第一篇：国际贸易术语解释通则2010(英文)
Incoterms 2010
RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
EX WORKS EXW(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller‟s premises or at another named place(i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.).The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller.The rule should be used with care as: a)The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so.If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.b)A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance.Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.c)The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods.However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, assistance in obtaining any export licence, or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods.Where applicable, the seller must provide, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any information in the possession of the seller that is required for the security clearance of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle.If no specific point has been agreed within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the export of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when A4 and A7 have been complied with.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller has no obligation to the buyer.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must: a)pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at its disposal or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;c)pay, where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export;and d)reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing assistance as envisaged in A2.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, and counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the export and/or import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.Free Carrier FCA(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller‟s premises or another named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point.If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the seller‟s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery.If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery.FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place on the agreed date or within the agreed period.Delivery is completed: a)If the named place is the seller‟s premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the buyer.b)In any other case, when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer on the seller‟s means of transport ready for unloading.If no specific point has been notified by the buyer under B7 d)within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place of delivery, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.Unless the buyer notifies the seller otherwise, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails in accordance with B7 to notify the nomination of a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4 or to give notice;or b)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period;or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer fails to nominate a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4, or(ii)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, or(iii)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request，risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must notify the seller of a)the name of the carrier or another person nominated as envisaged in A4 within sufficient time as to enable the seller to deliver the goods in accordance with that article;b)where necessary, the selected time within the period agreed for delivery when the carrier or person nominated will take the goods;c)the mode of transport to be used by the person nominated;and d)the point of taking delivery within the named place.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE PAID TO CPT(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for the carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO CIP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer‟s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or an airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CIP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other Formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller must obtain at its own expense cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover as provided by Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer‟s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses(A)or(B)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses, and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10%(i.e., 110%)and shall be in the currency of the contract.The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A and A5 to at least the named place of destination.The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b);and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage;and f)the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer‟s request under A3 and B3.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.A8 Delivery document If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4 as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAT(insert named terminal at port or place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination.“Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the terminal and, if possible, a specific point within the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure a contract of carriage that matches this choice precisely.Moreover, if the parties intend the seller to bear the risks and costs involved in transporting and handling the goods from the terminal to another place, then the DAP or DDP rules should be used.DAT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named terminal at the agreed port or place of destination.If a specific terminal is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must unload the goods from the arriving means of transport and must then deliver them by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal referred to in A3 a)at the port or place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery at the named terminal, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED AT PLACE DAP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.If the parties wish the seller to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty and carry out any import customs formalities, the DDP term should be used.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED DUTY PAID DDP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance.If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used.Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller‟s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country.RULES FOR SEA AND IINLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FAS(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel(e.g., on a quay or a barge)nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port.The seller is required either to deliver the goods alongside the ship or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel.In such situations, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used.FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them alongside the ship nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.If the parties have agreed that delivery should take place within a period, the buyer has the option to choose the date within that period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary..B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, or fails to take the goods or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.FOB FREE ON BOARD FOB(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such situations, the FCA rule should be used.FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.COST AND FREIGHT CFR(insert named port of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer.If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition, the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.CFR may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such circumstances, the CPT rule should be used.CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;
d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense, provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CIF(insert named port of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer‟s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.When CPT, CIP, CFR, or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer.If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used.CIF requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.b)Contract of insurance The seller must obtain, at its own expense, cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover provided by Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer‟s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses(A)or(B)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10%(i.e., 110%)and shall be in the currency of the contract.The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A4 and A5 to at least the named port of destination.The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b);and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage;and f)the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer‟s request under A3 b)and B3 b).A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
第二篇：国际贸易术语解释
《2010 年国际贸易术语解释通则》(Incoterms 2010)于 2011 年 月 1 日起实施。Incoterms-2010 是国际商会根据国际贸易及运输方式的发展，经过征询 30 多个国家和地区的意见后，对《2000 年国际贸易术语解释通则》进行修订的，相对 Incoterms-2000 而言，Incoterms-2010 的主要变化如下:
Incoterms-2010 术语由原来四大类变为两组，种类由原来的 13 种变为 11 种: 将原来的 E、F、C、D 四大类变更为以下两类: 一组)适用于各种运输方式二组)只适用水运(海运及内河运输)Incoterm-2010 删去了 Incoterms-2000 的以下 4 个术语:
DAF(Delivered at Frontier)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)新增加的 2 个术语: 边境交货目的港船上交货 目的港码头交货未完税交货
DAT(目的港码头集散站交货 delivered at terminal)—在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货(取代了 DEQ,且扩展至适用于各种运输方式);
DAP(目的地交货delivered at pl ace)在指定目的地交货(取代了DAF、DES 和DDU 三个术语)1
修改后的 11 种术语如下: 第一组:适用于任何运输方式的术语七种(Any Mode of Transport):
E X W、F C A、C P T、C I P、D A T、D A P、D D P EXW(ex works)FCA(free carrier)CPT(carriage paid to)CIP(carriage and insurance paid to)运费/保险费付至(目的地)DAT(delivered at terminal)DAP(delivered at place)DDP(delivered duty paid)第二组:适用于水上运输方式的术语四种(Sea and Inland
Waterway Transport Only):FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF FAS(free alongside ship)FOB(free on board)
CFR(cost and freight)CIF(cost ,insurance and freight)装运港船边交货 装运港船上交货
成本加运费成本、保险费加运费
修订后的 Incoterms-2010 就风险转移问题取消了“船舷 ”的概念 ,即卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险,买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风险。在 FAS、FOB、CFR 和CIF 等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖(连环贸易)的责任义务的划分。Incoterms 2010 不仅适用于国际贸易合同,也适用于国内贸易合同。2
始发地工厂交货 始发地货交承运人 运费付至(目的地)
目的港码头或集散站交货目的地指定地点交货目的地完税后交货
尽管以上术语较 Incoterms-2000 有所进步 ,但 FOB 术语中仍然存在一定的缺陷,尤其是当集装箱化运输成为主要的运输方式时,由于买家在全球市场签订合同时自由使用 FOB 术语,该术语在码头作业费的支付问题上未能解释清楚,因此付货人、特别是亚洲的付货人一直是码头附加费的受害者。目前在 FOB 术语中,FOB 变形的做法有好几种,如集装箱班轮运输 FOB 变形条款就是 FOB liner term, 定价机制以(场站至场站)为责任范围确定。但该变形做法在“ 国际贸易术语解释通则” 中未具体体现。因此,班轮公司和货主对此条款产生的码头作业费 THC 的纠纷成为当今全球集装箱班轮运输最大的争论焦点。
按惯例,以 FOB 条件成交时 ,如果是散货 ,多数情况下卖方要负责支付货物装上船之前的一切费用。各国对于“ 装船 ”的概念没有统一的解释，有关装船的各项费用由谁负担，各国的惯例或习惯做法也不完全一致。如果采用班轮运输,船方管装管卸,装卸费计入班轮运费之中,自然由负责租船的买方承担,这是国际上普遍的习惯做法;而采用程租船运输,船方一般不负担装卸费用。这就必须明确装船的各项费用应由谁负担。为了说明装船费用的负担问题, 双方往往在 FOB 术语后加列附加条件,这就形成了FOB 的变形,主要有以下几种变形 :
1.FOB Liner Terms(FOB 班轮条件)这一变形是指装船费用按照班轮的做法处理,即由船方或买
方承担。所以,采用这一变形，卖方不负担装船的有关费用。(集装箱班轮按此原则处理)
2.FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊钩下交货)
指卖方负担费用将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处 ,而吊装入舱以及其他各项费用,概由买方负担。
3.FOB Stowed(FOB 理舱费在内)指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括理舱费在内的装船费用。理舱费是指货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。4.FOB Trimmed(FOB平舱费在内)
卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括平舱费在内的装船费用。平舱费是指对装入船舱的散装货物进行平整所需的费用。按照我国对外贸易运输的传统惯例散货与集装箱班轮运输的习惯做法是完全不同的。集装箱班轮运价是依照海商法第 46 条明确的集装箱承运人的责任范围是始发港场站至目的港场站(CY-CY)的原则制定的。按此价格条款,集装箱班轮运价自然也包括了始发港和目的港的码头作业费。
然而，如今班轮公司随意破坏这些惯例,在 FOB 集装箱班轮条款下，承运人在运费之外向与运输合同无关的第三方(即 FOB 出口商)广泛收取非透明的码头作业费(terminal handling charge)、单证费(documentation fee)、集装箱铅封费(container sealing fee)等。
上述这些费用本来已包括在班轮条款运费之中，班轮公司在运费之外另收上述费用是双重收费。FOB 出口商与承运人对此争论非常激烈，但是弱势的 FOB 出口商群体只能被迫支付不该付的 THC。集装箱班轮运输是国际贸易最主要的现代运输方式,占全球贸易 90%以上，为了避免不必要的纠纷，中国外经贸企业协会曾向商务部提出建议国际商会在制定新的国际贸易术语时，尤其是 FOB
术语，要特别对集装箱班轮条款 FOB-container liner term 的费用与责任风险进行划分和说明，即:“在集装箱FOB-container liner term情况下，运价应以CY/CY(集装箱堆场到集装箱堆场)、CFS/CFS(集装箱货运站到集装箱货运站)和 Door/Door(门到门)”等现代运输方式和责任范围来确定，班轮公司的责任期间是指自接收货物时起至目的港交付货物时为止，在此期间的费用与责任风险由班轮公司负担”。此建议同时由亚洲货主协会向ICC提出。
以上建议在Incotenn s2010 中未来得及采纳，但 ICC 已注意到码头作业费被重复征收问题，期望以后修改时能对 FOB Liner term 集装箱班轮CY-CY 价格条款的责任与费问题予以明确解释。
目前我国传统的 FOB 出口商仍然习惯使用 FOB 价格条款，尽管 ICC Incoterms-2000 引进了比FOB 条款更为有利的 FCA(货交承运人)价格条款，而且至今已第十七个年头，但使用 FCA 价格新术语的极少，主要是 FOB 价格术语及其变形的操作办法广泛被应用成了习惯。然 FOB 价格条款仍然有效，如果是集装箱货，使用 FOB 条款时必须在 FOB 后面加上 liner term 字样，因为 FOB liner term 变形术语仍然可用，海商法明确的集装箱班轮场站至场站 CY-CY 的责任范围未变，目前实际操作方法仍然未变，CY-CY 定价机制仍然未变。只要是集装箱出口货，无论采用FOBlinerterm 或是FCA 价格条款性质都是一样的，都是货交承运人就可以了。因此为了避免班轮公司对 FOB 术语的片面理解，断章取义，钻空子乱收费，建议中国集装箱货出口商尽量采用 FCA 价格条款，取代传统的 FOB 条款。这样更直截了当，避免不必要的纠纷。
注:本文转自中国对外贸易经济合作企业协会
第三篇：国际贸易术语解释
国际贸易术语解释
2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化： 1.术语分类的调整： 由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数 2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化：
1.术语分类的调整：
由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数量由原来的13种变为11种。《通则2010》的分类 新版本改变了《通则2000》将13个贸易术语分为EFCD四组的做法，而将11种术语分成了如下截然不同的两类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW（ex works）工厂交货
FCA（free carrier）货交承运人
CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地
CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS（free alongside ship）装运港船边交货
FOB（free on board）装运港船上交货
CFR（cost and freight）成本加运费
CIF（cost insurance and freight）成本、保险费加运费
3、删除INCOTERMS2000中四个D组贸易术语，即DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)、DAF(Delivered At Frontier)、DES(Delivered Ex Ship)、DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)，只保留了INCOTERMS2000D组中的DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）。
4、新增加两种D组贸易术语，即DAT（Delivered At Terminal）与DAP（Delivered At Place）。
5、E组、F组、C组的贸易术语基本没有变化。
如何应用国际贸易术语2010通则(文捷ex)
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
类似于取代了的DEQ术语，指卖方在指定的目的地或目的港的集散站卸货后将货物交给买方处置即完成交货，术语所指目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地或目的港的集散站的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式或多式联运。
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
类似于取代了的DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，指卖方在指定的目的地交货，只需做好卸货准备无需卸货即完成交货。术语所指的到达车辆包括船 舶，目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式、多式联运方式及海运。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010, 缩写Incoterms® 2010)是国际商会根据国际货物贸易的发展，对《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订，2010年9月27日公布，于2011年1月1日实施。法|律教育网整 理
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》删去了《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》4个术语：DAF(Delivered at Frontier)边境交货、DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货、DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货、DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货，新增了2个术语：DAT（delivered at terminal）在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货、DAP（delivered at place）在指定目的地交货。即用DAP取代了DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，DAT取代了DEQ，且扩展至适用于一切运输方式。
修订后的《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》取消了“船舷”的概念，卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险，买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风 险。在FAS，FOB，CFR和CIF等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖（连环贸易）的责任义务的划分。考虑到对于一些大的区域贸易集团内部贸易的 特点，规定，Incoterms® 2010不仅适用于国际销售合同，也适用于国内销售合同。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》共有11种贸易术语，按照所适用的运输方式划分为两大类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW（ex works）工厂交货
FCA（free carrier）货交承运人
CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地
CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS（free alongside ship）装运港船边交货
FOB（free on board）装运港船上交货
CFR（cost and freight）成本加运费
CIF（cost insurance and freight）成本、保险费加运费
国际贸易术语是一种将商业惯例反映在货物销售合同中的价格术语，其描述了涉及货物从卖方到买方交付过程中的买卖双方各自承担的主要责任、费用和风险。
2010 Incoterms 2010 in the income lessen over in the application, users should be explicit:
总结Incoterms 2010在销售合同中的应用，使用者应明确：
对其合同的而言，此通则并不是自动适用的，具有任意性。
对于合同各方当事人意欲任何一种2010通则中的国际贸易术语适用其合同的情形，其应当在合同中清楚具体地订明，通过诸如“所用术语，选择于2010通则”等语句。
此通则并不包含一整套的合同条款。
因此，比如，尽管通则中规定当何方当事人承担运费或作保险安排，什么时候卖方将货物交给买方以及各方当事人应承担何种费用，但是通则中并未涉及 到有关货物价格和所有权，或者违反合同约定的后果等内容。这些问题通常是通过合同中相关明示条款或者专门管辖合同的法律来解决。同样地，当事人应当清楚当 地强制性的法律较包括所选贸易术语在内的合同中的任何规定都具有优先权。
选择适当特定的术语。
所选术语需要适合于标的货物，运输方式，而且最重要的是要适合于各方当事人是否有意将更多的责任赋予到卖方或买方，比如安排运输或保险的责任。每种术语的指南中包含一些特别有用的关于何时作出这些选择的信息。然而，包含在指南中的信息并不构成所选术语的一部分。只有各方当事人指定地点或港口，所选术语才形成有效的，而且指定的地点或港口越精确越奏效。
如以下的精确描述就是一个很好的例子：
“FCA(38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France)Incoterms 2010”.（2010通则FCA术语，法国巴黎，38 Cours Albert 1er）
指定地点是交货点，即风险转移给买方的点；但是在C组术语中，指定地点指的是运费已付的地点。为了更好避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐述为一个精确的点。
2000通则和2010通则的主要区别
一种新的术语——DPA
通则已经将13种不同的术语减为11种。这是由一种新的术语，DAP，地点交货，取代DAF，DES和DDU而实现的。所谓DAP术语，就像被 取代的那些术语，是“实质性交货”术语，在将货物运至目的地过程中涉及的到所有费用和风险由卖方承担。此术语适用于任何运输方式，因此也适用于各种 DAF，DES以及DDU以前被使用过的情形。
11种贸易术语的分类
2000通则中的13种术语按术语缩写首字母分成四组，即，E组（EXW），F组，C组以及F组。这种分类反映了卖方对于买方的责任程度。FCA，或者适用国内贸易的EXW，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能早的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最少的责任。相反地，D组术语，或者说“实质性交 货”术语，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能晚的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最多的责任。这种分类仍然很重要，尤其是在当事人对2010通则中的中11种 贸易术语作出选择时。
然而，2010通则将这11种术语分成了截然不同的两类。
第一类包括那些适用于任何运输方式，包括多式运输的六种术语。EXW，FCA，CPT，CIP，DAP和DDP术语这类。这些术语可以用于没有 海上运输的情形。但要谨记，这些术语能够用于船只作为运输的一部分的情形，只要卖方交货点，或者货物运至买方的地点，或者两者兼备，在船舷前面。
第二类，实际上包含了比较传统的只适用于海运或内河运输的5种术语。这类术语条件下，卖方交货点和货物运至买方的地点均是港口，所以“唯海运不可”就是这类术语标签。FAS，FOB，CFR，CIF和DEQ属于本类术语。
国内和国际贸易术语
贸易术语在传统上被运用于表明货物跨越国界传递的国际销售合同。然而，世界上一些地区的大型贸易集团，像东盟和欧洲单一市场的存在，使得原本实 际存在的边界通关手续变得不再那么有意义。因此，2010通则的编撰委员会认识到这些术语对国内和国际销售合同都是适用的；所以，2010通则在一些地方 作出明确说明，只有在适用的地方，才有义务遵守出口/进口所需的手续。
两方面的发展使国际商会确信在这个方向上作一个改动是适时的。首先，一个强有力的证据就是事实上很多交易者将通则普遍运用于纯粹的内贸合同。另一个原因就是在美国人们更愿意选择通则而不是统一商法典装运和交货条款运用于国内贸易。使用指南
每一种2010通则中的术语在其条款前面都有一个使用指南。指南解释了每种术语的基本原理：何种情况应使用次术语；风险转移点是什么；费用在买卖是如何分配的。这些指南并不是术语正式规则的一部分：它们是用来帮助和引导使用者准确有效地为特定交易选择合适的术语。
电子通讯
通则的早期版本已经对需要的单据作出了规定，这些单据可被电子数据交换信息替代。不过现在2010通则赋予电子通讯方式完全等同的功效，只要各方当事人达成一致或者在使用地是惯例。在2010的生命期里，这一规定有利于新的电子程序的演变发展。法|律教育网整理
保险
2010通则是自全协会货物保险条款修改以来的第一个版本，这个最新版本在所修改内容中充分考虑了这些保险同款的变动。2010通则在涉及运输 和保险合同的A3/A4条款中罗列了有关保险责任的内容，原本它们属于内容比较泛化而且有着比较泛化标题“其他义务”的A10/B10款。在这方面，为了 阐明当事人的义务，对A3/A4款中涉及保险的内容作出修改。
有关安全的核准书及这种核准书要求的信息
如今对货物在转移过程中的安全关注度很高，因而要求检定货物不会因除其自身属性外的原因而造成对生命财产的威胁。因此，在各种术语的A2/B2和A10/B10条款内容中包含了取得或提供帮助取得安全核准的义务，比如货物保管链。
码头装卸费
按照“C”组术语，卖方必须负责将货物运输至约定目的地：表面上是卖方自负运输费用，但实际上是由买方负担，因为卖方早已把这部分费用包含在最 初的货物价格中。运输成本有时包括货物在港口内的装卸和移动费用，或者集装箱码头设施费用，而且承运人或者码头的运营方也可能向接受货物的买方收取这些费 用。譬如，在这些情况下，买方就要注意避免为一次服务付两次费，一次包含在货物价格中付给卖方，一次单独付给承运人或码头的运营方。2010通则在相关术 语的A6/B6条款中对这种费用的分配作出了详细规定，旨在避免上述情况的发生。
连串销售
在商品的销售中，有一种和直接销售相对的销售方式，货物在沿着销售链运转的过程中频繁地被销售好几次。在这种情况下，在一连串销售中间的销售商 并不将货物“装船”，因为它们已经由处于这一销售串中的起点销售商装船。因此，连串销售的中间销售商对其买方应承担的义务不是将货物装船，而是“设法获 取”已装船货物。着眼于贸易术语在这种销售中的应用，2010通则的相关术语中同时规定了“设法获取已装船货物”和将货物装船的义务。
术语的使用解释
2000通则中，按照镜像原则，A条款下反映的是卖方的义务，相应地，B条款下反映的是买方的义务。但是由于一些短语的使用贯穿整个文件，2010通则打算在其正文中对以下被列出来的词语不再作解释，以以下注解为准。
承运人：就2010通则而言，承运人是指签署运输合同的一方。
出口清关：遵照各种规定办理出口手续，并支付各种税费。法|律教育网整理
交货：这个概念在贸易法律和惯例中有着多重含义，但是2010通则中用其来表示货物缺损的风险从卖方转移到买方的点。
电子数据：由一种或两种以上的和相应纸质文件功效等同的电子讯息组成的的一系列信息。
‘包装’和‘存放’：这些短语被用于不同的目的：
1.遵照合同中所有的要求的货物包装。
2.使货物适合运输的包装。
3.已包装好的商品转载进货柜或其他运输工具。
在2010通则中，包装的含义包括以上第一种和第二种。2010通则没有涉及到货物在货柜中的装载义务由谁承担，所以，相关当事人应在合同中对此作出明确规定。
第四篇：国际贸易英文术语
商检 费 commodity inspection fee
海运 费 ocean freight
集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage
订舱费 booking charge
转运费 transportation charge
污箱费 container dirtyness change
坏箱费用 container damage charge
清洁箱费 container clearance charge
分拨费 dispatch charge
报关 费 customs clearance fee
操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge
商检 换单费 exchange fee for CIP
换单费 D/O fee
拆箱费 De-vanning charge
港杂费 port sur-charge
电放费 B/L surrender fee
冲关费 emergent declearation change 海关 查验费 customs inspection fee 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee
车上交货 FOT(free on track)
电汇手续费 T/T fee
转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge
待时费 waiting charge
仓储费 storage fee
改单费 amendment charge
拼箱 服务费 LCL service charge
动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee
移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge
进出库费 warehouse in/out charge
PRICE 价格
FOB Liner Terms FOB 班轮条款
FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货
FOB stowed(FOBS)船上交货并理舱
FOB trimmed(FOBT)船上交货并平舱
FOB stowed and trimmed(FOBST)船上交货并理舱和平舱
CFR Liner Terms 贸易术语款
CFR Landed CFR 卸到岸上
CFR EX Tackle CFR吊钩下交货
CFR EX Ship’s Hold CFR舱底交货
Documents against acceptance(D/A)承兑交单
Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单
Documents against payment after sight(date)远期付款交单
PAYMENT 支付
Draft 汇票
Draft(bill of exchange)汇票
Trade bill 商业汇票
Banker’s draft 银行汇票
Clean bill(of exchange)光票
Documentary bill(of exchange)跟单汇票
Draft with(without)recourse 有(无)追索权的汇票
Sight draft 即期汇票
Time draft(usance draft)远期汇票
To order 空白抬头
Blank endorsement 空白背书
Discount 贴现
Remittance 汇付方式
M/T(Mail transfer)信汇
T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇
D/D(demand draft，remittance by bank’s demand draft)票汇
Check(cheque)支票
Promissory note 本票
International postal money order 国际邮政汇票
Payment 支付方式
Cash payment(cash against documents)现付
Cash on delivery(C.O.D.)交货付现
Cash with order(C.W.O.)随订单付现
Deferred(delayed)payment 延付
Dishonour 拒付，退票
Payment by installments 分期支付
Open account trade(O.A.T.)记账交易
Collection 托收
Clean collection(collection on clean bill)光票 托收
Documentary collection(collection on documents)跟单 托收
Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单
D/P at sight 即期付款交单
D/P after sight 远期付款交单
D/A(Documents against acceptance)承兑交单
L/G(letter of guarantee)银行保证书
Payment by banker’s letter of guarantee(payment by banker’s L/G)凭银行保证书支付
L/C(letter of credit)Payment by letter of credit(payment by L/C)凭 信用证 支付 信用证
L/C(letter of credit)信用证 信用证
Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证
Revocable credit 可撤销信用证
Confirmed credit 保兑信用证
Unconfirmed credit 未加保兑信用证
Documentary credit 跟单信用证
Clean credit 光票信用证
Acceptance credit 承兑信用证
Sight credit 即期信用证
Usance(time)credit 远期信用证
Transferable credit 可转让信用证
Non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证
Divisible credit 可分刈信用证
Anticipatory credit 预支信用证
Red clause credit 红条款，预支信用证
Back to back credit 背对背信用证
Revolving credit 循环信用证
Unrevolving credit 非循环信用证
Reciprocal credit 对开信用证
Stand-by credit(commercial paper credit，guarantee credit，performance credit)备用信用证
CONTRACT 合同
Sales contract(confirmation)销货合同(确认书)Purchase contract(confirmation)购货合同(确认书)Confirmation of order 订单确认书
Distributorship contract(agreement)经销合同(协议)Sole distributorship contract(agreement)独家经销合同(协议)
Exclusive(sole)sales contract(agreement)包销合同(协议)
Consignment contract(agreement)寄售合同(协议)
Agency contract(agreement)代理合同(协议)
Time to volume 及时大量生产
Time to money 及时大量交货
FOUR CONTROL YSTEM 四大管制系统
Engineering control system 工程管制系统
Quality control system质量管理系统
Manufacturing control system生产管制系统
Management control system经营管制系统
Classification整理(sorting, organization)-seiri
Regulation整顿(arrangement, tidiness)-seiton
Cleanliness清扫(sweeping, purity)-seiso
Conservation清洁(cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsu
Culture教养(discipline)-shitsuke
Save 节约
Safety安全
质量人员名称类
QC quality control 品质管理人员
FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员
IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员
OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员
IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员
TQC total quality control 全面质量管理
POC passage quality control 段检人员
QA quality assurance 质量保证人员
OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员
QE quality engineering 质量工程人员
质量保证类
FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查
FAA first article assurance 首件确认
CP capability index 能力指数
CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数
SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估
FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析
FQC运作类
AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收质量水平
S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小
ACC Accept 允收
REE Reject 拒收
CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的
Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/可靠度/服务
P/N Part Number 料号
L/N Lot Number 批号
AOD Accept On Deviation 特采
UAI Use As It 特采
FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告
PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一
制程统计品管专类
SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制
SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理
GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否
DIM Dimension 尺寸
DIA Diameter 直径
N Number 样品数
其它质量 术语 类
QIT Quality Improvement Team 质量改善小组
ZD Zero Defect 零缺点
QI Quality Improvement 质量改善
QP Quality Policy 目标方针
TQM Total Quality Management 全面质量管理
RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可
7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools 品管七大手法
通用之件类
ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商)
ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户)
PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知
PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划
SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序
SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范
IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范
BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单
PS Package Specification 包装规范
SPEC Specification 规格
DWG Drawing 图面
系统文件类
ES Engineering Standard 工程标准
CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件
IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准
ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织
GS General Specification 一般规格
部门类
PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制
PCC Product control center 生产管制中心
PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制
MC Material Control 物料控制
DC Document Center 资料中心
QE Quality Engineering 质量工程(部)
QA Quality Assurance 质量保证(处)
QC Quality Control 质量管理(课)
PD Product Department 生产部
LAB Laboratory 实验室
IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程
R&D Research & Design 设计开发部
第五篇：国际贸易术语解释通则
国际贸易术语解释通则
国际贸易术语解释通则（１９９０年４月国际商会第五次修订，同年７月１日生效）序言
目的
１．本通则的目的是为在对外贸易中最经常使用的贸易术语的解释提供一套国际规则。这样，在不同国家对这类术语作不同解释的不确定性可以避免，或至少可减至最低程度。
２．合同的当事人往往对他们各自国家里不同的贸易惯例并不一定了解，这样就会发生误解、争议、诉讼，金钱和时间都白白浪费了。为了补救起见，国际商会于１９３６年首次出版了一组解释国际贸易术语的规则。这些规则称为《国际贸易术语解释规则１９３６》，其后又于１９５３、１９６７、１９７６、１９８０年作了修改和增补，现在的１９９０年版是为了使这些规则与当前国际贸易的做法相一致。修订原则
３．出版１９９０年修订本的主要原因是企图使贸易术语与电子数据交换系统（ＥＤＩ）使用的日益增加相适应。在当前的１９９０年版本中，当事人有义务提供各种单据（例如商业发票、清关所需的单据或证明已经交货的单据以及运输单据）时，这样做就有了可能。当卖方必须提供可流通的运输单据（提单）时，就有这种特殊需要，因为提单一般经常用作出售运输过程中货物之用。在这种情况下，在使用电子数据交换系统信息时，保证买方所具有的法律地位与他从卖方那里收到提单时所处的地位一样，就有特别重要的意义。新的运输技术
４．进行修改的另一个理由是由于运输技术的变化，特别是在集装箱运输、多式联运和在近海运输中与陆路车辆及铁路车皮相衔接的滚装（Ｒｏｌｌ ｏｎ－Ｒｏｌｌ ｏｆｆ）运输中所采用的货物单位化（Ｕnitisation）所引起的变化。在１９９０年的新版本中，“向承运人交货术语（Ｆree Carrier）…指定地点”（ＦＣＡ）已能适用于各种方式的运输，不管其方式如何或以何种不同方式结合。因此，在过去版本中所出现的术语，诸如涉及某一特殊运输方式的ＦＯＲ／ＦＯＴ和ＦＯＢ机场交货术语已予删除。新的编排方式
５．在国际商会工作组进行修订工作时，有人建议，为了便于阅读和理解起见，用新的方式对贸易术语进行编排。这些术语现基本上分为４组：第一类为“Ｅ”组，只有一个术语：ＥＸworks（卖方仓库交货）；第二类为“Ｆ”组，要求卖方向买方指定的承运人交货，其中包括ＦＣＡ（交至承运人），ＦＡＳ（船边交货），ＦＯＢ（船上交货）；第三类为“Ｃ”组，由卖方负责签订承运合同，但对发生于装船和发运后货物灭失或损坏的风险，或其他费用不负责任。其中包括ＣＦＲ（成本加运费），ＣＩＦ（成本加运保费），ＣＰＴ（运费付至…），ＣＩＰ（运费保险费付至…）第四类为“Ｄ”组，由卖方承担所有为把货物运至目的国所需的费用和风险，其中包括ＤＡＦ（边境交货），ＤＥＳ（目的港船上交货），ＤＥＱ（目的港码头交货），ＤＤＵ（完税前交货），ＤＤＰ（完税后交货）。兹将新的术语分类列表如下：
１９９０年国际贸易术语
E组发货 EXWEX works 工厂交货
F组主要 FCAFreeCarrier交至承运人
运费未付 FASFreeAlongsideShip船边交货
FOBFreeOnBoard船上交货
C组主要 CIFCost,lnsuranceandFreight成本加运保费
运费已付 CERCostandFreight成本加运费
CPTCarriagePaidto运费付至
CIPCarriageandlnsurancePaidto运费、保险费付至
D组货到DAFDeliveredatFrontier边境交货
DESDeliveredEXShip船上交货
DEQDeliveredEXQuay码头交货
DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid完税前交货
DDPDeliveredDutyPaid完税后交货
此外，在所有上述术语下，当事方各自的义务都按１０点分类，卖方应履行的每一点也反映出买方相应义务。比如，根据Ａ３款，卖方应签订运输合同并支付相关费用，而在买方义务的Ｂ３（运输合同）项下的“无义务”就表明买方的地位。无需多说，这并不意味着买方不可以在他需要时为自己的利益签订此类合同将货物运住所需目的地，买方只是对卖方并无这方面的义务。虽然在买方接收货物后，卖方可能对买方如何处置货物无兴趣，但是，就双方对关税、税收及其他法定收费和报关手续费用的划分而言，本通则为清楚明白起见，列明了这类费用在双方间的划分。相反，在某些术语下，比如在“Ｄ”字组下，买方对卖方将货物运住约定目的地所需的费用也毫无兴趣。港口或行业惯例
６．因为贸易术语必须可以应用于不同行业及地区，所以就不可能精确地列出双方的义务。因此，在某种程度上有时就必须参考某一行业或地区的惯例或双方在以前交易中所定下的做法（比较１９８０年联合国国际货物销售合同公约第九条）。当然，最好的方法是买卖双方在签订合同时弄清这类行业惯例，在发生疑问时，应在销货合同中用相应条款明确双方的法律地位。每一合同中的这类特别规定应优先或可变更任何在各种贸易术语中列出的解释规则。买方选择权
７．在有些情况下，在签订合同时可能无法确切决定卖方将货物交付运输或目的港的准确地点或区域。因此，在这阶段只提到一个“范围”是一个较大的地域，比如，一个海港，一般还规定以后买方有权利或义务指定该范围或范围内更确切的地点。如果买主如上述那样在有指定确切地点的义务，而他未有履行此义务时，则他应对由此而产生的风险及额外费用承担责任。此外，如买方未使用其指定交货地点的权利将使卖方有权为此选择最适合卖方的交货地点。清关手续
８．一般比较好的方法是由居住在应报关国或至少在该国有代理人的那一方办理报关手续。因此，出口报关手续一般由出口商办，而进口报关手续由进口商办。但是，在某些贸易术语中买方可能应承担在卖方国办理出口报关手续（ＤＸＷ，ＦＡＳ），而在另外的术语中，卖方可能应承担在买方国办理进口报关手续（ＤＥＱ及ＤＤＰ）。毫无疑义，在这种情况下买卖双方应各自承担任何禁止出口或进口的风险。另外，他们还应确定，由不在该国居住者，或代不在该国居住者办理报关手续，是否可为海关当局接受。如果卖方承担在买方国家的某地交货，而货物又不能在该货办妥报关手续前运往该地，则如买方未履行其进口报关义务，从而影响了买方将货物交往该地的能力，这时就会产生特别的问题（见下面对ＤＤＵ的评论）。
有时买方希望在卖方所在地（在ＤＸＷ术语下）或船边（在ＦＡＳ术语下）接收货物，但要求卖方办理出口报关手续，这时就应在有关术语名称下加上“办理出口报关（ClearedforExport）”字样，相反，如果卖方希望按ＤＥＱ或ＤＤＰ条件交货，但不想全部或部分承担货物的进口所应付的关税、税收或其他法定收费，这时就应在ＤＥＱ术语后加“关税未付（Duty Unpaid）”字样，或排除卖方所不希望支付的特别税收或费用，如“增值税不付（VATUnpaid）”。
还应注意到在许多国家中外国公司不仅很难取得进口许可证，也不易得到减税待遇（如增值税减免等）。“已交货，关税未付（Del-iveredDutyUnpaid）”就可免除卖方这方面的义务。
但是，有时负责将货物运至进口国买方所在地的卖方，希望办理报关手续但不付关税，如果是这样，ＤＤＵ术语就应改成“ＤＤＵ，已报关（Cleared）”。其他Ｄ字组术语也可相应改成“ＤＤＰ，增值税未付（VATUnpaid）”，“ＤＥＱ关税未付（DutyUnpaid）”。包装
９．在大部分情况下，有关各方应事先明确为安全将货物运至目的地应使用什么包装。但是，由于卖方包装货物的义务将视预定的运输方式和时期的不同而变化，所以必须规定卖方有义务按运输所要求的方式包装货物，但仅以合同签订时有关运输的状况已为卖方所知悉者为限（比较１９８０年联合国国际货物销售合同公约第３５．１及３５．２．ｂ．条，该条规定货物，包括包装，应“适合于订立合同时明示或默示地通知卖方的任何特定目的，除非情况表明买方并不依赖卖方的技术和判断力，或者这种依赖对他是不合理的”）。检验货物
１０．在许多情况下买方可能已得到详细通知可在卖方将货物交付运输前或交付运输时进行检验（即所谓装船前检验）。除非合同另有规定，买方自己必须支付这种为其利益而作出检验的费用。但是，如果检验是为了使卖方能符合其本国出口货物的强制性规定而安排的，则卖方应为此付费。交至承运人指定地点（ＦＣＡ）
１１．已经说过，如果卖方必须将货物交付给买方指定的承运人才能完成其义务，可以使用ＦＣＡ术语。如果货物不是按传统的越过船舷方式交给船方，则这一条件也可适用于一切海运。毫无疑义，如果要求卖方在船舶抵达前将货物交给货物终端站，传统的ＦＯＢ术语就不适用。因为此时卖方已无法控制货物或对货物的保管发出指示，但却必须承担货物的风险和费用。
必须强调，在Ｆ字组术语下，卖方必须按买方的指示将货物交付运输。因为将由买方签订运输合同并指定船舶。因此，无需在贸易条件中精确说明卖方应如何把货物交与承运人。然而，为使贸易双方能将ＦＣＡ术语作为一种“超越一切的”Ｆ字组术语，还是对各种不同运输方式下的习惯交货方式作出了解释。
同样，对“承运人”下定义可能也是多余的，因为应由买方指示卖方将货物交与何人运输。但是，由于承运人及运输单据对贸易双方至关重要，所以在ＦＣＡ术语的序言中对“承运人”下了定义。应注意在那段文字中“承运人”不仅是指实际履行运输的企业，还包括那些只承诺履行运输或取得履行运输的企业，只要它们承担作为货物承运人的责任。换句话说，“承运人”一词既包括履约承运人，也包括签约承运人。鉴于各国运输行在这方面的地位各有不同，还会依运输代理业的惯例而变化，序言中还提醒卖方必须依买方指示将货物交与运输行，即使该运输行拒绝承担承运人的责任从而不在“承运人”的定义范围内也应如此。Ｃ组术语（ＣＦＧ，ＣＩＦ，ＣＰＴ及ＣＩＰ）
１２．在Ｃ组术语下，卖方必须自负费用签订一般条件的运输合同。因此，在有关的术语后还应表明卖方的运输费用付至何处的地名。在ＣＩＦ及ＣＩＰ术语下，卖方还必须办理保险并付保险费。
由于划分费用的地点是在目的地国，Ｃ字组术语常常被错误地认为是到货合同，按照到货合同，在货物实际抵达约定地点前卖方不能免除其风险及费用。这里必须再次强调，Ｃ字组术语与Ｆ字组术语其性质是相同的，卖方在装运国或发运国履行完合同，因此，Ｃ字组的贸易术语合同与Ｆ字组术语合同一样，属装运合同范畴。虽然卖方必须为货物经习惯航线由通常运输方式运往约定目的地支付运费，但对自货物交付运输后发生的事故引起的灭失或损坏的风险及额外的费用，均应由买方负责。因此，Ｃ字组术语与其他任何术语有两个“关键”的不同点，一个用以划分费用，另一个用以划分风险。出于这一理由，在上述风险划分点以后增加卖方在Ｃ字组术语下的义务时，就必须特别注意。Ｃ字组术语的要旨在于卖方于签订运输合同将货物交与承运人并在ＤＩＦ及ＣＩＰ术语下提供保险后即已正确履行其义务，可免除对任何风险及费用的责任。
卖方也可以与买方约定在跟单信用证下向银行提示规定装运单据后取得货款。如果卖方根据跟单信用证或按其他方式已获得货款而在已装运或发运货物后还要负担货物的风险或费用，就会与这种国际贸易公认的支付方式相抵触。毫无疑义，卖方必须支付应付予承运人的每一项费用，无论其在装运前支付或在目的地支付（运费到付），但装运或发运后发生的事故而引起的额外费用除外。
如果习惯上将货物运往目的地需签订几个运输合同，包括在中转地转运，卖方就应支付
点击咨询 