第一篇:制药专业英语原文翻译
1、Digitalis is one of the most frequently used medications in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmia.It increases the contractility of the heart muscle and modifies vascular resistance.It also slows conduction through the atrioventricular node in the heart, making it useful in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and other rapid heart rhythms
洋地黄是其中一个最常用的药物治疗心力衰竭和心律失常。它增加了的心肌收缩血管阻力和修改。它也减慢传导通过传导节点的心使它有用的治疗房颤和其他快速心律
2、The formulation of a parenteral product involves the combination of one or more ingredients
with a medicinal agent to enhance the convenience,acceptability,or effectiveness of the product.Rarely is it preferable to dispense a drug singly as a sterile dry powder unless the formulation of a stable liquid preparation is not possible
非肠道用产品的配方涉及一个或者更多组成部分间的结合,这些组成部分(各自)都含有一种用以提高产品方便性、可接受性或者疗效的有效成分。(人们)很少愿意把药物仅仅以一种无菌的、干燥的粉末(的形式)配售,除非(把它做成)稳定的液体制剂的配方是行不通的。
3、Production生产
The production process includes all of the steps from the accumulation and combining of the ingredients of the formula to the enclosing of the product in the individual container for distribution.Intimately associated with these processes are the personnel who carry them out and the facilities in which they are performed.The most ideally planned processes can be rendered ineffective by personnel who do not have the right attitude or training,or by facilities that do not provide an efficiently controlled environment.生产过程包括从配方的各个组成部分的积聚和结合到产品封装入用于分售的单个包装内的所有步骤。和这些过程有紧密联系的是搬运人员和执行这些步骤的设备。计划出来的最理想的过程也会因为没有正确态度或没有接受正确培训的人员或者不能提供一个有效的控制环境的设备而变得无效。
To enhance the assurance of successful manufacturing operation,all process steps must be carefully reduced to writing after being shown to be effective.These written process steps are often called standard.operating procedures(SOPs)⑥.No extemporaneous changes are permitted to be made in these procedures;any change must go through the same approval steps as the original written SOP.Further,extensive records must be kept to give assurance at the end of the production process that all steps have been performed as prescribed,an aspect emphasized in the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices.Such in-process control is essential to assuring the quality of the product,since these assurances are even more significant than those from product release testing.The production of.a quality product is a result of the continuous ,dedicated effort of the quality assurance,production,and quality control personnel within the plant in developing,performing,and confirming effective sops
为了增加成功的生产操作的保证,所有的过程步骤在证明是有效的之后都要仔细地归纳成书面材料,这些书面的过程步骤经常被称为标准操作规程(SOPs)。这些规程是不允许进行临时改动的,任何改动都必须经过和原有的书面规程一样的证明步骤的证明。而且,还需要做大量的记录,以便在生产过程的最后用来保证:所有的步骤都是按照规定执行的。这是美国食品及药物管理局药品生产质量管理规范,这样的过程中的控制是必不可少的保证了产品的质量,因为这些保证甚至比那些从产物释放测试更显著。,高品质的产品的生产厂在开发,执行,并确认有效的SOP中的质量保证,生产和质量控制人员的连续,专用努力的结果
4、Reactor technology comprises the underlying principles of chemical reaction engineering(CRE)and the practices used in their application.The focuses of reactor technology are reactor configurations,operating conditions,external operating environments,developmental history,industrial application,and evolutionary change.Reactor designs evolve from the pursuit of new products and uses,higher conversion,more favorable reaction selectivity,reduced fixed and operating costs,intrinsically safe operation,and environmentally acceptable processing
反应堆技术包括化学反应工程(CRE),并在其应用程序中使用的惯例的基本原则。反应器技术的重点是反应器构型,经营状况,外部经营环境,发展历史,工业应用和进化改变。反应堆设计从追求新产品和用途的发展,更高的转换,更有利的反应选择性,减少了固定和运营成本,本质安全的操作,并符合环保要求处理
5、Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies and which causes less frequent or less severe adverse effects.药物研制旨在生产出在疗效上优于现存药品,且副作用发生率减少、程度降低的新型治疗药物。
6、Phase 1 involves small scale studies in normal volunteers.These studies should determine whether the drug can be given to man without serious symptoms or toxicity, and whether it has desired pharmacological effects.These studies often begin with a dose ranging study, using 1/50 to 1/100 the effective dose in animals and increasing until the desired effect, or adverse effects, are seen.These studies should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely Studies should include careful assessment of clinical, haematological evidence before and after drug administration to identify pharmacological actions and adverse effects.Phase 1 studies should only be performed by experienced staff, under medical supervision, and in premises with appropriate resuscitative facilities and support.第一阶段,新药小规模运用在正常志愿者身上的研究。这个阶段的研究应确定药物是否能让正常人产生严重副反应和毒性反应,以及能否有明显的药理作用。这些研究往往从一个剂量范围开始,在1/100 到 1/50范围内的动物有效剂量开始逐次增加使用剂量,直到出现明显药理作用或者副作用为止。这些研究只能在这样的志愿者身上进行,他们应该了解实验的影响并且自愿同意进行实验。研究还应包括仔细的评估临床,根据实验前后的血药浓度来确定的药物的药理作用及不良影响。这一阶段的研究只能在有经验的工作人员和医生监督下进行,并且有抢救设备和复苏技术的支持。
Phase 2 studies determine whether the new drug has the desired effect on patients
with the appropriate disease.In Britain these investigations can be performed only after submission of preclinical and phase 1 study results to the Committee on Safety of Medicines.This body either issues a clinical trial certificate(CTC)or authorizes limited clinical trials under an exemption procedure(CTE).Phase 2 studies initially may be open, uncontrolled, dose-ranging experiments but should include controlled studies under single or Double-blind conditions.they may involve comparisons with inactive placebo or known active agents.第二阶段的研究要确定新药在患有相关疾病的人身上是否有明显的疗效。在英国,这些研究有且只有在提交前期和第一期研究结果到药物安全委员会的情况下才可以进行。这个部分主要是发行一份临床试验证明(CTC)或根据豁免做法(CTE)批准有限的临床试验。第二阶段的研究也许最初是开放的,没条件限制的,药量排列的实验,但是研究应该控制在唯一或双盲情况下进行。研究中可包括一些只服用非活性安慰剂或已知的活性药物的对照组。
Phase 3:If results of therapeutic efficacy and safety justify it, the next step is progression to large scale clinical trials to determine how the new drug compare in clinical practice with existing remedies, and to establish its profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.第三阶段:如果治疗的有效性和安全性被证明,下一步就是发展到大规模的临床试验,以确定新的药物在临床实践中如何比较与现有的补救措施,并建立行动的不利影响和频率的分布。After Phase 3 studies the evidence from all stages of development is assembled and if the conclusions indicate a useful action, the drug may be submitted to the regulatory authorities with a request for a product license.继第三阶段研究之后,在第三阶段研究之后,来自各发展阶段的证据将被分析,如果结论表明了有益的作用,新药会被许可向药物监管机构申请获得一个产品的许可证。
Phase 4 A new drug is usually marketed after only a few hundred, or at the most a few thousand, patients have been exposed to it for a relatively short period(weeks or months).Post-marketing surveillance is increasingly undertaken to assess efficacy and toxicity of new drugs on a large scale.No uniform scheme for Phase 4 supervision has yet been established, but few doubt the necessity of collecting this information on low-frequency adverse effects
第四阶段:一个新的药物通常是上市后仅过了几百年,或在最几千年,患者接触到药物的时间都相对较短(数周或数月)。大规模的上市后监测越来越多地承担了评估新药的疗效和毒性的方法。对第四阶段的监管虽然没有规定统一的操作,但很少有人怀疑收集阶段低频副作用的必要性
7、Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing.But it’s important to realize that no drug is absolutely safe.There is always some risk of an adverse reaction.It’s when the benefits outweigh the risks that FDA considers a drug safe enough to approve.现有的法律要求,所有的新药在被批准上市前都必须出具其有效、安全的证据。但必须认识到没有任何药品是绝对安全的,总有不良反应的危险,只有当益处超过风险时,FDA才会认为该药品足够安全,可以批准。
8、Full reports of a drug’s studies must be submitted because they are the basis of
FDA’s evaluation of safety and effectiveness.The controlled clinical trials are especially important because they involve the greatest number of patients.制药商必须提供药物研究的所有报告,因为它是FDA评估其安全性和有效性的基础。有对照组的临床实验尤其重要因为涉及众多病人。
By providing for the appropriate comparisons to judge the drug’s effectiveness and by revealing less common(even rare)side effects and adverse reactions, they help to clarify the drug’s benefit-to-risk relationship.The final human studies also generate information that will be in the drug’s professional labeling, the guidance approved by FDA on how to use the drug.This is the package insert that accompanies a drug in all shipments to physicians and pharmacies.通过提供适当的比较,以判断药物的有效性,并揭示不常见(甚至罕见的)副作用和不良反应,它们有助于澄清该药物的益处与风险的关系。最终人类的研究也产生信息,这将是在药物的专业标签,就如何使用这种药物通过美国FDA认证的指导。这是伴随着药物在所有出货给医生和药店的药品说明书。
9、Anytime during an NDA review, FDA may contact the sponsor or the investigators to discuss problems concerning the data
随时在NDA的审查,FDA可能与保荐人或调查人员讨论有关数据的问题
Indeed, FDA staff may visit the sites of some of the studies to compare results provided in the NDA with the physicians’ patient records.If there are major deficiencies with any part of the NDA, substantially more work by the sponsor may be needed.实际上,FDA的工作人员可能会亲临一些研究地点,以将NDA中的结果与医生的患者记录进行比较。如果与NDA的任何部分有较大的分歧,赞助商还需做大量的工作。
FDA frequently asks one of its 17 standing advisory committees on drugs and biologics for advice.This is especially true when an approval decision is a “close call”.FDA经常向其17个药物和生物制品常务顾问委员会之一征求意见,特别是当是否批准的决定“千钧一发”时,更是如此。
In the final analysis, FDA’s decision whether to approve a new drug for marketing boils down to two questions
在最后的分析中,FDA的决定是否批准一种新药的营销归结为两个问题 Do the results provide substantial evidence of effectiveness?
This may be easy to figure out in a study with a drug to treat high blood pressure—if the drug works, the blood pressure goes down.But other studies, such as those testing a drug to treat depression, are more complicated.请执行结果的有效性提供了大量的证据?
这可能很容易搞清楚与药物来治疗高血压,如果药物工程研究,血压下降。但其他研究中,如那些测试一种药物来治疗抑郁症,比较复杂。
Do the results show the product is safe under the conditions of use in the proposed labeling? Reviewers note whether the adverse reactions show any disturbing pattern of occurrence.They “tease” out, so to speak, whether certain symptoms—such as headache or constipation—were caused by the drug or whether they occurred independently
不要结果显示使用条件下的产品是安全的建议的标签?审稿人注意不良反应是否显示发生任何令人不安的模式。他们“挑逗”出来的,可以这么说,是否有某些症状,如头痛,或便秘是由药物或引起他们是否独立发生。
10、To be sure approval decisions reflect the most recent safety data, FDA requires safety updates four months after the NDA is submitted, again after it sends the firm an “approvable letter” and at other times as appropriate—before an advisory committee meeting, for instance.为了确定批准决定反映了最新的安全数据,FDA要求新药申请递交后的4个月更新安全资料,以及在寄给公司“可能批准信”后、在其他适当的时候,如在顾问委员会开会之前,都要更新安全资料。
Updates must report new adverse reactions and important changes in the frequency or severity of effects that are known.Thus, new data suggesting that an adverse effect occurs more often than previously thought might change a “precaution” to a “warning” in the labeling.更新信息须报告新的不良反应和已知不良反应的频率和严重性的重要变化。因此,新数据若反映不良反应比以前认定的更严重,说明书中的“注意事项”可能会被改为“警告”.
第二篇:制药工程专业英语 Unit 13 课文翻译
Unit 13Sterile Products
Sterile Products
Sterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms.Principally,these include parenteral,ophthalmic,irrigating preparations.Of these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment.Thus,because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense,the skin and mucous membranes,they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally high level of purity.All components and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate,as much as possible,contamination of all types,whether of physical,chemical,or microbiologic origin.Preparations for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities,are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to contamination.Therefore,similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure,substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous membranes.Therefore,the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of large-volume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating solutions.Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions,but may even be solid pellets for tissue implantation.The control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative ease.As the quantity of product increases,the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination multiply.Therefore,the preparation of sterile products has become a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical processing.The standards established,the attitude of personnel,and the process control must be of a第13 单元 无菌产品 无菌产品 无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂剂型,其主要包括非肠道用的、眼用的和冲洗用的制剂。这之中,非肠道用产品在药物剂型当中是(较为)特别的因为它们是通过皮肤和黏膜被注射到人体内部的。这样,由于它们进入了高效率的人体第一道免疫防线——皮肤和黏膜,(所以)它们必须没有微生物感染和有毒成分,同时又(必须)具有特别高的纯度。这些产品的制备过程中涉及到的所有组分和(工艺)流程都必须经过选择和设计以尽可能地消除各种类型的污染,无论是来自物理的、化学的,还是微生物的。眼用制剂尽管没有被引入到内部体腔,但它仍与对污染(物)敏感的组织有接触,因此,对眼用制剂也要求(与非肠道用制剂)类似的标准。冲洗液现在也要求满足和非肠道用溶液一样的标准,因为在冲洗过程中,大量的冲洗液都可以通过敞开的血管伤口或者擦伤的黏膜组织直接进入到血液。因此,本章中描述的有关非肠道用溶液大批量生产的特点和标准,对于冲洗液同样适用。无菌产品通常是溶液或者悬浮液,但甚至也可以是用于组织对端植入的固体药丸。对于少量的这种产品,使其污染降到最低的工艺控制可以相对容易地实现。(但)随着产品量的增加,控制工艺流程从而防止污染的困难也会增加。因而,无菌产品的制备已经成为药品加工里一个高度专业化的领域。制定的标准、人员的态度和工艺流程的控制都必须有着优秀的水平。
superior level.Vehicles
By far the most frequently employed vehicle for sterile
products is water,since it is the vehicle for all natural body
fluids.The superior quality required for such use is
described in the monograph on Water for Injection in the
USP.Requirements may be even more stringent for some
products,however.One of the most inclusive tests for the quality of water is
the total solids content,a gravimetric evaluation of the
dissociated and undissociated organic and inorganic
substances present in the water.However,a less
time-consuming test,the electrolytic measurement of
conductivity of the water,is the one most frequently used.Instantaneous measurements can be obtained by immersing
electrodes in the water and measuring the specific
conductance, a measurement that depends on the ionic
content of the water.The conductance may be expressed by
the meter scale as conductivity in micromhos,resistance in
megohms , or ionic content as parts per million(ppm)of
sodium chloride.The validity of this measurement as an
indication of the purity of the water is inferential in that
methods of producing high-purity water,such as distillation
and reverse osmosis,can be expected to remove
undissociated substances along with those that are
dissociated.Undissociated substances such as pyrogens,however,could be present in the absence of ions and not be
disclosed by the test.Therefore,for contaminants other than
ions,additional tests should be performed.Additional tests for quality of Water for Injection with
permitted limits are described in the USP monographs.When comparing the total solids permitted for Water for
Injection with that for Sterile Water for Injection,one will
note that considerably higher values are permitted for Sterile
Water for Injection.This is necessary because the latter
product has been sterilized,usually by a thermal method,in
a container that has dissolved to some extent in the water.Therefore,the solids content will be greater than for the
nonsterilized product.On the other hand,the 10 ppm total
solids officially permitted for Water for Injection may be
much too high when used as the vehicle for many products.In practice, Water for Injection normally should not have a
conductivity of more than 1 micromho(1 megohm,approximately 0.1 ppm NaCl).溶媒 到目前为止,最常被用于无菌产品的溶媒就是水,因为水(也)是所有自然体液的溶媒。该用途所要求的优良特性在《美国药典》的《注射用水》专题论文中有所描述。但对于某些产品来说,要求可能会更为苛刻。水质检验的一种最普遍的测试就是固体总含量,一种对水中解离的和不解离的有机物和无机物在重量上的评估。然而,一种用时较少的测试——水导电性的电解测量——则是最常用的(测试方法),它通过把电极浸入水中测出具体的电导率,就可以实现即刻测量,是一种基于水中离子含量的测量方法。电导率可以通过表头刻度盘以电导/微姆欧、电阻/兆欧姆或者离子含量/ppm NaCl的形式显示出来。作为水纯度的指示,这种测量方法的正确性只是推理性的,因为一些生产高纯度水的方法,比如蒸馏和反渗透,可以将不解离的物质同那些解离的物质一起除去。但是不解离的物质例如热原,可以不以离子的形式存在,因而不能被这种方法检测出来。因此,对于除离子之外的(其他)污染物,还需要进行另外的检测。具有特殊用途的注射用水的水质附加测试在美国药典中有专篇描述。当把注射用水和无菌注射用水所允许的固体总含量做比较时,你会发现无菌注射用水允许有相当高的值。这是必要的,因为后者是经过灭菌的,通常是通过一种热途径,在一个在一定程度上溶解于水的容器中。因而,其固体含量会比没有灭菌的产品要高得多。另一方面,官方对于注射用水所允许的10 ppm的固体总含量,对于许多产品来说,作为溶媒其值可能都太高了。事 实上,注射用水其电导一般不应 该超过1微姆欧(1兆欧,大约 0.1 ppm NaCl)。
Added Substances.添加剂
Substances added to a product to enhance its stability are 添加到产品当中用以提高产品稳essential for almost every product.Such substances include 定性的物质,对于几乎每种产品solubilizers,antioxidants,chelating agents,buffers,来说都是必不可少的。这样的物tonicity contributors,antibacterial agents,antifungal 质包括增溶剂、抗氧剂、螯合剂、agents,hydrolysis inhibitors,antifoaming agents,and 缓冲剂、tonicity contributor、抗numerous other substances for specialized purposes.At the 菌剂、杀菌剂、水解抑制剂、消same time,these agents must be prevented from adversely 沫剂和许多其他的有专门用途的affecting the product.In general,added substances must be 物质。同时,这些组分必须不能nontoxic in the quantity administered to the patient.They 对产品有不利影响。一般来说,should not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy nor with 添加剂必须在病人的给药量范围the assay of the active therapeutic compound.They must 内是无毒的。它们不应该干扰(产also be present and active when needed throughout the 品的)治疗效果,也不能干扰有useful life of the product.Therefore,these agents must be 效活性化合物的测定。在产品的selected with great care,and they must be evaluated as to 整个有效期内,需要它们时,它their effect upon the entire formulation.-An extensive 们必须存在并且有效。因此,对review of excipients used in parenteral products and the 这些物质必须非常小心地进行挑means for adjusting pH of these products has recently been 选,而且对它们对整个配方的影published and should be referred to for more detailed 响也必须进行评估。一篇关于用information.在非肠道用产品中的赋形剂和调节这些产品pH的方法的综述,最近已经出版,更多的详细信息 可参阅之。
Formulation配方
The formulation of a parenteral product involves the 非肠道用产品的配方涉及一个或combination of one or more ingredients with a medicinal 者更多组成部分间的结合,这些agent to enhance the convenience,acceptability,or 组成部分(各自)都含有一种用effectiveness of the product.Rarely is it preferable to 以提高产品方便性、可接受性或dispense a drug singly as a sterile dry powder unless the 者疗效的有效成分。(人们)很少formulation of a stable liquid preparation is not possible.愿意把药物仅仅以一种无菌的、On the other hand,a therapeutic agent is a chemical 干燥的粉末(的形式)配售,除compound subject to the physical and chemical reactions 非(把它做成)稳定的液体制剂characteristic of the class of compounds to which it belongs.的配方是行不通的。Therefore,a careful evaluation must be made of every 另一方面,治疗剂(药物的有效combination of two or more ingredients to ascertain whether or not adverse interactions occur,and if they do,of ways to 的物理和化学反应特性的一种化modify the formulation so that the reactions are eliminated 合物。因此对每一个两种或更多or minimized.The formulation of sterile products is 组成部分间的结合都必须有一个challenging,therefore,to the knowledge and ingenuity of 仔细的评估,弄清楚会不会有不the persons responsible.The amount of information 良反应发生。如果有,则须找到
available to the formulator concerning the physical and 改进配方的方法以使反应消除或chemical properties of a therapeutic agent,particularly if it is 者降低到最小。因此,无菌产品a new compound,is often quite meager.Information 的配方是对负责人员知识和独创concerning basic properties muse be obtained,including 性的一个挑战。配方设计师可得molecular weight,solubility,purity,colligative properties,到的关于治疗剂(药物的有效成and chemical reactivity,before an intelligent approach to 分)物理和化学性质的信息量通formulation can begin.Improvements in formulation are a 常是很少的,尤其当治疗剂是一continuing‘ process,since important properties of a drug or 种新的化合物时。关于(治疗剂)of the total formulation may not become evident until the 基本性质的信息,包括分子量、product has been stored or used for a prolonged time: 溶解度、纯度、依数性和化学反However,because of the extensive test documentation 应性,必须在一种好的组建配方required by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA),的方法可以开始之前得到。配方only outstanding formulations can be justified for 的改善是一个连续不断的过程,continuance to the state of a maketed product.因为药物或整体配方的一些重要 性质只有在贮存或者使用了很长 时间之后才可能会变得明显。然 而,由于美国食品及药物管理局 大量的测试要求文件,(使得)只 有那些杰出的配方才能继续发展 成为上市产品。
生产
Production 生产过程包括从配方的各个组成 The production process includes all of the steps from the 部分的积聚和结合到产品封装入accumulation and combining of the ingredients of the 用于分售的单个包装内的所有步formula to the enclosing of the product in the individual 骤。和这些过程有紧密联系的是container for distribution.Intimately associated with these 搬运人员和执行这些步骤的设processes are the personnel who carry them out and the 备。计划出来的最理想的过程也facilities in which they are performed.The most ideally 会因为没有正确态度或没有接受planned processes can be rendered ineffective by personnel 正确培训的人员或者不能提供一who do not have the right attitude or training,or by facilities 个有效的控制环境的设备而变得that do not provide an efficiently controlled environment.无效。
To enhance the assurance of successful manufacturing 为了增加成功的生产操作的保operation,all process steps must be carefully reduced to 证,所有的过程步骤在证明是有writing after being shown to be effective.These written 效的之后都要仔细地归纳成书面process steps are often called standard.operating procedures 材料,这些书面的过程步骤经常(SOPs)⑥.No extemporaneous changes are permitted to be 被称为标准操作规程(SOPs)。made in these procedures;any change must go through the 这些规程是不允许进行临时改动same approval steps as the original written SOP.Further,的;任何改动都必须经过和原有extensive records must be kept to give assurance at the end 的书面规程一样的证明步骤的证of the production process that all steps have been performed 明。而且,还需要做大量的记录,as prescribed,an aspect emphasized in the FDA's Good 以便在生产过程的最后用来保Manufacturing Practices.Such in-process control is essential 证:所有的步骤都是按照规定执to assuring the quality of the product,since these assurances 行的。这是美国食品及药物管理are even more significant than those from product release 局药品生产质量管理规范中所强
testing.The production of.a quality product is a result of the 调的一个方面。这些中间控制对continuous,dedicated effort of the quality assurance,于保证产品的质量来说是必要
production,and quality control personnel within the plant in 的,因为这些保证甚至比产品发developing,performing,and confirming effective sops.行测试的控制还重要。一件优质Selected from Lachman Leon et al.The Theory and Practice 产品的生产,是车间里在开发、of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd ed.,Lea and Febiger, 执行和确认有效标准操作规程中Philadelphia,1986.的那些品质保证、生产和质量控 制人员不懈而专注的努力的结 果。
第三篇:制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译
Thoughout recorded纵观历史记载,细菌感染的人口定期付出沉重的收费。鼠疫菌的“黑死病”鼠疫的1347-1351期间,估计有25万人在亚洲和欧洲死亡。美国公共卫生服务统计为1910年和1920年的节目,在这个早在本世纪结核病死亡每1000名美国居民中的一个。即使在今天,主要是在发展中国家,结核分枝杆菌仍然是主要死亡原因由于在单染性病,全世界每年杀害超过三百万
Such 整个脊椎动物进化过程中的这种不懈的微生物攻击,挑起了一个令人惊讶的复杂的保护性免疫系统的进化。随着人类的外观,最终到达一个物种可以设法协助先天和后天免疫系统,避免感染。通过利用微生物的抗原成分(疫苗和马血清抗毒素的产生),然后微生物次生代谢产物(抗生素),已成为人类善于预防和治疗许多以前致命的微生物疾病。
Within在短短的几十年,抗感染药药典的可用性突然提供了人类的潜力,以提高他们的生存前景下不断微生物拦河坝规避自然的经过时间考验的,活的或死的进化范式。那些以前会屈服于成员现在可以存活时间较长的疫苗和抗生素的帮助助剂-抗感染免疫系统一起工作。实际上,人类对这些助剂的就业可以作为例证在他们的免疫防御系统的自我做作的演变看。
Once当爵士亚历山大·弗莱明发现青霉素的效用已经证明,从发掘出的天然来源的其他抗生素乱舞紧随其后。其中一些被证明适用于治疗疾病,通常经过化学改性,以提高天然化合物的效力,安全性或药代动力学
Alpha
For对于大多数在过去50年中,看来,医学获得了强大的手上的细菌病。某些制药厂和研发机构决定减少对抗生素的发现成果,因为它的出现,医生的抗菌军火库是充足。但疾病的性质已经证明并非如此。
The在多种抗生素耐药病原体的发病率迅速升级现在提高全球非常严重的问题。这种发展突出了强大的进化能力的细菌种群的选择压力下的抗生素治疗。
Resistance抗药性问题被视为与革兰氏阴性(例如大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌),但目前关注的最后一组的病原体。肺炎链球菌是呼吸道革兰氏阳性病原体,仅在美国一年的40000人死亡负责。,现在在许多国家,耐青霉素肺炎链球菌感染的患病率迅速上升。最糟的情况之一是在匈牙利,其中70%,从1988-1989年测试的儿童肺炎链球菌菌株对青霉素耐药
Bacteria细菌已经进化无数花招挫败抗生素的行动, 他们停用抗生素水解,酰化,磷酸化,或者核苷酸化反应;改变抗生素的目标站点或减少细胞内药物浓度降低细胞膜的通透性和/或积极抽水细胞的药物。with通过分子生物学和生物化学技术,这些耐药机制的认识提高,药物化学家一直试图绕过一些阻力问题提供目标。
A predominant针对内酰胺类药物的主要耐药机制(如青霉素),涉及内酰胺环的酶裂解。While虽然药物甲氧苯青霉素的开发,因为在1961年,短短两年后,药物首先到了广泛使用。MRSA菌株进化,使他们有一个额外的药物靶蛋白参与细胞壁合成,并改变这种蛋白具有非常低的亲和力几乎所有内酰胺。在一些医院,TO更的是,大多数MRSA菌株也有许多其他类抗生素
耐药,糖万古霉素的异常。Now现在世界各地,MRSA菌株日本很成问题(60%的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株MRSA),以及西班牙,法国,意大利和美国,与发病率大于30%
A particularly一个特别令人不安的里程碑是1988年耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)的出现。some一些抗万古霉素肠球菌现在不回应任何可用抗生素。肠球菌已成为最经常遇到的第二医院获得性病原体分离。抗万古霉素产生,因为1D-丙氨酸-e-乳酸渣(其中万古霉素结合知之甚少)已被通常在涉及细菌的细胞墙1五肽前体的终点,D-丙氨酸-e-丙氨酸残基取代合成There 在抗万古霉素肠球菌糖肽类如万古霉素抗性基因,将自然转移到金黄色葡萄球菌,已经实验证明可行威廉高贵圣托马斯医院,伦敦现在有一个极大的关注。作为万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染这种致命的病原体,抗万古霉素的自然预期收购不得已的药物会导致发人深省的回报预先抗生素治疗失败的时代,应该没有备用的有效疗法可用
Conclusions结论
人类使用抗生素迅速加快了人类和细菌之间的动态演化的相互作用。The新制剂,最近在多药耐药的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的迅速崛起,全世界敲响了一个响亮的电气警笛需要新的,有效的治疗方法,这里可以提供翻新阿森纳的医生。
The discovery细菌通过基因组学研究新的药物靶标,以及改善我们了解细菌耐药性机制的发现,按住发现多药耐药细菌感染治疗的新手段的承诺。给予足够的时间,细菌会最终是能够开发任何新的抗菌剂的阻力。这些药物可以通过一种新的机制攻击病原体有可能降低快速耐药性的发展的倾向。
第四篇:制药工程专业英语
制药工程专业英语模拟试卷
Part APut the following into English(2’):
衍生物污染物代谢物
氨基酸化疗互变异构体
硫醇对称的分馏
重结晶多糖亲和力
Part BPut the following into Chinese(2’):
Microorganismanilinein vitro
Asymmetricamino acidchronic
Antiviralbacteriologistdisinfection
Intermediateinsulinvaccine
Part CTranslate the English paragraphs into Chinese:(15’ * 2)
1)Be careful when handing chloroform.It’s a toxic solvent, and you should not breathe it excessively or spill it
on yourself.When discarding spent tea leaves, do not put them in the sink because they will clog the drain.Dispose of them in a waste container.2)When tannins are extracted into hot water, the hydrolysable ones are partially hydrolyzed, meaning that free
gallic acid is also found in tea.The tannins, by virtue of their phenolic groups, and gallic acid by virtue of it’s
carboxyl groups , are both acidic.Part D Cloze(2’)
ViasolventsappropriateintermediatessimilarindustrialNeverthelessobtainedpreferredthoroughvaluable
by total synthesis.Therefore knowledge of the synthetic routes is useful.Understanding also makes it possible to recognize
contamination.of the agents by intermediates and by-products.For the reason of effective quality control the
documentation on the
stimulation as well.There are neitherstructural classes for all pharmaceutically active compounds nor preferred
reaction types.This implies that practically the whole field of organic and in part also organometallic chemistry is covered.a larger number of starting materials and intermediates are more frequently used,and so it
is useful to know the possibilities for their preparation from primary chemicals.For this reason it iscompounds used in synthetic processes leading to an enormous number of agents.For the most part chemicals are
way this is also true for the intermediates based on
aromatic compounds toluene,phenol and chlorobenzene.Further key compounds may be shown in a table which can be useful in tracing cross-relationships in syntheses.In addition to the actual starting materials and intermediates solvents are required both as a reaction
medium and ,for purificationrecrystallization.Frequently used are methanol,ethanol,isopropanol,butanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,benzene,toluene and xylene.To a lesser extent diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran,glycol ethers,dimethylformamide(DMF)and dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO)are used in special
reactions.
第五篇:制药工程专业英语
民族药物学杂志93(2004)409–415
来自桔梗grandiflorum A.De Candolle根的有机提取物的抗氧化和抗癌活动
生物技术研究所、韩国大学,亚南东,Sungbuk东京都,首尔136-701,大韩民国二系生物化学、医学大学、高丽大学,亚南东,Sungbuk东京都,首尔136-701,大韩民国
2003年5月21日收到初稿;收到修订稿日期是2004年3月20日且与2004年4月26日接受 摘要
这是作为草药和食品在亚洲使用的植物。桔梗grandiflorum石油醚提取物硅胶柱色谱梯度溶剂(石油醚:乙醚,9:1–5:5,v/v)(分数I–V)。的 不论在抑制脂质过氧化和自由基的清除抗氧化活性组分进行了评价活动。第二部分,在8:2的混合石油醚和乙醚提取的,表现出伟大的抗氧化活性在分数中。另一方面,每个部位的细胞毒性,这是由MTT使用计算人类癌症细胞线(HT-
29、HRT-18和HepG2),最大分数第三,这是一个7:3石油醚提取和乙基醚混合物。两种 分数、第二和第三,是子分割的薄层色谱,分分数的每个被屏蔽的抗氧化及抗癌活动。此外,抗氧化活性与酚类化合物的内容密切相关,与抗癌活性 聚乙炔的分数表现出了典型的紫外光吸收谱。©2004全文电子刊爱尔兰有限公司 版权所有。
关键字:抗氧化活性;细胞毒性;桔梗grandiflorum;清除;美腾
引文:
添加抗氧化剂对各种食物,防止或 阻止自由基诱导的脂质氧化,负责flavors和不良的发展食品中的化学化合物(Angelo,1996)。在表单中的生物系统还可以生成自由基活性氧(氧),如超氧阴离子 自由基(O2•−),过氧化氢(H2 O2),羟基自由基(OH•),单线态氧(1 O2)(哈利韦尔等。, 1995)。这些反应活性氧导致不可逆转的破坏 组件损坏的细胞,如脂类、蛋白质与DNA(Lopaczyski和Zeisel,2001)。虽然正常 细胞拥有对活性氧的抗氧化防御系统,细胞损伤的不断积累导致疾病,如癌症和老化(Matés和Sánchez Jiménez,2000)。通过消除活性氧在连续的抗氧化剂量也有预防这些疾病的作用生物系统(斯甘巴托等。,2001)。抗肿瘤药物,另一方面,主要是相关的 损坏的系统的治疗作用。正常情况下,DNA或其他组件的单元格 由各种原因不可逆转的损坏进行凋亡细胞死亡,这是一个自我毁灭的代谢根据基因编码细胞死亡信号(Korsmeyer,1995;胡珀等。,1999)。不过,癌细胞 已经不可逆转地开发,获取能力,以逃避通过多种方式的凋亡。抗肿瘤药物的目的 触发器在这些癌细胞凋亡信号系统虽然扰乱它们的扩散(加粗等。,1997)。有很多开发与各种生物活性的植物,包括抗氧化剂,anti-inflammatory和抗癌活动。例如,一些研究报告,天然产物提取物,如水果、蔬菜和中药,对癌症产生积极影响,而化疗或最近荷尔蒙治疗(Pezzuto,1997;吴等。,2002)。因此,许多植物 已检查以确定新的和有效的抗氧化和抗癌化合物,以及澄清吗 预防癌症和凋亡的机制(Pietta等。, 1998;金等。1998;Swamy和Tan,2000)在particu,东方药用植物被认为是其中之一 由于他们的各种物种的最有希望的来源应用程序。此外,其疗效已 亚洲许多几十年的临床使用证明。桔梗根grandiflorum。Candolle(韩国名,Doraji,日本名字,桔梗,和中文名字,'Jiegeng'),属于桔梗科家人曾作为食品原料或东方传统医学。桔梗提取物grandiflorum已报告有广泛的健康benefits。特别是,在韩国,4年的根 一直被用来治疗支气管炎、哮喘、肺结核、糖尿病和inflammatory疾病(青木和吗李1972;李,1973)。最近,其immunopharmacological的影响研究(Nagao等。1986),和一
∗对应 作者。电话。:+86 822点3290 3435;传真:+86 822点927 5201。电子邮件地址:limst@korea。交流。氪(S。-t。林)杰。-你们。李等。民族药物学93/日志(2004)409–415
些 活性化合物,如三萜(Nikaido等。,1999)和皂甙(石井等。1984)已identified。一些 研究甚至延长桔梗的培育期 22年的grandiflorum使用获得专利的方法(李,1991),报告说,其水提取物是有效防止胆固醇、血脂异常,CCl4诱导肝毒性(Leeand Jeong, 2002)
先前的研究中,据报道,原油 桔梗grandiflorum石油醚提取物对人肿瘤细胞表现出强烈的抑制活性增长,有机提取物是更大的活动 比水提取物(李等。,1998)。在这 研究中,桔梗grandiflorumroot石油醚提取物是分次使用渐变溶剂、和与商业的抗氧化活性的比较 抗氧化剂。此外,抗癌活性 分数也检查。
2。材料与方法 2.1。物质 切碎和干桔梗根grandiflorumA。直流(桔梗科家族)Youngju栽培,韩国是从东方草药市场购买,和韩国分子医学和营养研究所confirmed身份。人体直肠(HRT-18),肝癌(HepG2)和冒号(HT-29)癌细胞株是从美国购买类型文化集合(马里兰州、美国)。Dulbecos Modified鹰介质(DMEM),胎牛血清及trypsin–EDTA获得了从Gibco肝(大 岛,纽约,美国),以及文化用品等48-嗯板是向Nunclon品牌产品。3-(45-Dimethylthiazol
2)-25-diphenyltetrazolium溴(美腾)、11-二苯-2-picrylhydrazyl(清除)是从西格玛-阿德采购公司(st。路易斯、钼、美国)。硅酸(生物南港100–200网)是从生物实验室的产品。(Richmond CA,美国),薄层色谱分析和制备(薄)是使用硅胶60 F254(默克,达姆施塔特、德国).2.2。提取和分离 桔梗grandiflorum的干燥根(600克)磨成粉,和石油醚提取(4)在室温72℃的振动。在粉之后 粒子已经确定,清除黄色的上清液 filtered 0.22m孔尺寸聚四氟乙烯filter(Milipore公司, 比尔里卡,美国),集中(10.3克,干重)真空蒸发。集中被分割(分数I–V)与溶剂的使用硅胶柱 渐变石油醚和乙醚(9:1–5:5),和分数集中在减少压力之下.2.3。抗氧化活性的测定
2.3.1。硫氰酸铁测试(FTC)使用硫氰酸铁的抗氧化活性分析根据报告的大泽的方法是执行吗 和Namiki(1981)。干六百微克从每个分数的固体溶于0.12毫升98 乙醇和2.51的亚油酸溶液2.88毫升EtOH和9毫升40毫米的磷酸盐缓冲(7.0)已添加。在40◦C在黑暗的混合物螺旋盖瓶。在孵化期间,0.1毫升的部分是 从混合,稀释75的9.7毫升乙醇,其次是增加0.1毫升30硫氰酸铵。3分钟后添加0.1毫升20毫米3.5盐酸中氯化亚铁,在500纳米的红色吸收测量。的 抑制脂质过氧化水平的每个分数 吸光度比值计算,没有任何样品的空白。
2.3.2。硫代巴比妥酸测试(总胆汁酸)这是根据Kikuzaki和Nakatani报告的方法执行(1993)。两毫升 20三氯醋酸酸和硫代巴比妥酸溶液添加2毫升到1毫升含亚油酸的混合解决方案,根据FTC的准备过程。混合物放在沸腾的水 浴10分钟。在冷却之后,混合料离心机在20分钟的转速可达3000,和上清液吸收测量在532纳米.2.3.3。DPPH自由基清除测试布洛伊斯所描述的这个测试来衡量(1958)。其中一个 毫升的部分解决方案(50、100和200g/毫升乙醇)添加到清除解决方案的1毫升(0.2毫米 乙醇)。在30分钟以后,室温反应,吸收的解决方案是为517纳米。每个分数的清除自由基的活性通过比较其吸光度与空白的决定解决方案(示例)。
2.4。对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性(美腾测试)从原油馏分I–V分居使用硅胶柱和梯度溶剂醚提取物(9:1–5:5),产生0.02–0.33 g/g,基于初始重量粗提取物(表1)。总酚含量 在分数介乎
1.66至4.80毫克/克,与分数第二,后者是eluted,8:2的混合石油醚 和乙醚,包含酚的最高水平化合物。这是根据执行过程的轻微modification Mosmann报告(1983)。在 48-嗯板,人类癌症细胞悬液(3×104 细胞/好)是在37◦C为24。单元格 然后漂洗和种植在新DMEM包含每个分数(g/300毫升)。在24或48的孵化之后,在37◦C,DMEM被删除,而细胞再次创业 再次与DMEM的0.25毫升和0.05毫升的美腾解决方案(g/0.5毫升)为4小时。0.7毫升株缓
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冲区(20 50烷基硫酸钠N,n-甲酰胺、pH值 4.6)被添加到每个解散美腾产生的紫甲腊,这些细胞被孵化 在未来2小时。板读取使用分光光度计(型号DU-64)at2
2.6。薄层色谱(薄)硅胶柱的分数分析与石油的流动相薄层ether:chloroform:methanol(15:7:3伏/视频/视频)(A)或石油 醚:乙醚:醋酸(80:20:1 v/视频/视频)(B)根据报告的过程稍微modificationAmarowicz等。(2000)。薄层上的分隔点 identified板在紫外灯短(254纳米)和长(365纳米)波长,并喷洒 H2 SO4。酚类化合物可以可视化的喷涂板1 FeCl3解决方案中的盐酸1美元(Reio,1958)。快速检测抗氧化景点的活动,车牌是沾了清除 解决方案(搁楼里瓦斯等。,2000)。在识别之后,多数 板上的活动现场,使用一个薄层板的制备 刮和收集大量的定量清除抗氧化活性的检测。
3。结果和讨论
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