第一篇:会计专业英语 帮忙翻译一下
EOCR(return on capital` employed)
EOCR(资本回报率的使用)
This measures the relationship between profit , usually for the financial year, and the capital invested in the business.这一措施的利润之间的关系,通常的财政年度,资本投资业务。
For example, part of the balance sheet ofR Solly, a sole trader , showed:
例如,资产负债表的一部分所利,一个唯一的交易员,显示:
€€
Capital at 1 january year 980,000
资本在每年1月1日9
Profit for the year12,000
年利润
Drawings for the yearCapital a 31 December year 9Solly;s profit for the year enden 31 December year 9 was €12,000.Because he also drew €12,000 form the business, no profits were retained in the business.Therefore,the capital employed was €80,000 both at the commencement of the year and at the end of the year.His return on capital employed was therefore:
Profit foe the year/capital employed=0.15 or 15%
What does this mean?Fist, if Solly had not been in business,the €80,000 could have been invested to earn a return.For example.Perhaps he could have invested the money to earn 10% per annum.This would have produced an income of €8,000.The extra profit(€12,000 minus €8,000)of €4,000 is made by his business.However, for the sole trader there is another is another consideration.Sole traders often work in their in own business.The reward to an employee who Works in the business is a wage or salary.These would have been debited to theProfit and loss account for the year.If Solly, the owner, works in his own business, his ‘wages’cannot go in the profit and loss account.Instead they must be treated as drawings.Therefore if SOlly could get a job somewhere for which his salary wouldBe €9,200 per annum for the same number of hours that he works in his business, Then he would be €5,200 per annum better off by not having his business.This is Arrived at as follows:
€
Profit from running his business12,000
Income if he was not in business:
Salary from employment9,200
Interest form €80,000 invested at 10%8,000
17,200
Difference5,200
But what if the figures on Solly’s balance sheet had been:
€€
Capital 1 January Year 980,000
Profit the year12,000
Drawings for the year10,0002,000
Capital 31 December year 982,000
You will see that Solly has not withdrawn all of the profit that he has made in the year ended 31 December Yare 9.So how do we calculate the return on capital employed?There is no doubt about the profit.It is €12,000.But what is the capital employed? There are three possibilities:
€
Capital employed at 1 January Year 980,000
Capital employed at 31 December Year 982,000
Average capital empioyed for the year81,000
The return on capital employed would 15%, 14.63% and 14.81%respectively.This debate will become more important to you when you approach your Third
LEVEL Accounting studies.For Second Level, it is enough to say that it is usual to calculate the profit made during a year as a percentage of the capital employed at the end that year.In this example, then, the usual answer would be 14.63%.Measuring the return on capital employed is more difficult where the businessman Not only user his own money but borrows money as well.To illustrate the effect of this, suppose that as well as his own capital, Solly has a loan form his bank amounting to€18,000.He borrowed this at the beginning of Year 7,and will repay it at the end of Year 11.It carries a fixed interest rate of 9%.How does this affect the calculation of the return on capital employed?
The fist thing to note is that Solly would have paid€1,620 interest on the loan for the year, and this charge would have been debited to his profit and loss account.The profit and loss account would shoe:
€
Profit before interest charge13,620
Less interest on€18,000 loan at 9%1,620Net profit12,000
The capital employed is:
€
Owner’s capital at 31 December Year 982,000Borrowed capital18,000Total capital employed100,000
With these figures we can now calculate the returns on capital employed.These Are:
Return on total capital employed
€13,620/€100,000
=13.62%
第二篇:专业英语 翻译
1.Design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include method or principle if construction.1 设计意味着形状的特征,结构,图案或装饰,用于一个物品中,成为一种特征,在完成的物品中,可以通过眼睛来判断,但不包括形成方法或原则。
2.Design is the activity that makes the living environment more suitable for people,it is also the tool by which the technologies, manufacture ability, market needs and resources can be transferred into the useful results and products.设计是一种能让生活环境更适宜人类生存的活动,也是一种可以将科学技术、制造能力、市场需求和资源转换为有用的结果和产品的工具。Design is the area of human experience, skill and knowledge that reflects mains concernwith the appreciation of his surroundings in the light of his materials and spiritual need, in particular, it relates with configuration, composition, meaning, value and purpose in man-made phenomena.3设计是人类的体验、技能和知识的结合体,源于设计者对其周遭环境的欣赏,按照其当时拥有的材料和精神需求,反映了一些主要问题,特别是在人为现象中,设计与外形结构、组成成分、含义、价值和目的都有关系。
4Design is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.4 设计是一种创造、开发新的观念与规范的专业服务,即在用户和制造商的共同利益的基础上,优化产品和系统的功能、价值和外观。
5.Design is an activity that uses wide range of experience, knowledge, and skills to find the best solution to a problem, within certain constrains.一定的约束。设计是一种活动,它广泛运用经验,知识,和技能,在一定的约束下,去寻找解决问题的最佳方法。
6.Design is far more than just problem-solving.It involves the whole process of producing a solution, from conception to evaluation.概念 评价。设计不仅仅是解决问题,它包括一个从概念到评估全过程的解决方法。
7.Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects多方面的品质目标, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles.7 设计是一种创造性的活动,旨在建立多方面的品质目标,过程,服务和全部生命周期中的系统。
8.Design is concerned with the whole process from identifying a problem, through to creating a solution and then testing it.设计与发现问题,解决方案以及对其试验的整个过程密切相关。
When applied to fine and applied arts, engineering, and other such creative efforts, design is both a noun and a verb.当设计应用于精美的或者实用型的艺术、工程或其他类似的创造性工作时,它既是一个
名词,又是一个动词。Red activates your pituitary gland, increasing your heart rate and causing you to breathe more rapidly.This visceral response makes red aggressive, energetic, provocative and attention-grabbing.Count on red to evoke a passionate response, albeit not always a favorable one.For example, red can represent danger or indebtedness.9 红色,激活了你的脑下垂体,增加了你的心率,加速了你的呼吸。这些生理上的反应也赋予了红色以攻击性、活力、刺激并引人注目。虽然红色并非总是最惹人喜爱的颜色,但凭借红色仍可唤起充满激情的回应。例如,红色可以用来表征危险或债务。It's important to remember that colors can have different meanings in different parts of the world.If your business operates globally, make sure you research the color selections for your brand to ensure your colors accurately communicate your brand image in international markets.10 我们应当铭记,各种色彩在世界的不同地区有着不同的含义。如果你在从事全球性的贸易,一定要充分调研自家品牌的色彩选择,确保选用的颜色在国际市场上能够准确传达品牌形象。
11.Blue is frequently used to promote products and services related to cleanliness and purity — cleaning liquids and water purification filters — air and sky for airlines, airports, and air conditioners, or water and sea such as bottled waters and ocean voyages.11.蓝色是经常被用来促进产品和服务,清洁和纯洁性清洁液体和水净化过滤器-空气,天空与航空公司,机场,和空调,或水和海水如瓶装水和大洋航行。
Rococo 洛可可Baroque style 巴洛克风格 Romantic painting浪漫主义画派Realism现实主义Abstract 抽象派
secondary colors:间色(绿橙紫)
primary colors:原色
complementary colors:补色
in-house 内部的the definition of design management 设计管理的定义
design project management设计项目管理
Sustainable design 可持续设计
Green design 绿色设计
Attribute属性,品质
cutting-edge前沿的end-user 终端用户
humanity 人,人性
prototype原型
usability可用性
human centered design 以人为本的设计
briefn.概要, 摘要
The design process设计过程
Observation and adaptation观察法和改良设计
ideas from drawing从图纸的想法
Brainstorming 头脑风暴
Checklists 调查问卷法
human body measurement 人体测量
a procedural flow chart 程序流程图
time schedule 时间表
sustainable design(green design)可持续设计
古希腊文化是西方文明的发源地。而且,古希腊设计也是西方设计的起源。特别是它的建筑艺术深深影响了西方建筑2000多年。
到了汉代,传统祭祀器皿的制造已经停止,青铜用于制造实用品或者奢侈品。到了唐代,金,银,镀金青铜几乎完全取代了铜,可能因为与中亚和西亚的人的接触,那里贵重的金属材料很久前就被重视了。
第三篇:会计专业英语
Generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP as they are more commonly known, are rules for the preparation of financial statements.Every publicly traded company must release their financial statements each year.These statements are used by investors, banks and creditors to determine the financial health of the company and its suitability for investment or extension of credit.In order to properly compare and evaluate companies and their results, the financial statement must provide similar information in a similar format.Every country has its own generally accepted accounting principles, and all publicly released financial statements must comply with these rules..Although there is no comprehensive list of generally accepted accounting principles, the structure is based around four key assumptions, four basic principles and four basic constraints..Four Key Assumptions
The key assumptions in generally accepted accounting principles are: business entity, going concern, monetary unit and time period principle.The business entity assumption is the idea that the business functions as a legal and financial entity separate from its owners or any other business.This assumption means that all the amounts shown as revenue or expense in the financial statements are for the business alone and do not include any personal expenses.“Going concern” is the assumption that the business will operate for the foreseeable future.This is important when calculating the values for assets, depreciation and amortization.The monetary unit assumption is that all the amounts listed use one stable currency, and that any amounts in another currency are clearly listed.“Time period” assumes that all the transactions reported did in fact occur within the time period as listed.Four Basic Principles
The four basic principles in generally accepted accounting principles are: cost, revenue, matching and disclosure.The cost principle refers to the notion that all values listed and reported are the costs to obtain or acquire the asset, and not the fair market value.The revenue principle states that all revenue must be reported when is it realized and earned, not necessarily when the actual cash is received.This is also known as accrual accounting.The matching principle holds that the expenses in the financial statement must be matched with the revenue.The value of the expense is included in the financial statements when the work product is sold, not necessarily when the work or invoice is issued.Finally, the disclosure principle holds that information pertinent to make a reasonable judgment on the company's finances must be included, so long as the costs to obtain that information is reasonable.Four Basic Constraints
The four basic constraints in generally accepted accounting principles are: objectivity, materiality, consistency and prudence.The objective constraint states that all the information included in the financial statements must be supported by independent, verifiable evidence.When deciding what to include or exclude from the financial statements, the significance of the item must be considered under the materiality constraint.If this information would be significant to a reasonable third party, it must be included.The company is required to use the same accounting methods and principles each year under the consistency constraint and any variation must be reported in the financial statement notes.Under the constraint of prudence, accountants are required to choose a solution that reduces the likelihood of overstating assets and income.Each country has a financial accounting standards board, which works closely with the boards in other countries to resolve common problems in a systematic, coherent way.There are several international organizations encouraging the development of a single, international board to administer a greater level of uniformity in accounting standards around the world.
第四篇:机械工程专业英语_翻译
spark-igniton engine 电火花式发动机 acceptance sampling 认可采样 accessing 访问 accurate 准确的 acoustic 声学的 actuator 作动器 alternator 交流发动机 analog sensor 模拟传感器
analog-to-digital converter 模数转换器 armature 电枢
Artificial intelligence 人工智能 artificial neural networks 神经网络 as a general rule of thumb 按惯例 assumption 假设
asynchronous AC motors 异步交流电动机asynchronous 不同时的,异步的 bargains 讨价还价 bear on 生成 binomial 二项的 Brake system 制动系统
brushed/brushless motors 有刷/无刷电机 built into 内建
By the same token 出于同样的原因 capacitor Start 电容器启动(电动机)catastrophically 毁灭性地 charging circuit 充电电路 Charging system 供电系统 chassis 车身底盘
compression-ignition engine 压然式发动机 coil high-tension cables 线圈高压电缆 compartment 间隔间,车厢 Compound wound 复励 concerned with 与有关 concise 简洁
conductivity 传导率constant load 定常负载 contracts 合同 Converter 转换器
corporate activities 公司的行为 credited letters 对账单 cylinder 汽缸
data acquisition 数据拾取defectives 缺陷产品 derived from 起源于
destructive inspection 有损检测 Detect 检测
diesel/compression-ignition engine 柴油机 Differential 差速器
dimensions of parts 零件的尺寸 dissipate 耗尽,用完 distribution 分发 distributor 分电器
downgrade to a lower quality level 信用等级下调 dynamic braking 动态制动
Electricalsystem 电气系统electrical equipment 电气装置 electrical schematics 电气原理图 electrical system 供电系统
electromechanical system 机电系统electromechanical 机电的 eliminate 排除 emphasis on 强调 equivalent 相等的 Essential 基本的 establish 建立
expert system 专家系统
fiber-optic sensor 光纤传感器fiber-optic sensors 光纤传感器 Fiber-optic 光纤 field service 现场服务 flaws 有缺点的 flux 通量 flywheel 飞轮
fractional horsepower(rating)小功率电动机 fractional 部分的,分数的 functional 功能的gasoline/spark-ignition engine 汽油机 Gas-turbine engine汽轮机 generate 产生 geographic 地理的Gross domestic product 总产值heat engines 热机 high-tension 高压的 hood(发动机)罩 humidity 湿度 hyperbolic 双曲线的hysteresis motors磁滞式电动机 hysteresis 滞后作用,磁滞式 hysteresis:磁滞现象ignition coil 点火线圈Ignition system点火系统 imbalance 不平衡,不均衡 imperfect 不合格的 impetus 推动,激励 in terms of 根据
increase or decrease the slip speed of the rotor 增减转子的滑动速率
induction motor 感应式电机 induction 电磁感应
information technologies 信息技术 inherent 固有的initial impetus 最初的发展 Inorganic materials 无机材料 inspect 检查
Instrument servo motor 仪表伺服电机 internal combustion engine 内燃机
internal combustion 内燃机 invoices 发票
irreversible 不可逆转的leading power factor 超前功率因数 load torque负载扭矩Logicf unction 逻辑功能 logistic support 后勤保障 log-normal 对数正态的 low-tension 低压的 Magnetic slip 电磁转差率 maintained 保留 makes up for 弥补 manipulate 操纵 marginal cost 边际成本 medium 中间,媒介
mercury thermometer 水银温度计 Missile flight tracking导弹飞性追踪 moment of inertia 转动惯量 monitoring 监视
motor winding电机绕组:
national codes and standards 国标 negotiate 谈判
nondestructive inspection 无损检测 nondestructive 无损检测
Nonmentallicmaterials非金属材料 operating practice 实际操作 permanent magnet 永磁
permanent split capacitor 固定分相的电容器 permeability 渗透性 places the order 下订单 Poisson distributions 泊松分布 Polar inertia极惯性矩poly-phase AC motors 多相交流电动机 polyphase 多相的 Power factor功率因数
Price-performance ratio 性价比 Principal component 主要部件 proximity sensor 接近传感器 purchase order 订单 quality assurance 质量保证 quality in conformance 产品移植性 raw materials 原材料 Rear wheel drive后轮驱动
regenerative braking 再生制动,反馈制动 regenerative 再生的,反馈的reluctance 磁阻repulsion induction 推斥式感应repulsion start 推斥式启动 reversible 可逆的 Rotational speed转速
rotor magnetic field rotate 转子磁场运动 sampling 采样 scheme 安排
schemes 方案 scrapped 抛弃
semi-finished parts 半成品 sensor fusion 传感器融合Series wound串励shaded pole 屏蔽极式 Sheet metal shell金属板壳 Shunt wound并励 Shut-off关断
signs the agreement 签合同 single phase 单相的 smart sensor 智能传感器 somewhat 稍微,有点
sophistication 复杂性,完善化,采用先进技术spark plug cables 火花塞电缆 spark plug 火花塞 specifications 指标
speed transducer 速度传感器 split phase 分相式 squirrel cage 鼠笼式
Starting system 启动系统statistical 统计的 统计学 统计学的 steering systems 方向系统 steering 转向器 stepper motors 步进电机 strain 应变 sufficient 足够的surface treatment 表面处理surroundings 环境
Suspension system悬挂系统 suspension 悬架
switch 开关,转换器synchronous AC motors 同步交流电动机 synchronous 同时的Tactile sensing 触觉传感技术 technique-based decision 技术决策 tends to 倾向于 tenet 原则
tensile tests 拉伸实验 tensile 可拉长的 tensile 张力,拉力
the induction motor operates near the ferquency of the input source:感应式电动机在接近输入电源频率下运行。The internal combustion engine 内燃机 Tolerance levels公差等级 Torque 扭矩
torque-speed curves 转矩-速度曲线 traceability 可描绘
traditional business 传统商务 transmission systems 传动系统 transmission 变速器 trunk deck 行李箱盖
two-value capacitor start 两价电容器启动
ubiquitous 普遍存在的 ultrasonic 超声的,超声波 universal motor 交直流两用电动机 utilize 利用
variability 可变的 可变性 vehicle 车辆
Visual sensing视觉传感技术 voltage regulator 电压调整器 Weight distribution 质量分配 Winding current绕住电流
with the emergence of digital signal processors and microcontrollers 随着数字信号处理器和控制器的出现 wound rotor induction motor绕线转子电动机 wound rotor 绕线转子
第五篇:专业英语个人翻译
P1
作为一种古老和新颖的专业之一,工业工程的出现将用来解决当今高度技术发展的世界所遇到的复杂的系统问题。特别是中国经济的快速发展及其作为世界制造业中心,对IE的需求会增加和不断紧急地变宽扩大。
生产系统或服务系统包括输入、转化、与输出。通过改革,生产附加值会提高,系统的效率和效果被改善。转换过程依靠技术使用和科学管理以及它们的组合。
管理生产系统或服务系统是一件具有挑战性的和复杂的工作--它需要基本的科学理论,工程科学、行为科学、计算机和信息科学、经济学的知识和大量关于生产基本原则,生产工艺,服务系统的规则。
P2
这两个词是如何“工业”和“工程”这两个词是如何结合起来,形成“工业工程”的?在企业管理和社会科学中工业工程和其他工程学科之间有什么联系呢?
在今天的经济和知识的时代了解工业工程的作用,有利于学习历史发展,在IE的发展过程中这是有前途的。工程的历史发展可以用很多方法写。在本单元的方法很简单,因为我们的兴趣是在回顾工程发展的重要意义,尤其是那些导致工程作为一个专业的事情。更多完整的历史记录在参考的时候是很有用的。
尽管工程和科学的发展速度并不总是一样的,但是他们已经以一种相似的互补的方式发展起来了。然而自然科学关心的是追求基础知识,工程从事的则是应用科学知识解决问题和寻找一种更好的方式。很明显,知识没有被发现的时候是不可能被应用的,而它一旦被发现就会很快地被应用起来。在工程提供反馈的需要用到科学知识的地方,知识很努力地解决问题。因此,科学和工程是紧密地联合在一起工作的。
P7
工业工程是对由人员、物料、信息、设备和能源所组成的集成系统进行设计、改善和设置的一门学科。它综合运用数学、物理学和社会科学方面的专门知识和技术,以及工程分析和设计的原理与方法,对该系统所取得的成果进行鉴定、预测和评价。
P37
工业工程包括的技术旨在提高生产率。工作研究是古典工业工程的重要组成部分,它把生产系统的微观基础作业和操作系统作为研究对象。它是最早的工业工程的技术,其基本职能在于诊断与分析现有的生产系统,最终提高生产效率。工作研究是一项集工程和管理于一体的技术,其目的是寻求在不投资或减少投资的情况下来提高生产效率,因而多年来在工业界一直受到普遍的关注。
工作研究包括两方面内容:方法研究和工作的测量。图2.1阐述了工作研究的基本研究内容。P90
在这一章中,我们考虑自动化和物料运输技术是怎样综合起来成为制造系统。我们把一个制造系统定义为设备与人力资源的一个集合,其功能是执行一个或多个始于原材料的加工过程和/或者始于零件或部件的装配过程。综合设备包括生产设备和工具,材料处理和工作定位装置、计算机系统。人力资源部必须全天或者定期保障系统的运行。制造系统增值部分的工作是完成部件或者产品。制造系统在大型生产系统中的定位和图3.1一样。制造系统的例子包括:
一名工人照料一台机器在半自动循环中起作用。
一组半自动装配机由一名工人操作。
一台全自动装配机定期由一名工人维护。
一群自动化机器工作在自动周期中生产一个家庭的类似的部件。
一组人员在一条生产线上执行装配操作。
P91
实际上所有的现代制造系统,大多数的现行加工、组装工作由机器来完成,或以援助工具完成。机器可分为(1)手动的(2)半自动化的,或(3)全自动化的。手操作的机器由工人控制和监督。机器为操作提供动力而工人则控制机器普通机床(例如,车床、铣床、钻床)都适合这种范畴。工人必须一直在机器前。
在制造系统中,我们使用术语的工作站是指那些在工厂中那些很明确的任务和作业被自动化机器,人机系统,还是工人用手动工具/或便携式电动工具完成的位置。最后,没有可以确定位置的专用机床。许多的装配工作都是这个类别的。一个给定的制造系统可由一个或更多的工作站组成。多站系统根据它的结构和功能被称为生产线,或装配线或机器单元,或其他名字。P99
成组技术(GT)是一种类似零件识别的生产哲学,在设计和生产中利用零件的相同点组合在一起。类似零件被安排到了一个零件组。每个零件组具有类似的设计和/或制造的特点。例如,在一个工厂有超过10000不同种类的部件被制作出来。这些零件可以分成30 ~ 40个不同的零件组。有理由相信,一个特定的零件组中每个零件的制造过程是类似的,这将导致生产的效率。效率的实现一般是arrange把生产设备布置成机器组,或单元,以便在流动。生产设备分组成机器单元,每个单元专业化的一个例子是混合模型生产。
P100
柔性制造系统是一个具有处理和控制自动化资料的数控机床因此它具有自动工具处理能力。因为这样一个具有自动工具处理能力和计算机控制的系统可以通过不断重新配置来生产各种各样的部件,这就是为什么它被称为柔性制造系统系统。
P101
计算机集成制造(CIM)是用来描述现代制造业方法的术语。虽然CIM包含着许多其他先进的生产技术,如计算机数控(CNC),计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD / CAM),机器人,和准时制(JIT)交货,但它不仅仅是一个新技术、新概念。计算机集成制造实际上是一种全新的制造方法,一种新型的经商之道。
P116
虽然服务有很多的定义,但都含有无形和同步的消费这一个普遍主题。下面一个服务定义的例子的表述:
服务是行为、过程和绩效。
正常情况下,一项服务是一次活动或一系列很小的无形的性质活动,但是通过发生在客户和服务职工和/或服务提供商物理资源或货物和/或系统之间的相互作用来解决顾客的问题并不是必须的。
大多数的主管机关认为服务业包括所有输出不是物理产品或者在产出的时候就被消耗掉的经济活动。服务业的附加值是形式上的(譬如便利、娱乐、及时性和舒适或者健康)这是第一个购买者必需无形的关注。
商品和服务的精确地定义是在他们的基本属性上区分开来的。一件商品是可以被创造和转让的有形的物体或者产品;他们的存在随着时间推移,因此可以被创造和推迟使用。一项服务时无形的和容易变质的。它是同时或者几乎同时被创造和使用的事情或过程。当它产生后消费者不能保留当前服务,但那服务的影响却一直保持下来。
一项服务是为顾客扮演联合制片人的角色的很短的,无形的表演经验
P118
在实验室中由一项新的科学发现导致的一个新产品概念的形成,变成一个由解决方案来寻找问题的方法。那便条纸的3M经验是一个创新的过程典型的例子。实验室发现的是一个弱的粘合剂,被创造性地用来作为粘贴附在临时对象的注释并且移除的时候不会留下一点痕迹的粘合剂。
信息技术提供了很多推动服务创新理论的例子。作为贸易的一个场所的万维网,它的发展改变了服务的交付方式。人们可以通过浏览互联网得到每一个可以想象得到的来自世界各地的产品或服务。事实上,为了保持竞争力,许多企业可能很快被要求提供新的高效、便捷的服务,为有家用电脑顾客配备的调制解调器。
P126
服务质量的规模如图4.3鉴定被市场调研专员通过研究不同的服务,类别:家用电器修理,零售银行、长途电话服务、证券经纪、和信用卡公司。他们确定了5个主要的规模,用户使用判断服务质量的可靠性,反应能力,保证,同理心,以及有形资产,列表为了减少给客户带来的相对重要性。
可靠性。具有可靠和准确地执行承诺的服务的能力。可靠性服务意味着是一个顾客期望与服务是按时完成,在相同的方式,没有任何失误。例如,对大多数的人来说,每天在大约相同的时间接收邮件是很重要的。可靠性延伸到后面的办公室,在那儿帐单和精度记帐是意料的时候。可靠性在后勤部门的期待是准确地开发票和收据。
自愿地发自内心地帮助顾客和提供及时的服务。没有明显的原因让顾客等,给质量造成不必要的负面看法。如果一项服务出现了问题,专业的快速恢复的能力会产生非常积极看法,例如:在航班延时时提供免费的饮料可能会将一名潜在的顾客的不好的经历变成美好的记忆。P133
生产计划是企业战略随着市场和金融政策进行生产系统的有效利用的转化过程。生产计划是整个生产管理系统进行生产计划预测和生产系统控制的最重要的链。他的目的是规定未来的生产活动的目标和任务。
规划根据不同的层次可分为战略规划、管理计划和工作计划。进行三种规划的内容、时间、人都是不同的。每个公司应该有一个规定公司整体的目标和发展方向,并指导公司的活动的总体策略。管理计划和工作计划都是依据战略规划展开的。
在今天的高度竞争的商业环境,战略预算计划或基础预测规划方法并不足以让一个大公司生存和繁荣。公司必须进行战略规划,明确目标和评估国内国际的情况来制定战略,实施这项战略、评估进程、作调整保持公司在正轨是必要的。
P141
对经理来说预测未来是一个很大的挑战。算命者、占星家、牧师和预言家们为满足人们对未来的不确定性的预知而致力于去预测人们的未来。这些预测不仅仅是对未知的好奇心。未来知识总是给人得到很多的优势和机遇的希望
预测是对使用计划的目标的未来事情的一个预言。变化和越来越多的环境问题对公司的能力运用的压力形成更准确地预测。预测有利于决定需要哪些资源、安排现有资源、获取额外的资源。精准预测允许使用有效能力,降低客户反应时间,减少存货。
P161
物流工程是指为了改善社会和企业的经济效益,在系统工程理论的指导下选择最优方案,以最低的成本、最高的效率和最好的客户服务规划、管理和控制物流系统的管理过程。在这个定义中我们把物流和信息流当作系统一样进行整合,将生产、分配和使用过程作为一个整体的活动关注。
P165
库存管理是有风险的,不同的风险取决于分销渠道在公司中的位置。典型库存承诺的手段是持续的时间、深度和承诺的广度。
作为一个制造商,库存风险是一个长期问题。制造商的库存承诺始于原材料和零部件,包括半成品,结束于制成品。此外, 成品通常根据顾客需求预期放置于仓库中。实际上,这是将所
有的库存风险转移到制造商的做法。虽然一个有代表性的制造商只是比零售商或者批发商多了一条狭窄生产线,但是制造商的库存承诺是深刻和耐久的。