。若有多项附录,可按顺序编号。
(12)外文翻译
外文资料译文页面设置、格式规范及字体同正文要求一样,装订时外文资料译文在前,外文原文在后。外文资料译文不用另设置首页,“外文资料译文”四字以三号黑体居中打印,两字中间空一格,下空一行用小四号宋体打印“外文资料译文”内容;外文资料译文正文部分内容的排序原则按被翻译原文的顺序排列,如被翻译原文没用顺序标识,宜采用从“
一、二„„”至“
1、2„„”至“(1)、(2)„„”再至“a、b„„”的方式;外文原图中文字不用翻译,但需要翻译原图图题及图号,外文资料译文图题及图号按正文规范要求居中放置,但要与上下文各空一行。
(13)封底
七、装订要求
1、毕业设计(论文)装订顺序:(1)封面;
(2)任务书(打印);
(4)中英文摘要(含关键词);(5)目录;(6)前言;(7)正文;(8)结论;(9)参考文献;(10)致谢;(11)附录;
(12)外文资料译文(打印);(13)外文原文;(14)封底。
2、毕业设计(论文)资料袋内装文件顺序:(1)毕业设计(论文);(2)开题报告(打印);
(3)指导教师审阅表;(手工填写)(4)评阅教师评阅表;(手工填写)(5)成绩评分表;(手工填写)(6)附图;(7)其他。
第二篇:论文英文翻译
荆楚理工学院毕业设计(论文)
Intelligent lighting control system
Abstract This paper studies of intelligent street lamp energy saving control system is aiming at existing in urban lighting on the huge energy consumption and development based on SCM system, set the soft starter to function , automatic starting and stopping, intelligent pressure regulating control and new energy-saving control voltage control in one body.Intelligent street lamp energy saving control systems will be theorist power changing unit and intelligent control system by combining, high voltage and low voltage variable reactor isolation, a winding variable reactor(HVT)and street lamp in series, will be secondary windings and thyristor and fuzzy control algorithm with associated the control system by changing its low voltage to control the winding voltage hv winding, so as to achieve the change, the effects of voltage change street lamps in order to realize the soft start and pressure regulating
I.INTRODUCTION
with the rapid development of our economy, electricity consumption is subsequently fast growth.Electric power resource has become shortage resources.How to energy consumption has become the hot topic research in recent years., the power of AE analysis is the possibility to directly observe the process of deterioration.For this reason, AE has the potential to provide critical information about the structural integrity.The AE technique offers a distinct advantage over conventional nondestructive testing techniques because it allows for the real time, in-situ monitoring of in-servicestructures.This paper describes the AE techniques applications in civil engineering.The main contents included are: Part.Review of AE technique.Part.Structure health monitoring system, including offshore platform, dam, masonry arch bridge, concrete structure, steel structure, etc.Part.Structural crack detection and monitoring, including concrete and steel structures.Part.Structure integrality detection and residuallife prediction.At last, Part.A prospect is made about the research direction in this field.II.REVIEW OF AE TECHNIQUE
Acoustic emission(AE)is defined as the class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material [1].In order to quantify the material behavior under this type of stress, the signals are processed to develop one or more of the following parameters [2]:
Total counts(the number of threshold crossings above an arbitrary signal level are counted).Count rate(the number of threshold crossings above an arbitrary signal level per unit of time is measured).Events(the number of discrete signals above a specified threshold are counted;e.g., each of the traces of Fig.1 would be considered single events);or event rate.Amplitude(the signal strength is measured);or amplitude distribution.In comparison with other non-destructive techniques, acoustic emission technique has two important advantages [3]: one is that AE technique can give valuable information what‟s going on inside of the material, and the other one is that it gives a capability of on-line monitoring during in-service of structures or facilities.So, the AE technique has emerged as a powerful non-destructive tool to detect or evaluate damages and monitor in the field of safety of civil engineering structures.III.STRUCTURE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
Until this time, AE technique has been applying in many fields, e.g., aircraft structure[4], offshore platform[5], pressure equipment[6], dam[7], concrete[8], steel[9], etc.AE technique was applied into civil engineering later compared with other fields, but developed rapidly.Structure health monitoring system
荆楚理工学院毕业设计(论文)
based Acoustic Emission(AE)Techniques on civil engineering structures developed fleetly during 1980s.Bassim, M.Nabil [10](1985)invented and patented a new system for continuous monitoring of large structures using acoustic emission was.This system is based on a two-step approach and uses small size, low cost surveillance units containing a microprocessor and which is software controlled to continuously monitor the structure and extract features of the acoustic emission activity.Rogers, L.M [5](1987)gives results of acoustic emission(AE)monitoring of structures to provide information on integrity and fitness for purpose.Applications both locally to monitor known defects or weld repairs in areas of hot spot stress and globally, in search of the most severe defects present in large areas of the structure are considered.By studying AE during the fatigue testing of full scale tubular elements under controlled laboratory conditions it has been possible to define levels of acoustic emission activity by which the severity of defects in normally inaccessible areas can be determined, e.g.in the sub sea node joints of offshore structures.With the high associated costs of commercial AE systems, AE techniques were limited wider exploitation of in the field of structural monitoring.In 2003, Holroyd.T.J and his partners [11] had explored whether simpler solutions might be usefully applied to the field of structural health monitoring.They developed an AE system that makes additional information readily accessible to civil and structural engineers.Figure 1 shows the prototype system that they had developed is comprised of a combination of three elements;AE sensors, mufti channel measurement nodes and a controller module.Various rig and field tests have provided evidence that when productionised it will successfully combine sensitive detection flexibility and autonomous operation.IV.STRUCTURAL FATIGUE CRACK DETECTION AND MONITORING
Nowadays, concrete and steel are widely used structural material for civil structures.The development of non-destructive techniques to evaluate deterioration of concrete and steel structures is one of the most important issues for an effective maintenance.Especially, structural fatigue crack that occurs under long-term service diction and monitoring is very concernful technology in this field.Figure 2shows the schematic diagram of the Fatigue-cracking specimen with transducers mounted.Before 1970, several previous studies about structural fatigue crack detection and monitoring based AE technique had been developed [13], [14].In 1971, NAKAMURA.Y [15] expatiated that an acoustic emission monitoring system designed to detect, in real time, initiation and growth of cracks in a complex structure during static as well as fatigue testing has been developed.The system is being used successfully in static and fatigue testing of full-scale, as well as small-scale specimens of aircraft components and structures.Then, in 1989 Bowles, S.J.[16] studied how to discriminate between AE due to different sources, and the activity in each zone was analyzed in terms of its load-cycle dependence.Wang, Z.F.et al.[17](1992)investigated the relation between AE characteristics and fatigue crack closure, and tries to find a new way of monitoring crack closure.Results showed that AE monitoring can be used to determine fatigue crack closure very accurately and conveniently.To achieve the practical monitoring of AE signals from fatigue cracks with effective noise filtering, several new researches have been developing.Neural networks were used for detection of crack growth and estimation of crack depth.[18].Laser based ultrasonic(LBU)technique had been developed to characterize materials properties and detect flaws in materials [19].V.STRUCTURE INTEGRALITY DETECTION AND RESIDUAL LIFE PREDICTION
The modern structures mostly receives circulation load more or less, but from this the fatigue damage
荆楚理工学院毕业设计(论文)
accumulation which causes the main reason which the structure finally expires.Therefore, it is very significative to carry on fatigue damage degree and residual life prediction accurately and effectively for structures.In 1983, Simons, Fuller, Michael.D.et el.[20] firstly used the AE technique for the Offshore platform integrity.Rogers L.M [21](1987)given the results of acoustic emission(AE)monitoring of structures to provide information on integrity and fitness for purpose.By studying AE during the fatigue testing of full scale tubular weldments under controlled laboratory conditions it has been possible to define levels of acoustic emission activity by which the severity of defects in normally inaccessible areas can be determined, e.g.in the sub sea node joints of offshore structures.As practical illustrations, in 1991 Royles.R [22] used the AE technique in the testing of masonry arch bridges.Theimplications for the use of an acoustic signature in the integrity assessment of masonry arch bridges were considered.Colombo, S.et al[23](2003)presented the description and results of an acoustic emission(AE)monitoring exercise on concrete bridge beams in situ, as part of a larger project aimed to develop an Advice Note on the use of AE to evaluate the structural conditions of concrete bridges.From the results one is able to distinguish between the different structural behaviors of the beamsThe International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.153-162.[12] Hoff, A.B.M and Arrington.M.“Acoustic Emission Monitoring of a Node in an Off-Shore Platform,” Spec Suppl J Acoust Emiss, pp 165-170, 1985.[13] Holroyd, Meisuria.H.M, Lin and D., Randall.N.“Development of a practical acoustic emission-based structural monitoring system.Insight,” Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, vol.45, n 2, pp.127-129, Feb.2003.[14] S.Smith and T.M.Morton.“Acoustic-emission Detection Techniques for High-cycle-fatigue Testing,”Experimental Mechanics.pp.193-198, 1973.[15] C.E.Hartbower, W.W.Gerberich, and P.P.Crummins.Welding Journal Research Supplement vol.47, pp.1-18.1968.[16] W.W.Gerberich and C.E.Hartbower.International Journal of Fracture vol.3, pp.185-187.1967.[17] NAKAMURA.Y.“Acoustic emission monitoring system for detection of cracks in a complex
structure ,”.Mater Eval, vol.29, pp.8-12 , Jan, 1971,荆楚理工学院毕业设计(论文)
[18] Bowles.S.J.“AE load-cycle dependence applied to monitoring fatigue crack growth under complex loading conditions,”.NDT International, v 22, pp.7-13, Feb.1989.[19] Wang Z.F., Li J., Ke W.;Zheng Y.S., Zhu Z.and Wang Z.G.“Acoustic emission monitoring of fatigue crack closure,”.Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, v 27, pp.1691-1694, Dec.1992.[20] Li C.,Carballo R., Kohlert P.,Davis R.H.,Trujillo M.,Levy C.,and Tansel I.N.“Crack growth detection and estimation of depth by monitoring acoustic emission activity,” In Proc.1994 the Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference(ANNIE'94),pp.909-914 [21] Enoki M.and Nishinoiri S.“Non-contact damage monitoring by laser AE technique,” In Proc.2004 SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.399-409.[26] Kageyama Kazuro, Murayama Hideaki, Oshawa Isamu, and Kanai.“Acoustic emission monitoring of a reinforced concrete structure by applying new fiber-optic sensors,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol.14, pp.S52-S59, Jun.2005.[27] Christian U.GROSSE, Markus KRüGER and Steven D.GLASER.“Wireless Acoustic Emission Sensor Networks for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering,” In Proc.2006 ECNDT2006-Tu.1.7.3 [28] Roberts T.M.and Talebearer M.“Acoustic emission monitoring of fatigue crack propagation,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.59, pp.695-712, June.2003.[29] Enoki M.and Nishinoiri S.“Non-contact damage monitoring by laser AE technique,” In Proc.2005 SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.214-219.[30] DAI Guang,LI Wei;,ZHANG Ying and SHEN Guiying.“Availability of acoustic emission signals on ANN method,” Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, Vol.25, pp.63-66, Mar.2001.[31] Liu Guoguang, Cheng Qingchan, Li Xieli and Zhang Yuelan.“Fuzzy Neural Network for Acoustic Emission,” Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, V25, pp.550-551, 2004.[32] Gallego Antolino, Gil Jose F., Castro Enrique and Piotrkowski Rosa.“Identification of coating damage processes in corroded galvanized steel by acoustic emission wavelet analysis,” Surface and Coatings Technology, v 201, pp.4743-4756, Jan.2007.5
第三篇:英文翻译
英语三级翻译辅导习题
1.各吹各的号,各唱各的调。
2.每逢假日的下午,我总要漫游周围的乡村。
3.暴风雨把小屋冲坏,他们只好住在一个窑洞里。
4.要不断加强基础设施建设,努力营建良好的开发环境。
5.深秋,冷雨霏霏,屋里静悄悄的。他们看了一下午的书。
6.Liberty is more important than life.(英译汉)
答案:
1.各吹各的号,各唱各的调。转载自:考试大[Examda.Com]
She works as a bilingual secretary for an insurance company.4.去年我一天洗两次澡,早晚各一次。
I used to take a bath twice a day last year,morning and night.5.坦白地说,面试后我一直认为这个职位不适合我。
Frankly speaking,I have been thinking that the position is not right for me after the
interview.6.Some people assert that nothing is impossible.Such people should get a grip on
reality and understand it‘s impossible to create another Universe.In more down-to-earth
terms,it’s impossible to know with any certainty whether you will live or die tomorrow.(英译汉)
一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。这些人应该把握现实,知道再造一个宇宙是不可能的。更现实的 说法是不可能明确地知道明天你会活着还是会死。
get a grip on抓住,控制,管束
1.八成他不会来了。
Most probably he isn,t coming.2.他巴不得立刻见到你。
He is very anxious to meet you immediately.3.这刀不会留下任何疤痕。转载自:考试大-[Examda.Com]
The cut will not leave any scar.4.孩子成了他唯一的安慰。
The child became her only consolation.5.非常感谢贵公司的录用,但我不得不拒绝这份工作。
I really appreciate your offer,but I must decline it.6.Things aren’t even starting to take shape yet.(英译汉)
八字还没有一撇.1.显然你错了。考试大论坛
It is clear you were wrong.2.仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。
Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.3.现在全厂上上下下都普遍认为工厂必须进行改革。
It is now generally accepted that reform is necessary in the factory.4.这儿是头两卷,第三卷下个月出版。
Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month.5.我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的河水滚滚流过。Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling
waters of the river.6.The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.(英译汉)
不屑于干自己工作的人,终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
1.为了找房子,不知花费我多少时间,受过多少闲气。
In my long seeking for lodging,I often met with a snub.2.树是那样高,笔直,而又整齐的特别可爱!因为是松树和杉树的原故,所以四时都是绿油油的。Standing tall and erect before me in neat array was a forest of evergreen pines and
firs.3.自己在树底下行走,如果把风景看得太严重了,倒反没有什么趣味。考试大论坛
While walking in the shade of the trees,I preferred not to focus my attention
exclusively on the scenery.4.最有意思的是自己慢慢地在后面走,看着人家一个个地从树荫下经过。
I found it most interesting to watch,by slowing down my pace,other people walking
ahead of me one after another.6.We‘ve all done something in our lives us we are ashamed of,some of us have fallen
for the wrong man,some have let go of the right women,there’re those who have
humiliated their parents and those who have failed their children.Yes,we‘ve all made
mistakes that diminish us and those we love.But there is redemption if we try to learn from
those mistakes and grow。(英译汉)
我们都做过一些自己都感到惭愧的事。有些人爱错了人,有些人错过了爱;有些孩子使父母丢脸,也 有些家长让孩子失望。是的,我们都犯过错,使自己和爱人蒙羞。但如果我们试着从s这些错误中吸取教 训并成长,就还有挽回的机会。
A: Bill Mcphee。我会尽快带他来见你。
Bill Mcphee.I’ll bring him around to see you soon.B: 我们会怀念和你一起共事的时光。
We’ll miss doing business with you.A: Bill Mcphee是个好人。你们会和他相处得很好的。
Bill Mcphee is a good man.You’ll get along with him very well.6.With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy,a lot of social problems have come
to pass.(英译汉)
随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了
1.这架班机正点起飞吧?
Is the plane on schedule?
2.准备好机票与登机牌。
Let’s get our tickets and boarding pass ready.3.如果有退票的,请通知我。
Please notify me if there is any cancellation.4.请于起飞前一小进到达机场。
Please be at the airport at least one hour before departure?
You’ll be late if you don’t arrive in one hour before leaving.5.我需要提前多少天付款订票?
How long in advance of the flight must I pay to confirm the booking?
6.Promises are often like the butterfly,which disappear after beautiful hover。(英译
汉)
承诺常常很像蝴蝶,美丽地盘旋然后不见。
1.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。请访问考试大网站http:///
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.2.在建立个人网站前,先问问自己,为什么想要一网站,想要达到的目标是什么。
Before you build a personal site,ask yourself why you want one,and what you want to
accomplish.3.在造访一个提供网站空间服务的网站时,你会看到种类繁多的方案可供选择,哪一种价位可以给 你多少网络空间及多大的传输流量。
When you visit the site of a Web host,you’ll see a wide variety of plans-so much
space and so much network traffic for so much money.4.典型的网站包括图像、文字及图片,比较精心制作的网站还有动画、影像、声音和其他额外的内 容。
Web site typically contain graphics,texts and pictures,while more elaborate ones
include animation,video,audio and other extras.5.关于网站设计,有许多是很吸引人的,也有许多则令人泄气。
There are many things about Web sites that are appealing and many that are just plain
frustrating.6.Pizza came to the U.S.with Italian immigrants;the first U.S.pizzeria opened in
1905,and pizza became one of the nation’s favourite foods after World War Ⅱ。It is now
popular worldwide.(英译汉)
比萨随着意大利移民引进美国;1905年第一家美国比萨店开业了,第二次世界大战后比萨成为全美国 最喜爱的食物之一。现在比萨畅销全世界。
1.只要走一下就到了吗?
Is it within walking distance?
2.我儿子骑在我肩上看游行。
My son rode pickaback on me to watch the parade.3.其实我一点都不喜欢我现在的工作。
The fact of the matter is I’m not enjoying my new job at all.4.他有边吃饭边抽烟那让人讨厌的习惯。
He has the irritating habit of smoking during meals.5.如果我今早没忘了把油箱加满,我们不会没油的。
If I hadn’t forgotten to fill up the tank this morning,we wouldn’t be out of gas.6.Are there any charter flights?(英译汉)
有包机航班吗?
1、A:有什么我可以为您效劳的吗?
Is there anything I can help you with?
B:是的,我想知道你是否可以帮我找到一些这个城市的旅游指南,或许也要一张公路地图。Yes,I was wondering if you could help me find some travel guides for this city.And
maybe also a rode map,too.A:我们有各种不同的那个题材的书。有些相当概扣,而其他的则比较专业化。
We have a variety of books on that subject.Some are quite general while others are more
specialized and specific,B:我想概括性的就可以了。我只是要在这儿停留几天。但我想要那种多多少少能使我感觉到这个城 市的东西。
I think the generalized ones would do.I’m only staying here for a couple of days.But
I want something that can give me more or less the feel of the city.A:那样的话,也许这本书可以。它有很多图片,而且容易阅读,里头也有公路地图。
In that case,maybe this book will do.It has a lot of pictures and is easy to read.There are also road maps in it.B:太好了!我买这一本。
That’s perfect.I’ll buy this one.(英译汉)
2、At Christmas the air is filled with carols.圣诞节的时候到处都可以听到圣诞颂歌。
1.我认为年轻人应该能够有自己作决定的自由和空间。
I think young people should have the freedom and the space to make their own decisions.2.由于奥运会规模越来越大,为了大多数的城市将没有能力举办。来源:考试大
The Olympic Games are growing so big that most cities may not be able to host them in
future.3.当奥运会结束后,所有累积的专业经验就消失,使下一届主办城市必须一切从零开始。Currently,once the Games are finished,all the gathered expertise vanishes and the
next city has to begin from scratch.4.除了一般大学程度的课程之外,卢浮学院也提供大众免费的夜间艺术史课程。
The Ecole du Louvre,in addition to its regular university-level curricula,offers
free public evening classes in art history.5.你会相信咖啡有助于保护你的脑部免收一种危险的退化性疾病的侵袭吗?
Would you believe coffee and help protect your brain from a dangerous degenerative
disease?
6.The two of us sit on chairs and stare upward and around until closing time,watching
the sun illuminate the stained glass panes deep red,blue,gold,and a near blinding
white.On the way out,someone coughs,and the sound goes on and on—acoustics in this
chapel are remarkable.(英译汉)
我们俩坐在椅子上向上及四周凝视直到教堂关门,看着太阳照亮窗格中的彩色玻璃,有深红、蓝色、金色,及眩目的白色。离开时,有人咳嗽,回音缭绕再缭绕—可见这座教堂里的音响效果是多么棒。
1.她的行为深深地刺痛了我的心。{来源:考{试大}
I am deeply offended by her conduct.2.稳定性带来的好处有可能被夸大。
It is possible to overstate the benefits of stabilization.3.这事若是事实,它将给我们造成许多麻烦。
If true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.If it is true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.4.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.5.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to
spend much more time waiting for a bus,which is usually crowded with a large number of
passengers.6.Love is the greatest refreshment in life。
爱情是生活最好的提神剂。
1.大家最好养成学习的好习惯。
You‘d better form the habit of studying.2.别把这两个近义词混淆了。
Don’t mix up this pair of synonyms.3.给出这个词的同义词和反义词。
Give the synonym and antonym of this word.4.他脸皮厚,从来不在乎别人讲什么。
He is thick-skinned and never cares what others say.5.面试时,有些面试者会有夸大的倾向。
During the interview,some interviewees tend to exaggerate.6.You’re really too good for me.(英语)
我真的配不上你。
1.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward
retirement.2.我最近利用了一点时间采访成功的专业人士,谈谈他们最难忘、最有效的学习经验。
I recently spent time asking effective professionals about their most memorable and
effective learning experiences.3.我的目的,是要找出成人教育的最佳方式。{来源:考{试大}
My goal was to find out what works best when it comes to adult education.4.那么为什么在适合成人的训练方式与公司的训练部门实际所提供的训练之间会有如此的断层呢?So why is there such a disconnect between what works for adults and is offered by
corporate training departments?
5.在世界各地,极少数的训练人员在从事他们的工作时,具备有充分的学习方面的知识。Very few trainers,in world over,come to their work with much knowledge about
learning.6.What I discovered is that adults are remarkably similar in how they learn best: The
most unforgettable and transformative learning occurs through personal experience,group
support and/or mentoring.(英译汉)
我发现,成人学习最有效的方式其实非常类似:最难忘、带来最深远改变的学习经验,均是通过个人 的体会、小组支持或者良师的启发。
第四篇:英文翻译
物流企业绩效评价
摘要:随着实践的发展与学术、媒体的关注和刺激, 物流企业绩效评价系统得到了很好的发展,而基于经济增加值和平衡计分卡(BSC)方法的物流企业绩效评价就此产生。该系统通过相关的测试和线性回归被给予了实证,就长远的眼光而言,经济增值是这个系统最重要的目的。为了得到高的经济效益,这四个方面包括财务、顾客、内部业务流程和学习和成长都将有巨大意义。经济附加值在企业的战略目标和企业价值的相关性上占据绝对的重要地位。在研究企业绩效的线性回归数据中有经济附加值、运行费用、审计报告和员工的内部控制的教育比等数据,他们被用来代表了前面四个方面。其中,财务和企业内部业务流程有量化的系数与理论分析一致。
关键词:绩效评估、物流、经济附加值、平衡计分卡(BSC)
1绪论
随着物流行业的快速发展,物流企业不断的成长和壮大。对于股东来说,一个问题迫切需要解决的问题产生了,即如何对其物流企业进行有效而科学的绩效评价。虽然这个行业具有很大的利润空间,里面有巨大的财富,但是该物流企业经济附加值到底有多大,而如何又能创造出来,作为股东又能获得多少报酬这些都是令人棘手的问题。传统的企业绩效评价以企业财务报表作为分析的基础,在一定程度上反映了企业为股东创造财富的能力和企业生存、发展的能力,但是人们只使用财务数据来支持他们的判断从而就缺乏注意到其他措施,特别是忽视股权成本由股东的投资。在本文中,我们基于平衡计分卡(BSC)建造一个评价指标系统,并围绕EVA作为物流企业绩效评价的指标体系,把经济增值作为一种主要的目标来对物流企业进行绩效评价,并衡量企业的股东获得的真正的财富。然后,本文提供实例证明这个系统的有效性。本文是组织结构如下:第二章相关的理论知识;第三部分建立评价体系根据通过EVA建立指标体系和介绍使用的平衡计分卡方法;四章和第五章对上面介绍的绩效评价方法给予实证;第六部分总结结论。文献回顾
2.1物流绩效评价
物流绩效评价在物流管理中是一个非常重要的问题。科学而准确的评价的结果可以让人们知道他们昨天的工作收获了什么,明天又将要做些什么。
许多外国的日报都聚焦在这三个方面1)介绍应具有的特性,个性 2)该方法需要涉及到的员工3)该企业要选择的方法步骤。而一个建立水平轴的反映国际物流组织所规定的服务质量和性能和垂直轴代表特定服务对客户的重要性的矩阵式相当困难的。
指定物流绩效指标分成三个广阔的领域,包括有形成分、实施途径和信息操作。近年来,人们越来越重视企业的独特的环境行为或公司的策略。有些论文试图为厂商解决如何面对日益变化的市场的问题,这些论文可以动态地解决这一问题的绩效衡量选择,却不是依靠一个静态群的措施。
在中国,物流企业绩效评价研究的主要内容有:1)选择的措施;(2)评价的方法;3)绩效评价体系。一个正确的绩效评价系统通常包含许多个部分。其中,王,杨两个人研究的内容,他们在乎费用、效率、风险、客户管理,而魏强调物流企业的竞争和发展能力。在这些 系统中,最常用的措施都是相关的,比如收入、成本、供应、订单交付延迟时间,指令反馈的精度等。支持以上的理论分析且已应用于物流企业的方法有很多,比如模糊分类方法,主成分分析方法,利用数据包络分析方法等。尽管这些方法都已经有一些高质量的研究成果,但是它们却很少关注公司的策略问题。
2.2平衡计分卡方法
平衡计分卡方法是由罗伯特·卡普兰和大卫·诺顿提出并形成的。它是一种将战略非财务指标添加到传统的给管理者看的财务指标,同时要求均衡的组织中的表现的框架结构的绩效评价方法。经过多年的发展,它成长成为一种全战略规划和管理的绩效评价方法,该方法包括四个方面:财务、客户、内部业务流程、学习和成长。见表一:
在卡普兰和诺顿建立平衡计分卡以后,有些文章开始逐渐将平衡计分卡在应用在物流绩效评价之中。布鲁尔和斯潘通过对先前的平衡积分卡的修改,进而推出一套可用于供应供应链绩效评价的BSC,他们建立的框架包括供应链管理(SCM)的目标、最终客户利益、财务收益、SCM提高;根据平衡计分卡模型,刘和王给出了一个3 + 1的模型,这其中的物流绩效评估包括财务、客户、内部操作和学习四个方面;在孙的导师的论文中,他将平衡积分卡方法与网络程序分析(ANP)相结合来对企业进行绩效评价,该方法以物流企业发展战略作为评价标准,并建立了网络程序分析模型(ANP),由此可以量化绩效评价的影响和便于定量矩阵的反馈。
这些文章都试图添加战略信息并将其转化为物流绩效评估的部分,从而使评价结果对物流企业来说更合理的、更有用。但是平衡计分卡模型在物流企业绩效评价上的应用物流才只是个开始,远非十全十美。再者,很少的研究报告能告诉我们包括股东企业为自己创造的真正的价值。
2.3 经济附加值(EVA)
股东对企业的投资,然而传统意义上的利润不可能告诉我们分与多少股东与其投资相符的红利,继而股东权益得不到强制性保证。投资的机会成本解释了为什么股东选择投资A公司而不是B公司的原因,然而没有效益的投资,谁还会继续。因此忽视利润的分配会导致重大决策失误。
EVA作为商标是由其开发者,斯特恩·斯图尔特和其公司在20世纪80年代注册的。EVA具有很大的吸引力的优势是因为EVA与传统的利润相比较,EVA的计算措施以考虑股本的机会成本为主。以这个方式而言,股东投资就等同于作为贷款的债权人。已经有实证研究支持这个增量,EVA信息内容的价值相关性要高于其他的一些行业的措施。在这同时,EVA有助于制定有效的激励管理,从这个角度来说,EVA的应用对反映出准确的财务绩效从而解决股东和管理的代理问题做出了重大贡献。
尽管EVA的应用受到如此多的赞扬,但是它却还没有来得及在物流行业广泛应用。EVA未能得到物流行业应用的主要原因是因为物流企业有着其自身的特殊性和特征。在本文中,我们设法把EVA和平衡计分卡模型结合在一起建立一个物流企业绩效评价系统。
3基于EVA和BSC的绩效评价系统
战略是企业发展和成功至关重要的因素,其中企业中最盛行的一个策略是公司价值的最大化。策略导向BSC,价值强调EVA,两者的结合可以让企业的绩效评价对齐企业的战略。3.1根据斯坦·斯图尔特定义,EVA一般相当于一个真正的经济效益评估,该评估纠正并调整了正确会计编号。这个基本关系式为:
在(1)中,NOPAT代表网上营业利润税后、IC卡代表公司资本总额联合会代表加权平均资本成本(包括资本投资股东和债权人)。
考虑到高的离职率和现金流的物流,我们做出对(1)做出调整,得到方程(2),如下:
其中:NCFO代表净现金流量从操作、收益;在权责发生制下,ATInt税后利润;TA代表总资产(包括债务和股权);AcctAdj特殊调整的项目,包括商誉、津贴作为坏帐等。3.2战略图
除了EVA,BSC还需要其他更多的指标去联系其框架结构的目标,以及物流企业的特点。我们需要从很多的案例中分析出三者之间的关系,然后再做合理的决策。而BSC提供了一个很好的工具来完成这一过程,这个工具名为战略图,下面给出了一个物流企业的战略图。
认识到战略目的作为战略图的首要任务是很重要的,因为战略目的代表和指导整个发现并建立企业战略的过程。EVA反映了一个物流企业中,股东价值创造的真实的增量,因此它是从财务角度来看的最主要的指标,同时它又是由成本和收入的增长两个关键项目支持的,在财务角度下,我们能够了解需要做出哪些工作来实现EVA。物流企业必须实现客户满意度和保证新客户的产生,这需要高的营业额和较短的交货时间。学习和成长伴随着人类、信息和组织资本。这是最低的观点,然而它却不能被忽视。物流企业的无形资产是最强大的和可持续的满足股东要求的方式。箭头的效果是由低到高的角度,反映了“拉”的联系,这个从低到高的改进需要很长一段时间,但是它将从根本上大幅度的改变公司并给公司一个光明的前途。
3.3方法的选择和EVA的指导作用
在选取具体方法进行绩效评价之前,战略图为我们提供了一种语言来描述的策略,战略图还为物流企业给出了一个走向成功的合理的道路。当利益相关者对物流公司的包括管理、股东、银行家、潜力投资者等方式进行绩效评价的时候,他们想要清晰并且容易的工作。根据卡普兰和诺顿,太多的方法让用户感到困惑,还增加了运营成本。所以按照战略地图的关键词,我们可以列出物流企业绩效评价方法的名单,如表2。他们并不适合所有的公司,但是可以针对某些典型的物流企业。
在这些绩效评估方法中,EVA代表最终的结果和领导前沿,主要是因为它的经济意义。根据在战略地图对这些运行过程的描述,作为一个高效、创造价值的企业将把较高效用的EVA作为其财务评价的结果。
4假设发展
尽管我们基于EVA和BSC对物流企业绩效评价的方法进行了描述,同时简述了EVA 与其他方法的的关系和不同点,但是EVA就真的满足企业长期发展战略的目标么?EVA就真的能在BSC系统的传统绩效评价方法中占据主导地位?
所有的相关信息可以根据市场效率的假设反映在股票市场,上市公司价值几乎跟股票价格是一样的,物流企业也不能例外,虽然中国的股票不可能有市场效率高,但是从1997年的实证表明它已经开始弱化。再者,股票市场的迅速发展,所以对于物流企业而言,市场本身和波动股票价格将会更加重要。企业价值最大化的战略目标将被大众在一般在长期的目标下等同于市场回报最大化。接着,让我们假设1:H1)EVA相比传统的净收益回报,与市场回报具有显著的关系。
作为绩效评价体系的最终结果,EVA应该和其他在BSC四部分有效的措施有重要的关联度。因此我们得到假设2:H2)EVA和其他绩效评价措施相关。
5数据和经验的结果
在绩效评价系统中,大多数的措施都是内部的信息,例如加工时间顺序,所以我们不能让我们所需要的所有的数据去完成实证检验。我们对应一个观点一种手段,包括EVA在内的手段,包括运行成本、第一五客户、收益率、审计的内部控制报告与员工教育的比例。我们找到46家上市物流企业在上海和深圳股票交易作为案例来进行实证检验。因为从2007年起,新的会计准则生效,我们计算的数字调查数据集中于2008年,我们通过删除缺失数据或极端异常的数据得到36个观察结果,这些观察已经被编制到财务信息服务数据库中。
审计报告的内部控制是一种两分法,当内部控制报告可以独立审计,则为1;若不可,其值为0。一个没有独立的外部审计意见内部报告缺乏目的评价,不够支撑一个高品质内部运作过程。为了减少数据上的差异,我们缩小2008年设立的EVA及操作成本总额,这五个描述性统计结果变量见表3:
所有的物流企业有负面的EVA,就是说他们不再继续为股东创造价值,它迫切需要公司向绩效评价体系增加新的EVA。上表中的客户平均收入的比是0.3558,代表前5个客户为物流企业贡献了三分之一的收入。我们发现了大部分公司都没有审计的内部控制报告,显示相对薄弱的内在力量。在员工受教育方面有最低标准偏差,它的均值是0.1838,这放映了物流企业内部人员受教育程度较低。
根据表
4、EVA具有显著的正相关关系与市场回报,支持假设1a。在同一时间,得到一个微不足道的净利润与市场回报,符合假说意向书。也有EVA和净利润之间明显的关系,但相关是消极的,可以看出传统的利润指标的问题。
用线性回归的假设2进行处理,处理结果如表5:
但是审计内部控制报告得到了显著的正面相关性,符合我们的预测;其中前五客户收入与EVA比没有明显关系;教育的比例为显著负系数,虽然得到这些,但是它们不能提供进一步的证据来支持假设2。因为这些结果所采取的措施为客户、学习和成长的观点更多的是根据内部信息,而不是我们所选定的对于财务内部业务流程的内容,所以我们没有合理的代理。我们收集的数据来自于公众物流企业的报告,因为种种原因,可能会有偏见。最后,我们可以做一个结论:假设2部分支持。
6结论
出于学术和实践的重要意义,我们建立一个基于EVA及平衡记分卡的绩效评价体系的为物流企业星星有效的绩效评价。从长远的眼光来研究,将EVA放在作战略地图首位,其他财政,客户,内部业务流程,学习和成长等指标用来辅助。然后我们给每个因素包括EVA定义指标:分别是运营成本、前五客户收益率、内部控制报告和员工受教育的程度。
K相关测试支持EVA和战略目标之间的一致性,另外,我们用线性回归发现运营成本显著的负系数,审计的内部控制报告得到了显著的正面,基本符合了我们的预测,其中前五客户与EVA收入比没有明显关系,受教育教育的比例有显著的负系数关系。
因此,我们觉得基于EVA和平衡计分卡的绩效评价体系是很重要的,它可以帮助物流企业关注战略目标,积极为股东创造价值的增量,并且基于内部信息分析未来的需要。
第五篇:英文翻译
我的笔记本电脑
我现在已经十一岁了,每年都会收到爸爸妈妈送给我的礼物,可是最让我心仪的礼物就是今年春节他们送给我的笔记本电脑,因为他带给了我许多快乐。
我的家里已经有了一台台式电脑,虽然它也可以上网、玩游戏、听音乐,但是它有一个缺点,这个缺点是它不能移动。而我的笔记本电脑就不存在这个问题了,它是我一个形影不离的小伙伴,在家,不管我在客厅、卧室、甚至在卫生间我都能看我喜欢的英语动画片;出去旅游时,我会把它带在身边,听我喜欢听的音乐,让漫长的旅途不再寂寞。
我的笔记本电脑长得非常精致,有暖金色的外观,13英寸液晶显示屏,它的功能特别强大,兼备了台式机的所有功能,而且它的速度比台式电脑快好几倍,它真是我学习和生活的小助手。
在我的同学中,很少有人拥有自己的笔记本电脑,我一定要珍惜它,充分发挥它的作用。
My Laptop computer
I have already eleven years old,I get a lot of gifts from my parent,butI like they give me the Laptop computer the best beacause it give plenty of happy.I have a desktop computer at home, although it can also surf the Internet, play the games, listen to music, but it has a fault, the downside is that it can't move.And my laptop computer don't have this problem, it is the friend a inseparable, in the home, whether I'm in the sitting room, bedroom, even in the toilet I can watching English cartoons I like;Go out to travel, I will put it with them,listen to a lot of music with the tipe, long a journey no longer lonely.My laptop computer looks very delicate, have a warm golden appearance, 13 inches LCD screen, it is particularly powerful, with all the functionality of the desktop and its speed is faster than a desktop computer for several times, it was my study and life ?
In my class,there are only a few student have laptop computer,I must treasure it.