第一篇：2003年1月四级真题
2003年1月大学英语四级考试真题
Part IIReading Comprehension(35 minutes)Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship.At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them.This leads us to ask: What is a hero?
Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about.A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen.But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves.Like high-voltage transformers, he roes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation.Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning.A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes.Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?
Heroes are catalysts(催化剂)for change.They have a vision from the mountaintop.They have the skill and the charm to move the masses.They create new possibilities.Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire.Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated(隔离的)buses, restaurants, and parks.It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.21.Although heroes may come from different cultures, the_______.A)are often influenced by previous generations B)all unknowingly attract a large number of fans A)generally possess certain inspiring characteristicsD)probably share some weaknesses of ordinary people
22.According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that_______.A)they have warm feelings and emotions
B)they have a vision from the mountaintop
C)they can make people feel stronger and more confident
D)they can serve as concrete examples of noble principles
23.Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because_______.A)they are not clear about the principles they should follow B)they are popular only among certain groups of people C)their performances do not improve their fans morally D)their primary concern is their own financial interests
24.Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who
________.A)can provide an answer to the problems of their people B)are good at demonstrating their charming characters C)are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships D)can move the masses with their forceful speeches
25.The author concludes that historical changes would ______.A)produce leaders with attractive personalities B)take place if there were heroes to lead the people
C)not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrificesD)be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they've become wealthier and more worldly-wise.Foreign travel is a national passion;this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad.Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same.American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers.Chains such as KFC, McDonald's and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff.Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has caught on all over Israel.“Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, 'Let's be nicer,'” says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm.“Nothing happens without competition.”
Privatization, or the threat of it.is a motivation as well.Monopolies(垄断者)that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry.a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful(报复的)consumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share.even while offering competitive rates.Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman.Now, appointments are
scheduled to the half-hour.The graceless EI Al Airlines, which is already at auction(拍卖), has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan.“You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.26.It may be inferred from the passage that_______.A)Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic onesB)customer service in Israel is now improving C)wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please
D)the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel
27.In the author's view, higher service standards are impossible in Israel_______.A)if there's no competition among companies B)without strict routine training of employees
C)if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management D)unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers
28.If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, _______.A)it's no longer necessary to make an appointment B)the appointment takes only half a day to make C)they only have to wait half an hour at most D)they can have it fixed in no time
29.The example of EI Al Airlines shows that_______.A)staff retraining is essential for better service
B)a good slogan has great potential for improving service
C)revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprisesD)an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty 30.Why did Bezaq's international branch lose 40% of its market share?
A)Because it no longer received any support from the government.B)Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.C)Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.D)Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.Part illVocabulary and Structure(20 minutes)
31.Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone ______ them.A)discoveredB)will discoverC)would have discoveredD)discovers 32.Though ___ in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life.A)grownB)raisedC)tendedD)cultivated
33.The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He ____ have driven so fast.A)can'tB)wouldn'tC)shouldn'tD)mustn't
34.If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to ______ the skills they need to succeed.A)adoptB)acquireC)accumulateD)assemble 35.If I _____ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now.A)workedB)were to workC)had workedD)were working
36.The shop assistant was dismissed as she was ____ of cheating customers.A)accusedB)chargedC)scoldedD)cursed 37.All her energies are ___ upon her children and she seems to have little time for anything else.A)guidedB)aimedC)directedD)focused
38.While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ___ by wild animals.A)should be attackedB)had been attackedC)must be attackedD)would be attacked
39.Every one should be ___ to a decent standard of living and an opportunity to be educated.A)attributedB)entitledC)identifiedD)justified 40.His wife is constantly finding________ with him, which makes him very angry.A)errorsB)shortcomingsC)faultD)flaw
41.Vitamins are complex________that the body requires in very small amounts.A)mattersB)materialsC)particlesD)substances
42.Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _______housework as carrying water and firewood.A)time-consumedB)timely-consumedC)time-consumingD)timely-consuming
43.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________to the outside world.A)having been lostB)to be lostC)losingD)lost
44.The police are trying to find out the______ of the woman killed in the traffic accident.A)evidence.B)recognitionC)statusD)identity
45.All human beings have a comfortable zone regulating the _______ they keep from someone they talk with.A)distanceB)scopeC)rangeD)boundary 46.We have planned an exciting publicity___________ with our advertisers.A)struggleB)campaignC)battleD)conflict ,47.________ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.A)BesidesB)Regardless ofC)But forD)Despite
48._______ much is known about what occurs during sleep, the precise function of sleep and its different stages remains largely in the realm of assumption.A)BecauseB)ForC)SinceD)While 49.John doesn't believe in_________ medicine;he has some remedies of his own.A)standard B)regular C)routine D)conventional
50.Owning to________ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably.A)fierceB)StrainedC)eagerD)critical 51.They always give the vacant seats to___________ comes first.means anger.great tit(山雀)is a case 77 point;it has about twenty different calls, 78 in human language the numberA)whoeverB)whomeverC)whoD)whom
52.In America, educational costs are very low for those who are___________ enough to get 61.A)classificationB)definitionC}£unctioninto universities.62.A)thatB)itC)asA)ambitiousB)fortunateC)aggressiveD)substantial 63.A)nativeB)humanC)physical53.Professor Wang, _____for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.64.A)waysB)meansC)methodsA)knowingB)knownC)to be knownD)having known 65.A)matingB)excitingC)warning54.Our manager is______ an important customer now and he will be back this afternoon.66.A)identicalB)similarC)differentA)calling onB)calling inC)calling upD)calling for 67.A)ButB)ThereforeC)Afterwards55.A fire engine must have priority as it usually has to deal with some kind of_____.68.A)aboutB)withC)fromA)precautionB)crisisC)emergencyD)urgency 69.A)inferB)explainC)interpret56.He said that the driver must have had an accident;otherwise he______ by then.70.A)encouragesB)enablesC)enforcesA)would have arrivedB)must have arrived 71.A)speechesB)soundsC)wordsC)should arriveD)would arrive
72.A)replacingB)spellingC)pronouncing57.The film provides a deep______ into a wide range of human qualities and feelings.73.A)oursB)theirsC)anotherA)insightB)imaginationC)fancyD)outlook 74.A)soB)andC)but58.It is high time that such practices________.75.A)thisB)thatC)whichA)are endedB)be endedC)were endedD)must be ended
76.A)signsB)gesturesC)signals59.Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved if only the_______ charged on public 77.A)inB)atC)oftransport were more reasonable.78.A)whereasB).sinceC)anyhowA)feesB)faresC)paymentsD)costs 79.A)boundlessB)changeableC)limitless60.The doctor had almost lost hope at one point, but the patient finally______, 80.A)ordinaryB)alikeC)commonA)pulled outB)pulled through C)pulled upD）pulled over
Part VWritingPart NCloze(15 1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 minutes)
2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实 A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds(语声), and
which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.It Pays to Be Honest
in more detail because it is language, more than anything else,distinguishes man from the rest of the world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by of cries: for example, many birds utter at the approach of danger;monkeys utter such as thoughts and feelings clearly.This means, us to divide a and say“ aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”;but a
D)perception D)what D)animal D)approaches D)boring D)unfamiliar D)Furthermore D)in D)express D)ensures D)voices D)saying D)others D)or D)it D)marks D)for D)somehow D)ceaseless D)general(30 minutes)
第二篇：秘书四级真题
一、案例分析(第1题20分，第2题30分，共50分)
1.请看案例分析素材_秘书四级A-01录像，找出录像中秘书行为及工作环境中正确或错误的地方（每题连续播放两遍，应至少找出10处正误点）。（录像略）
2.请看案例分析素材_秘书四级B-03录像，找出录像中秘书行为及工作环境中正确或错误的地方（每题连续播放两遍，应至少找出15处正误点）。（录像略）
二、操作题(第3题～第4题，每题15分，第5题20分，共50分)3.便 条
钟苗：
刘明副总经理下个月要接待福建翔远公司考察团。请你将制定接待计划的工作程序以及注意事项用电子邮件发给我。另外，王钢总经理将要到美国考察，还请你把商务旅行计划应包括的内容列出来，于周五前与上述邮件一起发给我。谢谢！行政经理 ××
××年×月×日
4.便 条
钟秘书：
定于下周一上午9：00召开的2月份的总经理办公会，目前决定上会的事项有：研究总经理助理的人选问题、3月份组织青年员工参加野外拓展训练活动的实施问题、春节慰问老职工的费用额度问题、生产部主管人员调整问题以及春节后如何开展2007年第一次的春季商品促销活动。请你将拟写的会议议程于明天一早交给我（注：请考生在备注中说明自己安排事项先后的原因）。另外，我正在修订公司的会议管理规定，请你就会议时间的长短问题谈谈你的看法。行政经理××
××年×月×日
5.便 条
钟苗:
现公司的档案分类采用分类法，其中所要求的判定档案文件所属内容有些文员还不掌握。请你以文字形式向他们介绍分类法的特点，说明如何正确判定档案文件所属。
行政经理 ××
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第三篇：四级真题写作1
No happiness without contributing first
In fact, almost of people need happiness in their life.Happiness is an important part of our daily life.And different people have different opinions on happiness.In my view, l think contribution can make our happy.For example, if you contribute some money for the relief of the poor, you will feel happy and satisfied from the bottom of your heart.Also, you will leave a good impression on their heart.They must appreciate for it.So we all know that there is easy for us to own happiness as long as you can contribute firstly.Certainly, everyone has their own happiness.We are children in our family.When we do some housework, our parents will own the sense of happiness.Because they think you grew up.Then we will find that their happiness from our contributions.Apparently, we also gain happiness from our families.In a word, if you want to gain happiness, you should contribute something firstly.
第四篇：2009年俄语四级真题
2009-年考题
ЧАСТЬ 3 СЛОВА И ГРАММАТИКА
(30 баллов, 30 минут)
А.Прочитайте предложения и подчеркните самое подходящее слово для подставки.31.Строить свое счастье означает прежде всего в себе талант быть счастливым.а.развивать
б.воспитывать
в.вырастать
32.Человечество в новых источниках энергии, чтобы заменить непрерывно уменьшающие запасы нефти.а.требуется
б.надобится
в.нуждается
33.Особое внимание в японской школе математике, естественным наукам и языкам.а.делится
б.уделяется
в.разделяется
34.Человек, который свои ошибки и исправляет их, никогда славы не теряет.а.признает
б.узнает
в.познает
35.Спортсмен ___________ французу свою кровать, но тот лег на ковер и заснул.а.посоветовал
б.предложил
в.рекомендовал
36.Напряженный интерес местных и зарубежных _____________ вызывает молодой лев, родившийся здесь в зоопарке.а.посетителей
б.покупателей
в.Слушателей
37.За два года он уже хорошо освоил метод _____________ детей плаванию.а.обучения
б.воспитания
в.образования
38.Эти аспиранты были друг на друга, но каждому были свойственны неповторимые индивидуальные черты.а.сходны
б.близки
в.похожи
39.К предстоящему походу надо готовиться как следует, ведь в безграничной степи может случиться.а.каждое
б.любое
в.всякое
40.Экскурсия по местам боевой и трудовой славы помогает воспитывать _____________ любовь к Родине.а.на детях
б.в детях
в.детей
41.своих технических возможностей компьютер представляется наиболее подходящим средством обучения.а.В силу
б.В результате
в.В знак
42.Материальное обеспечение было очень низким, качество одежды и питания смотрится не ___________указанным условием.а.в связи с
б.в соответствии с
в.в согласии с
43.Казалось, что основная сила ума этого ученого заключалась его необыкновенной обобщающей способности.а.о
б.в
в.на
44.научная конференция идет не очень успешно отсутствия ведущих специалистов.а.из-за
б.от
в.из
45.наблюдений и опытов люди узнали, что происходит с огурцом при использовании нового удобрения.а.С
б.Из
в.Из-за
46.Раньше этот механик увлекался лыжами, а теперь ___________ не интересуется.а.нечем
б.ничем
в.ничего
47.Приехали родственники издалека.Брату ___________ ночевать дома, и он остался в училище.а.где-то
б.нигде
в.негде
48.Излагая учение, он никогда не представляет его читателю как нечто окончательное.а.кое-какое
б.какое-то
в.какое-нибудь
49.При проектировании сооружения нужно стремиться к тому, оно соответствовало своему назначению.а.как
б.что
в.чтобы
50.Материалы по данному вопросу настолько обширны, трудно все перечислить.а.что
б.настолько
в.сколько
Б.Прочитайте текст и поставьте слова в скобках в нужной форме(употребите предлоги, где нужно)
Всем известно, что скорость тела может изменяться только при взаимном действии его с другим телом.Многие примеры из ежедневной жизни подтверждают этот вывод.Вот стоит на Земле мяч, но он начинает двигаться относительно(51.Земля)только тогда, когда(52.он)подействует какое-либо тело: столкнется с другим мячом или по нему ударят(53.нога).Но если на мяч не действуют другие тела, то он сам не начнет двигаться.Изменение скорости движения и остановка тела тоже не происходят сами собой, а вызываются действием на(54.двигаться)тело других тел.Скорость пули уменьшается во время прохода(55.доска), то есть от взаимного действия с доской.Катящийся мяч останавливается ввиду трения о землю.Направление движения меняется тоже не само по себе, а только под действием какого-либо тела.(56.Бросить)мяч меняет направление движения при ударе о стену или руку.Направление движения молекулы газа меняется при взаимном ударе ее с другой молекулой или(57.стенка)сосуда, а от одного взаимного удара до другого молекула движется равномерно.Движение тела было бы(58.равномерный), если бы на него не действовали другие тела.Тогда тело двигалось бы(59.постоянная скорость)как угодно долго, не(60.останавливаться)三 A、选词填空
31.创造属于自己的幸福首先就应使自身潜藏的才干得到发展，从而成为幸福的人。
答案是a
答案说明：воспитывать 指对人的培养和教育,也指在思想、性格、品质、情感、习惯等方面对人进行教育和培养；вырастать 表示“数量、规模、程度”等方面“增加、增长、扩大”，是不及物动词，不能接直接第四格补语；развивать 指促使人的能力、记忆、兴趣、体力等增强，所以选a。
32.人类需要新能源来代替渐渐枯竭的石油资源
答案是в
答案说明：三个词可以从接格关系来区别：требоваться 和надобиться 的接格关系均是行为主体用第三格形式，所需要的人或事物用第一格形式，一般可互换，只是前者语义较强。нуждаться 主语一般是人或人的集体，补语用в ком-чем，所以应选 в。
33.日本的学校非常重视数学、自然科学和语言这些课程。
答案是б
答案说明：三个词的接格关系不同：делиться-разделиться на что分成，чем с кем 分给……共享，交流；разделяться-разделиться на что 分成；уделяться кому-чему 分给，拨给，而且 внимание уделяется кому-чему 已成为固定搭配，意义为“重视”，所以答案是б。
34.能承认并改正自己错误的人，永远不会失去名誉。
答案是a
答案说明：三个词同根，均是及物动词，其区别在于意义不同。познать是指对事物、现象的深刻认识、理解；узнать指得知、获悉某事，认出某人某物；признать指承认某事实、某情况等。根据句义可知应选答案a。
35.这位运动员把自己的床让给一位法国人睡，自己却往地毯上一躺，睡着了。
答案是б
答案说明：三个词的接格关系相同(кому что)，其区别在于意义不同。本句考查点并非是“建议”，而是“向某人提供某物，提供帮助、保护、服务”，三个词中只有предложить具有此意义，所以答案只能选б。
36.动物园里出生的一头小狮子引起了当地游客和外国游客的极大兴趣。
答案是a
答案说明：三个词的词义不同：посетитель是访问者、参观者；покупатель是顾客；слушатель是听众。显然，只有答案a符合题意。
37.两年内他已经熟练掌握了教孩子们游泳的方法。
答案是a
答案说明：三个词都可译作“教育”，可该句的考点并非“教育”，而是“教”，обучение是обучать的动名词，接格关系是кого чему，答案自然选a。而воспитание主要指德育教育；образование主要指学校中的系统知识教育。
38.这些研究生彼此很相像，可是每个人又都有其独特的个性。
答案是в
答案说明：похожий指人与人在外形、外貌等方面相像，一事物与另一事物在外表上有共同之处，接格关系为на кого-что;；сходный 指某事物与其他事物在性质、程度上或某方面很相像，常用复数，接格关系为с кем-чем, по чему；близкий主要指一事物与另一事物在某方面近似，接格关系为к кому-чему。根据三个词的接格关系，便可判定选答案是в。
39.应当好好地准备这次旅行，因为在无垠的草原上各种各样的事情都可能发生。
答案是в
答案说明：каждое意义为“每一个”；всякое和любое表示“不管什么样的”意义时，可以相互替换。当любой表示在同类事物中“任选其一”的意义时，不能用всякий替换；всякий当“各种各样的”讲时，也不能用любой替换，中性形式всякое可作名词使用。因此根据句义答案应选в。
40.游历那些在战争中取得光荣称号和在劳动中取得光荣业绩的地方，有助于培养孩子们对祖国的热爱。答案是б
答案说明：воспитывать意义为“培养”，接格关系为что в ком。句中指培养孩子们热爱祖国，所以дети应为带前置词в的第六格形式，而其它形式不能用。
41.计算机正是由于自身具有的技术潜力，所以成为了最适合的学习手段。
答案是a
答案说明：в силу表示“由于”；в результате表示“由于……结果”；в знак表示“为了表示……”。根据句义“由于计算机具有的技术潜力”，所以应该选a。
42.物资供应水平很低，服装和饮食质量看上去也与规定的条件不符。
答案是б
答案说明：в связи с表示“由于，因为，鉴于”；в согласии с表示“遵照，依据，根据”；в соответствии с表示“与……相适应，相一致，相符合”。根据句中意思，物质待遇方面与规定的条件不相符，所以选答案б。
43.原来，这位学者突出的才华就在于他不同寻常的综合能力。
答案是б
答案说明：当заключаться表示“在于”这一词义时，其接格关系应为в чем，所以答案应选б，其余各项均不符合题意。
44.由于缺乏主要的专家，这次的科技大会进行的不很顺利。
答案是a
答案说明：三个词都是表示原因意义的前置词，可是它们之间都有着细微的差别。от чего主要表示客观的原因，多指不受本人支配的，不由自主的过程、状态和结果；из чего通常表示思想感情的内在原因，引起的行为往往是自觉的、有意识的 ；из-за кого-чего 通常表示引起某种消极的或不良结果的外在原因。句中会议进行的不很顺利，是由于缺乏主要的专家这一原因造成的消极后果，所以答案应该选a。
45.通过观察和实验人们了解到，用了新肥料之后黄瓜所发生的变化。
答案是б
答案说明：该句并非考查с, из, из-за作为原因前置词的用法，而是考查из作为“指出根据、出处、来源”这一词义的用法。原句“从观察和实验中了解到……，”所以答案应该选б，其他两词均不符合题意。
46.以前这个机械师喜欢滑雪，可现在他对什么也不感兴趣了。
答案是б
答案说明：此句是否定句，所以只能选用带ни的否定代词，интересоваться的接格关系为кем-чем，所以只能选答案б: ничем。
47.亲戚们从远方来了。哥哥在家里没地方睡觉，只好留在学校里过夜。
答案是в
答案说明：带не的否定代词或否定副词用于无人称句，主体用第三格，谓语动词使用不定式，表示主体没有什么无法进行某行为。显然，只有негде是唯一的选择。
48.他不论阐述哪一个学说，从不把它作为最终的学说呈现给读者。
答案是в
答案说明：кое-какое учение 表示说话人确切知道是某个学说；какое-то учение表示说话人知道有某个学说存在，但不知是何学说；какое-нибудь учение指任何一个学说。根据句义可知答案应选в。
49.设计建筑物时，应力求使该建筑物符合其用途。
答案是в
答案说明：根据整个句义分析，这是由стремиться к тому 引导的带有祈使意义的说明从句，所以从句的连接词应使用чтобы，其余两词均不符合题意。
50.这个问题的材料非常广泛，很难全部列举。
答案是а
答案说明：这是一个表示程度并兼有结果意义的主从复合句。句式为“настолько……, что”，意思是：（某事情或状态）是如此地……，以至于（发生从句的行为），所以应选答案a。
三Б、完形填空
译文：
众所周知，只有当一个物体和另一个物体发生相互作用时，该物体的速度才可以改变。日常生活中的很多例子都可证明这个结论。比如说，地上放着一颗球，只有当某一物体作用于该球时，（或者是另一颗球与该球相撞，或者是有人用脚踢这颗球），这颗球相对于地球来说才开始运动。但是如果其它物体不作用于该球上，这颗球是不会运动的。
一个物体运动速度的改变和停止也不是由其本身决定的，而是由其它物体对运动中的物体施加外力而引起的。子弹穿透木板时，也就是由于子弹与木板间的相互作用力，子弹的速度减小了。滚动着的球由于地面的摩擦力渐渐停了下来。
运动方向的改变也不是由物体自身决定的，而是在某个物体的外力作用下改变的。扔出的一颗球，只有砸在墙上或某人的手上，其运动方向才改变。当某个气体分子和其它气体分子或容器壁相互碰撞时，其运动方向会发生改变。而正是由于分子间不停的碰撞，分子在作匀速运动。
如果其它物体不作用于该物体上，那该物体将一直是匀速运动。那么该物体将以恒定的速度不停地运动下去。
51.Земли。относительность是前置词，要求第二格，意义为“关于，对于”。“относительно Земли”的意思是“相对于地球而言”。
52.на него。受动词подействовать支配，接格关系为на кого-что。“на него подействует какое-либо тело”的意思是“某个物体作用于它”。
53.ногой。ударять表打、拍某人身体某部位时，接кого по чему；打、拍、敲某物时，通常不直接用что，而接по чему；而某人用某部位去打、拍、踢某物时，用ударять по чему чем，所以нога应变成第五格ногой。
54.двигающееся/движущееся。двигаться在句中作тело的一致定语，应与被修饰的名词保持性数格一致，且时间使用现在时，表示事物固有的特征和性能，所以应变成主动形动词现在时中性形式。
55.через доску。проход是проходить的动名词，接格关系为через что。“во время прохода через доску”的意思为“在子弹穿过木板的时候”。
56.Брошенный。Бросить在该句中作мяч的一致定语，修饰мяч，而мяч本是бросить的客体补语，因此应用被动形动词过去时长尾阳性形式。
57.стенкой。这里стенка仍然受前面的前置词с的支配，直接用第五格形式。“при взаимном ударе ее с другой молекулой или стенкой сосуда” 意义为“当某个气体分子和其它气体分子或容器壁相互碰撞时”。
58.равномерным。равномерный在本句中作谓语，根据句义可判断出равномерный表示持久或固有的特征，所以应使用长尾形式。而且它位于было之后，应变成第五格形式，同时应与主语движение一致，故使用长尾中性第五格形式。
59.с постоянной скоростью。с какой скоростью（以……速度）是作为固定搭配的词组使用的。“с постоянной скоростью”的意思是“物体以恒定的速度运行”
60.останавливаясь。动词останавливаться在句中作主语тело的次要动作，表示同时关系，使用未完成体副动词形式。“Тогда тело двигалось……, не останавливаясь”的意思是“那么该物体将不停地运动下去”。
第五篇：历年四级真题翻译
英语四级翻译
一、2013年6月（3）
鼠标轻轻一点，购物者几乎就能在网上买到任何东西，从食品百货到汽车，从保险单（insurance policies）到理财产品。电子商务（electronic commerce）的世界使得消费者无需离开舒适的家就能够在数以千计的网店购物，并完成付款。消费者不但期望能从网上买到划算的商品，而且还希望支付过程简单、安全。当然，网络购物者也需要谨慎小心以保证愉快、安全的网购经历。
With just a soft click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online, from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to financial products.The world of electronic commerce enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchase without leaving the comfortable home.Consumers not only expect to pick up a good bargain on the Web, but also a payment with simple and secure process.Of course, online consumers need to be cautious to make their online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.二、2012年12月（2）
道教（Daoism）是中国土生土长的教派（religion），因以“道”为最高信仰而得名。几千年来，道教对中国人的哲学观、世界观，思维方式以及生活方式等诸多方面产生了巨大的影响。道教是中国两千多年来占统治地位的三种宗教哲学之一。道教丰富了中华民族宝贵的文化遗产（inheritance），为人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。
Daoism is the native religion of China, its name stems from “Dao” being its highest object of faith.For thousands of years, Daoism have great influence over the philosophy, world view, ways of thinking and lifestyle of the Chinese.Daoism is one of the three dominant religions philosophies in China for more than two thousand years.Daoism has the culture inheritance of the Chinese people and made significant contributions to the process of people civilization.“你要茶还是要咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶，并用来治病。在明清（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在6世纪传到日本，但直到17、18世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一。茶是中国的民族饮品，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
This is what diners often have been asked “Would like tea or coffee?” Many Westerns favor coffee while the Chinese tend to choose tea.Tradition has it that an ancient Chinese emperor discovered the tea five thousand years ago and used it to treat illness.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouse spread all over China.Tea drinking was introduced to Japan in the 6th century while it was not introduced into Europe or America until the 17th and 18th centuries.Nowdays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.Tea, it is not only a kind of Chinese national drink, but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.四、2012年12月（1）
在中国，小孩的满月酒（One-Month-Old Feast）和抓周（One-Year-Old Catch）仪式独具特色。小孩出生满一个月那天，孩子的加人一般要招呼亲朋挚友，邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。小孩满周岁的那天，有抓周的仪式。按照中国的传统，父母及他人不给予任何引导或暗示，任孩子随意挑选，看小孩抓喜欢的东西，并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将来从事的职业以及前途。
In China, One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics.On the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion.According to traditional Chinese custom, nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself.Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interest, future and development.农历正月十五是中国传统的元宵节（the Lantern Festival）。正月是农历的第一个月，又称“元月”，古代人称夜为“宵”，所以正月十五又被称为元宵节。赏灯是元宵节的传统习俗，这一习俗是从汉朝开始的，距今已有两千多年的历史。元宵节晚上，到处张灯结彩，热闹非凡。吃汤圆是元宵节的另一个传统习俗。在一年开始的第一个月圆之夜吃元宵，就是希望家人团圆、幸福。
The 15th day of the first lunar month is the traditional Chinese Lantern Festival.It is so called first lunar month is call “Yuan month” and in the ancient time people called night “Xiao”.The custom started from the Han dynasty, and has a history of more than two thousand years.In the night, every place is decorated with lanterns and colorful streamers and there is a bustling atmosphere.It is also a traditional custom for Chinese to eat“Tangyuan”at this time.Eating “Tangyuan” on the first night with a full moon in a year is to wish that family members will remain united and happy.六、2013年6月（2）
“春联（The Spring Couplet）”也被称为“对联（couplet）”,在中国是一种特殊的文学形式。春联由贴在门口两侧两组对立的句子（antithetical sentences）组成。在门上面的横批（horizontal scroll bearing an inscription）通常是一个吉祥的短语。贴在门右侧的句子被称作对联的上联（the first line of the couplet）,左侧的为下联。除夕那天，每家都会在门上贴上红纸写的春联，传递出节日喜庆和热闹的气氛。在过去，中国人通常用毛笔自己写春联或者请别人写春联，而现在，人们普遍在市场上买印刷好的春联。
“The Spring Couplet” also called “couplet”, is a special form of literature in China.The spring couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door.Above the gate horizontal scroll bearing an inscription usually an auspicious phrase.The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the first line of the couplet, the left one is the second line.On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household well paste on the doors a spring couplet written on red paper to give a happy and bustling atmosphere of the Festival.In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own spring couplet with a brush or asked others to do it for them, while nowdays, it is common for people to buy the printed spring couplet in the market.七、2013年12月（2）
中国结（the Chinese knot）最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要用于装饰目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情婚姻和团聚。中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和避邪。这种形式的手工艺（handicraft）代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
The Chinese knot, originally invented by the craftsmen, has become an elegant and colorful art and craft over hundreds of years’ improvement.In ancient times, it used to record events, but nowdays it is mainly functioning as decoration.“Knot” signifies love, marriage and reunion in Chinese.Often used as gift exchange and decoration, Chinese knot is believed to brbing good luck as well as ward off evil spirits.The handicraft have been passed down from one generation to another and now enjoys more and more popularity both at home and abroad.八、2012年6月
中西方饮食习惯（eating habits）存在极大的差异。在不同于西方那种没人一盘食物的饮食习惯，在中国，菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客，就要做好有一大桌食物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化（culture of cuisine）感到非常自豪，而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客（hospitality）。而且有时候，中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或者盘子中。这是礼貌的体现。
There are great differences between Chinese and Western eating habits.Unlike the west, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares.If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a table full of food.Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality.And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate.This is a sign of politeness.i
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