第一篇:翻译教学课程总结
翻译教学课程总结
本学期我担任了08应用英语班的翻译课程的教学任务,现将本学期的教学工作大致总结如下。
1.本学期我担任的翻译课是新课,所以我首先要熟悉这门课程的特点及
教学任务和要求,这样才能做到有的放矢。具体说就是要熟悉教材,分清重难点。新老师面临的最大问题是不熟悉教材,不了解重难点,也不知道应该怎样上课。听课是提高自身教学能力的一个好方法,新老师只有多听课才能够逐渐积累经验。所以对每一次听课的机会我都十分珍惜。听了这些老师的课,我的收获很大,逐步掌握了一些驾驭课堂的技巧。
2.翻译课是一门特殊的技能综合课程,其侧重点在于实践,只有通过多
练习、多学习才能提高英语翻译水平。在备课的过程中,我一般是认真钻研教材,学习其他老师的经验,根据学生具体情况和需求力求在教学内容和方法上有所改进和突破。
3.使用多媒体进行教学。本学期我任教的翻译课需要使用电子教室。我课前认真备课,花了大量时间设计制作幻灯片。每堂课严格按照学校的要求进行。多媒体的使用加大了课堂教学容量和密度,提高了教学效率。
4.5.课堂上注重学生的主观能动性,培养学生用英语思维的习惯和能力。课后强调学生的练习,培养学生的主动翻译意识,经常布置作业并及
时批改,帮助学生提高英语翻译水平。
2010年12月29日
第二篇:文化与翻译课程总结
文化与翻译课程总结
1.The relationship between language and culture.It has been widely recognized that language and culture are inseparableFirst, language is a part of culture.According to the definition of culture given by Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, a people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, ritual, art, technology, style of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.We can draw a conclusion that language is a component of culture.Secondly, language is the carrier of culture and language reflects culture 2.The relation between culture and translation.The close relationship between language and culture decides the close relationship between translation and culture Firstly, culture necessarily exerts a great influence on translation.The ways of thinking, beliefs, attitudes and values of different nations not only give rise to failures or misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication, but also pose headaches to translation theorists and translators who are trying to bridge the gaps between source language and target language.Secondly, translation also influences culture.It can enrich a nation's culture by absorbing foreign cultural nourishments and transplanting the outside cultures into its own cultural environments.For instance, many English expressions, such as first-hand material(第一手资料),black list(黑名单),have found their ways into the Chinese language, with the Chinese people feeling no foreignness at all Finally, translation serves as cultural intermediation(调解).As the informational technology and communication develops, the communication between different countries and regions has become more and more frequent, direct and convenient.This is no denying that translation plays a vitally important role in intercultural communication.3.The differences between Chinese and English thought patterns.Synthetic Thought Pattern and Analytic Thought Pattern Synthesis is a kind of thought which combines the separate parts, elements of the objects into a whole while analysis is a kind of thought which separates the whole into parts.Synthetic and analytic thought patterns are not only opposite, but also unified In thought, Chinese prefer synthesis, English analysis.This results in Chinese preference in holistic(整体)thought pattern while English speakers partial.Their differences are shown in many fields, such as medicine, opera, painting, language, etc.Chinese medicine is the typical reflection of Chinese thought patterns.According to its theory, the human body is an entirety which is connected by different organs, and these internal organs depend on each other and restrict each other Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine will not cure the disease separately but treat it as the whole.Peking Opera also reflects the above synthetic thought patternFrom its performance feature, it belongs to a kind of synthetic performance which includes singing, reciting, and dancing and again this dance is different from the Western ones, which is a kind of Chinese wushu.It is the artistic synthesis that can be divided into four Western arts: opera, ballet, drama and stage play.In Western arts, singers do not dance in the opera while dancers do not sing in ballet and the performers neither dance nor sing in stage plays.Imaginative Thought Pattern and Abstract Thought Pattern Circular Thought Pattern and Linear Thought Pattern
Chinese speakers prefer imaginative thought while English speakers abstract thought.Subjective Thought Pattern and Objective Thought Pattern
Intuitional(直觉的)Thought Pattern and Rational Thought Pattern Collectivistic Thought Pattern and Individualistic Thought Pattern
4.The differences between Chinese and English languages.Compared with Chinese, English is a kind of hypotaxis and thus pays much attention to the formal connection among the sentences.Verb is the center of the sentence.The relationships between words are represented by the morphological(词法的,形态的)changes, inflections, conjunctions and propositions.Their meanings are expressed by the sentence elements.As a result, when Chinese is translated into English, some “omitted” elements should be replenished(补充).English sentences cannot even be made without these relative words and conjunctions, which are rarely used in Chinese 5.The relationship between foreignization and domestication.In this sense, domestication is considered as a necessary complement when foreignizing strategy fails to deal with cultural elements of the source language in translation.It serves as a reasonable makeshift(权宜之计)and always paves the way for future foreignization Firstly, with the increasing communication among nations, foreign terms or customs may be accepted by the target readers sooner or later.During past decades, large quantities of modern Chinese words loaded with unique Chinese culture information have entered the English vocabulary, and this serves as the best proof of foreignization Since foreignization strategy can faithfully transfer the cultural features of the source into the target and achieve a relative high degree of intelligibility(.可理解性),Domestication is the surrendering of the culturally-loaded words in the source language to the corresponding cultural category in the target language and translating with corresponding words 6.An analysis of translationese, including such aspects as the definition, causes and features.Definitions Translationese is an unnatural form of language in translation which carries the features of the source language structures, thus violating the habitual use of the target language within a certain period of time Causes to Translationese firstly, the translator's ignorance of differences between the two languages;secondly, the translator's misunderstanding of “faithfulness”;thirdly, the translator does not comprehend the deep meaning of SL text features.①unsmooth language which not only violates the norm of Chinese but ruins the readers' interests and(ii)obscure meaning which confuses the readers' understanding ①being unnatural;(ii)carrying the features of source language structures and(iii)being in violation of the habitual use of target language 7.A brief introduction of or a comment on Skopos theory Skopostheorie points out that translation first must be a kind of human behavior with a distinct purpose the translation Skopos determines the translation procedures
Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule for any translation which indicates that a translation action is determined by its Skopos
• Coherence Rule and Fidelity Rule as Subordinate(从属的)Principles • Another important rule of the Skopos theory is the coherence rule, which means that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation
The third rule of the Skopos theory that a translation must conform to is the fidelity(忠实)rule.Such a kind of fidelity is embedded in the very concept of translation in the Skopos theory 8.An analysis of some translation approaches In this section, some common translation approaches will be introduced.They are: transliteration, transliteration with explanation, literal translation, literal translation with explanation, paraphrasing and adaptation.Transliteration means to translate an item according to its pronunciation rather than its meaning.It is a frequently adopted method to the translation of some objects particular toChinese culture Transliteration with Explanation This method can roughly be divided into two subcategories: one is transliteration within-text annotation;the other is transliteration with out-text annotation Literal Translation Literal translation is where the forms of the original are retained as much as possible, even if those forms are not the most natural forms to preserve the original meaning.Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation or sentence-for-sentence translation Literal Translation with Explanation Paraphrasing This method reproduces the content without retaining the form of the original.In other words, it is a process of rewriting in different words, emphasizing the content instead of the form of the SL.Since translation is the substitution of one language with another, a change of meaning in the process is a matter of course.
第三篇:翻译软件应用课程总结
翻译软件课程总结
带着好奇与期待,我走进了翻译软件应用这门课的课堂。拿着自己老师编写的课本,心中满满的自豪感。起初,对于翻译软件发展历史以及机器翻译理论确实有些难懂的地方,后来,随着老师讲解的深入,同学们的理解也更全面了,上机操作也更有效果。接下来,我将从译前、译中、译后三个方面来谈谈我对翻译软件应用的体会。
1、译前
译前工作包括确定翻译领域、结组、搜集句子、筛选句子和小组讨论这几个环节。
翻译领域和翻译素材(100个句子)的确定是与翻译软件自身的特点紧密联系的,这一点需要我们对翻译软件保持清醒的认识。在机器翻译研究中诸如歧义消解、指代、省略等50年前存在的问题现在依然存在。如果我们的翻译领域是文学翻译,那么翻译软件不会将文化背景、作者思想、目的语语境等这些问题考虑进去,译文质量相对于资深人工翻译而言一定会大打折扣。但是,如果我们选择科技、政治、外交或经济等领域,这时,翻译软件就会很好地发挥其作用。因为在上述领域,固定语言发展较为成熟,并且在社会大背景下,人们也普遍接受了这种固定语言,翻译软件中的词库储备较为完善。例如对“社会主义市场经济”一词的翻译,参考多个文本,我们只能找到“socialist market economy ”这一个答案,这为整个翻译过程减轻了许多负担。综合以上这些因素,我们将翻译领域确定为经济、外交。
在句子的选择过程中,在形式上,我们综合了复杂句与简单句,复合句与并列句。在内容上,我们既选择了较为正式的发言稿,也有涉及人们日常生活的话题。另外,我们小组也准备了中英对照文本,来确保最后的翻译质量和更好的衡量机器翻译的效果。
2、译中
在同学们上机操作之前,老师对河北师大英汉-汉英翻译系统和雅信翻译软件做了很细致的讲解。也许是先入为主吧,在翻译的开始阶段,我选择了河北师大英汉-汉英翻译系统,这个系统操作起来要比雅信便捷,整个机器翻译过程不足一分钟,但需要大量的人工校对。此系统词库中相关固定搭配的储备还算完善,但翻译过程中最主要的是语序问题,需要做大量校对。
把前一部分句子翻译完后,会感觉反而没有自己纯手工翻译快,当时不禁对翻译软件的效率和效果产生怀疑。但随着更加深入的实践,我发现,我们对于机器翻译的定位要准确,现阶段,机器翻译并不能代替人工翻译,它并不能帮助不同语言背景下的人们完全打破语言障碍,彻底实现彼此之间的自由交流。现阶段,机器翻译的最佳定位莫过于“机助人译”,即帮助翻译工作者实现效率和效果的最优化。因此,在面对大批量的翻译任务时,翻译软件的效果也就更明显。我相信,随着翻译理论和科技的不断进步,机器翻译定会不断完善。
雅信是计算机辅助翻译,其特点是词库专业,并且词库量大,可以根据翻译领域自行选择词库,操作界面简单,便于初学者操作和掌握。在翻译过程中,译者还可以自己添加词语,建立词汇库,这就大大提高了翻译质量和翻译效率。另外,与河北师大英汉-汉英翻译系统相比,雅信不用将原文转化为txt格式,可以直接用word文档进行操作,省去了很多麻烦。
但也有一个比较明显的缺点,雅信软件更大程度上局限于词对词的翻译,语法错误较多,需要做大量的语序调整和后期校对。然而,正是这个“缺点”体现了雅信“计算机辅助翻译”的特性,它不像有道词典或金山词霸,直接由计算机给出译文,而是以人工翻译为主,计算机辅助完成翻译过程,更好的体现了“机助人译”的定位。
3、译后
翻译完成之后,我们进行了小组讨论,分别把自己的译文与前期准备的译文对照,尽管有明显不成熟的地方,但大家还是尽量保持了自己的译文,因为如果全部照抄网络译文,就完全违背了软件翻译的初衷了。但大家也借鉴了其可取之处,把相关词汇扩充到了翻译软件系统中,为今后的软件翻译提供方便。
经过一学期的翻译软件课程学习,从前期的理论准备,到后期的上机实践,都使我受益匪浅。拨开机器翻译神奇的面纱,我对河北师大英汉-汉英翻译系统和雅信翻译系统有了比较准确的认识,对机器翻译的定位有了更清晰的把握。我相信,随着计算机网络的发展,经济全球化的加深和电子商务的广泛开展,面向机器翻译的大规模语言学资源建设和测试平台的开发逐步得到重视,机器翻译的应用领域不断扩展,机器翻译将有更广阔的发展前景。
第四篇:国贸课程翻译
政治经济学Plutonomy
高等数学 Advanced Mathematics
思想道德与法律基础 Cultivation of Ethic Thought andFundamentals of Law体育 Physical Education
计算机应用基础 Foundations of Computer Application
大学英语 College English
经济法 Economic Laws
公共关系学 Public Affairs Issues
邓小平理论概论 Introduction of Deng Xiaoping Theory
国际贸易 International Trade
数据库原理与应用 Database Principles and Applications
现代经济学 Modern Economics
会计学 Accounting
货币银行学 Monetary Banking
法律基础 Fundamentals of Law
国际金融学 International Financial
国际经济合作 International Economics Cooperation
国际贸易实务 International Trade Practice
财政与税收 Finance & Revenue
应用统计 Applied Statistics
报关理论与实务 Customs Declaration Theory and Practice
保险学 Insurance
外贸英语函电 English Correspondence on Foreign Trade
专业英语 Specialized English
国际市场营销 International Marketing
国际货运理论与实务Grandstar Cargo Theory and Practice
国际商务谈判 Negotiation on Business Affairs
市场营销实习Marketing Practical Training
应用文写作 Practical Writing
形势与政策 Situation & Policy
电子商务理论与实务 Electronic Commerce Theory and Practice
国际贸易法 International Trade Law
国际商务英语口语 International Business Oral English
外贸单证 Trade Documents
国际贸易实训 International TradePractice Training
现代物流 Modern Logistics
社会实践 Social Practice
第五篇:法律翻译课程总结
法律翻译课程总结
2012级翻译班 范屾 20121374018 自我评分:80
实际得分:
翻译是一门博大精深的学问,是全世界各国都积极研究和探讨的学问。通过翻译,世界各国才得以沟通,国与国之间的文化才得以相传,增进了全球人民的联系,打破了各个区域封锁的状态。作为二十一世纪的我们,如今翻译依然是必不可少的,现在的专家与学者,更加致力于将所属地区最本质最原始的文化传递开来,而不是简单的字面含义的传递。这就需要翻译者的水平不断提升,以达到翻译“信、达、雅”的准则。
这学期我们学习了法律翻译这门课程,进一步了解了翻译的博大精深。法律英语具有它自己特有的风格。法律职业的性质和特点与这种特有的风格的形成和发展关系极为密切。当我们阅读英文法学著作、学术论文、法律文献、法律文件、合同和单据、契约、公约、法规、条约的时候,发现这些作品的语言风格跟现代英语文学作品的语言风格完全不同,即使我们具有中高级英语水平,也会感到法律会话和文章很难懂。
一、法律英语的风格可以归纳为以下几面: 1.矫饰夸张,庄重威严法律语言是各种文体中正式程度最高的一种。法律文体在措辞方面很有讲究:不用小词而用大词,不用短词而用长词,不用普通词而用特殊词,不用现代词而用古代词,不用本族语而用外来语。例如,一位警察在谈到他抓获罪犯这一事实时,在不同的场合选择了不同的词,在酒吧里,他说:“We have gotten the criminal at last.”在警察局里他说:“The criminal was arrested at last.”在法庭上,他说:“The criminal was apprehended at last.”同样是“抓获”的意思,在酒吧里,口语性强;在警察局里,就比较正式;在法庭上,措辞非常正式。过分修饰和使用陈旧迂腐的词汇是法律英语中另外一种常见的表现形式。最典型的例子便是那些由here,there,where等加上一个或几个介词构成复合副词,这类复合副词在其他文体中已几乎绝迹,但在法律文书中出现频繁:hereafter、thereafter、hereby、thereby、here from、therefrom、whereupon、wherewith。
2.类语重叠,要言重复类语重叠就是类义词的重叠使用。类义词是指意义同属某类别的词,例如,car,bus,truck,等属于vehicle(车辆)类的类义词。法律专业术语中存在许多类义词,是因为法律所面向的是整个社会,其调整的对象是全体公民、法人、机关团体等各种各样的法律关系。而表示法律关系的概念必然有大有小,有属有种。在使用这些概念的过程中,为了明确其外延的范围,就要从不同的角度,不同的层次上根据其各自不同的属性进行门类的划分,然后用适当的词加以确定,以避免理解上的任意扩大或缩小,于是产生了不同层次上的属概念和种的概念,而表示这些概念的词语就是不同层次上的类义词。英国作家Swift对法律英语的评价是“words multiplied for the purpose.”Chase对法律英语的评价是“aviscoussea of verbiage.”Evans说法律英语是“repetions.”有学者用古英语词wordy来概括此特点。由上对比可知,法律英语在措辞上大量使用类语叠词,比现代的普通英语显得繁琐。这与法律者刻意追求法律语言的准确,避免产生歧义有关。
3.句子冗长,晦涩难懂法律文书的另外一个显著的特点是:各种修饰语层层叠加,位置灵活,长句居多。从句式使用上来看,大都采用陈述句,很少使用疑问句,祈使句和感叹句。完整的长句的使用可以准确界定这种权利和义务关系,排除被曲解或误解的可能性。这些长句往往含有许多分句或定语、状语等附加成分的简单句或复合句。这些定语对各词性术语的内涵和外延进行精确地界定,而状语界定了履行权利和义务的条件、方式、地点和时间等。法律英文给人的感觉是含糊不清、晦涩难懂、不知所云。从句子的结构来看,担任句子的主语、宾语的名词或是状语成分之内的名词都可能带有很长而复杂的修饰语。如果将一般法律文书作适当的切分,我们很容易发现法律语言大都是由众多的名词词组按照各种关系组合起来的。另外,法律文书为了语意的准确,常常违背常规地安排修饰语的位置。那么法律英语如何翻译呢1.理解是前提。由于法律英语具有以上的特点,因而理解在法律文书中显得格外重要。要正确理解法律文书,首先要把握法律文书的基本句型。最早对法律文书进行研究的英国律师GeeCoode曾提出法律中典型的条件句所具有的四种成分,即情形、条件、法律主体和法律行为(case,condition,legal subject,legal action),前两个成分为n),后两种成分为法律陈述(statement)。在现行的法律文体中,存在着大量的co ode模式句子,但在适当的时候,句子的成分的位置进行了灵活的变动,“万变不离其宗”,只要弄清句子主要结构以后,即确定主句与从句的分界线以后,应该先抛开一切形容词性修饰语(定语),副词性修饰语(状语),分别找出主句和从句的主语,谓语动词和宾语(如果有宾语的话),然后确定主语、宾语的形容词性修饰语和动词的副词性修饰语,并确定同类修饰语之间的层次关系。只有经过细致的分析之后,才能确保对法律文书的正确理解。
2.忠实原文。由于英语法律文书具有庄重、保守、矫饰等特点,所以在翻译过程中要注意所使用的汉语的语体,首先应避免使用语义模糊、弹性较大的口语化的词汇;选择庄重正式的汉语词汇。其次,可以酌情选用一些汉语文言连词及其他一些文言虚词。这样,才能尽量保持法律原文的韵味。请看下例句子:NOWTHEREEOR,inconsideration of the premises and covenants here in contained,the parties here to agree as follows„„(兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,定约双方协议如下:)翻译中使用了“兹”、“上述”和“所”等词,使汉语译文显得庄重。
二、法律英语的运用如下文
法律英语是指用英语书面表达的法律文件,是具有法律专业技术特点的语言,代写论文分析与普通英语相比,它无论在词的用法上,还是在语法结构上都有不同的特点。其一是情态动词的频繁使用。法律英语中的许多法律法规、合同及法律文件等都是通过情态动词的使用来完成的。
法律英语中法律的授权、强制和禁止等意思的表达都需要使用情态动词。情态动词“shall”在法律条文中表示“应当承担的责任和义务”,通常表述各项具体的规定与要求,带有指令性和强制性,充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性,而幷非只是一种时态。它大量运用于法院的判决中,或运用于表达被规范对象“应该”或“不应该”作某事,常被译为“得、应当”。
一 “shall”的用法
(一)“shall”的基本用法
1.在普通英语中,“shall”是典型的表示未来的词,代写论文分析用在第一人称代词后,表示将来时,用于不牵涉到主语意愿的动作
(二)“shall”在法律英语中的用法
“shall”在法律英语中表示依据法律规定或按照法律、法令、规章、条例等必须履行的义务,常用于第三人称且并不含有将来的意味。
二 “shall”的中文译法
情态动词“shall”通常表述各项具体的规定与要求,带有指令性和强制性,中文通常译为“应”,但在实践中,还应当根据上下文来断定“shall”的含义。
(一)表示某种命令或某种法律义务,相当于普通英语中的“must”,通常翻译为“必须”。(二)用于表示法律上的正式“宣告”、“宣布”
(三)用于表述合同条款,代写论文分析表述一定要做到的事情。通常翻译为“一定会”或“将会”。
(四)情态动词“shall”的否定形式“shall not”,通常翻译为“不得”,在英文法规里随处可见这样的例子。
三 “shall”的译法及需注意的问题:(一)力求准确、简洁(二)避免易错形式
在翻译法律英语文本中,切忌望文生义,不应见到“shall”就翻译为“应当”,见到“shall not”就翻译为“不得”,而应根据上下文的意思,正确翻译。虽然只有短短的一学期的法律翻译课程,但在顾老师的教导下,我对翻译这门课程又有了新的认识,尤其对法律翻译的认识更加深刻。十六周的课程学期,我知道了法律翻译的含义、特点、运用,知道了法律翻译与普通英语翻译的区别,更掌握了法律翻译的特殊词汇、句型结构。虽然这门课程即将结束,但对法律翻译的学习还在继续,在掌握了基本的法律翻译知识后,还要加强自我学习,在实践中提升自己。
[