2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因事物-GM Food

第一篇：2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因事物-GM Food

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因事物－GM Food

如果考到转基因食物（genetically modified food），应该如何应对？

由于世界人口越来越多rapid population growth，而耕地面积日益缩减arable land is diminishing 各国政府不得不通过科技手段来增加粮食的产量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饥荒famine）转基因食品通过基因重组，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得农作物具有抗害虫的能力more pest-resistant，从而增加亩产，因此被认为可以解决世界粮食危机 to cope with global food crisis，保证食品供应的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，许多人对转基因食品对其毒性问题、营养问题、对抗生素的抵抗作用以及环境威胁等问题都抱有质疑态度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客观来讲Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比经一个成长过程。我们应该用客观的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前转基因技术，尚处于研究的初级起步阶段starting phase。许多人都坚持认为，这种技术培育出来的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。许多消费者对转基因食品的安全问题提出了质疑。最常见的就是，我国的转基因大豆有。消费者对其安全性十分担忧people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。从一次次过去的教训中，人们不难得出结论，人类行为应该对自然负责。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其实，有时候，确实不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，没有十足的把握控制基因调整后的结果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我们的质量检测部门应该加强质量检测。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.确保消费者的身体健康，ensure health of people 公众也应该有权知晓，他们在超市购买的食物是否是转基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第二篇：2011年11月上海中高级口译口试话题预测系列

2011年新闻回顾及关键词总结： by.裴晓栋·Travis

根据《高口考试大纲》，听力理解部分的新闻题考察具有以下要点：考生能听懂VOA和BBC等英语广播和电视节目中有关政治、社会、经济、文化教育、科技等方面的新闻报道和记者采访或现场报道。

对于新闻听力的解题策略的探讨：

新闻听力的特点是：信息量大、词汇难度深、话题涉及范围广。但是如细心研究历年实考，则会发现问题几乎是统一的模式：1.考新闻的第一句话，即新闻导语：News lead。从新闻的播送结构上不难发现，新闻的首句信息量最大，涉及：人物、时间、事件、地点、甚至原因。所以把握住第一句话基本等于听懂了新闻的内容。2.细节题题考察，涉及人物、地点、时间、因果关系等。在听时适当“圈划”和“笔记”，便可从容应对。3.选项中的“同义替代”，考生需要注意的，是选项中的一些常考新闻动词可能是原文的改写项，意味着考生对于这些新闻词需要有替代词的辨析能力，这些完全可以通过做真题和考前适当背诵词汇完成。

2010年至2011年的听力话题汇总：

纵观历年实考，尤其是最近3次考试。新闻话题的选材主要有以涵盖以下四个方面：

1.经济：目前全球经济仍然处于衰退（Slowdown, or recession）之中，各国经济，如欧盟中的希腊，葡萄牙先后出现过债务危机Debt Crisis,政局动荡Political turbulence, 暴动也频发 Riots raging。在亚洲，日本经济依然表现疲软(Sluggish economy), 美国的失业率更是屡创高位(climbed to a record high since 1929)，全球股市也一篇萧条(Gloomy stock market)，只有一些新兴经济体emergin economies,如金砖四国BRICS依然表现强劲(remain robust)，但全球整体表现依然不容乐观(less optimistic), 零售量下降(declining retail), 贸易额(trade volume)也受影响, 不过还是有些许复苏迹象（show signs of recovery）

2.外交和政治：最热门的恐怕要数Libya的局势，对于卡扎菲独裁政权的推翻，联合国安理会进去军事打击的决议Resolution by Security Council。中东依然是火药桶,热点地区(hot spot), 巴以问题依旧(Disputes & Conflicts between Israel and Palestine), 伊朗和朝鲜核问题（nuclear issues）此外柬埔寨和泰国也时有边境冲突(Border conflicts),伊拉克撤军已逐步进行(ongoing troop withdrawal),南苏丹的公投和独立(Founding of Republic of South Sultan),海地大选(Haiti Election)，非洲小国的政治内乱，尤其是东北部的埃及Egypt,推翻穆巴拉克overthrow Mubarark等，以及一些列的国际会议，如关于climate change的联合国大会，G8,G20,妇女大会，南方共同体，非洲，东盟等会议.3.灾难和事故：全球各地灾难频发(Frequent occurrence of disasters)、除了传统的沉船、火车、飞机事故之外，爆炸事件、枪击事件也越发严重，如suicide bomb, serial car bomb, airport bomb，shooting spree。最严重莫过于：日本辅导和泄漏和海啸带来的灭顶之灾（devastating blow brought by tsunami & nuclear leak），美国亚利桑那枪击事件再次暴露了强制泛滥的问题，还有造成大量伤亡的挪威奥斯陆枪击。

4.花边新闻：如威廉王子大婚(Royal wedding of Prince William),IMF前总裁性侵犯案件和新当选IMF的收位女总裁等。

1月：

爱沙尼亚加入欧元区 Estonia，euro area, 17th member, disintegration of the Soviet Union 美亚利桑那州发生枪击案 Tucson, Arizona, shooting spree, 6 dead 12 wounded, Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords 伊朗一架客机坠毁 Iran air, 72 dead 33 injured, airplane Boeing 727, Tehran

苏丹南部地区举行公投

Southern Sultan, public voting, citizens, suffrage, democracy 巴西遭洪灾和泥石流袭击 Rio de Janeiro, 806 dead, 20,000 displaced & homeless, without shelter, missing, polluted water, epidemic

印度发生重大踩踏事件

Kerala, stampede, 86 dead 90 injured, religious activity, panic, jeep 本·阿里总统离开突尼斯Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, Tunis, Tunisia, presidency 胡锦涛访问美国 President Hu, Sino-Us tie，俄罗斯首都一机场遭炸弹袭击

Moscow, Russia, airport explosion, 31 dead, 130 wounded, rescue crew, explosive

世界经济论坛年会召开 Davos Economic Forum, 41st Annual meeting, G20 伊拉克发生汽车炸弹袭击 Serial car bomb, Iraq, Baghdad, 37 dead and 78 wounded, funeral, Shiah什叶派，Sunnite 逊尼派

俄罗斯批准俄美新核裁军条约 Medvedev, nuclear disarmament, atomic warhead核弹头

埃及国内局势出现动荡 Hosni Mubarak穆巴拉克，anti-government protestant，upheaval 动荡, step down下台

第１６届非盟首脑会议举行 African Union, summit, Ethiopia, Addis, Ababa, integration of Africa, reach consensus, Equatorial Guinea 赤道几内亚

澳大利亚洪灾肆虐 Flooding, raging, Australia, flood control dam 防洪堤，Julia Gillard, Prime Minister,donation

2月：

缅甸迈向总统制新时期

Myanmar(Burma), military government, people elected government, transition 泰柬在边境争议地区发生冲突

Cambodia, Thailand, border conflict, bazooka 火箭炮，shootout 交火

俄美新核裁军条约正式生效

State Secretary Clinton, Munich, offensive strategic weapons, nuclear disarmament

苏丹南部公投结果正式宣布

98% voters, Southern Sultan independence 埃及总统穆巴拉克辞职 Hosni Mubarak穆巴拉克 resigned

国际油价再创新高

Oil price, top $103 a barrel, tension in the Middle East 马里发生踩踏事件

Bamako, Mali, stadium stampede, imam 阿訇，preaching布道伊朗军舰通过苏伊士运河 Depot ship补给舰，Suez Canal

新西兰南岛发生地震

Christchurch, New Zealand, 6.3 degree on the Richter Scale, magnitude震级，148 dead, 23 Chinese missing

联合国妇女署举行成立仪式

UN Women, gender equality

安理会就利比亚问题通过决议

Libya, Security Council, resolution, arms embargo 武器禁运，freezing of property财产冻结 3月：

原油期货价格上涨

Light crude轻质原油，future期货，Brent crude oil布伦特原油

美国“发现”号航天飞机结束飞行生涯

Discovery, Kennedy Space Center, international space station

韩美“关键决心”联合军演结束

Joint military exercise, Korean peninsular

日本强烈地震引发海啸及核泄漏事故

Nuclear leak in Fukushima, tsunami, 11000 dead, 16000 missing, humanitarian aid 沙特和阿联酋部队进驻巴林

Saudi Arabia & UAE, Bahrain, garrison 驻军

多国联军对利比亚采取军事行动

No-fly zone, civilian平民，armed raid 武装袭击，allies联军

埃及宪法修正草案获得通过

Constitutional amendment 修宪也门军火工厂发生爆炸

Ordnance factory, blast, Yemen 缅甸完成国家权力交接

Burma, changing of the power

科特迪瓦前总理武装包围经济首都阿比让 Cote d'lvoire, Abidjan

4月：

联合国驻阿富汗援助团遇袭

Afghanistan, UN office, under attack, Islamic extremist 联合国气候变化谈判首轮会议在曼谷召开

Climate change, Bangkok 国际油价再刷新高

$112.79 a barrel, record high oil price 葡萄牙请求国际金融救助

Portugal, financial aid, euro area, IMF 国际货币基金组织科特迪瓦前总统巴博被捕

Laurent Gbagbo arrested

白俄罗斯首都地铁发生爆炸

White Russia, subway bomb, Minsk, 12 dead 200 injured 日本宣布将福岛核事故升为７级

Grade-7 incident, Fukushima nuclear leak 金砖国家领导人在三亚举行会晤Sanya Declaration, BRICS Summit 强风暴袭击美国

Storm hits US “安全与创新利用核能”峰会在基辅举行

Security and innovation of nuclear power, Kiev summit 英国威廉王子大婚

Prince William’s grand royal wedding, Westminster Abbey, Kate Middleton 联合国人权理事会特别会议通过叙利亚问题有关决议

Human Rights Council, UN Charter, Syria

5月：

“基地”组织领导人本·拉丹被击毙

Al-Qaeda, Osama Ben Laden killed, anti-terrorism 巴基斯坦恐怖袭击事件频发

Taliban, Pakistan, revenge, suicide bomb 巴勒斯坦各派签署和解协议

Fatah 法塔赫，Hamars哈马斯，Palestine，Gaza strip 加沙地带

第１８届东盟首脑会议在印尼雅加达召开

ASEAN，summit, Jakarta, Indonesia 第三轮中美战略与经济对话在美国华盛顿举行

3rd strategic and economic dialogue, Washington

国际大宗商品市场全线暴跌

Bulk commodities, debt crisis in Greece

国际货币基金组织总裁因涉嫌性侵犯被捕

Sexual assault, IMF, president

美国乔普林市遭龙卷风袭击

Tornado hits States 八国集团首脑会议在法国多维尔举行

G8 summit in Deauville

肠出血性大肠杆菌疫情在欧洲蔓延

EHEC;enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli，outbreak of disease in Europe

6月：

也门总统府遭炮击

Bombardment, President Residence, Yemen

美洲国家组织大会召开

Salvador, citizen safety

联合国气候变化第二轮谈判举行

Climate summit in Bonne, Kyoto Protocol 京都议定书上海合作组织峰会召开Astara, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit “基地”组织产生新领导人

New leadership of Al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri 世界遗产大会举行

35th World Heritage Conference

潘基文连任联合国秘书长

General Secretary of UN, Ban Ki-moo, continue in office 奥巴马宣布从阿富汗撤军计划

Troop Withdrawal from Afghanistan

拉加德当选国际货币基金组织新总裁

Christine Lagarde, 1st female president of IMF 希腊议会通过新经济紧缩计划

Austerity program 紧缩计划

南方共同市场首脑会议召开

Paraguay, South Common Market Summit

7月：

刚果（金）发生空难 Congo(Kinshasa), air crash, 127 dead, 57 survived 南苏丹共和国宣告成立

The founding of Republic of South Sudan 俄罗斯伏尔加河发生沉船事故

Volga River, boat sunk, 63 dead, 200 injured 印度发生火车出轨事故

Derailed accident in India, 63 dead, 200 injured 印度孟买遭连环爆炸袭击

Bombay, serial bomb

美国航天飞机项目落幕

Kennedy Space Center, NASA, Atlantis Spaceship, successful landing 挪威发生爆炸和枪击事件

Shooting spree in Norway, 76 dead, 80 injured, Oslo 摩洛哥发生坠机事故

Military transport aircraft crash in Morocco 联合国发布《２０１１年世界投资报告》

World Investment Report 2011, UN, FDI, emerging market 韩国暴雨造成死亡

Torrential rain, 62 dead, power outages in 13,000 household, mudslide, landslide 朝美代表就重启六方会谈开始接触

6-party talk restarted

美国会两党就提高债务上限达成一致

Bipartisan, slash fiscal deficit, default risk违约风险，raise upper limit of debt提高债务上限

二阶段口译备考话题：

Directions:Read the following passage and then talk on the following topic for at least 5 minutes.Be sure to make your point clear and supporting details adequate.You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk.You need to have your name and registration number recorded.Start your talk with “My name is...” “My registration number is...”

Radiation leaks caused by the explosion happened on reactors of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan after the devastating tsunami and earthquake on March 11.As neighbors, Chinese public is very concerning about whether the leak of radiation would affect China.Among these concerns, salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China.And Shanghai, Tian Jin, Hangzhou among other cities have run out of salt.Topic: Nuclear radiation, panic buying

Questions for Reference:

1.What do you think of the panic buying? Have you been one of these buyers?

2.What, in your opinion, have caused this kind of improper buying?

3.What can the government and every citizen do to maintain the order of a city, a country.可参阅的文章：

Salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China

Radiation leaks caused by the explosion happened on reactors of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan after last Friday’s devastating tsunami and earthquake.As neighbors, Chinese public is very concerning about whether the leak of radiation would affect China.Among these concerns, salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China.Shanghai, Tian Jin, Hangzhou among other cities have run out of salt.Following the nuclear crisis in Japan, Shanghai residents have scrambled to争相buy table salt食用盐fearing that future stock might be contaminated.Another SMS has been circulating the city over the last 24 hours, warning people to stock up存储on the pantry食品储藏室 staple主要物品.Anthony Zhao, a Shanghai Chef and restaurant consultant, told City Weekend that he suspects that this contamination warning is a scare.However, suppliers have already increased prices.“Usually we're buying salt at around RMB50 a box, but today people are selling it for more than RMB500 and up,” he said.In a Reuters report on Tuesday, experts were quoted as saying that the radioactive materials spewed into the air by Japan’s quake-crippled nuclear plant might contaminate food and water resources.This panic buying is quickly spreading across Asia and local residents are speculating that water could be the next item to go.China National Salt Industry Corp.(CNSIC)on Thursday said China has rich salt reserves to meet people's demand and consumers need not panic to hoard salt.Chinese consumers have emptied supermarkets' shelves of salt in parts of China.Chinese consumers have gone on a panic buying spree for salt since Wednesday, emptying supermarket shelves of salt in parts of China, as rumors of shortage and price hike circulated widely.In response, China National Salt Industry Corp(CNSIC)issued a statement on Thursday, saying China has adequate salt supply to meet market demand.The statement also called for calm and advised against panic buying.It also appealed to various local governments to keep a close watch on salt prices.Since March 16, supermarkets in parts of China have seen waves of consumers buying salt, some in bulk.Some supermarkets in major Chinese cities, such as Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, even ran out of supply following the panic buying.As rumors of salt shortage spread, when the stock market opened on Thursday, the share prices of Yunnan Salt & Salt Chemical Co.rose by 10%-the maximum fluctuation range allowed in a day by Chinese exchange rules.The rumors on salt claimed that nuclear radiation leaks in Japan might have polluted the sea water, thus salt produce in the future might be contaminated, or the safety of salt could be in question.In reality, most of China’s salt is made from mineral salt instead of sea salt, according to an expert in the industry.He said even China's sea salt would not be polluted because of the long distance between China and Japan.奥巴马针对美国信用评级下降的讲话

Good afternoon, everybody.On Friday, we learned that the United States received a downgrade by one of the credit rating agencies — not so much because they doubt our ability to pay our debt if we make good decisions, but because after witnessing a month of wrangling over raising the debt ceiling, they doubted our political system’s ability to act.The markets, on the other hand, continue to believe our credit status is AAA.In fact, Warren Buffett, who knows a thing or two about good investments, said, “If there were a quadruple-A rating, I’d give the United States that.” I, and most of the world’s investors, agree.诸位下午好。上星期五，我们获悉某信用评级机构下调了美国的等级——并非主要因为他们怀疑我们在作出良好决策的情况下偿付债务的能力，而是因为看到有关提高债务上限问题的争论持续了一个月，他们怀疑我们的政治制度付诸行动的能力。另一方面，市场继续相信我们的信用等级为AAA。事实上，在何谓好的投资问题上颇有见地的沃伦∙巴菲特说：“如果有4A这一等级的话，我会将美国评为4A。”我，以及全世界大多数投资者都同意。

That doesn’t mean we don’t have a problem.The fact is, we didn’t need a rating agency to tell us that we need a balanced, long-term approach to deficit reduction.That was true last week.That was true last year.That was true the day I took office.And we didn’t need a rating agency to tell us that the gridlock in Washington over the last several months has not been constructive, to say the least.We knew from the outset that a prolonged debate over the debt ceiling — a debate where the threat of default was used as a bargaining chip — could do enormous damage to our economy and the world’s.That threat, coming after a string of economic disruptions in Europe, Japan and the Middle East, has now roiled the markets and dampened consumer confidence and slowed the pace of recovery.这并不是说我们没有问题。事实是，我们并不需要评级机构告诉我们，降低赤字必须采取平衡、长期的做法。上个星期是这样，去年是这样，在我就职的时候就是这样。我们并不需要评级机构告诉我们，华盛顿过去几个月的僵持局面至少谈不上具有建设性。我们从一开始就知道围绕债务上限问题的长时间争论——以债务违约相威胁作为筹码——可能对美国经济和世界经济带来巨大的破坏。这种威胁紧随欧洲、日本和中东一系列经济混乱之后，现在已经造成市场的不安，降低了消费者的信心，减缓了经济复苏的步伐。

So all of this is a legitimate source of concern.But here’s the good news: Our problems are imminently [eminently] solvable.And we know what we have to do to solve them.With respect to debt, our problem is not confidence in our credit — the markets continue to reaffirm our credit as among the world’s safest.Our challenge is the need to tackle our deficits over the long term.因此，这些情况都是引发忧虑的合理根源。但有一条好消息：很明显，我们面临的各种问题完全是可以解决的。我们知道，为了解决这些问题，我们必须做些什么。在债务问题上，我们面临的问题并非对我们信用的信心——市场继续确认我们的信用属全世界最安全之列。我们面临的挑战是需要长期解决我们的赤字问题。

Last week, we reached an agreement that will make historic cuts to defense and domestic spending.But there’s not much further we can cut in either of those categories.What we need to do now is combine those spending cuts with two additional steps: tax reform that will ask those who can afford it to pay their fair share and modest adjustments to health care programs like Medicare.上星期，我们达成了一项协议，对我们的防务和国内开支实施历史性的削减。但这两个方面已经没有多少可削减的余地了。我们现在需要做的是，把这些方面的开支削减与另外两个步骤相结合：税务改革，要求有能力承担税负的人公平地分担自己的一份责任；以及对联邦医疗照顾计划之类的医保项目作出适度的调整。

Making these reforms doesn’t require any radical steps.What it does require is common sense and compromise.There are plenty of good ideas about how to achieve long-term deficit reduction that doesn’t hamper economic growth right now.Republicans and Democrats on the bipartisan fiscal commission that I set up put forth good proposals.Republicans and Democrats in the Senate’s Gang of Six came up with some good proposals.John Boehner and I came up with some good proposals when we came close to agreeing on a grand bargain.进行这些改革不要求采取任何激进的步骤。所要求的是常识和妥协。对于如何在不妨碍目前经济增长的情况下长期降低赤字的问题，有很多好的设想。我建立的两党财政委员会的共和党人和民主党人提出了良好的建议。参议院“六人帮”的共和党人和民主党人提出了一些良好的建议。在我们接近达成重大协议时，约翰·博纳和我提出了一些良好的建议。

So it’s not a lack of plans or policies that’s the problem here.It’s a lack of political will in Washington.It’s the insistence on drawing lines in the sand, a refusal to put what’s best for the country ahead of self-interest or party or ideology.And that’s what we need to change.所以这里的问题不是因为没有计划和政策，而是因为华盛顿缺乏政治意愿，是因为坚持以人为的方式画地为牢，拒绝把国家最高利益置于自身利益或政党或意识形态之上。这就是我们需要改变的。

I realize that after what we just went through, there’s some skepticism that Republicans and Democrats on the so-called super committee, this joint committee that’s been set up, will be able to reach a compromise, but my hope is that Friday’s news will give us a renewed sense of urgency.I intend to present my own recommendations over the coming weeks on how we should proceed.And that committee will have this administration’s full cooperation.And I assure you, we will stay on it until we get the job done.我认识到，在我们刚刚经历了这些事态之后，有些人怀疑，在这个所谓的超级委员会里，成立这个联合委员会，共和党人和民主党人能否达成妥协。但我的希望是，周五的新闻将给我们一种新的紧迫感。我打算在未来几周内，对我们应该如何推进提出我自己的建议。委员会将得到本届政府的充分合作。我向你们保证，我们会坚持不懈，直到这项工作完成。

Of course, as worrisome as the issues of debt and deficits may be, the most immediate concern of most Americans, and of concern to the marketplace as well, is the issue of jobs and the slow pace of recovery coming out of the worst recession in our lifetimes.当然，尽管债务和赤字问题令人担忧，大多数美国人最直接的忧虑，也是市场的忧虑，是就业问题和我们有生以来最严重的经济衰退复苏缓慢。

And the good news here is that by coming together to deal with the long-term debt challenge, we would have more room to implement key proposals that can get the economy to grow faster.Specifically, we should extend the payroll tax cut as soon as possible, so that workers have more money in their paychecks next year and businesses have more customers next year.其中的好消息是，通过我们共同应对长期债务的挑战，我们将有更大的空间实施可加速经济增长的重大建议。具体来说，我们应尽快延长工资所得税减税措施，明年员工的工资支票上就能有更多的钱，明年工商业也能得到更多的顾客。

We should continue to make sure that if you’re one of the millions of Americans who’s out there looking for a job, you can get the unemployment insurance that your tax dollars contributed to.That will also put money in people’s pockets and more customers in stores.我们应该继续保证，如果你是数以百万计到处寻找工作的美国人中的一员，你可以得到你用税款缴纳的失业保险。这也会让人们的口袋里有钱，使更多的顾客走进商店。

In fact, if Congress fails to extend the payroll tax cut and the unemployment insurance benefits that I’ve called for, it could mean 1 million fewer jobs and half a percent less growth.This is something we can do immediately, something we can do as soon as Congress gets back.事实上，如果国会不延长我呼吁的工资所得税减税措施和失业保险福利，那可能意味着丧失1百万个就业机会和半个百分点的增长率。这是我们可以马上进行的工作，是国会一复会我们就可以做的事。

We should also help companies that want to repair our roads and bridges and airports, so that thousands of construction workers who’ve been without a job for the last few years can get a paycheck again.That will also help to spur economic growth.我们也应该帮助希望参加修复道路、桥梁和机场的公司，使过去几年成千上万失业的建筑工人可以再次拿到工资支票。这也有助于刺激经济增长。

These aren’t Democratic proposals.These aren’t big government proposals.These are all ideas that traditionally Republicans have agreed to, have agreed to countless times in the past.There’s no reason we shouldn’t act on them now.None.这些不是民主党的建议。这些不是大政府的建议。这些都是共和党人传统上表示同意的想法，过去曾无数次表示同意。现在，我们没有任何理由不采取这些行动。绝对没有任何理由。

I know we’re going through a tough time right now.We’ve been going through a tough time for the last two and a half years.And I know a lot of people are worried about the future.But here’s what I also know: There will always be economic factors that we can’t control — earthquakes, spikes in oil prices, slowdowns in other parts of the world.But how we respond to those tests — that’s entirely up to us.我知道我们目前正在经历艰难的时期。过去两年半，我们面临艰难的时日。我知道很多人都担心未来。我也知道，总会出现我们无法控制的经济因素——地震、油价上涨、世界其他地区的增长放缓等。但是，我们如何经受这些考验——完全取决于我们自己。

Markets will rise and fall, but this is the United States of America.No matter what some agency may say, we’ve always been and always will be a AAA country.For all of the challenges we face, we continue to have the best universities, some of the most productive workers, the most innovative companies, the most adventurous entrepreneurs on Earth.What sets us apart is that we’ve always not just had the capacity, but also the will to act — the determination to shape our future;the willingness in our democracy to work out our differences in a sensible way and to move forward, not just for this generation but for the next generation.市场有起有伏，但这里是美利坚合众国。不管某些机构会怎末说，我们历来是，并将始终是AAA国家。尽管我们面临诸多挑战，我们仍继续有最好的大学、一些生产力最强的工人、最具有创新能力的公司、全球最有胆识的企业家。我们与众不同的是，我们不仅始终有这份能力，也有采取行动的意愿——决定我们未来的意志；我们的民主制度要求以理性的方式消弭我们的分歧并取得进展，不仅为我们这一代，而且也为了下一代。

And we’re going to need to summon that spirit today.The American people have been through so much over the last few years, dealing with the worst recession, the biggest financial crisis since the 1930s, and they’ve done it with grace.And they’re working so hard to raise their families, and all they ask is that we work just as hard, here in this town, to make their lives a little easier.That’s not too much to ask.And ultimately, the reason I am so hopeful about our future — the reason I have faith in these United States of America — is because of the American people.It’s because of their perseverance, and their courage, and their willingness to shoulder the burdens we face — together, as one nation.我们今天需要发扬这种精神。过去几年来，美国人民经历了如此多的艰辛，需要应对最严重的萧条，经历了自上世纪30年代以来最大的金融危机，他们有尊严地面对这一切。为了赡养家庭，他们如此辛勤地工作。他们惟一的要求是，我们也应该在这座城市同样尽心尽力，使他们的日子好过一些。这个要求并不过分。归根结底，我对我国的未来如此充满希望—我对美利坚合众国充满信心，原因就在于美国人民，是因为他们坚韧不拔，他们勇敢坚定，他们希望全国万众一心，共同肩负我们的重担。

One last thing.There is no one who embodies the qualities I mentioned more than the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.And this weekend, we lost 30 of them when their helicopter crashed during a mission in Afghanistan.And their loss is a stark reminder of the risks that our men and women in uniform take every single day on behalf of their county.Day after day, night after night, they carry out missions like this in the face of enemy fire and grave danger.And in this mission — as in so many others — they were also joined by Afghan troops, seven of whom lost their lives as well.最后一点，没有人比美国武装部队的男女成员更能体现我所提到的那些品质。这个周末，我们失去30名军人，他们乘坐的直升机在阿富汗执行任务时不幸坠毁。他们的牺牲很尖锐地提醒我们，男女军人们为了国家每天都面临着危险。他们冒着敌人的炮火和极大的危险，日日夜夜都在这样执行任务。如同执行其他许多任务一样，阿富汗部队也与他们一起参加了这次行动，其中7人也不幸牺牲。

So I’ve spoken to our generals in the field, as well as President Karzai.And I know that our troops will continue the hard work of transitioning to a stronger Afghan government and ensuring that Afghanistan is not a safe haven for terrorists.We will press on.And we will succeed.我已与我们的战地将领以及卡尔扎伊总统通了话。我知道，我们的军队将继续从事艰巨的工作，向能力更强的阿富汗政府进行移交，保证阿富汗不再成为恐怖主义分子的庇护所。我们将勇往直前。我们必定成功。

But now is also a time to reflect on those we lost, and the sacrifices of all who serve, as well as their families.These men and women put their lives on the line for the values that bind us together as a nation.They come from different places, and their backgrounds and beliefs reflect the rich diversity of America.然而，此时此刻，我们也缅怀我们失去的这些人员，追忆所有为国效力的人及其家属作出的牺牲。这些男女军人出生入死，捍卫使全国团结一心的价值观。他们来自四面八方，他们的背景和信仰体现了美国丰富的多样性。

But no matter what differences they might have as individuals, they serve this nation as a team.They meet their responsibilities together.And some of them — like the 30 Americans who were lost this weekend — give their lives for their country.Our responsibility is to ensure that their legacy is an America that reflects their courage, their commitment, and their sense of common purpose.无论他们个人有多大的差异，他们都同心同德为国效力。他们共同承担责任。有些人，如本周末刚牺牲的30名美国人，为自己的国家献出了生命。我们的责任是坚决完成他们的遗愿，让美国继续弘扬他们的勇敢精神、他们的坚定意志、他们肩负共同使命的责任感。

Thank you very much.非常感谢诸位。

美国总统奥巴马向全国发表有关美国财政状况的讲话

2011年7月25日

Good evening.Tonight, I want to talk about the debate we’ve been having in Washington over the national debt--a debate that directly affects the lives of all Americans.晚上好。今晚，我想和你们谈谈我们在华盛顿就国家的债务问题所展开的辩论——一场直接影响到所有美国人生活的辩论。

For the last decade, we’ve spent more money than we take in.In the year 2000, the government had a budget surplus.But instead of using it to pay off our debt, the money was spent on trillions of dollars in new tax cuts, while two wars and an expensive prescription drug program were simply added to our nation’s credit card.10年来，我们的支出一直高于我们的收入。政府在2000年曾有过预算盈余，但这笔钱没有被用来偿还国债，而被用于数万亿美元的新的减税计划，此外，两场战争和一项昂贵的处方药计划又增加了我国的超前支出。

As a result, the deficit was on track to top $1 trillion the year I took office.To make matters worse, the recession meant that there was less money coming in, and it required us to spend even more — on tax cuts for middle-class families to spur the economy;on unemployment insurance;on aid to states so we could prevent more teachers and firefighters and police officers from being laid off.These emergency steps also added to the deficit.因此，在我就任总统那年，财政赤字已接近突破一万亿美元。更糟糕的是，经济衰退意味着收入减少，同时却要求我们进一步增加开支——为中产阶层减税以刺激经济；发放失业保险金；资助州政府以避免更多的教师、消防队员和警察被裁员。这些紧急措施也增加了财政赤字。

Now, every family knows that a little credit card debt is manageable.But if we stay on the current path, our growing debt could cost us jobs and do serious damage to the economy.More of our tax dollars will go toward paying off the interest on our loans.Businesses will be less likely to open up shop and hire workers in a country that can’t balance its books.Interest rates could climb for everyone who borrows money--the homeowner with a mortgage, the student with a college loan, the corner store that wants to expand.And we won’t have enough money to make job-creating investments in things like education and infrastructure, or pay for vital programs like Medicare and Medicaid.每个家庭都知道，持有少量的信用卡债务不会有问题。但如果我们再这样继续下去，日益增长的债务就会导致工作机会减少并严重损害经济。越来越多的纳税人的钱将用于偿还国债利息。公司企业将不太愿意到一个不能做到收支平衡的国家开展业务和雇佣员工。利率可能上涨，危及每个贷款的人——有房屋抵押贷款的房主、有大学学费贷款的学生、想扩大经营的街角小店。而且，我们将不会有足够的资金投资于能够创造就业机会的教育和基础建设部门，也不能为联邦老年医保和联邦贫困医保等重要项目提供资金。

Because neither party is blameless for the decisions that led to this problem, both parties have a responsibility to solve it.And over the last several months, that’s what we’ve been trying to do.I won’t bore you with the details of every plan or proposal, but basically, the debate has centered around two different approaches.由于两党对导致这个问题的种种决策都不是无可挑剔，因此两党也都有责任来解决这个问题。几个月来，我们一直在努力这样做。我不想赘述每项计划或提案的具体细节，但这场辩论基本上围绕着两种不同的方式展开。

The first approach says, let’s live within our means by making serious, historic cuts in government spending.Let’s cut domestic spending to the lowest level it’s been since Dwight Eisenhower was President.Let’s cut defense spending at the Pentagon by hundreds of billions of dollars.Let’s cut out waste and fraud in health care programs like Medicare--and at the same time, let’s make modest adjustments so that Medicare is still there for future generations.Finally, let’s ask the wealthiest Americans and biggest corporations to give up some of their breaks in the tax code and special deductions.第一种方式主张量入为出，对政府开支进行严肃的、历史性的削减。让我们把国内开支削减到自德怀特·艾森豪威尔总统任期以来的最低水平。让我们将五角大楼的国防开支削减数千亿美元。让我们砍掉联邦老年医保等医保计划中存在浪费和造成欺诈的部分——同时稍作调整，使联邦老年医保计划能继续为子孙后代提供保障。最后，让我们要求最富裕的美国人和最大的公司企业放弃一些他们所享受的税收优惠和特殊减免。

This balanced approach asks everyone to give a little without requiring anyone to sacrifice too much.It would reduce the deficit by around $4 trillion and put us on a path to pay down our debt.And the cuts wouldn’t happen so abruptly that they’d be a drag on our economy, or prevent us from helping small businesses and middle-class families get back on their feet right now.这种均衡的方式要求每个人都做出一点贡献，但并不要求任何人做出太大的牺牲。这将使财政赤字降低4万亿美元左右，并让我们步入偿清债务的轨道。这类削减不会太突然，以致拖累我国经济，或阻止我们帮助小企业和中产阶层家庭尽快重新站稳脚跟。

This approach is also bipartisan.While many in my own party aren’t happy with the painful cuts it makes, enough will be willing to accept them if the burden is fairly shared.While Republicans might like to see deeper cuts and no revenue at all, there are many in the Senate who have said, “Yes, I’m willing to put politics aside and consider this approach because I care about solving the problem.” And to his credit, this is the kind of approach the Republican Speaker of the House, John Boehner, was working on with me over the last several weeks.这种方式还是跨党派的。虽然我所在的党派的很多成员对痛苦的削减措施感到不满，但将有足够多的成员愿意接受削减措施，只要大家都公平地分担这一负担。尽管共和党人可能希望看到幅度更大的削减而不想增加任何税收，但参议院中也有很多人表示：“是的，我愿意将政治因素放在一边来考虑这个方式，因为我所关心的是解决这个问题。”值得肯定的是，共和党籍的众议院议长约翰·博纳几周来曾就这一方式与我共同努力。

The only reason this balanced approach isn’t on its way to becoming law right now is because a significant number of Republicans in Congress are insisting on a different approach--a cuts-only approach--an approach that doesn’t ask the wealthiest Americans or biggest corporations to contribute anything at all.And because nothing is asked of those at the top of the income scale, such an approach would close the deficit only with more severe cuts to programs we all care about--cuts that place a greater burden on working families.这种均衡的方式现在未能走上立法轨道的唯一原因在于国会中有相当一部分共和党议员坚持推行另外一种方式——一种只削减开支的方式——一种不要求最富裕的美国人或最大的公司企业做出任何贡献的方式。由于这种方式不要求那些收入最高的人做任何贡献，因而只能通过更严厉地削减我们都关心的项目来减少赤字——这类削减措施将加重工薪家庭的负担。

So the debate right now isn’t about whether we need to make tough choices.Democrats and Republicans agree on the amount of deficit reduction we need.The debate is about how it should be done.Most Americans, regardless of political party, don’t understand how we can ask a senior citizen to pay more for her Medicare before we ask a corporate jet owner or the oil companies to give up tax breaks that other companies don’t get.How can we ask a student to pay more for college before we ask hedge fund managers to stop paying taxes at a lower rate than their secretaries? How can we slash funding for education and clean energy before we ask people like me to give up tax breaks we don’t need and didn’t ask for?

因此，目前的辩论并非在于我们是否需要作出艰难的选择。民主党人和共和党人在我们需要减少赤字的数额方面有共识。辩论的焦点在于应如何达到这一目标。大多数美国人，不分党派，都不明白我们为什么要求老年公民为自己的老年医疗保险多付钱，却不要求为高层主管提供专用飞机的企业或石油公司放弃其他公司并不享有的税收优惠；我们为什么要求学生为他们的大学教育承担更高的费用，却不要求对冲基金经理不再按低于他们秘书的税率纳税；我们为什么要大幅削减用于教育和清洁能源的资金，却不要求像我这种收入的人放弃我们并不需要也没有提出要求的税收减免。

That’s not right.It’s not fair.We all want a government that lives within its means, but there are still things we need to pay for as a country--things like new roads and bridges;weather satellites and food inspection;services to veterans and medical research.这样做是不对的，也是不公平的。我们大家都要求我们的政府量入为出，但作为一个国家，仍然有一些必须支出的费用，如道路和桥梁之类的工程、气象卫星和食品检查、以及退伍军人的服务项目和医学研究。

And keep in mind that under a balanced approach, the 98 percent of Americans who make under $250,000 would see no tax increases at all.None.In fact, I want to extend the payroll tax cut for working families.What we’re talking about under a balanced approach is asking Americans whose incomes have gone up the most over the last decade--millionaires and billionaires-– to share in the sacrifice everyone else has to make.And I think these patriotic Americans are willing to pitch in.In fact, over the last few decades, they’ve pitched in every time we passed a bipartisan deal to reduce the deficit.The first time a deal was passed, a predecessor of mine made the case for a balanced approach by saying this:

请记住，在一种均衡的方式下，年收入在25万美元以下的98%的美国人承担的税负不会增加。一点都不会。事实上，我想延长降低工薪家庭工资税的期限。我们所说的均衡方式是要求在过去十年中收入增加最多的美国人——百万富翁和亿万富翁——分担其他所有人都必须作出的牺牲。我认为这些爱国的美国人都愿意作出贡献。事实上，过去几十年来，每当两党一致通过减少赤字的协议时，他们都作出了贡献。在首次达成一项协议时，我的一位前任在为均衡的方式提出论据时曾这样说：

“Would you rather reduce deficits and interest rates by raising revenue from those who are not now paying their fair share, or would you rather accept larger budget deficits, higher interest rates, and higher unemployment? And I think I know your answer.”

“你们愿意让那些目前没有付出他们公平的一份的人缴纳更多的税款来增加国库收入从而降低赤字和利率，还是愿意接受更高的预算赤字、更高的利率和更高的失业率？我想你们都知道该怎么回答。”

Those words were spoken by Ronald Reagan.But today, many Republicans in the House refuse to consider this kind of balanced approach--an approach that was pursued not only by President Reagan, but by the first President Bush, by President Clinton, by myself, and by many Democrats and Republicans in the United States Senate.So we’re left with a stalemate.这些话是罗纳德∙里根说的。但今天，众议院很多共和党议员都拒绝考虑这种均衡的方式——尽管不仅里根总统遵循了这种方式，第一位布什总统、克林顿总统、我本人以及美国参议院很多民主党和共和党议员都遵循了这种方式。为此，我们现在处于一种僵持的局面。

Now, what makes today’s stalemate so dangerous is that it has been tied to something known as the debt ceiling--a term that most people outside of Washington have probably never heard of before.今天，这种僵局之所以如此危险，是因为它与被称作国债上限的东西挂了钩，政府以外的大多数人过去也许从未听说过这一术语。

Understand--raising the debt ceiling does not allow Congress to spend more money.It simply gives our country the ability to pay the bills that Congress has already racked up.In the past, raising the debt ceiling was routine.Since the 1950s, Congress has always passed it, and every President has signed it.President Reagan did it 18 times.George W.Bush did it seven times.And we have to do it by next Tuesday, August 2nd, or else we won’t be able to pay all of our bills.需要澄清的是，提高国债上限并不是允许国会花更多的钱。它只是使我们的国家有能力支付国会已经累积起来的账单。过去提高国债上限是例行公事。自1950年代以来，国会总是予以通过，每一任总统都签过字。里根总统签过18次，乔治∙W∙布什总统签过7次。我必须在下个星期二，即8月2日签字，否则，我们将无法支付我们所有的账单。

Unfortunately, for the past several weeks, Republican House members have essentially said that the only way they’ll vote to prevent America’s first-ever default is if the rest of us agree to their deep, spending cuts-only approach.令人遗憾的是，过去几周来，众议院共和党议员实质上是说，要他们投票防止美国历史上首次债务违约发生，唯一途径是我们其他人都同意他们提出的仅仅大幅削减支出的方式。

If that happens, and we default, we would not have enough money to pay all of our bills--bills that include monthly Social Security checks, veterans’ benefits, and the government contracts we’ve signed with thousands of businesses.如果这种情况发生了，我们违约了，我们就没有足够的钱来支付我们所有的账单，其中包括每月社保支票、退伍军人福利以及我们同数以千计的企业签订的政府合同。

For the first time in history, our country’s AAA credit rating would be downgraded, leaving investors around the world to wonder whether the United States is still a good bet.Interest rates would skyrocket on credit cards, on mortgages and on car loans, which amounts to a huge tax hike on the American people.We would risk sparking a deep economic crisis--this one caused almost entirely by Washington.我们国家的AAA信贷评级将有史以来首次下调，使世界各地的投资者怀疑美国是否仍是一个值得投资的目的地。信用卡、房贷和汽车贷款利率将会飙升，这等于是大幅增加美国人民的税负。我们将会面临引发深度经济危机的危险，而这样一场危机将纯粹是由联邦政府造成的。

So defaulting on our obligations is a reckless and irresponsible outcome to this debate.And Republican leaders say that they agree we must avoid default.But the new approach that Speaker Boehner unveiled today, which would temporarily extend the debt ceiling in exchange for spending cuts, would force us to once again face the threat of default just six months from now.In other words, it doesn’t solve the problem.因此，债务欠付将是这场辩论带来的草率和不负责任的后果。共和党领导人说，他们同意我们必须避免债务欠付。但众议院博纳议长今天公布的新方式，即以临时提高国债上限换取削减支出的方式，将迫使我们在短短6个月之后再次面临债务欠付的威胁。换言之，这样做并不解决问题。

First of all, a six-month extension of the debt ceiling might not be enough to avoid a credit downgrade and the higher interest rates that all Americans would have to pay as a result.We know what we have to do to reduce our deficits;there’s no point in putting the economy at risk by kicking the can further down the road.首先，延长债务上限6个月可能不足以避免信用降级和所有的美国人因此将不得不支付的较高利率。我们知道我们要做什么才能减少赤字；把破罐子踢向前方因而危及经济是毫无意义的。

But there’s an even greater danger to this approach.Based on what we’ve seen these past few weeks, we know what to expect six months from now.The House of Representatives will once again refuse to prevent default unless the rest of us accept their cuts-only approach.Again, they will refuse to ask the wealthiest Americans to give up their tax cuts or deductions.Again, they will demand harsh cuts to programs like Medicare.And once again, the economy will be held captive unless they get their way.但这种方式还有一个更大的危险。根据我们在过去几个星期里所看到的情况，我们知道6个月之后会是什么局面。众议院将再次拒绝避免违约，除非我们其他的人接受他们提出的仅仅削减支出的方式。他们仍将拒绝要求最富有的美国人放弃他们的税收减免。他们还将要求对像联邦老年医保这样的计划进行苛刻的削减。美国经济将再一次被用作质押，除非他们如愿以偿。

This is no way to run the greatest country on Earth.It’s a dangerous game that we’ve never played before, and we can’t afford to play it now.Not when the jobs and livelihoods of so many families are at stake.We can’t allow the American people to become collateral damage to Washington’s political warfare.这绝不是管理地球上最伟大的国家的方式。这是我们以前从来没有玩过的一个危险的游戏，我们现在也玩不起，尤其是在就业机会和许多家庭的生计受到威胁的时候。我们不能让美国人民成为华盛顿政治斗争的牺牲品。

Congress now has one week left to act, and there are still paths forward.The Senate has introduced a plan to avoid default, which makes a down payment on deficit reduction and ensures that we don’t have to go through this again in six months.国会现在只剩下一个星期的时间可以采取行动，取得进展的途径仍然存在。参议院已推出一项避免欠付的计划，这为削减赤字做了首付，并确保我们在6个月后不需要旧调重弹。

I think that’s a much better approach, although serious deficit reduction would still require us to tackle the tough challenges of entitlement and tax reform.Either way, I’ve told leaders of both parties that they must come up with a fair compromise in the next few days that can pass both houses of Congress--and a compromise that I can sign.I’m confident we can reach this compromise.Despite our disagreements, Republican leaders and I have found common ground before.And I believe that enough members of both parties will ultimately put politics aside and help us make progress.我认为这种方式要好很多，尽管真正的赤字削减仍需要我们成功应对福利计划和税收改革方面的严峻挑战。我已经向两党领导人表示，无论采用哪一种方式，他们必须在今后几天里拿出一个能够通过国会两院的公平妥协议案——一个我能签署的议案。我相信我们能够达成这个妥协。尽管我们有分歧，共和党领导人和我以前曾找到过共同点。我相信，两党会有足够的成员最终把政治因素搁置一旁，帮助我们取得进展。

Now, I realize that a lot of the new members of Congress and I don’t see eye-to-eye on many issues.But we were each elected by some of the same Americans for some of the same reasons.Yes, many want government to start living within its means.And many are fed up with a system in which the deck seems stacked against middle-class Americans in favor of the wealthiest few.But do you know what people are fed up with most of all?

我意识到国会的许多新成员和我在诸多问题上看法并不一致。但是，我们每个人都是被美国人民出于某些同样的原因选举出来的。是的，许多人都希望政府开始量入为出。许多人厌倦了似乎总是对美国中产阶级不利而对富有的少数人有利的这样一种体制。但是，你知道人们最厌倦的是什么吗？

They’re fed up with a town where compromise has become a dirty word.They work all day long, many of them scraping by, just to put food on the table.And when these Americans come home at night, bone-tired, and turn on the news, all they see is the same partisan three-ring circus here in Washington.They see leaders who can’t seem to come together and do what it takes to make life just a little bit better for ordinary Americans.They’re offended by that.And they should be.他们厌倦的是一个妥协意味着丢人的城市。他们终日辛劳，许多人省吃俭用，只不过是为了餐桌上有饭吃。这些美国人晚上回到家，精疲力尽，打开电视看新闻时，看到的是华盛顿千篇一律的党派争斗闹剧。他们看到的是领导者似乎无法坐在一起，采取必要措施让普通美国人的生活有一点点改善。他们对此感到恼火。他们理应恼火。

The American people may have voted for divided government, but they didn’t vote for a dysfunctional government.So I’m asking you all to make your voice heard.If you want a balanced approach to reducing the deficit, let your member of Congress know.If you believe we can solve this problem through compromise, send that message.是的，美国人民投票选举了分权的政府，但他们没有投票选举一个功能失常的政府。所以，我吁请大家发出你们的声音。如果你们希望以一种均衡的方式来减少赤字，让你们的国会议员知道。如果你们认为我们可以通过妥协来解决这个问题，请发出这个信息。

America, after all, has always been a grand experiment in compromise.As a democracy made up of every race and religion, where every belief and point of view is welcomed, we have put to the test time and again the proposition at the heart of our founding: that out of many, we are one.We’ve engaged in fierce and passionate debates about the issues of the day, but from slavery to war, from civil liberties to questions of economic justice, we have tried to live by the words that Jefferson once wrote: “Every man cannot have his way in all things--without this mutual disposition, we are disjointed individuals, but not a society.”

但是，建国以来美国一直演绎着一个如何妥协的伟大实验。由于民主国家由多个种族和宗教构成，每一种信仰和观点都受到欢迎，我们屡次验证了建国原则中的一个核心命题：合众为一。我们对当前的问题进行激烈和充满热忱的辩论，但是从奴隶制到战争，从公民自由到经济公正，我们一直努力把杰斐逊的一段话作为座右铭：“每个人都不能在所有的事情上随心所欲——没有这种相互的交换，我们是毫不相关的个体，而不是一个社会。”

History is scattered with the stories of those who held fast to rigid ideologies and refused to listen to those who disagreed.But those are not the Americans we remember.We remember the Americans who put country above self, and set personal grievances aside for the greater good.We remember the Americans who held this country together during its most difficult hours;who put aside pride and party to form a more perfect union.历史上有很多人坚守僵化的意识形态，拒绝听取不同意见，但这些人并不存在于我们的记忆之中。我们所记得的是这样一些美国人，他们把国家置于自我之上，抛弃个人恩怨而追求公众利益。我们所记得的美国人在最困难的时刻维护了国家的统一；他们放弃了个人功名和党派利益，组成一个更美好的合众国。

That’s who we remember.That’s who we need to be right now.The entire world is watching.So let’s seize this moment to show why the United States of America is still the greatest nation on Earth--not just because we can still keep our word and meet our obligations, but because we can still come together as one nation.这就是我们所记得的人。我们现在就需要做这样的人。这是一个举世瞩目的时刻。因此，让我们抓住这一时刻，让大家看到为什么美国仍然是地球上最伟大的国家——不仅仅是因为我们仍然信守诺言、履行义务，而且因为我们仍然可以作为一个民族团结起来。

Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America.谢谢大家，愿主保佑你们，愿主保佑美利坚合众国。

Stock markets around the globe have been tumbling since S & P's downgraded the US credit rating for the first time in seventy years.It's predicted the downgrade would result in a massive sell-off of US dollars, as investors fret over the risks of another US recession.If so, it could be bad news for China, the largest US foreign creditor.Seventy percent of China's foreign reserves are denominated in US dollars, including 1.5 trillion dollars in US Treasuries and another 700 million dollars of other assets.China is facing ever-increasing pressure to maintain the value of these reserves.But a greater part of concerns comes amid a possible negative impact on China's inflation data.According to a report by J.P Morgan, financing costs will increase by 100 billion US dollars every year in America.Demands for another round of quantitative easing policy by the Federal Reserve are now on the rise.At the same time, it is feared that capital flowing out of the stock markets will enter commodity markets.It will drive up prices of bulk materials such as crude oil and iron ore in the long run if the dollar continues to fall.They could become another major obstacle for the Chinese economy.stock markets：股票市场

S & P：标准普尔公司

US credit rating：美国信用评级

US recession：美国经济衰退

foreign reserves：外汇储备

US Treasuries：美国国库券

Federal Reserve：（美国）联邦储备系统

commodity markets：商品市场

drive up：抬高

crude oil：原油

iron ore：铁矿石

Sub-health has now become a major problem among city dwellers, especially white-collar workers and those with high education level.However, not all people have a clear picture of what this condition is.A resident in Beijing, said, I've heard about sub-health, but I don't know what it is.In my opinion, sub-health is a symptom when one is about to get sick, and his body condition is deteriorating.I think it is a state between health and disease.I don't know whether it could be called as an illness, but I think it's not good for our health.”

FengXinzhong, a member of the standing committee of sub-health branch in China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been studying sub-health problems for years.FengXinzhong said, “The World Health Organization defined sub-health condition as a third state which stands between health and disease.People who suffer from sub-health often feel tired, inactive and experience decreased social adaptability.”

FengXinzhong says that WHO defined “healthy” as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or informity”, and only 15 percent of Chinese people live to this definition, whereas more than 70 percent are in sub-health condition.For various reasons, many industrialized and developing societies are among the most seriously hit.Long term stress, overtaxing physical and mental work, and environmental pollution, all contribute to pushing a person into this condition.Many studies have been conducted on how to help this 70 percent get healthy.FengXinzhong said, “The best way of keeping fit is to use the health preserving powers of traditional Chinese medicine.The purpose of health preservation is to keep the human body in relative balance, allowing ideal health to prevail.Doing exercises such as shadowboxing, qigong, they can all help with that.”

city dwellers：城市居民

white-collar workers ：白领

education level：教育水平

standing committee：常务委员会

China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine：中国中医协会

World Health Organization：世界卫生组织

social adaptability：社会适应能力

Chinese medicine：中医

health preservation：养生

下面是我从国外网站上找到的关于通话膨胀的时文，历年口译听力大都来源于这些网站！大家看一下，希望会有帮助！

一、摘自BBC新闻：

http://

内容如下：

Pork prices drive Chinese inflation NEW YORK(CNNMoney)--Think prices are rising rapidly in the U.S.? Inflation is going even more hog wild in China.China's Consumer Price Index--a broad measure of prices consumers pay for food, housing, clothing and other common expenses--showed prices rose 6.4% over the last 12 months ending in June, China's National Bureau of Statistics reported Saturday.That marks the fastest pace in inflation since July 2008 and an acceleration from May's 5.5% rate.But unlike in the U.S., where inflation has been driven primarily by a surge in gas prices, economists say China's inflation problem is due instead to soaring food prices--namely pork.Food, which accounts for more than a third of an average Chinese person's monthly expenses, rose 14.4% year-over-year.Meat and poultry prices were the worst culprit in that category, surging a whopping 32.3%.Pork prices rose 57.1%.Mark Williams, senior China economist for Capital Economics, estimates pork prices alone contributed as much as 2 percentage points to June's overall inflation rate.China raises key interest rates The retail price of pork has increased 15% in the past four weeks, and is now more than 50% above its year-ago level, he said in a note to investors.“A decline in China's pig population at the turn of the year is now resulting in a surge in pork prices,” he wrote.While that hurts the spending power of Chinese consumers who buy pork, it's also a good sign that China's inflation is not broadbased, said Carl Weinberg, chief economist with High Frequency Economics.“Food prices are the only thing that have gone up significantly,” he said.That tells me it's not an overall price change.“

China's government has said that taming inflation to a rate around 4% is one of its key economic goals for the next five years.Both Weinberg and Williams think it will miss its target for this year, but the government won't be too concerned.After raising interest rates three times his year--including one rate hike this week--an excess of credit is not the problem.”Inflation is high not because of excessive lending, interest rates being too low, capital inflows or even a pick-up in demand,“ Williams said.”Increased inflation is simply the result of a cyclical decline in pork supply which will reverse itself in time.“

As for Chinese exports to the United States, Weinberg says not to worry--rapidly rising food prices are not likely to have a major impact on export prices.”We're not going to see an increase in the prices of T-shirts at Wal-Mart or iPads at the Apple Store because of inflation in China," he said.

第三篇：高级口译口试话题

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之高铁时代

2011年中国经济进入高铁时代(ushers in a new era of high speed train).高铁在促进城市发展，产业升级,具有显而易见的优势(High speed train plays a significant role in promoting urban expansion and industrial upgrade).值得一提的是(it’s worth mentioning that)目前，中国铁路在高速动车组、高速铁路基础设施建造技术等方面都达到了世界先进水平，已经形成集设计、施工、制造、运营管理于一体的成套先进技术，其在铁路研发、建设、管理过程中形成的一整套高铁技术，(China now boasts world-beating technologies in the design, construction, operation and management of high-speed train.或者China’s high-speed train technology is on par with that of development countries.)

以上海为核心的长三角区域为例(Take Yangtze River Delta as an example),沪宁高铁的开通，首先，推动长三角区域产业升级和转型。南京将逐渐成为上海的副中心城市（With the advent of high-speed train, Nanjing will become a what experts call “sub-city” of Shanghai），由于高铁使沪杭之间的距离“缩短”，（greatly shorten distance between major cities in the region增加沪宁之间的人员流动，（promote the free flow of people flow and ideas）将有大量人群转至南京工作，促使南京人流、物流和信息的集中，为南京带来商贸commerce、物流logistics、金融finance、传媒media、酒店restaurant、餐饮catering等行业发展。

此外，高铁沿线城市将迎接产业转移的机遇，沪宁高铁沿线地带交通便利，地价相对上海较低low property cost，而且劳动力更廉价low labor cost，大批企业为降低成本，把总部和研发中心留在核心城市——上海，而将生产部门转移至高铁沿线城市，（companies will move their investment inland, which will in turn promote the economic growth of these regions）这就带动了沿线城市的经济发展（invigorate economic growth in areas along the high speed train），促进上海及其他城市的产业专业升级转型。上海逐渐形成总部基地集群，而其他企业将形成服务业与制造业集群（to build a cluster of world-class service industries）。

当然也有专家认为，国家如此巨额投入，会不会带来高风险、造成债务危机，进而会拖累经济发展。（Huge investment in high-speed train will bring huge financial burden to the government, which eventually will hamper China’s economic development）也有人认为中国已经有了动车组bullet train，高铁实际是重复建设duplicated construction，浪费纳税人的钱waste of tax-payer’s money。此外，高铁建设将造成周边环境的污染。但是我认为随着时间的推移，高铁的社会效益会逐渐体现出来，建高铁肯定是利大于弊的（its demerits will be overshadowed by the benefits it brings to China’s modernization drive.）

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因食物（genetically modified food）.由于世界人口越来越多rapid population growth，而耕地面积日益缩减arable land is diminishing 各国政府不得不通过科技手段来增加粮食的产量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饥荒 famine）转基因食品通过基因重组，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得农作物具有抗害虫的能力more pest-resistant，从而增加亩产，因此被认为可以解决世界粮食危机 to cope with global food crisis，保证食品供应的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，许多人对转基因食品对其毒性问题、营养问题、对抗生素的抵抗作用以及环境威胁等问题都抱有质疑态度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客观来讲 Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比经一个成长过程。我们应该用客观的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前转基因技术，尚处于研究的初级起步阶段 starting phase。许多人都坚持认为，这种技术培育出来的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。许多消费者对转基因食品的安全问题提出了质疑。最常见的就是，我国的转基因大豆有。消费者对其安全性十分担忧people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。从一次次过去的教训中，人们不难得出结论，人类行为应该对自然负责。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其实，有时候，确实不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，没有十足的把握控制基因调整后的结果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我们的质量检测部门应该加强质量检测。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.确保消费者的身体健康，ensure health of people公众也应该有权知晓，他们在超市购买的食物是否是转基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.2011中高级口译口试十大话题之天灾（Calamity）。

最近世界不太平，自然灾害频发。

就中国而言，我们经历的自然灾害有：地震、泥石流mudslide triggered by heavy rainfall in Zhouqu、沙尘暴 sandstorm、干旱draught、水灾、暴风雪snow storm/blizzard等

首先，为何自然灾害频发，这是一个很复杂的问题，既有自然原因，也有人为原因，人为原因原因越来越成为主要原因，由于人类对生态环境的破坏 human activity accelerate the environmental degradation，对大气的污染等等破坏自然的活动，导致我们所生活的环境日益恶化，像二氧化碳等温室气体green house gas的增多，臭氧层的减少depletion of ozone layer都会带来一系列问题 all bring fatally consequences to humankind，这几年自然灾害的增多，也是大自然对人类的报复Mother nature is seeking her revenge。我们必须清楚，我们对大自然母亲必须有敬畏之心。Hold nature in awe.近年来世界范围频发的重大自然灾害及影响已引起国际社会的高度关注massive natural disasters have drawn concern form governments around the world，重大自然灾害事件应急与救援的国际化已成为一个国际合作的重要趋势。The world should get united in the face of natural disasters.面对灾难，我们众志成城 get united in the fight when disasters strike.面对灾难，政府和民众都要为可能出现最坏的情况做好一切准备embrace ourselves for the worst。就我国而言，在目前人口大规模流动 massive migration 和城市化发展加快against the backdrop of rapid urbanization、自然灾害时常发生的情况下，防止人口居住和住宅建筑密度过大 densely populated cities and buildings，以及交通、通信、电力等公共基础设施过于集

中，应成为各地方城市发展规划与建设的重要考量when making city planning, top priority should be given to of the safety of infrastructures such as transport, telecommunications and power supply.，并要健全相应的灾害应急救援和处置机制 set up mechanisms to mitigate natural disasters。政府要加大投入increase government funding，比如在干旱和水灾频发的地区 in regions that are prone to draught and flood disasters，应该加强水利设施的建设improve irrigation system.通过各种途径提高民众应对自然灾害的意识与自我应急防护能力 raise people’s environmental awareness and self-protection when disasters strike.有人说，2012年就是世界末日了，人类何去何从？对于这些世界末日论Doomsday theories,我个人是觉得很荒唐。Ridiculous 我们深知：古往今来 since ancient times，这个世界出现了多少次的危机 humankind has survived innumerable crisis：陨石撞击struck by meteors，洪灾肆虐，瘟疫横行plague，战火蔓延war 饥荒famine 人类一次又一次地面临着挑战。是屈服surrender还是抗争fight back？是沉默还是觉醒awakened to crisis？一场洪水，可以夺去无数的生命claim lives/ heavy toll on lives，一场地震，可以摧毁我们的家园。但这些，却不能令我们失去勇气，失去对未来的向往。

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之虎妈战歌（Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother）

美籍华裔移民、48岁的耶鲁法学院教授蔡美儿Amy Chua 以其新书《虎妈战歌Battle Hymn of Tiger Mom》一举成名。Shot to stardom with the release of her new book她在《华尔街日报》上的那一篇 “为何中国妈妈更胜一筹”的文章在美国乃至整个西方社会掀起轩然大波.Why Chinese mom are superior?Traditional Chinese way of strict parenting triggered heated debate in US 在书中，蔡美儿指出中国父母得以“成功”有三大特质：不理会孩子的自尊心Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches.Chinese parents aren't.They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently than western parents.认定孩子必须孝顺父母；坚信小孩子不懂事，需要父母指引。Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything, probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children.So, Chinese children must spend their lives repaying their parents by obeying them and making them proud.Because Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children's own desires and preferences.蔡美儿坚称以强迫压力为特点的中国传统子女教育方法，远优于西方的教育方法。这些雷人(thunder-striking)的育儿经和“咆哮式 screaming and hair-tearing”教育方式parenting method经媒体报道，俨然成为中美家庭教育比较的典型样本，甚至被扯到中美两国竞争力的话题上。

最近，上海的孩子在一次全球 PISA测验中取得了第一名的成绩.Kids in Shanghai came top in a PISA test, a worldwide evaluation of 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance.而很多西方国家的孩子，比如美国，远远落在后面。Western kids are lagged far behind.有人就说,这就足以证明蔡美儿的方式是正确的。

首先，我们必须要看清一个事实 we must be fully aware of the fact that 学术成就固然重要，但是，是否学术成就是衡量一个孩子全面发展的唯一标准呢True, scholastic performance is

important, but how can we objectively evaluate the overall development of a kid，is scholastic performance a sole criterion ？看看我们今天的孩子，每天要学习到深夜，让人心疼it’s so disheartening to see that Chinese kids have to study very late into night, day after colorless day，很明显，他们的学术成就是以幸福的童年为代价的 obviously, the excellent performance at school is achieved at expanse of a happy childhood。此外，可能这种应试教育方法能够创造出很多数学天才，cramming method will churn out math whizz kids/child prodigies但是的死记硬背一些前人已经研究过的东西，对推动知识的前进是一点帮助都没有的。死记硬背完全扼杀了孩子的创造力.Toiling themselves on rote learning suppresses the creativity of the kids.Rote learning of old knowledge won’t help push back the frontier of science.让人不可思议的是ironically，蔡美儿把不尊重自己孩子看成是一种美德 if disrespect of her own children is considered a virtue, what is respect? 试问，这样的孩子长大，是否也会知道尊重他人呢？要知道，知识没有了道德等于火焰没有了温暖。Knowledge without integrity is like fire without zest.如果说蔡美儿的方法是正确的，为何有那么多年轻人会选择新东方，然后选择出国留学呢？

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之高房价（Soaring property prices）。

2006年以来，中国主要大城市的房价飞速发展(surge, skyrocket, soar)，已经到了普通老百姓不能承受的地步(out of the reach of ordinary wage-earners)。产生这一买房热有多种缘由(there are multiple causes behind this property craze)。

首先，随着城市化进程(rapid urbanization)，越来越多的农民拥入城市(influx of migrant workers)，这就催生了很多的所谓刚性需求demand。

其次，中国的社会福利体制不健全(social security and welfare system老外就简称security net)，外加上老百姓的投资渠道有限(limited investment channel)、助长(trigger, foster, breed, give rise to)了楼市的投机行为(rampant speculation)。

第三，多年来，中国过量发行货币(excessive monetary supply)，尤其是2008年，为了应对金融危机，中国政府4万亿的经济刺激计划，(the four trillion stimulus package designed to mitigate the global financial crisis, which translates into more speculative activities)使得通货膨胀让有钱人都把钱用于置业。最后，地方财政高度依赖房地产(government fiscal income is heavily dependent on property)，经济发展陷入恶性循环中。(China’s economy is mired in a vicious circle).高房价对中国经济的影响是非常明显的。

首先，这严重普通工薪阶层的生活质量(gravely affect the livelihood of ordinary wage-earners)，加重了他们的支出，这对刺激内需是非常不利的(go against the government’s vow to bolster domestic demand)。

其次，高房价催生了很多的“蚁族”(anti-tribe)，优秀的大学毕业生的才能被高房价绑架，生活非常窘困(Talents of fresh college graduates are held hostage by soaring property prices)。具有讽刺意义的是(ironically)，10年前的大学毕业生踌躇满志(aspire to realize their great ambitions)，希望大城市能实现他们的雄心壮志，要报效祖国(to serve their country)，而现在的大学生，只求一份能养活自己的工作，头上有屋顶(roof over their head)。长此以往，我们的民族哪来希望(dim prospect)。

此外，高房价，高成本，让很多毕业多年的白领也不堪重负。北京、上海、广州这样的大型城市，之所以能快速发展，是因为吸引了很多从祖国四面八方而来的青年才俊，而高房价不少人纷纷表示，要回到老家去,或者去二三线城市(move to second and third-tier cities)。这对这些城市而言会造成大量的人才流失brain drain，城市也缺少劳动者。最好的佐证(a case in point)，就是春节后，很多大城市都发生了用工荒的问题。(Shortage of workforce)

城市，应该让生活更美好。这意味着，每一个人都应该能安居(Comfortable housing is aa prerequisite of a better life)。政府应该解决人民的疾苦，(address the concerns of people)疏民怨(redress people’s grievances)，解民困(alleviate the people’s hardships)。目前，政府的安居工程，保障房工程(affordable housing project, indemnificatory housing project)就开始着手解决这些问题。此外，政府颁布了一系列房产调控措施(roll out a series of measures to contain/cool down)，这些措施应该是对中国未来经济走势将产生深远影响 far-reaching influence)。

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之中国经济

据媒体报道，中国已经取代了日本成为了世界第二大经济体(surpass Japan to become the second largest economy in the world)。这个消息的确让人欢欣鼓舞，这是中国改革开放以来，发展的又一里程碑式的事件(another milestone since the opening and reform of China)但是，仅仅是GDP并不能说明中国经济的全部(GDP alone does not give a full picture of the Chinese economy).首先，中国的贫富差距在拉大(the widening wealth gap),中国的经济发展也很不平衡China’s economic development is imbalanced.这些都给社会的稳定造成了潜在威胁(pose potential threat to social stability)如果按照人均GDP(GDP per capita)来算，中国排在世界124位 ranked behind 100th position globally，远远落在很多发达国家之后 lagged far behind.此外，中国的发展也付出了惨重的代价 China’s development comes at a price。我们居住的环境极具恶化。Environmental degradation.资源的枯竭 energy exhaustion 以代工为主的劳动密集型产业(labor intensive, low-end manufacturing industry)也让我们的劳动者不看重负。

这些问题已经得到了国家领导人的高度重视 top government agenda，在中国的第十二五规划中in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan，中国现在需要做的必须是改变经济发展模式 change the mode of economic development.这是一个艰巨而迫切的任务 a pressing and difficult task.

第四篇：新东方中高级口译口试词汇必备文本

第一章社会

SECTION Ⅰ：英译中 A abortion 人工流产、堕胎 abuse of power 滥用职权 academic society 学术社团 altruism 利他主义、利他

an aging population 人口老龄化 asylum 庇护 B

demography, larithmics人口学、人口统计学 size 数量

growth 增长情况 density 密度 distribution 分布

social demography 社会人口学 economic demography 经济人口学 DINK 丁克一族 discrimination 歧视

benevolent 乐善好施的

a benevolent fund 施善基金

a charitable foundation 慈善基金

eleemosynary relief施舍性的救济

philanthropic contributions慈善捐献

bigamy重婚

birth rate 人口出生率

burglar-proof door/antitheft door 防盗门

casuistry 判断是非

chain effect/domino effect 连锁反应、多米诺骨牌效应

charitable 慈善的、仁慈的 civic morality 社会公德

community 社区

community service 社区服务

corruption 贪污

court of ethics 道德法庭

crime 犯罪

arson纵火、纵火罪

crimes committed by Mafia-like gangs 黑恶势力犯罪

drug rehabilitation centers戒毒所

drug traffickers 毒枭

drug-related crimes 毒品犯罪

embezzlement 盗用公款

juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪

organized crime 有组织犯罪

robbery 抢劫

sexual harassment 性骚扰

shop-lifting在商店行窃

smuggling 走私

theft 偷窃行为

age discrimination 年龄歧视

discrimination against women 歧视妇女 feminism 男女平等主义、女权运动 feminist movement 女权运动

femininity 妇女特质、柔弱型、温柔 gender/sexual discrimination 性别歧视 job discrimination 工作歧视

male chauvinism 大男子主义、男权主义思想masculinity 男性阳刚之气 disparity 不一致、不同、不等 drug abuse 吸毒 E

egalitarian 主张人人平等的、平等主义 emotion quotient 情商 F

forum 论坛

favorable location 地理优势 family 家庭

immediate family 直接家庭成员

extended family 大家庭、扩大的家庭 family tree 家谱、家谱图 relative 亲属、亲戚 foster father 养父

legal guardian 法定监护人 stepmother 继母 in-law 姻亲

ex-husband 前夫

adopted daughter 养女 nephew 侄子、外甥 niece 侄女、外甥女

cousin 堂兄弟姊妹、表兄弟姊妹

G gambling 赌博

gay 同性恋者、同性恋者的 grant-in-aid 补助金、赠款 geographic location 地理位置 geographic advantage 地理优势 grey income 灰色收入 H hardened professional惯犯

have an extramarital affair/ have an ultra-marriage affairs 婚外恋

fine 罚款 jury 陪审团 juror 陪审员

life sentence 判处无期徒刑 notary 公证人 notarization 公证 M

make public expose 曝光

material/spiritual culture 物质、精神文化 minimum wage 最低工资

hedonism 享乐主义

home for the aged/ seniors‟ home 敬老院

illiteracy 文盲

income disparity 收入分化、贫富分化

infant mortality 婴儿死亡率

IPR/ intellectual property rights 知识产权

piracy 非法翻印、盗版

bootleg 盗版

fight against illegal publication 打非

underground publications 地下出版物

anti-fake label 防伪标识

law of the jungle 弱肉强食法则

lawsuit 诉讼

lawyer 律师

attorney 律师

appeal to a higher court 上诉

charge 控告

drop a lawsuit 撤销控告

court of appeals 上诉法庭

solicitor 初级律师，只能在低级法庭出庭的律师

suspect 犯罪嫌疑人

defendant 被告

plaintiff 起诉人、原告

capital punishment 死刑

guilty 有罪

verdict 裁决、判决书

serve one‟s term in prison 服刑

bail 保释

money worship 拜金主义 morality 道德 P

Pandora‟s box潘多拉魔盒 pluralism 多元文化论

polarization of rich and poor 贫富悬殊 popularity rate 普及率 poverty alleviation 扶贫

poverty relief office 扶贫办公室 R

racism 种族主义

acculturation 文化适应

assimilation 同化、同化作用

anti-racism education 反种族主义教育 colonialism 殖民主义 ethnic cleansing种族清理

ethnic group 同种、同文化之民族 ethnocentrism 民族优越感 race 人种

stereotype 成见

genocide 有计划的灭种和屠杀 anti-Semite反犹分子、反犹分子的 racial discrimination 种族歧视 bias 偏见

reinstatement 复员、复职 S

sabotage 阴谋破坏、怠工、破坏 single-parent family 单亲家庭 social evils 社会丑恶现象 social welfare 社会福利 food stamps 食品救济券

foreign aid 外援

medicaid 医疗补助

medicare and medicaid医保（保健医疗制度和医疗补助制度）

social security 社会保障

urban legend 都市传奇

values 价值观

vicious circle 恶性循环

virtuous circle 良性循环

保持国民经济发展的良好势头

maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

暴发户 new rich;upstart

保护伞 protective umbrella

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the Twelve Terrestrial Branches；

本土化localization

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

本本主义 bookishness

闭门羹 given a cold shoulder

views on life 人生观

way of life/ life style 生活方式

SECTION Ⅱ：中译英 8

爱国运动 patriotic movement

AA制 Dutch treatment/ go Dutch

A 股市场 A-share market

爱国民主人士 patriotic democratic personages

爱国统一战线 patriotic united front

安家费 settling-in allowance

暗箱操作 black case work

按资排辈 to assign priority according to seniority

保证妇女、未成年人和残疾人的合法权益

protect legitimate rights and interest of women, minors and the handicapped

白热化 be white-hot

拜把兄弟 sworn brothers

摆架子 put on airs

白马王子 prince charming

拜年 pay new year‟s call

摆谱 put on airs/ show off/ keep up appearance

班车 shuttle bus

斑马线 zebra stripe

搬迁户 a relocated unit or household

半托/日托 daycare

半脱产 a partial sabbatical from work就是一边学习，一边工作。

搬运工人 transport worker

帮倒忙 trying to help but causing more trouble in the process

傍大款A girl finds a sugar daddy;be a mistress for a rich man;lean on a moneybags

包车 to charter a vehicle;a chartered vehicle 避税 evade tax

避嫌 avoid doing anything that may arouse suspicion 便当 fast food

博彩、博彩业 lottery industry

薄利多销 small profits but quick returns;small profits and good sales 残疾人 the disabled;the differently abled 成年 grow up;come of age 城市居民 city dweller;urbanite

大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 单亲 single parent 抵制运动 boycott

吊销执照 revoke license

独生子女 the only child in one‟s family

分工协作 coordination and distribution of responsibilities 福利彩票 welfare lotteries

公民、市民 citizen;city resident 户口簿 resident‟s booklet

纪念活动 commemorative activity

家政服务 household management service 结婚 get married 离婚 divorce 再婚remarry

居委会 neighborhood committee;residence committee 流动人口 transient population 民工 migrant labor 名人celebrity

谋生 make a living

农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor 派出所 local police station

贫富分化 polarization of wealth 乞丐 beggar

弃婴 abandoned child;foundling 青春期 puberty 青少年时代 adolescence 全国人口普查 nationwide census 全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign 人口素质 quality of population 日常活动 daily activities 日常生活 daily life;everyday life 扫黄运动 anti-porn drive/campaign 社会保险 social insurance

人口自然增长 natural growth of the population 人口负增长 negative population growth 人口零增长zero population growth 生育 natality

计划生育 family planning

优生优育 better natal and prenatal care and better upbringing 生育能力 fertility

无生育力 infertile;barren;sterile 优生学 eugenics

人才 talent;talented person 社会地位 social status

社会福利彩票 social welfare lotteries

社会稳定 social stability

社交 socialize

社交活动 social activities

渗透、颠覆和分裂活动 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

生活津贴 allowance for living expenses ??

生活困难 be badly off

生活条件 living conditions

适者生存 survival of the fittest

寿命 life span

水货 smuggled goods

送温暖工程 heart-warming project

提高思想道德素质 upgrade the ideological and ethical standards

体力劳动 physical labor;manual work

体育彩票 sports lotteries

同胞 compatriot

文明祥和 civility and harmony

务工农民 migrant rural workers

希望工程 Hope Project

选民 voter;electorate

严重暴力犯罪 violent crimes

移民 immigrant

优秀传统 fine tradition

暂住证 temporary residence permit

职称 professional title

人口 population

人口控制 population control

人口质量 population quality

人口密度 population density

人口结构 population composition 人才库 talent bank;brain bank 人才交流talent exchange 人才流动talent flow 人才市场 talent market 人才流失 brain bleed 人才外流brain drain

人才断层 gap in talents ???

历史上的社会制度 social systems in history 25：23 史学 science of history 原始社会 primitive society 母系社会 matriarchal society 父系社会 patriarchal society 奴隶社会 slave society 封建社会 feudal society

资本主义社会 capitalist society 社会主义社会 socialist society 共产主义社会 communist society 社会制度 social systems 君主制monarchy

议会制 parliamentarism

民主集中制 democratic centralism 所有制 system of ownership 公有制 public ownership 私有制 private ownership

全民所有制 ownership by the whole people 集体所有制 collective ownership

中国历史上的一些重大事件 major events in Chinese history

秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qin Shi Huang 鸦片战争 Opium War

太平天国 Tianping Heavenly Kingdom 戊戌变法 the reform movement of 1898

辛亥革命 the 1911 revolution

新民主主义革命 new democratic revolution

五四运动 the May 4th of 1919

南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising

9.18事变 September 18th incident

长征 Long March

西安事变 Xi‟an Incident

卢沟桥事变 Lugouqiao Incident

南京大屠杀 Nanking massacre1937

抗日战争 war of resistance against Japan

authorization bill授权书 B

bad loans不良贷款 banking银行业

bankruptcy protection破产保护 boom迅速发展 brand names品牌 budget预算

budget deficit预算赤字 budget surplus预算盈余

解放战争 Chinese people‟s war of liberation

土地改革 land reform;Agrarian reform

整风运动 rectification movement

大跃进 the Great Leap Forward

文化大革命 the cultural revolution

十一届三中全会 the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee

CHAPTER 2 REFORM & ECONOMY经济与改革

SECTION Ⅰ：英译中15

a prudent monetary policy 稳健的货币政策

absolute advantage绝对优势

accounting会计学、账目清算、财会

accountant会计

accounting fraud作假帐

accounting scandal财务丑闻

financial statement财务报表

keep the public informed of the financial affairs财务公开

acquire购置、获取、购买、取得所有权

acquisition of assets购置资产

active balance顺差

aggregate demand 总需求

aggregate supply 总供给

allocation of financial resources金融资源配置

ample supply 供应充裕

an average annual increase/ annual return年均利润

anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施

areas for the market access市场准入领域

asset资产

associate company 联营公司

autarky 自给自足、经济独立

budgetary items预算项目 business cycle商业周期 business fraud商业欺诈

business mechanism创业机制

business prototype商业原型、商业模型 C

capital 资本、资金、资产 capital flow资金流量 cash bonuses现金奖励 cash flow 现金流量 cashier's check 本票

certificated public accountant注册会计师 commerce clause 商业条款 commercialization 商品化 commodity商品

common law习惯法、不成文法 company公司

corporate 公司、企业

conglomerate company集团企业、跨行业大企业firm公司，尤指合股合伙公司 enterprise企业、公司、事业 business 工商企业、商务业务

establishment公司、企业、商业机构 house 商业机构、出版公司 outfit 企业、商业组织 venture企业

comparative advantage相对优势

competition and comparison竞争比较 competition mechanism竞争机制 competition竞争 contract 合同

consumer‟s association消费者协会 consumer confidence消费者信心 consumer expectations消费预期 conventional industries传统产业 core competitiveness核心竞争力 cost 成本

cost effectiveness成本效应 cutting edge优势 D dealer经销商

emerging market新兴市场

employment insurance就业保险金

annexation and reorganization of enterprises企业兼并重组 corporate/ entrepreneurial culture企业文化 corporate/ enterprise image企业形象 cross-national corporation跨国公司

enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit创业精神 entrepreneur企业家

entrepreneurship企业家身份

foreign capital enterprise外资企业

deflation通货紧缩

deposit定金、保证金

deprecation 贬值

depression萧条、经济不景气的一段时间

duate 贬值

discount rate贴现率

distribution 流通分配

diversification of investment投资多元化

double, triple, quadruple两倍、三倍、四倍

economic globalization 经济全球化

economic growth经济增长

economic leverage经济杠杆作用

economic regulation经济调节

economic returns经济回报、经济效应

economics经济学

economic ills经济弊病

effective corporate management有效的公司管理

loose and tight management张弛有度的 PR（the public relation）公关

risk management风险管理

transparency management透明管理

the two-tier management system双层管理体制

top-down management自上而下的管理模式

make one‟s own management decisions自主经营

managerial and technical staff管理技术人员

managerial expertise管理知识

elasticity弹性、可塑性、灵活度

electronic dealing电子交易

electronic business电子商务

elite精英

foreign invested venture外资企业 individual initiative个人主动性 initial capital 启动资金

listing of a company 企业上市 multinational corporation跨国公司 team spirit团队精神 transformation转型

transnational corporation跨国公司 registered capital注册资本

overseas funded enterprises外资企业 F

fair competition公平竞争 federation 联邦

financial fraud金融欺诈 financial crisis金融危机 financial market金融市场 bullion market金银买卖市场 cash market现金市场 debt market债务市场 discount market贴现市场 equity market股本市场

foreign exchange and derivatives market外汇及衍生产品市场foreign exchange market外汇市场 global financial system全球金融体系 insurance market保险市场 securities market证券市场 fiscal 财政的

fiscal and monetary levers财经和货币杠杆 fiscal budget财政预算

fiscal policy财经政策、财务方针 fiscal year 财政

fiscal lever财政杠杆 fiscal levy财政税收

financial deficit财政赤字 fiscal revenue财政收入 national revenue财政收入 fixed assets固定资产

fund capital/venture capital 资金、资本、风险资金 future market 期货市场 G generate profit创利

equipment manufacturing industry装备制造业 heavy industry重工业

information industry信息产业

knowledge-intensive industry知识密集性产业 light industry轻工业 lottery industry博彩业

manufacturing industry制造业 monopoly industries垄断行业 rubber industry橡胶工业 secondary industry第二产业

GNP at factor cost按成本要素计算的国内生产总值

go public上市

go to chapter 11申请破产保护

go under倒闭

government spending政府开支

grey income灰色收入

Great Depression 大萧条

Gross domestic product 国内生产总值

Gross national product 国民生产总值

head-hunter 猎头公司

hedge保护、防御手段

hedge fund对冲基金

high return高收益、高回报

holiday economy假日经济

human capital 人力资本

hyper-inflation恶性通货膨胀

immediate yield直接汇报

incentive动力

industry工业、产业、行业

advertising industry广告业

aerospace industry 航空和航天工业

aircraft industry飞机制造工业

basic industry基础工业、重工业

book industry图书出版业

brewing industry啤酒酿造工业、酿制工业

capital-and-technology-intensive industries资金技术密集型产业

car industry汽车制造工业

electronic industry电子工业

entertainment industry娱乐业

service industry developing in all areas 服务业全面发展 textile industry纺织行业 tertiary industry第三产业 tourist industry旅游业 industrialization 工业化 infrastructure基础设施 interest cut降息

interest group利益集团 interest rate 利率

international competitiveness 国际竞争力 international settlement国际结算 J

joint effort共同努力 joint venture合资企业 joint stock system股份制 K

Keynes 凯恩斯

Keynesian theory凯恩斯经济理论 L

labor 劳动力

labor intensive industries劳动密集型产业 late charge 滞纳金 leasing 出租业务 legal person法人

legitimacy合理性、合法性

legitimate rights and interests正当权益 liability of fault过失责任

limited liability corporation有限责任公司 listed companies上市公司 logistics物流 M

M&A Macroeconomic control 宏观调控 Macroeconomics宏观经济学

make ends meet收支平衡、日子过得去 marginal return边际报酬 market市场

market diversification市场多元化 market economy市场经济

market intelligence 市场情报、市场调查 market saturation市场饱和

patent专利

patent grant专利许可 patent law专利法规 pension退休金、养老金

per capita GDP人均国内生产总值 per capita income 人均收入 performance业绩

plunge;dip;down 猛跌、小跌、下跌 portfolio一组投资 positioning定位

market share市场占有率、市场份额

market supervision 市场监管

marketization市场化

market-oriented employment mechanisms市场导向的就业机制

mass production批量生产

mechanism机制

merger合并

merger and bankruptcy兼并破产

merit价值

microeconomics微观经济学

modern market economy现代市场经济

monetary货币的

European monetary integration欧洲货币一体化

convertible currency可兑换货币

monetary lever货币杠杆

monetary policy 货币政策

monetization货币化

withdrawal of currency from circulation货币回笼

monopoly垄断

multi-functionality多功能性

multi-lateral trade negotiation多边贸易谈判

old age pension养老保险制度

oligarchy寡头政治、寡头政治的执政团

oligopoly求过于供的市场情况

on-the-job training 岗位培训

opportunity cost机会成本

optimize优化

overheating过热

paragon模范、典范

potential market潜在市场

practical productive forces现实生产力 primary productive forces第一生产力

printing and packaging business 包装印刷业 private enterprise私营企业 private property私人财产 private sector私营部分 privatization私有化 produce农产品 productivity生产力 profit利润

promotion促销 propaganda宣传

proprietary intellectual property rights自主知识产权protectionism保护主义 public sector公共部门 public services公共服务 purchasing power购买力 Q

quality control质检 R

raffle 抽奖售货

real economy实体经济 recession 衰退、不景气 regime政权、机制 rent 租金

regional protectionism地方保护主义 resources资源

restructure改组、重组 retail gap零售空间 S

saturation;be saturated n./ adj.饱和 sales volume n.销售额 satellite town n.卫星城 savings n.储蓄

scale operation n.规模经营 scarcity n.缺乏 securities n.证券

stock , bond, securities 股票，债券，证券

securities, options and futures 证券、期权及期货 A share A股

speculative ad,j.投机性的 stabilize prices v.稳定物价

start / build… from scratch v.从零开始；白手起家 storage and transport n.储运

strategic planning n.战略部署，战略计划 strong（currency）adj.（货币）坚挺 strong demand n.需求强劲 subsidy n.补助金，津贴 sunrise industry n.朝阳产业 sunset industry n.夕阳产业

B share B 股

bear market 熊市

bull market 牛市

China's Securities Regulatory Commission（csrc）中国证监会

joint stock company 参股公司

long-term government bonds 长期国债

long-term treasury bonds for construction 长期建设国债

rally 反弹，股市价格和成交额在下跌后显着的上升

the Dow Jones industrial average 道琼斯工业指数

the Nasdaq composite index 纳斯达克综合指数

the Nikkei average 日京指数

s & p（Standard and Poor's composite Index））标准普尔指数

London SE（stock exchange）伦敦证券交易所

New York se 纽约证券交易所

Shanghai se 上海证券交易所

Shenzhen se 深圳证券交易所

seeking financing by listing on the stock market 上市融资

securities investment 证券投资

state stock reduction;reduce state's stake in listed companies 国有股减持

state-held shares 国有股

stock index 股票指数

stock option 股票期权

treasury bonds（t-bonds）国库券

the securities and futures ordinance（sfo）证券及期货条例

separation of powers n.权利分离

SEC（securities and exchange commission）（美）证券交易委员会

slump n./v.（经济）衰退，滑坡

soar / surge / climb n./v.（价格）上涨

soho（small office;home office）soho一族（小型办公室和家庭办公室）

solvency [ ] n.偿付能力

sources of investment n.投资主体

supply n.供给

supply side economics n.供方经济学 T-hour service n.全天候服务 tangible benefits n.实惠

technology-intensive product n.技术密集产品 tender-invitation n.招商

the distribution（allocation）of resources n.资源配置 the economic structure n.经济结构 the industrial structure n.产业结构

the macro-control system n.宏观调控体系 the market system n.市场体系 the open economy n.开放型经济

the order of the market economy n.市场经济秩序 the potentially largest market潜在的最大市场 the world trade organization世贸组织 trade n./v.贸易

ASEAN（Association of South-East Asian Nations）东南亚国家联盟ASEAN Free Trade Area 东盟自由贸易区 EU（European Union）欧盟

chamber of import and export trade 进出口商会 diary product 奶制品

durable consumer goods, consumer durables 耐用消费品 FMCG（fast-moving consumer goods）快速消费品 grassland farming 牧业 horticultural product 园艺品 ice-free harbor 不冻港

L/C（letter of credit）信用证 lamb 羊羔

milk powder奶粉 mutton 羊肉

produce 农产品

protectionism 保护主义 quotation of prices 报价单 retail market 零售市场

sea and air shipping service 海上和空中运输服务 single-product export country 单一产品出口国 steel 钢铁

the most competitive products 拳头产品 timber 木材

timber product 木器

SECTION Ⅱ：中译英30

按劳分配 distribution according to one‟s performance 按资排辈 to assign priority according to seniority 保税区bounded zone

奔小康 strive for relatively comfortable life 博鳌亚洲论坛Boao Forum for Asia 不良贷款 bad loans

产品本土化 product localization 产业不景气 industrial depression

产业的升级换代 upgrading of industries trade balance 贸易平衡

trade bloc 贸易集团（如：欧盟）

trade conflicts 贸易冲突

trade in commodities and services 商品和服务贸易

trade monopolies and regional blockades 行业垄断和地区封锁

trade sanction 贸易制裁

trade deficit（surplus）贸易逆差 / 顺差

trade volume 贸易额

wholesale market 批发市场

wool export 羊毛出口

traditional industries n.传统产业

transaction n.交易

triple n./v./adj.增长两倍

turnover n.销售额

TV shots n.电视广告

TQC（Total Quality Control）n.全面质量管理

unemployment insurance失业保险

unemployment rate失业率

urban economics城市经济学

utility设施

venture capital风险资金

veto 否决

vicious circle恶性循环

Virtual Economy虚拟经济

virtuous circle良性循环

welfare state福利国家

work force职工总数、劳动力

world multi-polarization世界多极化

产业格局 industrial pattern

产业结构升级 upgrading of an industrial structure 超负荷运转 overloaded operation 承包责任制 the contract responsibility 城市经济学 urban economics

城乡居民收入 income of urban and rural residents 城镇化 urbanization

城镇居民可支配收入 urban per capita disposable income 持续快速健康发展 sustained, rapid and sound development 充足的发展空间 ample room for development 重复生产 duplication of production 出口加工区 export processing zone

出口商品和服务 goods and services for export 储运 storage and transport 传统产业 traditional industries

传销 pyramid sales;multi-level marketing 创业机制business mechanism

刺激经济活动 stimulate economic activities 刺激有效需求 stimulate effective demand

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy 大幅度跃升 rise by a big margin 大开发 the large-scale development 带动经济增长 spur economic growth 独资公司 exclusively-funded venture 翻两番 quadruple

繁荣与稳定 prosperity and stability

非公有制经济 non-public sectors of the economy 风险资金 venture capital 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner

房产权威部门 housing authority

住房贷款 housing loan

房屋空置率 housing vacancy rate

个人购房贷款 individual housing loan

按揭 mortgage

物业 property management

房地产开发商 real estate developer

未售出的存量房 stockpile of unsold houses

房契、产权 title

改革的力度 the momentum of reform

改组、重组 restructure

高新技术产业 high and new technology industries

个人消费贷款 individual consumption loan

个体、私营 self-employed or private enterprises

更具活力更加开放的经济体系 a more open and viable economic system

工业园区 industrial park

公司法人责任制 the corporate legal person responsibility system

公投 referendum

公有制经济 the public sector of the economy

股份制 joint-stock system

固定资产投资 investment in the fixed assets

国际信托投资 international trust and investment

国民经济 the national economy

国民经济的支柱 pillar of the national economy

国民经济命脉 the lifeline of the national economy

国有经济的布局和结构 layout and structure of the state sector

国有企业 state-owned enterprises（SOE）

国有企业改革和发展 the reform and development of state-owned enterprises

合法经营 lawful business operations

黑市 black market

基础设施 infrastructure

减员增效downsize staffs and improve efficiency

节约的，经济的economical

经济弊病economic ills

经济带economic belts

经济发展的良好势头a good momentum of economic growth

经济杠杆作用economic leverage

经济结构战略性调整strategic adjustment of the economic structure

经济全球化 economic globalization

经济特区 special economic zones（SEZ）

经济文化交流 economic and cultural exchanges

经济效益好 good economic returns

经济增长 economic growth

经济总量 economic aggregate

可持续发展 sustainable development

跨越式发展 leapfrog development

扩大内需 expand domestic demand

拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth

劳动力 labor

劳务输出 export of labor services

两岸经济合作 cross-straits economic cooperation

民营科技企业 non-public scientific and technological enterprises

南北差距 the north-south gap

农村富余劳动力 surplus rural labor

农业的市场竞争力 competitiveness of agriculture in the market

泡沫经济bubble economy

贫富悬殊 income disparity

贫困地区 impoverished areas

贫困人口 impoverished people

瓶颈制约 bottleneck restrictions

取得领先地位 assume leadership

取缔非法收入 outlaw illegal gains

人民币非常坚挺 the RMB is very strong/ firm

三资企业（中外合资企业、中外合作企业、外商独资企业）

Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China

社会经济稳定 social and economic stability

社会就业比较充分a higher rate of employment

社会生产落后 the backwardness of social production

社会主义市场经济 socialist market economy

社会主义现代化建设 socialist modernization

深化国有企业改革to deepen SOE（state-owned enterprises）reform

生活富裕 an affluent life

世界经济波动world economic fluctuations

市场经济秩序 the order of the market economy

市政工程 municipal works;public works

试点工程、试点项目 pilot project

收入悬殊 excessive disparity in income

私营部分 private sector

私营企业 private enterprise

商业银行 commercial banks 建设银行 construction bank 工商银行 industrial & commercial bank 中国银行 bank of China 农业银行 agricultural bank 交通银行bank of communications 招商银行 merchants bank 税收taxation 农业税 agricultural tax 保税区 bonded area 消费税 consumption tax 个人所得税 personal income tax 财产税 property tax 保护关税 protective duty/tariff 岁入税；关税收入revenue tax 营业税 sales tax 关税 tariff 逃税、漏税 tax evasion 免税期 tax holiday 纳税人 tax payer 税收政策 tax policy 税收减除 tax relief 脱贫致富shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 拓宽消费领域expand the scope of consumption 投资 investment 投资地点investment destination 投资环境investment environment 投资机构investment institutions 投资热investment fever 投资者investor 投资政策investment policy W 外商直接投资foreign direct investment 外向型经济outward-looking economy 外资企业overseas-funded enterprises;foreign-funded company 完善的社会主义市场经济体制full-fledged socialist market economy 温饱 having only adequate food and clothing 稳定物价 stabilize prices 稳健的货币政策the sound monetary policy 外汇 foreign exchange 外汇储备 reign exchange reserves 外汇管理局 SAFE（State Administration of Foreign Exchange）

外汇管制 foreign exchange control

外汇汇率 foreign exchange rate

外商直接投资 direct foreign investment

西部地区China's western region

西部大开发 the large-scale development of China‟s western region

下岗失业人员再就业reemploy laid-off workers

消费需求的不足insufficient consumer spending

消费者权益日 International Day for Consumers' Rights and Interests

国际交流和合作international exchanges and cooperation

新的经济增长点new growth areas in the economy

需求疲软weak demand

亚洲金融危机the Asian financial crisis

衣食住用行food, clothing, housing, transport and daily necessities

优化消费结构optimize the consumption structure

招商inviting tenders;leasing

振兴装备制造业revival of the equipment manufacturing industry

政府资助项目government-sponsored programs

质检QC（quality check）

中部地区the central region

中长期国外投资medium-and long-term foreign investment

中国出口商品交易会（广交会）China Export Commodities Fair（Guangzhou Fair）

中国加入世贸组织China's entry into the WTO

中国购物中心论坛 China Shopping Center Forum

中国电信 China Telecom

中国联通 China Unicom

中国移动 China Mobile

中信（中国国际信托投资公司）Citic group

中央银行 the Central Bank / PBOC

专卖店 exclusive agency;franchised store

资源消耗低low resources consumption

资源优化配置 optimize resource allocation

自负盈亏responsible for one's own profits and losses

自给自足autarky

自由贸易free trade

自由贸易区free trade zone

自由职业人员free-lance professionals

重点项目 key project

国家重点工程national key projects

南水北调 South-to-North water diversion

西电东送 West-East electricity transmission project

西气东输 West-East natural gas transmission project

第三章文化，艺术，娱乐

Section I 英译中

音乐

aria n.独唱曲，咏叹调

background music n.背景音乐

band n.乐队

baritone n.男中音

bass n.低音部，男低音，低音乐器

beat n.节奏，鼓点

brass n.铜管乐器，或铜管乐队

Broadway musicals n.百老汇音乐剧

canon n.卡农，一种乐曲形式，其中同样的旋律被一个或多个声部重复，同一调或相关调彼此在时间上重合 chord n.和弦，和音

composer n.作家，作曲家

concerto n.协奏曲

conductor n.管弦乐队、合唱队指挥

contemporary music n.当代音乐

crescendo n.声音渐增，渐强

decrescendo n.渐弱

dissonanc n.不谐和音，不一致

duet n.二重奏

finale n.（戏剧的）最后一场，结局，终曲，（电视剧）最后一集

flat n.[音]降半音

fox trot n.狐步舞，狐步舞曲

fugue n.[音]赋格曲

genre n.类型，流派

acid jazz 酸性爵士

alternative 另类（非主流）音乐，如gay music（同性恋音乐）

bluegrass 蓝草音乐--起源于美国南方的民间音乐，特色为音乐轻快和象爵士乐那样即兴演奏

blues 布鲁斯歌曲（蓝调音乐）

Celtic 凯尔特音乐（尤指爱尔兰风格）

classical 古典乐

country 乡村音乐

dance 劲爆蹦迪音乐

easy listening轻音乐

electronica 电子音乐

environmental music 环境音乐

experimental 实验音乐

folk 民族音乐

fusion 融合音乐

heavy metal / hard rock 重金属摇滚

hip-hop / urban 嘻蹦乐，又译嘻哈

house 电子乐的一种（注：Hip Hop或Rap源于纽约黑人区，House Music源于芝加哥，但多为白人所作，同时House Music主要为强调Bass Line及Drums的音乐花招，并不涉及文化觉醒或社会运动等主题。）

Indie-Rock独立音乐（属于另类音乐）

jazz 爵士乐

Jazz Blues 爵士布鲁斯

Latin 拉丁乐

musicals 音乐剧

New Age 新时代乐风--以在某些乐器上宁静的即兴创作为特征的现代音乐，例如风琴、吉它或合成器。以梦幻般的悦耳音乐和民族器乐的乐风而闻名

Punk /New wave 朋克 / 新浪潮

R & B 节奏布鲁斯

Rap 说唱

Reggae 雷鬼乐，一种风格独特的牙买加音乐

Retro 怀旧音乐

Soft rock 慢摇滚

soul music（美国黑人）爵士灵歌，结合了福音唱诗以及节奏布鲁斯音乐的特点

soundtrack 电影配乐

swing 摇摆乐，形成于1935年前后的一种流行舞蹈音乐，以爵士乐为基础，但运用更简单的和声和节奏形式以及更大的管乐队

Techno 强烈动感的电子音乐

Trance 非常Hi的电子舞曲，迷幻电子乐

gospel n.福音音乐

harmony n.[音]和弦，和声，悦耳的声音组合 hymn n.赞美诗，圣歌v.唱赞美歌

improvisation n.即席创作

lip synching v./n.对口型，假唱

lyrics n.抒情诗，歌词

march n.[音] 进行曲

melody n.旋律

opera n.歌剧

opus n.作品

orchestra n.管弦乐队

a large musical ensemble consisting of string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments

percussion n.打击乐器，鼓点

polka n.波尔卡舞曲

pop music n.流行音乐，通俗音乐

quartet n.四重奏，四重唱

Renaissance n.文艺复兴，有文艺复兴时期的艺术风格的音乐

the period in Western Europe from 1400-1600;the style of music from this period

repertoire n.（准备好演出的）节目，保留剧目

an inventory of compositions mastered and performed by a musician or ensemble

Requiem Mass n.安魂曲

a Mass for the dead

rhumba n.（=rumba）伦巴舞蹈，伦巴乐曲

a ballroom dance based on the Afro Cuban rumba

rhythm n.节奏，韵律

rock n.摇滚乐

salsa n.萨尔萨舞曲，拉丁美洲一种流行舞曲

samba n.桑巴舞（一种源自非洲的巴西舞）

score n.乐谱

solo n.独奏曲，独唱

sonata n.[音]奏鸣曲

a multimovement composition for solo instrument, or instruments and keyboard accompaniment

soprano n.女高音

symphony n.交响乐，交响曲

tango n.探戈

an Argentinean dance in duple meter with long, gliding steps

tempo n.（音乐）速度、拍子，发展速度

the speed of the music, based on the beat

tenor n.[音] 男高音

a high pitched male voice

theme n.[音] 主题，主题曲，主旋律

theme and variations n.[音]主题与变奏

trio n.三重唱

vocal range n.音域

waltz n.华尔兹舞，华尔兹舞曲

SECTION II: 中译英

2.1 中国文化

四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China

[扩展]

火药gunpowder

印刷术 printing

造纸术paper-making

指南针the compass

中国古代哲学家 Ancient Chinese Philosophers

孔子 Confucius

孟子Mencius

老子 Lao Tzu

庄子Chuang Tzu

墨子Mo Tzu

孙子Sun Tzu

（注：see attached for famous quotations of Ancient Chinese Philosophers 引言见附录）

道Tao , “the way”，the principle of the workings of the universe

仁 humaneness（also mean: humanity, benevolence, goodness, virtue）

四书The Four Books

《大学》The Great Learning

《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean

《论语》The Analects of Confucius

《孟子》The Mencius

书法五大书体five major styles of calligraphy

篆书 seal script / seal character

隶书 official script / clerical script

行书 running script / semi-cursive script

草书 cursive script

楷书 regular script / standard script

中国画 traditional Chinese painting

水墨画Chinese brush painting;ink and wash painting

工笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting

六艺： six classical arts

[扩展]

礼rites

乐music

射archery

御riding

书writing

数arithmetic

孙子兵法The Art of War

汉字 Chinese character

（汉字）笔画 stroke

偏旁部首 radical

书写体系 writing system

汉藏语系Sino-Tibetan

汉学家Sinologist / Sinologue

中国热 Sinomania

同宗同源 of the same origin

华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors

单音节 single syllable

汉语有 “合理的逻辑性” Chinese language is “soberly logical”（Edward Sapir, American linguist）

汉语四声调the four tones of Chinese characters

level tone阳平

rising tone阴平

falling-rising tone上声

falling tone去声

武术 martial art

中国武术 Kung fu

武术门派 styles or schools of martial art

习武健身practice martial art for fitness

古代格斗术ancient form of combat

中国武术协会 Chinese Martial Art Association

武林高手top martial artist

气功Qigong, deep breathing exercises

柔道 judo

空手道Karate

跆拳道tae kwon do

拳击boxing

摔跤wrestling

击剑fencing

仗剑走天涯walk the earth（with a sword）

武侠小说 tales of roving knights;kung fu novels

中国文学Chinese literature

《三国演义》Three Kingdoms

《西游记》 Journey to the West;Pilgrimage to the West

《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions

《山海经》 the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror；Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers

《西厢记》 the Romance of West Chamber

《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes;Tales of the Water Margin

《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio;Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio

《围城》Fortress Besieged

《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q

春秋 the Spring and Autumn Annals

史记 Historical Records

诗经 The Books of Songs；the Book of Odes

书经 The Books of History

易经 I Ching;the Book of Changes

礼记 the Book of Rites

孝经Book of Filial Piety

三字经 three-character scripture； three-word chant

八股文 eight-part essay;stereotyped writing

五言绝句 five-character quatrain

七言律诗 seven-character octave

中国建筑 Chinese architecture

四合院 quadrangle, the traditional Chinese single-story houses with rows of rooms around the four sides of a courtyard

蒙古包（Mongolian）yurt

碑刻，碑文，碑铭inscriptions on a tablet

碑林the forest of steles, tablet forest

道观Taoist temple

殿hall

烽火台 beacon tower

鼓楼 drum tower

华表 ornamental column

回廊corridor

祭坛 altar

假山rockeries

角楼watchtower

廊 corridor

牌楼 pailou, decorated archway

桥bridges

石舫 stone boat

石窟 grotto

水榭 pavilion on the water

塔 pagoda;tower

台 terrace

坛altar

亭阁 pavilion

钟楼 bell tower

柱pillar, column, post 陵墓 emperor‟s mausoleum/tomb

重要文化遗产major cultural heritage 优秀民间艺术outstanding folk arts 文物cultural relics 中国结 Chinese knot 旗袍Cheongsam 中山装Chinese tunic suit 唐装traditional Chinese garments（clothing），Tang suit 景泰蓝cloisonné

朝廷使者 royal court envoy 文人 men of letters 雅士 refined scholars 文化产业culture industry 文化底蕴cultural deposits 文化事业cultural undertaking 文化交流cross-cultural communication 文化冲突culture shock 民族文化national culture 民间文化folk culture 城镇文化urban culture 乡村文化rural culture 当地文化native culture 表演艺术performing art 现代流行艺术popular art, pop art 纯艺术high art 高雅艺术refined art 电影艺术cinematographic art 戏剧艺术theatrical art [扩展] 生（男性正面角色）male（the positive male role）

旦（女性正面角色）female（the positive female role）

净（性格鲜明的男性配角）a supporting male role with striking character 丑（幽默滑稽或反面角色）a clown or a negative role 花脸painted role 独角戏 monodrama；one-man show 歌舞喜剧musical 滑稽场面，搞笑小噱头shtick 滑稽短剧skit 京剧票友 amateur performer of Beijing Opera / Peking Opera fan 京剧人物脸谱Peking Opera Mask 口技 ventriloquism

木偶戏 puppet show

旁白voice over

皮影戏 shadow play;leather-silhouette show

说书 story-telling

叠罗汉 make a human pyramid

折子戏 opera highlights

踩高跷stilt walk

哑剧 pantomime;mime

哑剧演员 pantomimist

戏剧小品 skit

马戏circus show

单口相声monologue comic talk, standup comedy

特技表演stunt

相声witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk

杂技 acrobatics

京韵大鼓the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment

秦腔shaanxi opera

篆刻sealcutting

阴文characters cut in intaglio

阳文characters cut in relief

图章 seal

刻刀graver

拓碑 making rubbings from stone inscriptions

拓片 rubbing

工艺，手艺 workmanship / craftsmanship

手工艺品 handicraft

木雕wood carving

黄杨木雕boxwood craft

雕漆carved lacquerware

石雕stone carving

微雕 miniature engraving

象牙雕ivory carving

竹雕bamboo engraving

贝雕shell carving

冰雕 ice sculpture

彩塑painted sculpture

瓷釉enamel

刺绣embroidery

卷轴scroll

蜡染batik

泥人 clay figure

漆画lacquer painting

漆器Lacquer ware

青瓷色Celadon

双面绣two-sided embroidery

水墨画Landscape/ ink painting

苏绣Suzhou embroidery

檀香扇sandalwood fan

唐三彩Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty

陶器 pottery

制陶业Ceramics

文房四宝The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study---a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper

砚刻inkslab engraving

宜兴陶Yixing pottery

折扇Folding fan

枝编工艺Wickerwork

织锦，挂毯Tapestry

纸工艺品papier mache

中国画Chinese painting

民间传说 folklores

寓言fable

传说 legend

神话mythology

玉皇大帝God of Heaven

八仙 the Eight Immortals

嫦娥 Chang‟e, the Chinese moon goddess

伏羲 Fu Xi, God of Fishery and Husbandry

福禄寿三星god of fortune, god of prosperity, god and longevity

财神 god of fortune

灶神 god of the kitchen

共工 Gonggong, God of Water

后羿 Houyi（a legendary hero who shot down nine suns）

黄帝 Yellow Emperor

夸父 Kuafu（a fabled sun-chasing giant）

女娲 Nuwa : a goddess who patches up the sky

盘古 Pan Gu , creator of the universe

神农 Patron of Agriculture

禹 Yu , the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty

祝融 Zhurong, God of Fire

古为今用，洋为中用make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china 赋诗inscribe a poem

对对联matching an antithetical couplet

阳历Solar calendar

公历Gregorian calendar

阴历Lunar calendar

天干heavenly stem

地支earthly branch

闰年leap year

二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms

十二生肖zodiac

Rat 鼠

Ox 牛

Tiger 虎

Hare 兔

Dragon 龙

Snake 蛇

Horse 马

Sheep 羊

Monkey 猴

Rooster 鸡

Dog 狗

Pig猪

猴年 year of monkey

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

传统节日traditional holidays

春节 Spring Festival

拜年pay a New Year visit

爆竹，鞭炮firecracker

除夕 Eve of Chinese New Year

春联 Spring couplets

辞旧迎新 ring out the old year and ring in the new

饺子 Jiaozi, boiled dumpling

锅贴 pot sticker

庙会 temple fair

鸣钟辞旧岁ring out the old year

年画（traditional）New Year pictures

年夜饭 the Eve Feast;family reunion dinner on Lunar New Year‟s Eve

年终大扫除 year-end household cleaning

守岁 stay up late on the New Year‟s Eve

团圆饭 family reunion dinner

压岁钱 New Year gift-money;money given to children as a New Year gift

舞龙dragon dance

元宵节 Lantern Festival（15th day of the first lunar month）

元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings

花灯festival lantern

灯谜lantern riddle

狮子舞 lion dance

踩高跷stilt walking

清明节 Pure Brightness Festival / Tomb-sweeping Day（April the 5th）

扫墓sweep tomb sites of loved ones

古文明研究中心 Research Center for Ancient Civilizations 中外学者 Chinese and overseas scholars 考古学家 archaeologists 人类学家 anthropologist 历史学家 historian 地理学家geographer

江南水乡 the south of the lower reaches of the Yangze River 水乡景色 riverside scenery 2.2 体育，娱乐

2008夏季奥运会 2008 summer Olympics

祭祖offer sacrifices to the ancestors

踏青go for an outing in spring

端午节 Dragon Boat Festival（5th of the fifth lunar month）

赛龙舟dragon boat race

粽子 zongzi（pyramid-shaped dumpling made by glutinous rice wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves）

Departed soul 亡灵

忠臣loyal minister

诗人屈原Quyuan the poet

中秋节 Moon Festival / Mid-Autumn Day（15th of the eight lunar month）

月饼 mooncake

赏月 appreciate the glorious full moon

团圆 reunion

桂花 sweet osmanthus

重阳节 Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day

赏菊 admire the beauty of chrysanthemum

登高 climb mountain

中药TCM traditional Chinese medicine（详见HEALTH一章）

秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin

皇太后 Empress Dowager

汉高祖刘邦founder of the Han Dynasty（206BC-220AD）

成吉思汗 Genghis Khan;Temujin

才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies

文明摇篮 cradle of civilization

夏朝 Xia Dynasty

明清两代（of）Ming and Qing dynasties

中华文明 Chinese civilization

文明摇篮 cradle of civilization

地名：特别注意四川和陕拼法

四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan

陕西 Shaanxi 主办2008年奥运会 host the 2008 Olympic Games 奥运会火炬 Olympic torch 奥运村 Olympic village 奥运选手 Olympian

奥运会核心精神 the core spirit of the Olympic games 更快、更高、更强 Citius, Altius, Fortius 东道国 host country 主办城市 host city

冬奥会 Olympic Winter Games

国际奥委会 IOC（International Olympic Committee）会歌 anthem 会徽 emblem 申办 bid

申办成功 win the bidding 板球 criket

公开赛 open / open tournament 锦标赛 championships

国家体育总局 State Physical Culture Administration 健美运动 bodybuilding 教练 coach / trainer 举重 weight lifting 马术 equitation

球类运动 ball games 赛马 horse race 射击 shooting 射箭 archery

室内运动 indoor sports 室外运动 outdoor sports

体育道德、运动家精神 sportsmanship 田径 track and field 跳高 high jump

跳远 long jump

马拉松 marathon

职业选手 professional athlete

自行车赛 cycling

跨栏 hurdle race

体操 gymnastics

接力赛 relay race

冰球 hockey

娱乐 recreation / entertainment

[扩展]

豆沙sweet bean paste 蛋黄egg yolk

咸蛋黄 marinated egg yolk 海鲜seafood 扇贝scallop 大葱scallion 葱green onion 肉馅minced meat 鱼糜minced fillet 虾糜minced shrimp

《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention

比基尼 bikini

茶道 sado

敞蓬车 convertible

宠物医院 pet clinic

传媒 media

吹风会 briefing

大开眼界 open one's eyes;broaden one's horizon;be an eye-opener

大众传媒 mass media（of communications）

发烧友 zealot;enthusiastic fan

狗仔队 paparazzo（singular），paparazzi（plural）

广告妙语 punch line

吉尼斯世界记录 Guinness Book of Records

家庭影院 home theater

票房 box office

泼水节 Water-Sprinkling Festival

群众精神文化生活people's cultural life

人体彩绘 body painting

迪斯尼乐园 Disneyland

米老鼠 Mickey mouse

唐老鸭 Donald Duck

特技演员stunt man

替身演员 stand-in;double

选美 beauty contest, beauty pageant

综艺节目 variety show

2.3 饮食文化

各大菜系 major styles of cooking / cuisine

粽子Zongzi: a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves（eaten on the Dragon Boat Festival）

月饼moon cake

蜜饯candied preserved fruit / sweetened preserved plums 饺子Jiaozi boiled dumpling 八宝饭8-treasure rice 鲤鱼carp

青鱼black carp 草鱼grass carp

欧洲鲫鱼crucian carp 鲫鱼golden carp 鲈鱼bass

桂鱼Chinese perch 石斑鱼garoupa

三文鱼/ 大麻哈鱼salmon 金枪鱼tuna 鳕鱼cod

年糕rice cakea room with one bed for one person n.单人房（一张床）

twin rooma room for two persons with a double bed n.双人房（一张床）

triple rooma room directly facing the ocean n.面朝海洋的房间

ocean view-a room from which it is possible to secure a view of the ocean（usually located on the side of the hotel）海景房

wet bar小吧台 n.（旅馆房间里有自来水和水槽的小吧台）

book/ reserve a room v.订房

booth n.餐厅中的包厢或火车座

bowling alley n.保龄球场

check in v.入住

check out v.结账、退房

close-circuit television n.闭路电视

deposit n.预定金

discotheque n.迪斯科舞厅

front desk;reception desk n.前台

gym n.健身房

hotel registration form n.旅馆登记表

karaoke n.卡拉OK

lobby n.大堂

make a reservation 预订

massage parlor n.按摩室，（挂按摩院招牌的）妓院

pool table n.台球桌

stay at v.在……下榻

2.air transportation n.空运，坐飞机旅行

connecting flight n.转接班机

direct flight n.直航（不换飞机，但中途可能有停）

electronic ticket n.电子机票

non-stop flight n.直达航班

baggage allowance n.免费行李配额

coach class n.经济舱

commercial carriers n.客运飞机，列车等

first class n.头等舱

air mile n.空英里，空中飞行的长度单位，相当于一国际海里（6,076.115英尺）

travel insurance n.旅行保险

PAI（personal accident insurance）n.人身意外伤害险

force majeure n.不可抗力（如风暴，战争等）

3.car rental n.租车

van n.厢式车；商旅车

compact adj./ n.小型轿车

mid-sized adj.中型汽车

full-sized adj.大型轿车（六人坐）

sedan 四门轿车

convertible 敞蓬车

drop-off charge n.甲地租车，乙地还车所收取的费用

Value Added Tax（VAT）n.增值税（欧洲国家对货品和服务所课征的营业税，一般可退还给游客）

4.hotel n.旅馆

apartment hotel n.酒店式公寓

B & Bthe Sun Watching Peak

玉皇顶 Peak of the Heavenly Emperor

黄山 Mount Huangshan;Yellow Mountain 紫金山天文台 Purple Mountain Observatory 南天门The Heavenly Southern Gate 午门meridian gate

天坛 the Temple of Heaven 紫禁城the Forbidden City 故宫the Imperial Place

故宫博物院 the Palace Museum 护城河Moat 回音壁echo wall

居庸关Juyongguan pass 长寿山the longevity hill 九龙壁the nine dragon wall 黄龙洞the yellow dragon cave 大清真寺great mosque

黄帝陵Huang Di Mausoleum 十三陵Ming Tombs

中山陵Dr.Sun Yat-sen‟s Mausoleum

成吉思汗陵 Mausoleum of Genghis Khan 鲁迅故居Luxun‟s former residence（重庆）渣滓洞 Cinder Cave（重庆）红岩村 Red Crag Village（延安）宝塔山 Pagoda Hill 东方威尼斯Oriental Venice 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 狮子林 Lion Grove Garden 怡园 Joyous Garden 留园lingering Garden

网师园 Garden of the Master of Nets

耦园（谐音偶，佳偶之意）Garden of Couple‟s Retreat西湖 West Lake 苏堤 Su Causeway

白堤 Bai Causeway

断桥 Broken Bridge

外西湖 Outer West Lake

九寨沟jiuzhaigou

布达拉宫Potala Palace

日月潭 Lake Sun Moon

3）名胜古迹places of scenic beauty and historical interests / scenic spots and historical sites

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堡fort, fortress

避暑山庄 mountain resort 避暑胜地 summer resort 冬季旅游胜地Winter resort 度假胜地 holiday resort 佛教胜地 Buddhist resort 滑雪胜地Ski resort 冰山iceberg 火山 volcano 青山green hill

场所site, venue, locale, seat

城堡castle

长廊The Long Corridor

殿hall

拱顶vault

鼓楼 drum-tower

荷塘lotus pond

湖石假山Lakeside rocks and rockeries

祭坛 altar

角楼watchtower

九曲桥Bridge of Nine Turnings

廊 corridor

陵墓 emperor‟s mausoleum/tomb

楼 tower;mansion

牌楼pailou, decorated archway

桥bridges

水榭 pavilion on the water

塔 pagoda;tower

台 terrace

坛altar

梯staircase

亭阁 pavilion

亭台楼阁pavilions, terraces, and towers;a general reference to the elaborate Chinese architecture

溪streams

行宫A temporary imperial palace

钟楼bell-tower

柱pillar, column, post

碑刻，碑文，碑铭inscriptions on a tablet

碑林the forest of steles, tablet forest

碑座 pedestal of the tablet

壁画 murals;fresco 出土unearth

道观Taoist temple

道教名山Taoist mountain 堤防embankment 地下军团buried legion 雕塑Sculptures 雕像 statue 顶点Summit

定情之物token of love 洞穴/岩洞 cave;cavern 仿古制品 antique replica 复制品Replica

高超工艺 superior workmanship 孤柏Lone cypress

古董antique, antiquity, curio 古迹place of historical interest

古建筑群 ancient architectural / building complex 古墓 ancient tomb

古松Age-old pine trees 古玩店 antique/curio shop 国家公园 national park 海平面Sea level

号称五岳之首 rank first of the five great mountains in china 后裔Descendant 回廊corridor

甲骨文 inscription on bones and tortoiseshells 假山rockeries

建筑风格Architectural style

江南水乡 south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 景象Spectacle

领略自然景观的魅力 appreciate the charms of natural landscape

蜜月度假胜地 honeymoon resort

名山 famous mountain / mountain resort

名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers

摩崖石刻Carved out of a cliff

瀑布 waterfall, fall

小瀑布 cascade

飞瀑plunging waterfall

曲阜Qufu

曲径winding path

人文景观places of historic figures and cultural heritage

雪山Snow-capped mountain 釉面砖Glazed tile

御花园 imperial garden

园林建筑Garden architecture 原始森林virgin forest 藻类algae

植物园botanical garden 主题公园 theme park

自然景观natural attraction;natural landscape / scenery 综合建筑building complex

人造物品Artifact

日出Sunrise

日落Sunset

溶洞water-eroded cave

溶岩景色，喀斯特地貌Karst scenery

石舫 stone boat

石灰池Calcified pond

石灰岩洞limestone cave

石窟 grotto

石牌Stone steles

石桥Stone bridge

石笋stalagmite

石像Portrait stone

世界第八大奇迹eighth wonder of the world

世界七大奇迹seven wonders of the world

世界文化遗产保护地World Heritage Sites（WHS）

世界之窗 Window of the World

书法真迹 calligraphic relics

水乡景色 riverside scenery

私家园林Private garden

四大奇观Four wonders

缩影Miniature

天下第一洞The most spectacular cave unparalleled elsewhere in the world

天下第一泉The finest spring under heaven

武当功夫 Wudang martial arts

险峰perilous peaks

香格里拉Shangri-la（earthly paradise or utopia--generally secluded and peaceful）

镶嵌inlay

修复Renovate

雪峰snow-topped peaks 坐佛Sitting Buddha

5）历史人文 history and human culture [扩展]

春秋时期The Spring and Autumn Period 吐蕃王国 Tubo Kingdom 王朝dynasty

旧石器时代Paleolithic times

新石器时代 the Neolithic Age;New Stone Age' 玛雅文化 Mayan civilization

母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society 清朝帝王Qing emperors

文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng

春秋时代The Spring and Autumn Period

大思想家和教育家A great thinker and educator 慈禧太后Empress Dowager CiXi 祭祀offer sacrifices 君主monarch

皇妃Imperial concubine 丞相Prime minister 太监Court eunuch 古装Ancient costume 朝代dynasty

历代various dynasty 少数民族ethnic minority 蒙古族Mongolian 藏族Tibetan 维吾尔族Uygur

纳西族Naxi minority

阿坝藏族自治州Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 古代器具Ancient utensils 考古学家archaeologist

发掘unearth 吉尼斯世界纪录The Guinness Book of World Records 公元 AD（Anno Domini）公元前 BC（Before Christ）诞生地 Birthplace 历史文物 historical relics 历史遗迹 historical site 青铜器Bronze ware 文人men of letters 雅士refined scholars

景色如画 picturesque views

乐不思蜀too delighted to be homesick

琳琅满目 a superb collection of beautiful things;an eyeful of goodies 鳞次栉比 row upon row of;packed with

玲珑剔透 exquisitely carved/ made/ wrought 流连忘返 linger on;too delighted to leave 绿水青山 green hills and clear waters

迷人 enchanting / bewitching / fascinating 墨客骚人 men of letters

奇峰异石 picturesque peaks and rocks 文物cultural relics

西域western countries

6）经典描绘语句 classic descriptions

[扩展]

八方来客 tourists from all parts of the world

保存完好 well-preserved

波光粼粼的湖sparkling lake

苍松翠柏 green pines and cypresses

层峦叠嶂 range upon range of mountains / the hills rise around…

姹紫嫣红 a blaze of bright colors/ colorful

崇山峻岭 steep mountains

船移景换 each turn of the boat affords a different scenery / view

纯洁 purity

雕梁画栋 carved beams and painted pillars

洞天福地 scenery of exceptional charm

陡峭的precipitous

阴云蔽日 overcast

飞流急湍 whirlpools and rapids

峰回路转 the paths running sinuously amid the peaks

高超工艺 / 工艺精湛exquisite workmanship / superior craftsmanship

古香古色of antique beauty

宏伟的Majestic

宏伟挺拔 towering magnificence

湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills

华丽的gorgeous

吉利的propitious

极目远眺 look as far as the eye can see

金碧辉煌 splendid and magnificent

尽收眼底 hold a panoramic view

惊叹不已（be）marveled;marvel at…

惊涛拍岸 raging waves pound on the banks 奇花异草 exotic flowers and herbs 奇珍异宝 rare treasure 巧妙设计well-designed

青山不断 green hills roll on endlessly 清澈见底limpid 曲折tortuous

群山环抱 surrounded by mountains / hills

日出（日落）的壮丽景色 the glory of the sunrise（sunset）如画picturesque 如诗poetic

山峦迭翠 range upon range of green hills

山水风光 scenery with mountains and rivers;landscape 闪闪发光glittering，sparkling, winkling 赏心悦目 delightful

天方夜谭（lit.）the Arabian nights（褒义）exotic

（贬义）a sheer fallacy

天下奇观wonder;marvelous spectacle 蜿蜒流淌的河水winding river 蜿蜒曲折 winding/ zigzagging

万紫千红 a variety of colors;a riot of colors 巍然屹立 towering

蔚为壮观splendid/ spectacular

闻名遐迩 known far and wide;well-known;famous;world-renowned 无边无际boundless

无可抗拒的overpowering

熙熙攘攘 crowded/ hustle and bustle 侠义心肠chivalrous 仙境wonderland

鲜花盛开flowers in blossom

相映成趣 form delightful contrast

心旷神怡 completely relaxed and happy/ delighted

雄伟险峻 precipitous

悬崖绝壁cliff/precipice

绚丽多姿 colorful

烟波浩渺 a wide expanse of misty waters

一览无余 hold all views in sight/ in a single glance

依山傍水 nestling under a mountain and near a river

意犹未尽linger on

优雅的exquisite, graceful, elegant

诱人景色 inviting views

鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey

郁郁葱葱luxuriantly green

枝繁叶茂 luxuriant

庄严grandeur

庄严肃穆solemn

壮丽景色 spectacular scene

忽暗忽明，幻影迭显 mysteriously veiled in mountain mist

船行水上，人游画中 people tour in „pictures‟ while boats sail on water

上有天堂，下有苏杭 In heaven there is the paradise, and on earth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou./ As there is the paradise in heaven, so there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳 Trips to China‟s five great mountains render trips to other mountains unnecessary, and a trip to Huangshan renders trips to the five great mountains unnecessary.桂林山水甲天下，阳朔山水甲桂林 Guilin landscape tops those elsewhere,and Yangshuo landscape tops that of Guilin.五岳 china‟s five great /sacred/ divine mountains

天下第一奇山 the most fantastic mountain under heaven

黄山四绝 the four unique scenic features: picturesque rocks, legendary pines, the sea of clouds and hot springs

2.3 古代世界七大奇迹

1.巴比伦空中花园 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

2.阿尔忒弥斯神庙 The Temple of Artemis（Diana）at Ephesus

3.宙斯神像 The Statue of Zeus

4.摩索拉斯陵墓 The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

5.罗德岛太阳神巨像 The Colossus of Rhodes

6.亚历山大灯塔 The Pharos（Lighthouse）of Alexandria

7.埃及金字塔 The Pyramids of Egypt

2.4中国部分世界自然和文化遗产名录

1.长城 the Great Wall of China

2.紫禁城 the Forbidden City

3.敦煌莫高窟 Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang

4.周口店北京人遗址 Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site

5.泰山Mount Tai

6.黄山 Mount Huangshan

7.武陵源风景名胜区 Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Area

8.九寨沟风景名胜区 Jiuzhaigou Scenic and Historic Area

9.黄龙风景名胜区 Huanglong Scenic and Historic Area

10.承德避暑山庄 Changde Imperial Mountain Resort

11.孔府Confucius Family Mansion

12.孔庙Confucius Temple

13.孔林 Confucius Cemetry

14.武当山古建筑群 Ancient Building Comoplex at Wudangshan

15.布达拉宫 Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple

16.庐山风景名胜区 Lushan National Park

17.峨眉山、乐山大佛 Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha

18.武夷山风景区 Mount Wuyi

第五章外交和军事

SECTION I: 英译中

1.1外事礼仪

acknowledge v.承认

a gathering permeated with a spirit of cordial friendship 充满亲切友情的聚会

a rewarding trip 不虚此行

accommodate vt.供给…住宿，招待； vi.适应，配合

add a new page to the history of 给…的历史增加了新的一页

agenda n.议程

alumnus（alumni）;alumna（alumnae）n.校友

banquet n.宴会

BBQ party n.烧烤会

Bon Appetite!int.祝你胃口好！

Bon Voyage!int.旅途愉快！

buffet n.自助餐

buffet reception n.冷餐招待会

cheek-to-cheek embrace 贴脸拥抱

cheers int.干杯

closing speech n.闭幕致辞

cocktail party n.鸡尾酒会

colleague（s）n.同仁

commerce ties n.商业关系 coexistence n.共存，共处

congenial atmosphere n.融洽气氛

I‟ve long heard of you 久仰

impromptu speech n.即席讲话

in the company of …/ accompanied by… 在…的陪同下

costume party;masquerade n.化装舞会

courtesy call n.礼节性拜会

D dinner / dinner party n.晚宴

distinguished guest n.贵宾；佳宾

draw to a close 即将结束

E eloquent remark n.雄辩的（动人的）演讲

entertain v.招待

extraordinary arrangement n.特殊安排；精心安排 eye salute n.注目礼

F farewell ceremony n.欢送仪式

feel honored and privileged 感到荣幸

feel pleased and honored 感到愉快和荣幸

feel proud and honored 感到骄傲和荣幸

fellow citizens n.同胞们

foreign affairs office n.外事办

fulfill one‟s ambitions 展鸿图；酬壮志

G generous hospitality 盛情款待

genuine friendship 真挚友谊

give a dinner for a visitor from afar 接风洗尘

goodwill visit n.友好访问

gracious invitation n.盛情邀请

gracious remark n.热情的演讲，评论

Guest of Honor n.主宾

gun salute n./v.礼炮

H heartfelt gratefulness n.由衷的感谢

hearty embrace n.热烈拥抱

hearty gratitude n.衷心的感谢

heritage n.传统

hospitality n.好客

host a farewell dinner for someone 为…饯行

host country n.主办国；东道主国家

host n.主人

inauguration n.开幕式；就职典礼

incomparable hospitality n.无比盛情的款待

itinerary n.活动日程，路线

K, L

kind words of welcome n.友好的欢迎词

lasting friendship n.长久的友谊

long-awaited guest n.盼望已久的客人

look back at the past 回顾过去

look into the future 展望未来

luncheon n.午餐会

M, N, O

motorcade n.车队

nodding acquaintance n.泛泛之交

occasion n.场合；时刻

opening address n.开幕致辞

opening ceremony n.开幕式

pay a return visit v.回拜

picnic party n.野餐会

propose a toast v.祝酒

receive;play host to v.接待

receptionist n.接待员

reception n.招待会

regard n.尊重；敬意

regards n.问候

renew old friendships（and establish new contacts）友）

seating arrangement n.席位安排

signing ceremony n.签约式

sincere gratitude n.真挚的感谢

speech of welcome / address of welcome n.欢迎词

state banquet n.国宴

sworn friend n.刎颈之交

take this opportunity 趁此机会

toaster n.祝酒者

重温旧情

（结交新

toast n.祝酒词 U unequalled adj.无与伦比的 unprecedented adj.前所未有的 W warm reception n.热情接待 warm welcome n.热情欢迎 wedding reception n.喜宴

welcoming banquet n.欢迎宴会 welcoming ceremony n.欢迎仪式

common interest n.共同利益 common prosperity n.共同繁荣 communiqué n.联合公报

community of nations n.国际社会 compassion n.同情，怜悯 consolidate v.巩固

constrain vt.约束；强迫

containment n.遏制，遏制政策

contradictory;self-contradictory adj.矛盾；自相矛盾 convention n.大会；条约；协定；惯例

1.2两国关系

a resolution n.决议

abundant accomplishment n.丰硕的成果

accord with /agree with/conform to/meet v.符合 acknowledge vt.承认

assert v.宣称；维护

attempt n./ v.尝试

beckon v.召唤

boost v.促进，刺激，增进

bilateral adj.双边的

bilateral channels n.双边渠道

bilateral cooperation n.双边合作

bilateral diplomatic activities n.双边外交

bilateral relations n.双边关系

bully v.欺侮；以强凌弱

cast off v.丢弃，摆脱

cause n.原因、理想、事业、目标

channel n.渠道

channels of dialog n.对话渠道

chaos n.混乱

clash n.冲突

coercion n.强迫，高压政治

collapse n.溃败；崩溃

commitment n.承诺，义务

common aspiration n.共同希望

common causes n.共同目标；共同理想

common desire n.共同愿望

common developmen n.共同发展

convergence n.集中

counterpart n.相应的、对等的人或物

counterproductive adj.起反作用的；反效果的 courtesy n.礼貌

crises n.危机；危险期 D

dawning n.黎明；开端 decline n./vi.下降；衰落 defy vt./n.挑战；公然挑衅 delay v./ n.耽搁；拖延 decency n.合宜，得体 delightful adj.令人愉快的 deteriorate vt.使恶化；变糟 deterioration n.衰败 disparity n.不等；不同 dispute n./ v.争端 diverse adj.多变的

diversity n.多样化；气象万千 dominate v.压倒；统治；占优势 E

emancipate vt.释放；解放 embody vt.体现

embrace v./ n.拥抱；信奉 encroach on 侵犯，蚕食 encroachment n.侵犯 endeavor n.努力

enduring adj.持久的；不朽的 enrich vt.充实

equitable adj.公平的；公正的 era n.纪元

erupt v.突然爆发

escalation n.升级

exacerbate vt.恶化，使…加剧 F flaunt v./n.炫耀；标榜

fluctuation n.波动；起伏不定 foil vt.阻挠；挫败

formulation n.明确表达；简洁陈述 foundation n.基础；基金会 G guarantee n./vt.保证

justice n.正义 L, M

legitimate adj.合法的

maintain v.维持；坚持认为

make great contribution to 对…有重大贡献 malignant adj.恶性的；致命的 manifold n./ adj.多方面的 meddle v.干涉

memorable adj.令人难忘的 mentality n.心理，思维状态

guidance n.指导

gunboat policy（尖船利炮）强权政策

hamper v.妨碍；牵制

harness v 管理，支配，控制

hereby adv.在此

hostility n.敌意、敌对状态

ideal arena n.理想的场所，舞台

impair v.损害

impetus n.动力

implement n.贯彻

in a friendly manner adv.以友好的方式

in a wide range of areas（就）广泛领域

incapacitate v.使不能胜任

incentive n.动机；动力

in-depth adj.彻底、深入的 integral adj.整体的

international community 国际社会

intervention n.干涉

interventionist n./ adj.主张干涉他国内政者

intimidate v.恐吓，威逼

intricacy n.错综复杂

irresistible adj.不可抗拒的 J

jeopardize v.危及

joint communiqué n.联合公报

joint declaration n.联合声明

joint efforts n.协力

juncture n.时刻、关头；接合点

jurisdiction n.权限；管辖权；管辖区域

might n.势力，兵力 mighty adj.强大的 mimic vt./adj.模仿

mistrust n.不信任；疑心 multilateral adj.多边的 mutual benefit 互利互惠

mutual complementarities 互补 mutual confidence 相互信任 mutual consultation 共同协商 mutual courtesy 礼尚往来 mutual promotion 相互促进 mutual respect 相互尊重 mutual supervision 互相监督 mutual trust 相互信任

mutual understanding 相互理解 N, O

negotiation n.谈判；协商 objective n.目标；目的 obstacles n.干扰；障碍 obstruct n./v.阻碍 origin n.起源；渊源

overshadow v.弱化；使…黯然失色 P

paralysis n.瘫痪，麻痹

partnership n.合作、合伙关系 peace-loving adj.爱好和平的 perish v.毁灭、死亡 permeate v.渗透

phenomenal adj.非凡的；杰出的 pioneering adj.开拓性的 pool（efforts）v.协力

potential n.潜力；adj.潜在的 prejudice n.偏见； v.损害

prerequisite n.先决条件； adj.首要的，必要的 prescribe v.指示；规定

prevailing adj.占优势的；盛行的 prior to 在…之前

profound adj.深刻的，意义深远的 proliferation n.扩散

promising adj.有前途的，有希望的

promote/facilitate/enhance/strengthen/ advance v.加强；促进

strengthen the bond 加强联系；加固纽带 subordinate n./ adj.次要、下属、从属的

subsequent adj.后来的，接着发生的，连续的 summit

n.峰会；首脑会议

symbol / symbolize n./ v象征 T

thereby adv.从而

threat v./n.威胁，恐吓 trailblazer n.开拓者

prudence n.审慎；慎重

pursue v.追求

R recognition n.承认，认可

reflect v.反映

refrain v.节制；制止

regime n.政权，体制

resentment n.不满、怨恨

resolutely adv.坚决地；果敢地

resolution n.决心；决议

respectable adj.可敬的

respective adj.分别的，各自的restructure v.重组；体制改革

reunification n.统一

rhetoric n./adj.修辞；空话

rival n./v.竞争对手

rivalry n.竞争；敌对状态

S safeguard v./ n.扞卫

sanction v./ n.制裁

score v.取得（成绩、成果…）

setback n.挫折；退步

signify v.表征，意味着

solidarity n.团结

sound adj.健全的source n.来源

sponsor n./v.赞助；主办

stability n.稳定

status quo n.现状

steadfastly adv.踏实地；坚定地

straightforward adj.坦率的；直截了当

trailblazing adj.开拓性 trample n./ v.践踏

tranquil adj.安静、宁静的 transcend vt.凌驾；超越 trans-century adj.跨世纪的 transition n.转变、过渡 turmoil n.**；冲突 tackle v.处理；对付 take shape v.成形 tense adj.紧张的 U

undermine v.破坏

undesirable adj.不受欢迎的 union n.联盟；工会

unswervingly adv.坚定不移地 V

vigorous adj.强健的；精力充沛的 volatile adj.不稳定的；多变的 SECTION II: 中译英中国外交

1.“走出去”（战略）going global 2.安全security, safety 3.霸权hegemony

4.闭关锁国的过去closed-door past 5.闭关政策closed-door policy 6.标准criteria

7.博大深远extensive and profound 8.不对抗non-confrontatio 9.不合理irrationality 10.不结盟non-alignment

11.不可克服的困难insurmountable difficulty

12.不平等inequality 13.不懈的努力 unremitting efforts 14.采取具体步骤 undertake concrete step 15.差距gap 16.尝试attempt 17.充满活力dynamism 18.崇高的事业lofty cause 19.崇高理想grand ideal 20.处理分歧address differences 21.穿梭外交shuttle diplomacy

53.高层次、全方位的对话high-level and all-directional dialogue 54.高峰论坛summit（forum）55.高级官员senior officials 56.隔阂estrangement

57.各国人民的福祉well-being of all nations 58.公告proclamation 59.公平fairness

60.公正，正义justice 61.共识 consensus 62.共赢all-win 22.打破障碍beak down barriers

23.单边的 unilateral

24.单边主义 unilateralism

25.邓小平外交思想 Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic thoughts

26.低估 underestimate / underestimation

27.地方矛盾regional conflicts

28.地球村global village

29.地区差异 regional disparity

30.地区**（冲突）regional turmoil（conflicts）

31.独立自主的和平外交政策independent foreign policy of peace

32.独立自主原则principles of independence

33.度假外交holiday-making diplomacy

34.对手opponent;rival

35.对外工作external work

36.多边外交multilateral diplomatic activities

37.多边政策multilateralism

38.多极化multi-polarization

39.多极时代multipolar times

40.多极世界 multipolar world

41.多极性multi-polarity

42.繁荣prosperity

43.繁荣昌盛flourish

44.仿效imitation

45.分工division of responsibilities

46.分裂活动splittist activities

47.分歧 issues of difference

48.否决权veto right

49.复杂多变的国际形势a complex and volatile international situation

50.复杂化complication

51.复杂性complexity

52.改善，改进ameliorate 63.国家元首head of state 1.国与国state-to-state

2.过渡期the transitional period 3.过分go overboard

4.合法权益the legitimate rights and interests 5.合作关系cooperative relationship 6.和睦关系harmonious relationship 7.和平peace

8.和平方式peaceful means

9.和平共处peaceful coexistence 10.和平外交 peace diplomacy 11.后果；结果 consequence

12.互不干涉内部事务noninterference in each other's internal affairs 13.互不往来non-communication 14.互惠合同reciprocal contract

15.互利合作的伙伴partners of mutual benefit and cooperation 16.怀疑suspicion

17.环太平洋国家Pacific rim countries 18.缓解（冲突）buffer（conflicts）

19.恢复行使主权 resume the exercise of sovereignty（over…）20.回顾过去 in retrospect 21.机制mechanism

22.积极防御active defense 23.积极影响positive impact 24.基石cornerstone

25.极大的希望great expectation 26.集合；凝聚aggregation 27.肩负shoulder

28.艰巨任务arduous task

29.建设性的战略伙伴关系a constructive strategic partnership 30.交换意见exchange notes

31.交流观点exchange views 32.结交新友establish new contacts 33.竭力仿效emulate 34.解决分歧resolve differences 35.进步 progress;advancement 36.举世闻名word-renowned 37.军事机密 military intelligence（secrets）38.考验 test 39.肯定传统affirm old tradition 40.框架framework

72.谴责 condemn

73.强权外交 power diplomacy

74.强权政策 power politics

75.强制执行enforcement

76.侵犯violate;encroach on;an encroachment on

77.求同存异seek common ground while reserving/shelving/putting aside differences

78.曲折twists and turns

79.屈服 yield to

80.趋势 trend 41.扩大共识expand the common ground

42.来之不易hard-won

43.乐观精神optimism

44.礼尚往来reciprocity in courtesy;reciprocal（mutual）courtesy

45.礼仪；行为准则 decencies

46.良好诚意good faith

47.良好周边环境a favorable climate in areas around china

48.良知 conscience

49.两岸关系cross-strait relations

50.领土完整territorial integrity

51.领土争端border or territorial disputes

52.履行国际义务fulfill international obligations

53.盟国ally;allies

54.民间外交people-to-people diplomacy

55.模式mode

56.摩擦friction

57.睦邻友好good-neighborliness

58.睦邻友好关系good-neighbor relationship

59.排除干扰与障碍remove interferences and obstacles

60.排他性集团exclusive group

61.排外主义exclusivism

62.批准ratify

63.平等互利equality and mutual benefit

64.平等互利原则principle of equality and mutual benefit

65.平等伙伴关系equal partnership

66.平等协商equal consultation

67.齐心协力concerted effort

68.歧视discrimination

69.起积极作用make positive contribution to

70.千年millennium

71.前景prospect;future 81.全方位合作all-round cooperation

82.全面的；全方位的all-round;all-around 83.全面接触comprehensive engagement 84.全面提高all-round improvement 85.全球化globalization

86.全世界 the world at large;the world over 87.权利和义务rights and interests 88.让步（make）concessions 89.人道主义者humanitarian 90.融合fusion

91.三边的 trilateral

92.深切哀悼 convey profound condolences to 93.审时度势 size up the situation 94.使命mission

95.事业 undertaking, cause 96.势头momentum

97.树立共有的乐观精神 build shared optimism 98.双边的bilateral

99.双边关系bilateral relations 100.双边合作bilateral cooperation 101.双边渠道bilateral channels

102.双边外交bilateral diplomatic activities 103.双赢局面win-win situation

104.顺利平稳过渡smooth transition of power 105.坦诚深入的candid and in-depth 106.条约 treaty 107.停滞不前 halt

108.同等尊严equal dignity 109.突破break-through 110.团结 unity

111.外部封锁external blockade

112.外交diplomacy

113.外交惯例diplomatic practice

114.外交豁免权diplomatic immunity

115.外交晴雨表diplomatic barometer

116.外交使节diplomatic envoy

117.外交休兵diplomatic truce

118.完全不信任downright distrust

119.完全平等complete equality

120.顽疾stubborn ills

121.为大众谋利seek a common good

122.维护香港的繁荣与稳定 maintain the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong

123.维护正义的 justice-upholding

124.文化交流cultural exchange

125.文化使节cultural ambassador

126.文化摇篮cradle of civilization

127.无情的事实inexorable facts

128.无秩序状态disorder

129.现状current state

130.详细谈论elaborate on

131.协调harmonize

132.协定agreement

133.结盟alliance

134.协议protocol

135.协作coordination

136.携手 join（our）hands;hand-in-hand

137.新的世界形态a new world pattern

138.新殖民主义neo-colonialism

139.宣称；维护assert

140.宣告，声明 declaration

141.亚太地区the Asia-Pacific region

142.严峻的考验 severe test

143.唁电message of condolences

144.一贯的政策 consistent policy

145.以史为鉴，面向未来 take history as guidance and look into the future

146.意识形态ideology

147.永不屈服never yielding

148.增进increase, strengthen, promote, expand, boost

149.增进了解enhance mutual understanding

150.战略关系strategic relationship

151.战略协作伙伴关系strategic partnership of coordination

152.正常化normalization

153.正确的对外方针correct foreign policy

154.正式访问an official visit

155.政权交接 transfer of government

156.政权交接the transfer of government

157.政治对话political dialogs

158.政治和道义上的支持political and moral support

159.中长期的合作 medium and long term cooperation

160.中日和平友好条约the Sino-Japanese Treaty for Peace and Friendship

161.种族隔离apartheid;racial segregation

162.种族矛盾racial tensions

163.种族歧视racial discrimination

164.着手处理approach（a problem）

165.重新评估reuation

166.主权国家sovereign states

167.驻军 garrison

168.自决自主 self-determination

169.自我封闭 self-reclusive

170.最不发达国家Least-developed countries（LDCs）

171.和平共处五项基本原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

·--平等互利Equality and mutual benefit

·--互相尊重和主权领土完整mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity

·--互不侵犯Non-aggression

·--互不干涉内政Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries

·--和平共处Peaceful coexistence

第六章生态、自然和环保

SECTION I: 英译中

a killing frost 严寒

abrasion n.侵蚀；磨损

acid rain n.酸雨

[详析]

Acid rain is an air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist.The “acid” in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.acidification n.土地酸化

afforestation n.绿化造林

agricultural ecology 农业生态学

air emission standards 空气排放标准

air pollution 空气污染

air pollution emission 空气污染排放（物）

algae n.藻类，海藻

alternative fuels--替代燃料

[详析]

Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas（LPG），and electricity.altitude n.海拔

carbon dioxide（CO2）n.二氧化碳

carbon monoxide（CO）n.一氧化碳

Clean Air Act n.清洁空气法案

[详析]

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments are the most far-reaching revisions of the 1970 law.In this summary, we refer to the 1990 amendments as the 1990 Clean Air Act.clean energy n.清洁能源

clean fuels n.清洁燃料

[详析]

ample rainfall n.充足的雨量

annual temperature range 年气温幅度

anomalies n.反常（现象）

aquatic life 水生植物

arid adj.干旱的

artificial rain n.人工降雨

ash n.灰烬

atmosphere（The）n.大气层

Autumnal Equinox（fall equinox）秋分（9月22日左右）

[扩展]

Vernal Equinox（spring equinox）春分（3月21日左右）

biosphere n.生物圈

[详析]

The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota（plants and animals）

and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.biota n.[生态]生物区

[详析]

Biota means the animal and plant（fauna and flora）life of a given area.barrier effect of mountains 山的阻隔效应、栅栏效应

beachgoer n.海滩游客

biomes n.生物群系

black hole n.黑洞

[详析]

Black hole is a place where the gravity is so strong that light can't even escape from it.how would you know where to look for it? it can also be interpreted as gateways to an alternative universe.C

canopy n.树冠，华盖

car exhaust n.汽车尾气

Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline climate n.气候

climatic anomaly 气候异常 climatic zones 气候带［glossary］ [扩展]

Temperate 温带（气候）

the cool temperate zone 寒温带 the warm temperate zone 暖温带 Tropical 热带（气候）

Subtropical 亚热带（气候）Tundra 苔原（气候）Equatorial 赤道（气候）Arid 干旱（气候）

Mediterranean 地中海式（气候）Polar（arctic）极地（气候）Mountains 高山（气候）Plateau 高原（气候）Maritime 海洋性（气候）

Continental climate 大陆气候 clint n.石芽

coastline n.海岸线 combustion n.燃烧 comet n.彗星

confluence n.汇流（处）[详析]

A confluence is where a river joins another river.contamination n.污染 continental plate 大陆板块 continental shelves 大陆架 contingency n.偶发事件 convection n对流

corrasion n.侵蚀

cost-effective adj.成本效益好的，合算的 cumulonimbus clouds n.积雨云

daily maximum temperatures n.日最高气温

daily minimum temperatures n.日最低气温

death toll n.死亡人数

debris flow 泥石流

decomposition n.分解，腐烂

deep water n.深冷水区

deforestation n.森林砍伐

[例子]

Efforts have been made to stop deforestation----the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc.or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel.desertification n.（土壤）沙漠化，荒漠化

[例子]

Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover and cause desertification.domestic sewage n.生活污水

drought n.旱灾

dust storm n.沙尘暴

earthquake n.地震

earthquake magnitude 震级

eco-agriculture 生态农业

ecological impact 生态影响

ecosystem n.生态系统

[详析]

An ecosystem is defined as place having unique physical features, encompassing air, water, and land, and habitats supporting plant and animal life.eco-technology 生态技术

eddy n./ v.旋涡，起旋涡

El Nino Southern Oscillation（ENSO）（气候学）厄尔尼诺南徊现象

[详析]

厄尔尼诺是西班牙语“El Nino”的音译。厄尔尼诺洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流，那时海底不再有冷的、丰富营养的海水，能引起鲸鱼和鱼类的死亡并且影响大部分太平洋地区的气候。在南美厄瓜多尔和秘鲁沿岸，海水每年都会出现季节性增暖现象，因为这种现象发生在圣诞节前后，则被当地渔民称为厄尔尼诺-即“圣婴”（上帝之子）的意思。现在厄尔尼诺一词已被气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常增暖的现象（在海洋气象学中规定，该海域海水表层温度高出气候平均值0.5℃以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上时定为厄尔尼诺出现）。

The term El Nino means „Christ Child‟ and was first used by Peruvian fishermen in the late 1800‟s to describe the warm current appearing off the western coast of Peru around Christmas time.El Nino, and its sister eventare the extreme phases of the southern oscillation, with El Nino referring to a warming of the eastern tropical Pacific, and La Nina a cooling.又见L 词条中La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象

emission n.排气（如汽车废气等）；排放物

environment n.环境

[详析]

Environment refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.Environment Abstracts 《环境文摘》简称EA

environmental auditing 环境审核

environmental awareness 环保意识

environmental benefit 环境效益

environmental degradation 环境恶化

environmental hazards 环境危机

environmental lapse rate 气温垂直递减率（如由山地地形引起）

environmental management 环境管理

environmental threats 环境威胁

environmentalist n.环境保护主义者

epicenter n.震中

Equator n.赤道

equatorial zone 赤道地区

existing environmental regulations 现有环境规范条例

extinct species 灭绝的物种

fjord n.峡湾

firn n.积雪；万年雪；冰原

[详析]

Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice.It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero.flood n.洪水；洪灾

food chain 食物链

[详析]

A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source.forest coverage rate 森林覆盖率

forestation n.造林

fossil fuel 矿物燃料如石油、煤、天然气等，由古代生物衍生而成 [详析]

Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.freshwater pollution 淡水污染

fungi（plural form of fungus）n.真菌（包括酵母、霉菌、担子菌和蘑菇等）

[详析]

Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic.［glossary］ [扩展]

molds n.霉菌

bacteria n.细菌

viruses n.病毒

galaxy n.星系，银河

[详析]

1.A galaxy refers to a system of about 100 billion stars.2.The Milky Way 银河系

genera n.（生物学）属，类

geothermal energy n.地热能

glacier n.冰河

global warming 全球变暖

[例句]

Worldwide temperatures have been rising which suggests a global warming.全世界温度上升，说明全球正在变暖。

GMT（Greenwich Mean Time）格林威治平时

gorge n.山峡

[例句] Geological early-warning system has been set up in three gorges.在三峡建了地质预警系统

grain for green 退耕还林（还草）

grassland n 草地，草原

greenhouse effect n.温室效应

[详析]There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming.greenhouse gases n.温室气体

ground cover n.地被植物

[详析] Ground cover refers to plants grown to keep soil from eroding.ground depression n.面沉降；地面塌陷

groundwater n.地下水

[详析]

It means the supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth（usually in aquifers）that often supplies wells and springs.H

habitat n.自然环境，栖息地

Hazardous air pollutants（HAPs）危害性空气污染物

[详析]

chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects.hazardous chemicals 有害化学物质

hazardous substance 危险品，有害物质

hazardous waste 危险废弃物

haze n.薄雾，霾

headland n.岬

heat island effect 热岛效应

[详析]

Cities form heat islands due to increased carbon dioxide.herbivore n.食草动物

[详析]

Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants.Himalayas 喜马拉雅山（脉）

hot springs 温泉

[扩展]

geysers 间歇泉

human exposure 人体照射

hydrocarbon n.氮氢化合物，烃

hydrology n.水文地理学

ice age 冰河时期，冰川代

[详析]

Ice Age refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.ice sheet（continental glacier）（地）大冰原；冰盾

[详析]

During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions（e.g., Greenland and Antarctica）。

ice shelf（海）冰架

industrial solid wastes工业固体废物

infiltration（soil）n.渗透

[详析]

Infiltration means movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.infrared n.红外线

[详析]

light that is so red humans cannot see it

infrared radiation 红外线辐射

[详析]

Abbreviated IR;also called “longwave radiation”.（简写为IR，又称长波辐射）

insolation n.暴晒；（医）中暑

international energy forum 国际能源论坛

international energy foundation 国际能源组织

isotherm n.等温线

[详析]

A line that joins places with the same temperature.isotope n.[化]同位素

karst n.喀斯特地形（由于腐蚀而产生裂隙，落水洞，潜流和洞穴的不规则的石灰岩地区）

a karst cave 水蚀石灰洞；溶洞

La Nina phenomenon（气候）拉尼娜现象

[详析]

拉尼娜：拉尼娜是西班牙语“La Nina”-“小女孩”的意思。气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常变冷的现象（海水表层温度低出气候平均值0.5℃以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上）。拉尼娜也称反厄尔尼诺现象。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜现象通常交替出现，对气候的影响大致相反，通过海洋与大气之间的能量交换，改变大气环流而影响气候的变化。从近50年的监测资料看，厄尔尼诺出现频率多于拉尼娜，强度也大于拉尼娜。

又见E 词条中El Nino Southern Oscillation（ENSO）（气候学）厄尔尼诺南徊现象

land subsidence 地面沉降

lapse rate（山区）气温垂直递减梯度

latitudes 纬度

longitudes 经度

life zone（生）生物带

lava n.熔岩，火山岩

leading-edge research 尖端研究

lightning n.闪电

limestone scenery 岩溶景色

[详析]

Limestone scenery, or karst, forms some of the most attractive scenery in Britain.litter v.乱扔垃圾

litter n.（树林里的）枯枝落叶层

local topography 当地地形

marine pollution n.海洋污染

marsh n.湿地，沼泽

[详析]

Marsh is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.marsh gas；methane n.沼气

mean annual temperatures n.年平均气温

mean monthly temperatures n.月平均气温

Mediterranean n./adj.地中海（的）

melting Snow n.融雪

meteor shower n.流星雨

micro-climates n.小气候

microorganism n.微生物

mid and high latitudes 中高纬度地区

mineral n.矿物

mist n.薄雾

moist air 潮湿空气

moldy adj.霉烂的 monsoon n.季候风；（印度等地的）雨季，季风

[详析]

The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them.mosquito control n.蚊虫控制

mountainous region n.山区

mouth n.入河口（入海口）

[详析]

A mouth is where a river meets the sea or an ocean.N

natural selection n.[生]自然选择，物竞天择说

[详析]

The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do not adapt disappear.Natural disasters/ hazards n.自然灾害、危害

[扩展]

debris flow n.泥石流

drought n.干旱

dust storm n.沙尘暴

extratropical cyclone n.温带气旋

earthquake n.地震

flooding n.洪水，水灾

forest fire n.森林火灾

hail n.冰雹

hurricane n.飓风

hurricane warning n.飓风警报

hurricane watch n.飓风监视

storm surge n.风暴潮

tidal wave（a tsunami）n.海啸

tornado n.旋风，龙卷风

tropical cyclone n.热带气旋

tropical storm n.热带风暴

typhoon n.台风

volcano erupting n.火山暴发

natural reserve / natural preservation zone 自然保护区

natural resource protection areas 自然资源保护区

nature-nurture 先天与后天；遗传与环境

nebula（pl.nebulae）n.星云

nitrogen dioxide n.二氧化氮

Nitrogen oxide n.一氧化氮

noise pollution n.噪音污染

nutrient adj.有营养的 O

opacity n.不透明性

[详析]

A glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity.ocean currents 洋流

ocean tide 海潮

oceanic plate 海洋板块

oil spill 石油泄漏

organism n.生物体，有机体

pest n.害虫，瘟疫

pesticide n.杀虫剂

photosynthesis n.光合作用

planet n.行星

[扩展]

Planet Earth 地球

Planet Jupiter 木星

Planet mars 火星

Planet Mercury 水星

Planet Neptune 海王星

Planet Pluto 冥王星

Planet Saturn 土星

Planet Uranus 天王星

Planet Venus 金星

plankton n.浮游生物

[详析]

plankton refers to passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants（phytoplankton 浮游植物）and animals（zooplankton浮游动物）。

polar adj.（南，北）极的 Pollutant n.污染物质

Pollution Abstracts 《污染文摘》简称PA

pollution index n.污染指数

power plant n.发电站，发电厂

precipitation n.降水（暴雨、雪、冻雪或冰雹降落到地表的任何形式的水）

[详析]Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface.It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail.primary energy n.一次能源

primary pollutant n.一次污染物

protect natural habitats 保护生存环境

PST = Pacific Standard Time太平洋标准时间

[扩展]

GMT = Greenwich Mean Time（time at 0 long.）格林尼治平时

EST = Eastern Standard Time（美国）东部时间

Qinghai-Tibet plateau 青藏高原

quake n.震动；地震

radiation protection 辐射防护

radioactive materials 放射性物质

rainfall n.下雨，雨量

rare or endangered species 珍稀濒危物种

recycle n.回收

red tide（rapid propagation of sea algae）n.红潮

reflectivity n.反射率

release n.释放

renewable resources可再生资源

reservoir n.水库，蓄水池

[例子]：

One of the goals is to have Three Gorges Dam act as a reservoir during China‟s flood season.residue n.残余物

resource degradation n.资源消耗

respiration n.呼吸，呼吸作用

Richter Scale n.里氏地震强度表

river basin 流域

salt marshes n.盐沼

sand dunes n.沙丘

seasonal variation n.季节性波动

secondary pollutant n.二次污染物

seismic（earthquake）activity n.地震

seismic waves n.地震波

sewage treatment/ disposal n.污水处理

shelterbelt n.防护林

shrubland n.灌木林地

silviculture n.造林学，林学

[详析]

Silviculture refers to management of forest land for timber.smog n.工业烟雾，烟雾污染

[详析]

a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals.soil alkalinization n.土壤碱化

soil erosion n.土壤侵蚀

solar cycle n.太阳活动周期

solar wind n.太阳风

[详析]

The wind from the Sun.source（the start of a river）n.源头

space trash n.太空垃圾

Stalactite n.地钟乳

[详析]

Water dripping from the roofs of caves leave behind microscopic particles of calcium carbonate.These build up as icicle shaped stalactites.stalagmite n.石笋

stratosphere n.[气]同温层，最上层，最高阶段（也是Las Vegas 赌城同名最高酒店）

sulfur dioxide n.二氧化硫

sunspot n.太阳黑子

[详析]

A relatively dark, sharply defined region on the solar disk

Supernova n.超新星

surface albedo n.表面反照率

surface water n.地表水

swamp n.沼泽，湿地，煤层聚水

temperate adj.温和的

temperate climate n.温和的气候

temperature variations n.气温变化

the amount of rainfall n.降雨量

the biological diversity n.生物多样性

the eye n.风眼

[详析]

the central part of the tropical storm

the Ganges 恒河

the ozone layer n.臭氧层

the Pacific Ring of Fire n.太平洋火环（世界上最主要的火山带，系环绕太平洋的边缘分布，号称 “火环”）

thermal pollution n.热污染

thermal power plants n.热电站

three-D climate n.立体气候

又见E 词条中environmental lapse rate 气温垂直递减率（如由山地地形引起）

Three Gorges Project n.三峡工程

Three Gorges reservoir n.三峡水库

tree-hugger n.环境保护狂（有时甚至以抱树的方式来护树或宣示扞卫树木的决心--的环保人士）

tropical rain forest n.热带雨林

tropical storm n.热带风暴

thunder n.雷，雷声

toxic chemicals n.有毒化学物质

tributaries n.支流

tropical storm n.热带风暴

temperature inversion n.温度逆增、逆温现象

[详析]

Temperature inversion is one of the weather conditions that are often associated with serious smog episodes in some portions of the country

tephra n.火山灰

[详析]

Any rock material produced by a volcano.tundra n.苔原，冻土

[详析]

A type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants.It is found at high latitudes（arctic tundra）and high altitudes（alpine tundra）。

traffic congestion 交通拥塞

UV（ultraviolet）n.紫外线

[详析]

Light that is so blue humans cannot see it.A band of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and the X-ray.Photons of ultraviolet light are more energetic than photons of visible light.UNCED 联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会）

unlead gas n.无铅汽油

urban refuse n.城市垃圾

urbanization n.城市化

urbanite n.都市人

vapor n./ v.蒸发

vegetation cover n.植被覆盖

velocity n.迅速，快速；周转率

visibility n.可见度

volcanic eruption n.火山喷发

volcanoes n.火山

[扩展]

extinct volcano n.死火山

dormant volcano n.休眠火山

active volcano n.活火山

waste disposal n.废物处理

water loss and soil erosion n.水土流失

water pollution n.水污染

watershed n.分水岭

weather n.天气

wetlands n.湿地

[详析]

An area that is regularly saturated by surface water or groundwater and subsequently is characterized by a prence of vegetation that is adapted for life in saturated-soil conditions.wild fauna and flora n.野生动植物

wilderness n.荒野，未开垦的荒地

wildfire n.野火

wood ear n.木耳

woodland n.林地

World Environment Day（June 5）世界环境日

World Meteorological Day（March 23）世界气象日

World Oceans Day（June 8）世界海洋日

World Water Day（March 22）世界水日

zoo n.动物园

zoology n.动物学，生态

zooplankton n.浮游动物

SECTION II: 中译英

1.白色污染 white pollution（non-degradable white plastics）

2.保护生存环境 protect natural habitats

3.城市垃圾 urban refuse

4.地面沉降 land subsidence;ground depression

5.二次污染物 secondary pollutant

6.二氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide

7.二氧化硫 sulfur dioxide

8.二氧化碳 carbon dioxide

9.防风治沙 check wind and control sand

10.防护林 shelterbelt

11.防治沙漠化 combat desertification

12.封山育林 set apart hills for forestry

13.工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes

14.国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day（Dec.29）

15.国家环保基本方针 China‟s guiding principle for environmental protection

16.国家环保总局 SEPA（State Environmental Protection Administration）

17.海洋生物 marine life

18.化害为利；变废为宝 turn the harmful into the beneficial and waste into valuable

19.环保产品 environment-friendly products

20.环保意识 environmental awareness

21.环境恶化 environmental degradation

22.环境污染综合防治 integrated control of environmental pollution

23.环境效益 environmental benefit

24.环境指标 environmental criteria

25.减少拥挤 decongestion

26.交通噪音 traffic noise

27.可再生资源 renewable resources

28.立体气候 3-D climate

29.环发大会 UN Conference on Environment and Development（UNCED）

30.绿化运动 afforestation drive

绿色奥运green Olympic Games

1.绿色能源 green energy resource（e.g.the solar power 如：太阳能）

2.绿色企业 green enterprise

3.绿色食品 green food

4.牧场 pasture

5.牧放（吃草）graze

6.青藏高原 Qinghai-Tibet plateau

7.清洁能源 clean energy

8.全球变暖 global warming

9.热带风暴 tropical storm

10.热带雨林 tropical rain forest

11.热岛效应 heat island effect

12.热污染 thermal pollution

13.人工降雨 artificial rain

14.三峡工程 Three Gorges Project

15.三峡工程three gorges project

16.三峡水库 Three Gorges reservoir

17.森林覆盖率 forest coverage

18.沙尘暴 dust storm;sand storm

19.沙漠化 desertification

20.生活污水 domestic sewage

21.生态技术 eco-technology

22.生态农业 eco-agriculture

23.生态示范区 ecodemonstration region / environment-friendly region

24.受灾地区 disaster-affected area

25.水产资源 aquatic resources

26.水土流失 water loss and soil erosion

27.死亡率 mortality

28.死亡人数 death toll

29.酸雨 acid rain

30.太空垃圾 space trash

31.天然牧场 natural grazing ground

32.土地沙化 desertification

33.土地酸化 acidification

34.土壤碱化 soil alkalinization

35.土壤侵蚀 soil erosion

36.退耕还林还草 grain for green / return cultivated land to forestry or pasture

37.退田还林 restore the reclaimed land to forest

38.危险废物 hazardous wastes

39.温室气体 greenhouse gases

40.污染指数 pollution index

41.污水处理 sewage treatment/ disposal

42.无公害蔬菜 “green” vegetable

43.无铅汽油 unlead gas

44.先天与后天；遗传与环境 nature-nurture

45.养蚕 sericulture

46.养蜂 beekeeping

47.养鱼 fish culture;pisciculture

48.野生动植物 wild fauna and flora

49.一次能源 primary energy

50.一次污染物 primary pollutant

51.预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control

52.珍稀濒危物种 rare or endangered species

53.植树节 National Tree-Planting Day

54.资源消耗 resource degradation

55.自然保护区 natural reserve;natural preservation zone

56.自然资源保护区 natural resource protection areas

57.综合整治 comprehensive improvement

58.气象学 meteorology

1）摄氏 centigrade;Celsius

2）华氏 Fahrenheit

3）雷 thunder

4）雹 hailstorm

5）霜 frost

6）雾 fog

7）对流 convection

8）天气 weather 9）气候 climate 10）气候学 climatology 11）季风 monsoon 12）地中海气候 Mediterranean climate 13）秋老虎 Indian summer 90.中国节气 Solar Terms 1）立春 Beginning of Spring 2）雨水Rain Water 3）惊蛰Waking of Insects 4）春分Spring Equinox 5）清明Pure Brightness;Clear Brightness 6）谷雨Grain Rain 7）立夏Beginning of Summer 8）小满Grain Full 9）芒种Grain in Ear 10）夏至Summer Solstice 11）小暑Slight Heat 12）大暑Great Heat 13）立秋Beginning of Autumn 14）处暑Limit of Heat 15）白露White Dew 16）秋分Autumnal Equinox 17）寒露Cold Dew 18）霜降Forest‟s Descent

19）立冬Beginning of winter 20）小雪Slight Snow 21）大雪Great Snow 22）冬至Winter Solstice 23）小寒Slight Cold 24）大寒Great Cold 第七章科技

SECTION I: 英译中

2D（Two dimensional graphics images and animated images）平面

3D（Three dimensional graphics images and animated images）三维

3D Rendering 三维渲染

A aerial top dressing 空中施肥

advanced technology 先进技术

analog electronic technology 模拟电子技术

animation n.动画片

AOL（America Online）美国在线

Apple Corporation 苹果公司

artificial intelligence（AI）n.人工智能

[详析] A field of science that has attempted to improve computers by trying to incorporate characteristics of human intelligence, such as the ability to understand natural language and to perform reasoning under certain conditions of uncertainty.artificial life（AL or Alife）n.人工生命

[详析] New discipline that studies “natural” life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena from scratch within computers and other “artificial” media.Alife complements the traditional analytic approach of traditional biology with a synthetic approach in which, rather than studying biological phenomena by taking apart living organisms to see how they work, one attempts to put together systems that behave like living organisms.ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange computer character set）美国信息交换标准码

ATM（Automatic Teller Machines）自动柜员机

audio card n.声卡

audio conference n.音频会议；电话会议

Biotechnology n.生物工程

Application which involves the deliberate manipulation of the DNA molecules, the substance within cells that carries the “recipe” for the organism and is inherited by offspring from parents.B2B and B2C 企业对企业（商家对商家），及企业对消费者的电子商务

bandwidth 带宽

bar codes n.条形码

[详析]Alternate standards for marking products or other items for reading by laser beams

BBS（Bulletin Board Systems）公告板系统，论坛

bookmark n.电子书签

browser n.浏览器

bullet train n.子弹头列车

cache memory n.高速缓冲存储器

caller ID display 来电显示

camcorder n.便携式摄像机

CD Burning 光盘刻录

CDMA/TDMA 码分多址（一种扩频多址数字式通信技术）

[详析] Code Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access dual-mode cellular telephones that aid in the receiving of fax and computer network data on computers and PDAs.CD-RW or CD-Rewritable 可重刻

chat lines or chat rooms n.聊天室

CPU（Central Processing Unit）n.中央处理器

cyberspace n.电脑空间

conductor n.导体

convection n.对流

cortex n.大脑皮层

cryonics n.人体冷冻法

[详析] a branch of science that aims to develop reversible suspended animation.cutting-edge n.优势；前沿，极其重要的状态或位置

database n.数据库

desktop videoconferencing n.（桌面）视频会议

dial-up connection n.拨号连接

Digital Video（DV）/ Camcorder n.数码摄像机

distance education（DE）n.远程教育

E, F

E-Learning（or Web-based training）n.电子学习

encryption n.加密

firewall n.防火墙

Flash 由macromedia公司推出的交互式矢量图和 Web 动画的标准

frontier science and technology 科技发展前沿

FTP（File Transfer Protocol used for downloading files on the Internet）文件传输协议

genetic engineering n.遗传工程

[详析] the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification;the production of a transgenic organism

H, I

hacker（phreaker）n.黑客，骇客

hard drive n.硬盘驱动器

hemisphere n.大脑半球

high scientific and technological content 科技含量高

home page n.主页

insulator n.绝缘体

interactive television（ITV）n.互动电视

IBM= International Business Machines Corporation 美国国际商用机器公司

internet surfing n.网上冲浪

internet n.互联网

intranet n.企业内部互联网（局域网）

ISO（International Organization for Standardization）国际标准化组织

J,K, L

joystick（电脑游戏等）操纵杆

[详析]A remote control device that can be used in place of a keyboard or a mouse to allow for interactions between a computer and its user.Joysticks are commonly used for computer games and usually connect through a serial port.jukebox n.自动点唱机

Kiosk n.多功能信息商亭

[详析]A multimedia display system such as those used in marketing displays at conferences and in stores

LCD（Liquid Crystal Display）液晶显示器

Mac（Macintosh）n.苹果机

maglev train（magnetic levitation train）n.磁悬浮

manned spaceflight n.载人航天飞行

MD（minidisk）n.小型磁盘

MIDI（Musical Instrument Digital Interface）n.迷笛，数码音乐

microcircuit n.微电路

modem n.„猫‟，调制解调器

multimedia n.多媒体

[详析]The ability to combine audio, visual, and possibly other types of hardware into a presentation

molecular science n.分子科学

natural sciences n.自然科学

nerd n.不善社交、专心致志搞科研或精于科研的人；书呆子

[详析] A person with no social skills, usually obsessed with science or technology（geek is more computer specific）。Nerds are known for their pocket protectors, taped glasses, and plaid shirts.Many nerds are also geeks, using the net as a safe screen to hide behind while practicing their social skills.neuron n.神经元

new and high technology industries n.高新技术产业

notebook computer n.笔记本电脑

O,P

Omega point n.欧米伽点

[详析] a possible future state when intelligence controls the universe totally, and the amount of information processed and stored goes asymptotically towards infinity.P2P（Peer to Peer Networking）n.对等网络

PC（Personal Computer）n.个人电脑

PDA（Personal Digital Assistant）n.个人数字助理，掌上电脑

Pentium 奔腾，Intel公司生产的CPU芯片

第五篇：考试经验：中高级口译口试备考心得

考试经验：中高级口译口试备考心得

先来介绍一下英语中级口译考试吧。想要拿到英语中级口译证书，需要过笔试和口试。英语中级口译考试每年举行两场，笔试在每年3月和9月的下午举行，口试则在之后的几个礼拜里举行。上午则是高级口译考试。过了笔试的话，就可以报口试，一共可以考4次。没有在这4次里通过的话，则需要再次考笔试，才能有资格考口试。

来说一下口试的测试题型吧。口试采用段落翻译的形式，即微型演讲文翻译的形式。翻译总量为四篇短文，其中两篇为“英译汉”，两篇为“汉译英”。英译汉与汉译英总量为650个词左右。每篇短文分为四个句段进行口译，每一句段播放后，有15~30秒的间隙供我们口译成目标语。这15~30秒的时间由口译录音信号控制，大家到时候练习的时候就知道了。到时候，还会发一张口译记录纸，用来在听录音时做一下必要的笔记。

从选材范围看，口试选取一般话题范围内的对话、致辞、讲话、讲座等材料，题材带有普遍性，围绕社会、时代与日常生活内容，难度适中。

准备这次口试，我买的书不多，用到就是《英语中级口译资格证书口译实考试卷解析》第三版（最新的是第四版）和《中级口译教程》。

《英语中级口译资格证书口译实考试卷解析》这本书包含笔试和口试的历年真题，而《中级口译教程》则是官方指定用书，必然有它的权威性，有好几次口试的短文出自这本书，所以此书的重要性不言而喻了。

说一下《中级口译教程》的使用。这本书从第二单位开始了，讲了14个的不同的主题，每个主题下面又分四篇短文，每篇短文前都有单词词组提炼。我觉得单是这本书的信息量已经很巨大了，如果把此书背得滚瓜烂熟，口试就只是一个小case了。我那时候时间有限，只是把这本书背了一遍，再粗粗地看了几遍。练第一篇的时候，我的挫折感很大。录音放了一句话，我要翻译的时候，又是想单词，又是语法，常常连录音的内容都忘记了。我感觉直接进行口译，难度很大，所以我改变策略——降低难度，先从背诵文章开始。我会大声朗读、大声背诵，记清楚里面的语法和词汇。坚持背诵了五个单元左右，我对口译没有那么恐惧了，虽然准确率还是不高，但是已经很有感觉了。接下来，就是尝试口译了。录音放一句，我口译一句。这段过程其实是很枯燥的，有好几次我想放弃，觉得不考也没关系。可是，想想自己已经念了那么多，放弃了，以前的努力就白费了，真不划算，所以还是硬着头皮上了。这样坚持下来，效果是喜人的。

当然除了学习教程和练习真题，我还会听点VOA或者BBC。数量不多，每天一篇就行，但是要保证是精听或听写。这样的话，我既可以了解时事，还可以增加英语词汇。其中听写新闻，可以帮助锻炼大脑的瞬时记忆能力，之前我会忘记录音语句，一个是因为词汇量和语法的问题，一个就是因为瞬时记忆能力不高。所以坚持了一段时间听写新闻，明显感觉自己能记清楚了。学有余力的同学们，可以再多做几篇，效果肯定更好。

除了多听、多练、多说这些万年不变的攻克英语考试的法宝之外，英语口译考试也考查同学们的心理素质。口试考试采用的个别面试的形式，虽然试题有录音播放，但是会有两个老师监考并对你打分。假如我们准备充分，但是一紧张就忘词的话，就会影响口试成绩了。所以，大家要锻炼自己的胆量，比如不要放过公开演讲的机会等等。

以上只是我个人准备中级口译口试的方法，供大家参考，大家应该在自我实践中，找到最适合自己的方法。但是有一点很重要：不管你选择的是怎么样的方法，唯有坚持，才能成功。

中高级口译考试是全国含金量比较高的素质英语考试之一，其试题难度大，题量多。如果没有扎实的英语基础和有针对性的复习，想要通过考试还是很有难度滴~~因此如果你没通过考试要仔细想想自己是由于基础不够好还是因为复习没有针对性捏？

如果基础不牢靠的话就要加强基本功的训练哦。基本功包括听说读写译五部分，而中高级口译考试包括三大部分，分别为翻译，听力和阅读，因此这个考试全面考察了考生的基本功。自己分析一下究竟自己的薄弱环节是什么？无论想提高哪一项踏实认真的态度是必须要有滴！

想提高听力水平的话，每天坚持听VOA,BBC是个不错的方法，如果想精听的话可以来沪江网参加VOA听写节目。当然了，看英文电影，听英文歌曲也是个不错的方法，既放松又能提高听力水平。光听还是不行的，及时归纳总结时事词汇也是很有必要的。

阅读的话建议多看英文报纸和浏览国外的权威网站。其实在沪江英语站也有不少很好的双语文章呢~。如果想让阅读更有意思的话也可以挑战一下英文原版小说，开始的时候可以挑些简单的来看，慢慢地你就会发现自己的词汇量增加了，阅读水平真的提高了。

英文报刊报纸阅读网址大全美国100强杂志网站分类大全翻译是五项技能里要求最高的一项，即需要做到中英文互相流畅的转换。两种语言的功底都要过硬哦！如果是短时间想突破翻译的话，可以总结中文和英文两种语言的差别，了解一些翻译技巧。英语表达方式通常被形象得比喻为“树形”结构，有主有次，层次清晰而中文的则被形容为“葡萄”式的，这是因为中文更加注重语义，强调“意合”。另外英语多长句，汉语多短句，英语多被动，汉语多主动。这些在翻译中都是要注意的地方，防止出现不伦不类的译文哦~~

>>>口译备考专题| 翻译技巧掌握<<<

如果是由于“裸考”造成的没通过，那可就要好好研究一下中高口的题型喽！做多几套真题，总结做题的技巧和方法很重要。而且由于中高口考试是素质英语考试，因此有针对性得复习一些热门词汇还是很重要的。

2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因事物-GM Food

第一篇：2011中高级口译口试十大话题之转基因事物-GM Food

第二篇：2011年11月上海中高级口译口试话题预测系列

第三篇：高级口译口试话题

第四篇：新东方中高级口译口试词汇必备文本

第五篇：考试经验：中高级口译口试备考心得

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