第一篇:培养英语思维,提高英语句子表达的准确性 2011.3.
培养英语思维,提高英文句子表达的准确性
内容提要:笔者从了解英汉思维差异及英语思维体现在英文句子上的特点入手,结合学生英语书面表达中出现的语句错误,探讨了培养英语思维三部曲,提高英文句子准确性的做法。只要我们勤于探索,学生英文句子的准确性一定可以得到切实有效地提高。关键词:思维准确性 英文句子
《高中英语课程标准》引导高中英语课程更加注重培养学生学英语和用英语的能力,学用结合,促进积极思维和有效表达。特别是在今天的信息社会,学会获取信息和处理信息、分析问题和解决问题是每个公民必须具备的能力,高中阶段应该特别重视对这一能力的培养,使学生能够终身受益,为他们今后更好地学习和工作打下良好的基础。对于英语学习者而言,“听、说、读、写、译”五项基本技能缺一不可。英文句子是学生应用英语语言的书面形式,是组成英语作文的基本单位。就学生所关注的近几年高考而言,其书面表达占30%。根据浙江省考试中心试题分析报告,2009年浙江省高考英语书面表达平均分仅为14.8分(满分30分),其中低于18分占73.52%,低于13分占44.4%。由此可见,在中学英语教学的诸多环节中,写作始终是薄弱的一环。不少学生在做书面表达时,句子中语言错误频繁,写作时受母语思维的影响,语言负迁移作用明显,书写零乱。上述情况严重影响了意思的有效表达。各学校对书面表达训练、教学都很重视,而至少苦学了6年多英语的学生,为什么很难写出8-9句准确的英文句子?笔者带着这疑问,对我校高一年级第一学期期中考英语试卷中学生书面表达题的句子错误情况作了认真分析,结合英汉思维差异理论和教学实践,探讨了提高英语作文的基本单位——句子准确性的做法。
一. 英汉思维差异对其语言的影响
英美人倾向于抽象思维,这种思维的形成与他们的字母文字不无关系。英文中字形表音不表义,词形与词的读音形成一定程度的统一,但与它们所指的事物之间没有相似的关系,因而相对于它们所指的物而言具有很大的抽象性。英文字母有比较固定的形态标记,如具有名词词尾-er,-or等,形容词词尾-ful,-less等。英语还有名词数量和动词的时态、语态和语气上的变化。英语文字形态变化的特点使其词类可以通过屈折加以标定,从而确定词在句子中的句法功能。中国人倾向于形象思维,这植根于中国的传统文化。汉字的本源是象形文字,具有直观性,因形见义,意义以字形与物象的相似为理据。如,“口”代表“嘴巴”,“月”代表“月亮”,看到字形,就能推知字义。在语法上,表现为隐性思维。如,“起风了,下雨了”,句中无主语。在表达上,多兼语句、连动句、把字句等。在语义结构上,重意义而不重形。
中英思维差异决定了这两种语言在遣词造句上的差别。首先,英语多抽象名词,汉语多具体名词。英语往往使用通过虚化手段构成的大量的抽象名词来表达
复杂的理性概念。汉语常使用范畴词来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴,使抽象概念具体化。如:一看到照片,我就想起了我在那里度过童年的乡村。The sight ofthe photos reminds me of my countryside where I spent my childhood。在动词是使用上,英语通过动词形态的变化来表达各种时态,汉语动词本身无才词形变化或时间观念,主要用词汇手段或句法手段来表示时的变化,如:“了、已经、就要、现在、将来”等。如:“He is not what he was.”句中用动词be的不同形式表示现在和过去,而汉语则必须通过动词直接说明“他与过去不一样。”
语言学界对思维和语言的关系作了大量的研究。德国语言学家威廉·洪堡特指出,每一种语言都包含着一种独特的世界观。思维影响决定语言,尤其是语言结构的面貌,语言凝化着思维。思维是语言的深层生成机制,语言是思维的载体。英语和汉语属于不同的文化范畴,有不同的思维模式。因此,学生必须了解英语的思维并培养自己用英语思维去写英语句子。英语句子既是运用英语这门语言,也是用英语的文化、思维传递信息和表情达意。
二. 英汉思维差异对学生英语习作的影响
在我校举行的高一年级第一学期期中考英语试卷中,书面表达题我们选用一篇应用写作(演讲稿)。要求学生写一篇“What Can We Do for Our School?” 演讲稿,如:1.关心他人 2.美化校园;3.爱护学校设施;4.营造良好的学习氛围。要求从以下四方面中任选一至二个进行阐述并举例加以说明。以下是摘自本人的学生习作中的一些句子:
(1)Our school is very beautiful and clean.It need we to protect.(2)When you look the waste in the classroom or playground, you should pick
it up.(3)School is our home,clean rely on us.(4)It is not waste our study time.(5)Protect school quickly, you will become more and more happy.句(1)在此句中,由于汉语中主格和宾格的代词形式是一样的,受此影响,有些学生不能区分英文中的主格和宾格;而句(2),便是对一词多译,英语里有好多表示“看”的词汇,如:read,watch,see,look at等等,若不了解他们的习惯用法,那就会张冠李戴了,不符英文习惯。句(3)中的clean rely on us,其学生不分主语是否是名词或动词,硬译句子,且没注意谓语动词的形式,真是chinglish。句(4)因为汉语的否定是直接加“不”,受此影响,学生不会准确地用谓语动词的否定形式。
以上这些句子语言错误较多,最主要的原因是按汉语式的思维直译英语。由于英汉思维的差异,英文句子中“一对一”式的对号入座的语义翻译几乎是不可能的。如果学生总是以自己的母语来界定第二语言中的句式,不但会抹去新语言的丰富性,还会曲解它的原意。在表达时,不用英语思维,就很难写出地道的英
语句子。
正如Rome is not built in a day,学生写好英文句子也不是一蹴而就的事情。根据英美人的思维决定的英语语言特点,其注重语言形态,而语言的书面表现形式是句子,句子主要靠基本句型和固定句式来表达。抓住了英语的基本句型和固定句式,英语句子表达准确性从根本上得到了保证。至于如何使句子写得有血有肉,就简单多了。因此,笔者认为,要提高英语句子的准确性,首先抓主要矛盾,即让学生能用英语的基本句型和固定句式。这必须通过平时灌输英文的基本句型,进行大量地固定句型操练,同时注重英文的逻辑思维,这才能解决提高英语句子准确性的主要矛盾,学生才能逐步养成用英语思维,写出符合英语习惯的句子。这是笔者在多年的教学工作中总结出地练习句子的方法,让学生逐步养成了看到中文就能想到用相应的英文句式来表达,养成英语思维的习惯。笔者希望次对广大学生提高英文写作中的句子准确性有所帮助。
三. 培养英语思维三步曲
现在流传很广的一个笑话是有人将“给他一点颜色瞧瞧”这句话翻译成“Give him some color to see see.”这是一句典型的“汉化英语”,是在汉语的基础上将英文单词堆砌而成,虽然形式上是英文,本质上却是地地道道的中文句子。又如:“昨晚有可能下过雨了。”一些学生直译为:Last night might have rain.可以看出受汉语思维的影响,写出的是读者无法读懂的句子。其准确地表达应为:It might have rained last night.很多学生在平时的写作中反映出同样的问题,全篇文章看似用英文写成,但其中的每一句话无不带有中文的痕迹。要克服这一点,必须尊重英语思维,学好其语法,牢记其基本句式,掌握其固定句型,关注其句子中的逻辑主语,只有这样,写出的句子才能从根本上符合英文习惯。
(一)培养英语思维,从练习英语句子基本结构入手
众所周知,英文中虽然有很多句子和汉语类似,但语法和中文有很大差别。它有自己的基本句型和固定搭配。英语句子有七种基本结构,即:
1)主 – 动(SV)结构;如:
We got up early so as to catch the first bus.He came back when we were eating.2)主 – 动 – 补(SVC)结构;如:
The twin are as like as two pears.The machine is out of order
3)主 – 动 – 宾(SVO)结构;如:
They haven’t decided where to go next.It took them ten years to build the dam.4)主 – 动 – 间接宾语 – 直接宾语(SVoO)结构;如:
Mother promises to give me a present.He gave me an English book as a birthday present.5)主 – 动 – 宾 – 补(SVOC)结构;如:
The sun keeps us warm.You must get your hair cut.6)主 – 谓 – 状(SVA)结构;如:
The red sun rises in the east.So they had to travel by air or boat.7)主 – 谓 – 宾 – 状(SVOA)结构。如:
Tom made a hole in the wall.She stopped teaching English two years ago.几乎所有的句子都是由这七种结构扩大,延伸,变化而成,因而在平时的句型操练时,应不断地练习运用,达到熟练地掌握这七种基本句型。这样,学生便抓住了句子的骨架,即句子结构,也只有这样,句子的准确性才能从根本上得到保证;Above all,学生的英语思维也得到一定地训练。正如艾米可说:Writing , be a kind of itself, it is a way to help students get more control over their lives and experiences.The reflection that takes place before and during the writing is also part of the learning that goes on for the students.(二)掌握英语固定句型,逐步形成英语思维
让学生用固定的英语句型来表达自己的想法,用英文思维方式去表达自己的意思而不是按照自己原来的中文思维直接一对一地把中文译成英文。这需要让学生练习句型到能应用的程度,让英语表达结构烂熟于心的程度。即让句型在学生的脑子里形成固定思维。若学生在碰到相似的语境里,便能灵活地应用。
教师们也许读过学生写的句子:A hill has a temple , the temple lived a monk „很明显,问题在于没有掌握There be句型。要是学生做了以下关于英语固定句型There be句型的讲解、练习和巩固,笔者认为就不会出现以上的所谓英文句子。
此句型是由“there +be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达“存在关系”可以译“„„有„„”。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词 be 之后,there 仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词,而用“ live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive”等。如:
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:
现在有there is/are „
过去有there was/were„
将来有there will be„;there is /are going to be...现在已经有there has/have been„
可能有there might be...肯定有there must be „/there must have been...过去曾经有there used to be „
似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be „
碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be „
巩固练习:
1.这个村子过去只有一口井。
2.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。
3.天气预报说下午有大风。
4.灯亮着,办公室里肯定有人。
5.战前这儿一直有家电影院的。
6.恰好那时房里没人。
7.从前,在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
8.公共汽车来了。
9.就只剩下二十八美元了。
10.铃响了。
答案:
1.There was only a well in the village.2.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.3.The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.4.The light is on.There must be someone in the office.5.6.7.8.9.10.There used to be a cinema here before the war.There happened to be nobody in the room.Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.There comes the bus.There remained only twenty –eight dollars.There goes the bell.针对此类常用的英语句型,笔者皆采用这种“运用实例”来强化练习和巩固,穿插在每个单元教学里,效果很明显。事实证明,此方法使学生的英文句子准确性大大提高了。这点在今年的月考作文得到证实。去年期中考作文(满分15分)的平均分是7.6分,而现在的平均分为9.8分。经全体高一段6位英语教师的总结,这两分的提高主要归功于英语句子准确性的提高。
(三)关注英语句子的逻辑主语
学生掌握了英语句子的基本结构后,有时写的句子还是错,这是由于英汉思维的差异造成的——汉语重意合,英语重形合。英语逻辑学主要研究英语的逻辑形式和规律,要求人们合乎逻辑地表述和论证思想。一个句子必须表达一个完整、前后语意一致的意思。如果把不相干的意思放在同一个句子里或一个句子表达不完整,就会出现逻辑问题。
如:In order to improve English,_______.A.Tapes are needed;
B.Mary's father bought her many tapes;
C.Mary bought many tapes.用这三句来补充句子,中文意思没问题,英文句子基本结构也无误。究竟是哪一句才是答案。这个时候你就要看谁能发出“提高英语”这个动作了。显然不能是tapes,虽然有可能是Mary's father,但是很显然通过题目可以看出他爸爸买磁带是为了提高Mary的英语,因此这句话能发出提高英语这个动作的逻辑主语就是Mary, 因此句子的主语应该跟逻辑主语一致,就要选C。这就是逻辑主语要跟句子的主语一致的例子。
关于分词独立结构就是把前面的那个in order to improve English换成一个分词短语,例如: Cleaning the window, _______
A.my finger was hurt;
B.I hurt my finger.应该选哪一个呢?显然“我的手指”是不能擦窗户的,而应该是由“我”来擦窗户的,所以答案应该是B。其达到了句子的主语和逻辑意义上的主语一致的要求。
四. 结语
以上三种做法在提高英语句子准确性方面收到了一定的实效。在教学研究中,广大教师同仁应充分重视思维因素的作用,注重东西方民族思维之间的共性与个性研究,比较英汉语言差异,鼓励学生勤写多练,通过实践积极探索减少母语思维干扰、适合学生写作能力发展的英语教学思路,研究出一套切实可行的教学计划,使各个环节相互作用,环环相扣,以期产生规模效应,使学生的英语句子的准确性得到切实有效地提高,从而推动学生的写作水平。
主要参考文献:
1.教育部.普通高中英语课程标准(实验稿)[M]人民教育出版社,2003
2.Fathman,A.K.& Whalley , E.1990.“ Teacher response to student writing : focus
on form vs content.”.In Second Language Writing--–Research Insights for the classroom 「M」Barbara Kroll(Ed.)Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990
3.胡作友 张小曼 “思维差异对英语写作教学的启示”,《中小学英语教学与研究》2006年
第7期
4.李瑞华《英汉语言文化对比研究》,上海教育出版社,1999年
5.刘上扶 《英语逻辑修辞纵横谈》[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社.1988年
6.邓炎昌,刘润清《语言与文化—英汉语言文化对比》[C].外语教学与研究出版社.1989.
第二篇:英语表达
有关电视节目的英文:
TV show/program 电视节目 TV channel 电视频道 cable TV 有线电视 satellite TV 卫星电视 talent show 选秀节目 quiz show 智力竞赛节目 reality show 真人秀节目 variety show 综艺节目 sports show 体育节目 news program 新闻节目
sitcom(Situation Comedy)情景喜剧 game show 游戏节目 documentary 纪录片 online TV 在线电视
HD TV(High Definition Television)高清电视
definition 清晰度、分辨率 viewing rate 收视率 episode 一集
the 2nd season 第二季 loyal viewers 忠实的观众 TV guide 收视指南
home entertainment 家庭娱乐活动 a couch potato 懒散在家看电视的人 a live performance 现场演出
educational and entertaining 寓教于乐 time-consuming 消耗时间
常见经济类词汇:
government bond 政府债券; exchange rate汇率; appreciate升值; depreciate 贬值; capitalism 资本主义; inflation通货膨胀;
government regulation 政府调控; trade deficit贸易逆差; trade surplus贸易顺差
各种道路词汇:
国道:national highway 高速路:highway/expressway 收费路:turnpike road 隧道:tunnel 公交线路:bus route 单行道:one-way street 双行道:dual carriageway 内环路:inner ring road 外环路:outer ring road 人行道:pavement/sidewalk 人行横道:zebra crossing 地下通道:underpass
各种关于宴会的英文: party animal 舞会狂; ball party舞会;
house warming party 乔迁之喜的宴会;leaving party告别会; reading party读书会;wedding party结婚宴会
bachelor party单身派对 bachelorette/hens party单身女性派对 tea party 茶话会;
birthday party 生日宴会; fancy ball 化妆舞会; banquet 宴会;
cocktail party 鸡尾酒会; farewell party 惜别会; congress 代表大会;
symposium 讨论会、座谈会; study group 学习研讨会 关于各种爱情的英文: 初恋:first love 早恋:puppy love 黄昏恋:twilight romance 姐弟恋:romance with younger man 三角恋:love triangle 精神恋爱:platonic love 单恋:unrequited love 相思:lovesick 相亲:blind date 速配:speed dating 老情人:old flame 一夜情:one-night stand 网恋:cyber love
无所谓的英文表达: 1.I'm ok(fine)with this.我无所谓的.2.Suit yourself.随你的便.3.As you wish./If you want.随你吧。
4.Do whatever you want.爱咋咋地。
5.I don't give a damn.我一点儿也不在乎.6.Anything will do.怎么都行。
7.I don’t care.我不在乎。8.Whatever.随你便。
解决拖沓的英文:
1.Don't think about it that much.不要想太多
2.Find alternative ways to do it.不走寻常路(发现替代选作去做)3.Do it as soon as you can 越快越好
4.Break the task into small pieces.能够分解任务
5.Praise yourself for starting the task 自我表扬
6.Remember your past experiences 善于回顾经验
关于工作的英文: resume/CV 个人履历
HR department 人力资源部 find employment 找工作 job hunting 求职
be out of work/out of a job 待业 work overtime 加班 overtime pay 加班费
double pay/triple pay 双薪/三薪 paid annual vacation 带薪年假 sick leave 病假 maternity 产假
compassionate leave 照顾性准假 related to my major 与我的专业有关 working environment 工作环境 company culture 公司文化 well-paid 高薪的 business trip 出差
promotion prospect 晋升空间
performance assessment 业绩评估 flexible working hours 灵活工作时间 be in charge of 掌管、管理 main responsibility 主要职责
关于旅游的英文:
solo travel 独自旅行
backpack travel 背包旅行 package tour 跟团旅游 travel agency 旅行社 tour guide 导游 tour leader 领队
take a package tour 抱团游 independent travel 自助游 self-drive travel 自驾游 backpackers 背包客 tour around a place 游览 go sightseeing 观光
be packed with travelers 挤满了游客 holiday-makers 度假者 holiday resort 度假胜地
show sb.around a place 带某人参观 enjoy the local delicacies 品尝当地美食 shopping paradise 购物天堂 take photos of...为某人照相 gorgeous view 极美的风景
share one's happiness 分享某人的快乐 local specialities 地方特产 travel destinations 旅游目的地 places of interest 名胜
places of historical attractions 名胜古迹
关于交通的英文:
traffic regulation 交通规则 guide post 路标
traffic light 红绿灯 traffic police 交通警 zebra crossing 斑马线 carriageway 车行道 bikeway 自行车道 rough road 不平整的马路 curve road 弯路
excessive speed 超速 speed limit 限速
dangerous driving 危险驾驶 rear-end collision 追尾 fatigue driving 疲劳驾驶 run red light 闯红灯 drink driving 酒后驾驶
dangerous lane change 强行超车 rush hour 交通高峰
aquatic sport 水上运动 go for a swim 去游泳 swim suit 泳衣
swimming goggles 泳镜 ear plugs 耳塞
swimming cap 泳帽 swimming ring 游泳圈 life jacket 救生衣
swimming coach 游泳教练 locker room 衣帽间 life guards 救生员 swim a few lap 游几圈 float on water 在水上漂浮 side through water 在水中滑行 a 5-meter diving platform 五米跳台 to cool down and wind down 镇定和放松下来 a great stress killer 一个很棒的减压方式
swimming lovers 游泳爱好者 water slide 水滑道
water play activities 水上活动 swimming strokes 泳姿 do the freestyle 自由泳 back stroke 仰泳 breast stroke 蛙泳 butterfly 蝶泳
dog paddle 狗爬式泳姿 No swimming 禁止游泳 have a fear for water 怕水 drown to death 淹死 关于骑自行车的英文:
ride the bike 骑车 cyclist 骑车的人
cycle to work and back home骑车上下班 to get around 出行 short trips 短途出行 economical 经济型的 eco-friendly 环保的
bike-friendly 适合骑着的 road conditions 道路条件 bike lanes 自行车道 to watch out 密切注视
a means of transport 交通方式 for the sake of health 为了健康
关于形容一天的天气:
sunny days 晴天
azure skies 蔚蓝的天空 crisp and mild 清新,温和 neither too cold nor too hot 既不太冷也不太热
The sky is clear and high.天高云淡 The air is cool and refreshing.空气凉爽 Weather varies from season to season.天气随季节的变化
关于食物烹饪的英文:
health food 健康食物 sugar free food 无糖食物 junk food 垃圾食物 snack 零食
food critic 美食家 big eater 能吃的人 light eater 吃的少的人 picky 挑剔
be particular about food 对食物很挑剔 be on a diet 节食中 appetite 胃口
have a sweet tooth 爱吃甜食 be big on hot food 爱吃辣的 mouth-watering 流口水的 have no appetite 没胃口 order takeaway 叫外卖 chef 厨师 recipe 食谱
cookery book 烹饪书 mix 拌 stew 炖
braise 小火炖 fry 炒
stir-fry 爆炒 steam 蒸 bake 烤 smoke 熏 sour 酸的 sweet 甜的 bitter 苦的 spicy 辣的 crisp 脆的 tender 嫩的
描绘室内装饰的英文:
2-bedroom apartment 两居室公寓 a bright and spacious sitting room 宽敞明亮的客厅
a reasonable-sized study room 大小合适的书房
a clean and tidy kitchen 干净整洁的厨房
curl up the curtain 卷起窗帘 be exposed under the sunshine 暴露在阳光之下
cozy and comfortable 温馨且舒适 decorate 装修
layout 格局,布局
exquisitely-decorated 精装修的 well-furnished 精装修的 luxurious 豪华的 cozy 温馨的
spotless 一尘不染的 terrace 露台
open-air balcony 露天阳台 creative laid out 格局新颖 interior decoration 内部装修 dinner table 餐桌
European-style furniture 欧式家具 antique furniture 古董家具
contemporary furniture 当代家具 fancy wallpaper 别致的壁纸 main tone 主色调 ceiling 天花板
French window 落地窗 windowsill 窗台 shutters 百叶窗 south-facing 朝阳的
chandelier 树枝形的水晶灯 floor lamp 落地灯 couch 长条沙发 tapestry 挂毯 oil painting 油画
landscape painting 风景画
Chinese ink painting 中国水墨画 Chinese calligraphy works 书法作品 wall clock 挂钟 rug 小地毯
carpet 大块地毯 wood floor 木地板
eight-training exercise 力量型训练 a brisk walk 快走 stair-climbing 爬楼梯
treadmill exercise 跑步机练习go hiking 远足 sit-up 仰卧起坐 push-up 俯卧撑
fitness level 身体水平quick response 快速反应
take a break from...从中获得放松 build up 建立,培养 team spirit 团队精神 strong will 毅力
ability to cope with failure 应对失败的能力 stress-reliever 减压
circle of friends 朋友圈子 great joy 极大的乐趣 sedentary 关于久坐的 overweight 超重 obesity 肥胖
back and neck trouble 背部和颈部问题 keep fit 保持健康
fitness center 健身中心 extreme sports 极限运动 rock climbing 攀岩 bungee jumping 蹦极 sky-diving 跳伞
team sports 团队运动
to develop team spirit 培养团队精神 to boost one's self-confidence 增强某人的自信心
football field/pitch 足球场 a marvelous stress reducer/killer 一个非常棒的缓解压力的方法 get a slim figure 拥有苗条的身材
关于颜色的英文:
bright color 亮色 light color 浅色 dark color 深色 warm color 暖色 wind red 酒红色 scarlet 鲜红的 reddish 淡红 coral 珊瑚色
baby pink 淡粉红色 peach 桃红色 cream 奶油色
moss green 苔绿色 emerald 祖母绿 olive green 橄榄绿 bronze 青铜色 navy blue 深蓝色 sky blue 天蓝色 iron gray 象牙白 ivory 象牙白 beige 米黄色 lavender 淡紫色 snow white 雪白色 natural color 自然色 translucent 半透明 transparent 透明
soothing color 令人舒心的颜色
关于工作境况的英文:
a new mode of working 新的工作方式 the Information Age 信息时代 reduce office rent 降低办公室租金 cost-effect 有最佳利润的
employment strategy 雇佣策略 mutual benefit 互惠
progress in working methods 改进工作方法
technological advance 技术上的进步 SOHO(small office & home office)小型办公室与家庭办公室 flexible schedule 灵活的计划 have access to 有权使用,接近
enjoy more freedom 享受更多的自由 flexible hours 弹性工时
flexible way of working 灵活的工作方式 suit personal needs 满足个人需要 boost employee morale 提升员工士气 working motivation 工作动力
the traditional nine-to-five office routine 传统的朝九晚五的办公时间 office-bound worker 束缚在办公室的工作者
desk potato 长期伏案工作的人 under the supervision of...在...的监督之下
slack off 放松,缓和
erroneous operation 错误的操作 slacker 懒人
absenteeism 矿工,旷课 the constraint of office work 办公室工作的约束
关于 水资源 和 节水 的英文 :
water resource 水资源
water pollution 水污染 limited supply 限量供应 poor quality water 水质不好 tap water 自来水
water for industry usage 工业用水 take measures 采取措施
feasible way 切实可行的方式
raise public awareness 提高公众意识 form water-saving habit 养成节水的习惯
water-conscious community 节约用水的社会
water-wise life style 节水的生活方式 water and sewerage charges 水费和排污费
incontinent use 无节制使用 surface water 地表水
underground water 地下水 distribution of water 水的分布 abuse 滥用
discharge 排除,放出 sewage 污水,污物 sewage spill 污水溢出
sewerage 排水系统,污水处理 sewerage system 排水系统 drain 下水道,排水管
waste water disposal 污水处理 water treatment infrastructure 水处理设施
household chemical product 家用化学产品
washing powder containing phosphorus 含磷洗衣粉
synthetic detergent 合成洗涤剂 disinfectant 消毒剂
关于垃圾处理,环境问题的英文:
waste dump 垃圾倾倒
illegal dumping 非法垃圾倾倒 litter 垃圾,废弃物,杂物 litterbug 公共场所乱扔垃圾的人(美)dustbin 垃圾箱
waste disposal plant 垃圾处理厂 urban garbage 城市垃圾 household rubbish 家庭垃圾
disposable packaging 一次性包装 dishware 碗碟的总称 cutlery 刀叉和匙
disposable dishware 一次性餐具 crockery 烤箱用的碗碟 plastic cutlery 塑料餐具 packaging material 包装材料 plastic bag 塑料袋
undegradable 不可降解的 = hard to decompose 很难分解 = difficult to break down 难易分解
unsanitary 不卫生的,有碍健康的 = unwholesome 不卫生的
effluent 废气,废水
industrial waste 工业垃圾
industrial waste water 工业废水 industrial waste gases 工业废气
nonrenewable 不可再生的
waste disposal technology 垃圾处理技术 biochemical technology 生化技术 recycling scheme 循环利用的计划 environmentally-friendly material 环保材料
on-the-spot fine 当场处罚
conscious preserver 自觉的环保者 incinerate 焚毁
(v.)clean-up 清扫,清除(n.)
第三篇:英语思维
英语词汇形态学
英语词汇中蕴含的英语思维
前导
思维是指人们在表象、概念的基础上进行分析、综合、判断、推理等形成思想的过程。人们思维方式方面的差异会在语言方面产生差异。由于英语和汉语分属不同的语系,分别以两种不同语言为源语的人便各有其独特的思维方式和语言表达形式。
概述
本文以个别英语词汇为例,浅显地对比与分析了词汇方面中英思维方式的不同。
一、中英思维方式的差异
思维方式是一个民族或者一个区域在长期的历史发展中所形成的一种思维定势。每个民族都有自己独特的思维方式。英语注重抽象思维,而汉语注重具象思维。这种思维形式具体到语言词汇上表现为:英语常常使用抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念,而汉语则习惯于使用具体、形象的词语来表达理性概念。
很多英文中的抽象名词在翻译成汉语时都转换成了具体的动作,例如“I hope my presence here tonight is further roof of the importance we British attach on relations with your great country.”“我希望,今晚我到这里来可以进一步证明,我们英国人非常重视和你们伟大祖国的关系。”英文中的抽象名词presence,of,importance,在译成汉语时都转换成了具体的动作。抽象名词对于习惯于抽象思维英美人来说,词义明确,措辞简练;但对于习惯于具像思维的中国人来说,必须将这些抽象名词所表达的抽象概念具体化,才符合汉语读者的思维习惯和汉语遣词造句的习惯。
二、直线思维与曲线思维
英语重直线思维,而汉语重曲线思维。与汉语相比英语思维更直截了当。英语在谋篇和遣词造句上遵循着从一般到具体、从概括到举例、从整体到个体的原则。因此部分涉及句子之间的思维,故略过。
三、整体分析性思维与整体综合性思维
由于传统文化的影响,形成了“东方重综合,西方重分析”的思维习惯。这两种不同的思维方式,对英汉语的结构形态产生了不同的影响:分析型的思维方式使英语具有明显的词形变化,形式多样的语法形式和组词造句中较为灵活的语序结构;而综合型的思维方式使得汉语无词形变化,语法形式的表达主要依靠词汇手段,组词造句中完全依据语义逻辑和动作发生的时间先后决定词语和分句的排列顺序。英语思维是个体的、独特的,而汉语思维则是整体的、综合的。表现在语言上,英语喜欢用具体细腻的词,而汉语则更偏爱概括模糊的词。例如:“说”这个词,在英语中有“say”,“speak”,“tell”等说法,他们可以表达不同情况下“说”的意思。这样使语言简洁准确,又富于变化,形象生动。而汉语则往往趋向于泛指,在“说”前加修饰语,如:大声地说,嘟嘟囔囔地说等。汉语把隆起的地表称为“山”,它包括丘,小山和崇山峻岭。英语则要三个词:Mound(丘),Hill(小山)和Mountain(崇山峻岭),英语没有像“山”这样的统称词,因而不用“山”这个概念,他们认识这个世界的方法是不同的。
四、思维方式差异与英汉翻译
作为跨文化交流的翻译不仅仅是两种语言的转化,更是两种思维方式的转换。由于英汉思维的差异导致了这两种语言内容与形式上的差异,翻译时要注意到这种差异的存在。以下从词汇方面作简要分析。
只有了解了不同的思维方式对语言造成的影响,才能更好处理由于思维方式不同导致的翻译问题。例如,week一词表面上在英语和汉语中意思相同,但实际上在两种文化中有不同的理解。英美人理解的一星期是从星期日到星期六,而中国人的“星期”指星期一到星期日。再如,high school不是我们汉语中的高等学校,而是指美国的中学;rest room与休息室没有太大的关联,而是指盥洗室(内有厕所);bus boy不是公共汽车上的售票员或司机,而是餐馆中的勤杂工(美国英语);black coffee并非黑咖啡,而是不加牛奶和糖的清咖啡。在不同语言和不同文化背景下,每个词除了具有字面意义外,还有丰富的文化内涵。因此,不同的文化背景和文化传统,使中西方在思维方式、价值观念、行为准则和生活方式等方面也存有相当大的文化差异。
综上可得,准确把握英语词汇中的英语思维方式,并从不同的视角了解和学习英语,对学生学好英语是必不可少的,它同时也为日后的翻译奠定了基础。
享受英语第一步--解密英语思维(1)
斯大林说:“语言是直接与思维联系的,它把人的思维活动的结果、认识活动的情景,用词及由词组成的句子记载下来,巩固起来,这样就使人类社会中的思想交流成为可能。”的确,没有思维就没有语言,用词汇组成不同句子表达不同的意思,正是思维在起作用。既然语言和思维关系那么密切,那么在英语教学中进行英语思维的训练就显得尤为重要。我一直认为,思维的正确与否是我们真正开始享受英语的第一步。1 中国人学习英语的误区
在现实生活中,不少英语学习者发现在交际过程中有时不能很好地表达自己的思想或理解别人的情感,会闹出不少笑话的Chinglish(中国式英语)。错误案例A:按字面意思一个一个翻译
比如像我们从小就提倡的口号:“好好学习,天天向上。”有的同学翻译成:“Good good study,day day up.”
像我们的成语:“马马虎虎”,有同学就翻译成“Horse horse,tiger tiger.”
还有“人山人海”被翻译成:“People mountain, people sea.” 五花八门,笑话百出。
错误案例B:不了解英语的文化背景
句子:Tom 是第一个吃螃蟹的人,他对我们公司进行了重大的改革。
错误英文翻译:Tom is the first person to eat the crab of making a great revolution for our company.解析:我们中文“第一个吃螃蟹的人”是指敢冒险的人;而在英文中如果想表达“冒险的人”这种意念,则另有其典故:很久以前,有一片西红柿地,没有人知道西红柿是什么东西,有一个人大胆地尝试吃了一个,所以,敢冒险的人便翻译成“first person to try tomato”。
错误案例C:语言的单一性和无功能性
我们好多同学总是背诵一些老外写的句子,而不会用自己的语言去给某件事或某一个物体下定义。有一次我跟一个老外聊天的时候,老外说了一个单词“airplane”,我不知道其意,就问他:“What is airplane?”老外的回答非常鲜活生动:A big metal bird flying in the sky.虽然语言有一点夸张,但我一下就明白了,在天空中飞的一个大的金属的鸟,肯定是飞机。
我记得在初学英语的时候,总是背一些无功能性的句子。有一次,一个老外跟我打招呼:“Morning, Victor, how are you?”我的回答除了“I am fine, thank you ,and you ?”以外,根本不知道还能说什么。一着急,马上把背过的没有用的句子说了出来:“This is a tree.”弄得老外哭笑不得,心里肯定想:“Come on , I wasn't born yesterday,难道我不知道那是一棵树吗,不是我是神经病,就是你是神经病。”感受英语思维3步曲
A.汉语与美语思维逻辑图
我们中国人学英语的时候,总是说得不地道,那么问题出在哪里呢?是我们没有用英语的思维去思考。下面就给大家展示英语思维的真谛:
中国人讲汉语时的逻辑线图:
我们中国人的思维逻辑往往会把一句话中最重要的意念放在最后面来说;而正确的英语思维是要把一句话中最重要的意念放到最前面来说,如下图:
【图中线条表示一句话,圆圈表示该句话中最重要的意念】
就两种不同的思维方式,下面举个例子:在小红家,她爸爸给我们讲了一个故事。
那么让我们来分析一下这句话,这句话中最重要的意念是什么呢?最重要的意念应该是她爸爸给我们讲故事,所以按照英文的正确逻辑我们应该把一句话中最重要的东西放在最前面来讲:Xiao hong's father told us a story at her home.而我们有好多同学的trouble 往往是用汉语逻辑去组织语言,所以我们出现了这样的句子:At Xiaohong's home, her father told us a story.B.重要意念先行,修饰部分置后
在我们简短的口语交流中,我们倡导的原则是:“The simpler, the better”越简单越好,即:用最简单的语言表达出你细腻的感情。
老外往往表达很简单意念的时候,他们会把最主要的意念放在前面,修饰的部分放在后面。
例如有一次,我在美国跟外国同事打招呼的时候,我说:Tom, where are you going for lunch? 他的回答很简单,他说:“Someplace good.” 同学们请注意,“someplace”是主要的部分,“good”是修饰部分,放在后面。
好,现在同学们应该对我上面解析的逻辑比较了解了,那么以后再听到老外问你“Where are you going for lunch/supper/breakfast?”你要是想回答去一个便宜一点的地方,你应该怎么说呢? 对,比较正宗的应该是“Someplace cheap.”
我们中国同学说英语的时候经常有这样的错误句子,如这句话:今天我要给大家讲很多有意思的事情。一些中国学生便会翻成:I am going to tell you a lot of interesting stories.那么按照英语的思维逻辑应该翻成:I am gonna tell you lots of things interesting.这里先把主要的东西说出来,再把修饰部分“interesting” 放在后面。
C.超级口语作文逻辑结构
同学们,如果想把你们的英语说得越来越好,那么你们一定要把自己浸泡在英语的海洋里,尽自己的全力去接触英语,这样才能提高你的英语水平。
在这里,我给大家一个逻辑结构,同学们以后练习口语作文的时候,就可以让它来协助你!
享受英语第一步--解密英语思维(2)
口语作文的经典逻辑结构:
1.Wonderful pioneer
2.Interact the sentences Englishly
3.Make the end memorable
下面我给大家解析一下,如何使用经典的逻辑结构:
首先,我们设定一个口语作文的TOPIC:I Love the Girl
第1招 使用我们的“Wonderful Pioneer” 大法
我们英文中有一句谚语叫“Well begun, half done.”好的开始是成功的一半,所以第1炮一定要打响,要充分发挥你的想像力和英语的灵活性来说:“She is simply an angel in my heart.I could hardly stop missing her every night.”
第2招 Interact the sentences Englishly
用英语的正确逻辑把所有的句子用因果关系联系起来。
我们刚才已经给了一个中心思想句,那么下面我们要做的是把这个中心思想句细化,那么我们假设用A、B、C 三个句子来细化。
首先我们来看看A、B、C的关系:由于A 而产生B,B因为A而存在;由于B 而产生C,C因为B而存在。那么同学们明白了这个逻辑后,我们就可以这样来完成:
A.She is my deskmate and lives not far away from my home, so I got plenty of time of being with her.B.We always talk without hiding anything, and she is always there when I need her.C.Both of us fall in love deeply, and I feel we are mad for each other.我们来看上面三句话:
A句:因为我们是同桌和邻居,所以我们有很多时间在一起度过;然后导出B句:我们有了很多交流,最后成为无话不谈的朋友;又引导出C句:因为我们密切的关系,我们很需要对方,所以我们深深地相爱了。
英语的思维非常有逻辑性,呈现了一个因果关系。
第3招 让你的结尾很吸引人,让人感到enjoyable
我们已经有了一个很好的开头,也有了一个有逻辑的内容,那么我们的结尾也要精彩。一般,我们在英文逻辑中讲究首尾呼应,也就是说往往一篇文章的中心思想总是隐藏在开始句和结尾句中。我们在结尾的时候要把主要的意念跟中心思想呼应,而且要表达出精彩的亮点。
我们这篇文章的中心思想是“I love the girl”,那么一般的同学会有这样的表达方式:I do love her.用助动词do 来增强感情。这种表达方式可以,但不够精彩。
这里是我造的句子,供大家欣赏:She covers each inch of my heart.这样的句子既表达了中心思想,也使语言非常生动,有味道,比说100句“ I love you ”强很多。
这样我们就很精彩地完成了一篇口语作文,我在这里只是给大家提供一个例子,希望大家可以得到一些你们需要的东西,充分发挥你们的想像力去把你们的口语升级到最高点。
享受英语第一步--解密英语思维(3)欣赏美国人的幽默思维
我在这里给同学们准备了一些现代美语幽默,同学们可以小品一下,感受一下他们的funny思维。
美国人电话留言精选
中国家庭并不常用电话答录机(Answering Machine),但在北美家庭,几乎家家都用。外来电话拨入时,若该电话号码的主人不在,就会让拨入者听到一段留言,这叫Answer。绝大多数的Answer都是千篇一律的:说明主人不在,请拨入者留下简短信息及姓名电话号码等。
1)My wife and I can't come to the phone right now, but if you'll leave your name and number, we'll get back to you as soon as we're finished.2)Hi, This is John.If you are the phone company, I've already sent the money.If you are my parents, please send money.If you are my financial
aid institution, you didn't lend me enough money.If you are my friends, you owe me money.If you are a female, don't worry, I have plenty of money.3)Hi, I'm not home right now but my answering machine is, so you can talk to it instead.Wait for the beep(beep:主人的Answer讲完以后,Answering Machine会发出一声beep, 这时候来电话者就可以开始留言了。)
【注:通常情况下,来电话者面对录音讲话都不太自然,所以语言往往很急促,三句两句话就完了。这可苦坏了接听留言的主人,听多少遍都听不清留言者到底是谁,讲了些什么。对于母语非英文的人,这种感觉会更深。所以,以下这两段幽默干脆就首先告诉电话拨入者,我的Answering Machine不好使,你且慢慢来。】
„„
在这部分的最后,我送给大家一首我最喜欢的诗“Why I Love You”。我已经把英语当成一种美来欣赏,所以这里的“You”也可以指代英语,希望你也能跟我一样,可以充分地享受到它的美。当然,我们的中文更美,我们学好英语后,把我们最美的中文传遍全世界!同学们可以跟着我模仿,让你的嘴再动一次。Practice makes perfect!
Why I Love You
Every time I think about you,I'm reminded of the reasons why I love you from the depth of my heart and soul.And I wonder what I'd do without you,without your healing smile,your words of faith,the caring and sensitive way you touch me,lifting me just when I need it most.Without you,what would I have?
what would I be?
I can't imagine existing in a world where someone doesn't love me the way you do.You're the only one who ever understood me and accepted me for who I am.And I think you're nothing short of amazing.Your love always has been and always will be,life's greatest gift to me!
soul: n.心灵、灵魂
healing smile: 令人愉快的笑容
sensitive: adj.敏感的、灵敏的exist: vi.生存、存在amazing: adj.令人惊异的、令人吃惊的
第四篇:英语书面表达
寒假作业Chinese Young People’s Life Goals Today
A recent survey shows that in today’s society, Chinese young people’s life goals have become more diversified than before.When young people are asked what they will struggle for, more than half of the respondents choose to earn enough money to buy a house and a car for themselves.In addition to this practical goal, some people, about 44%, pick up their life goal as improving their life quality or to be rich while 23.9% of the respondents are simply satisfied to have a good job.As for how to achieve their life goals, most of them prefer struggling to realize their dreams.The survey shows that the society is making progress and people’s life goals have become more practical.A recent investigation shows that nowadays the young in China have more diversified goals than ever before.More than half of the respondents aim at making more money to buy themselves a car and a house.44% of them want to improve their living standard while 43.3% of them hope to become rich.Besides, about a quarter of them wish to get a good job in the future.To achieve their goals, 71.9% of these young people said that they would struggle to overcome difficulties on their ways to success.Keeping optimistic
We can know from the passage if we are optimistic we can conquer different kinds of difficulties in life when we meet them, and we will succeed in the end.In my study, I will get discourage when I fail in an exam.I think I’m hopeless and can’t go to my ideal university.Whenever I am in bad mood, my teachers, especially my homeroom teacher, encourages me to be optimistic by saying the proverb “Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.” They also tell me to study harder and give me good advice on my study.I’m grateful to them and agree with them.From now on, I’ll no longer feel frustrated when I fail in an exam.On the contrary, I will still keep optimistic and study harder because I know failure is the mother of success.As long as I don’t loose heart and work hard, I’m sure I’ll succeed in the end.第三周:基础写作:
上周六下午,你们宿舍几个同学去森林公园野炊,回来途中淋了雨。晚上李华头疼得厉害。你给她量体温,发现她发高烧。你马上带她去看医生。医生说她得了重感冒,要卧床休息三天。请你代她给刘老师写一张请假条说明情况,并帮她请假两天(周一、周二),因此她不能参加周二的羽毛球比赛了。
Last Saturday afternoon, I went to Forest Park for a picnic with my roommates.Unfortunately we were caught in the rain on our way home and Li Hua got a dreadful headache.I took her temperature, finding that she was having a fever.So I took her to see the doctor right now and she was advised to be in bed for 3 days.Now I’d like to ask for two days’ sick leave for her, including Monday and Tuesday, and therefore she cannot take part in the badminton game on Tuesday
任务型写作
总结:The writer tried to tell us the importance of setting goals through a beaver’s story.After it built a house for the winter, it set another goal for the spring—to chew down a big tree and succeeded by working hard.你认为制订目标很重要吗?The quest for success always begins with a target.Goal setting is the focus of will to move in a certain direction.Without goals, one will never know what he’s doing, neither will he try his best to do it.你认为制订目标后怎样才能成功?There goes the saying, “Hard work leads to success.” If we want to achieveour goals, we must work hard.Also, we should stick to our goals and never give up when we are faced with setbacks.举例:Last year I took part in an English speech contest.At the beginning I made up my mind to perform best though my English was not good enough.I tried every means and even stood in front of the mirror to practise again and again.Finally I succeeded and become one of the 10 students in the final competition.第四周:基础写作
社会实践是学校教育的一个重要组成部分;书本知识有限;社会实践有诸多好处,能用所学的知识解决实际问题,获取经验,了解社会,端正学习态度,激励学习。
Most of the students think that social practice is not important.In fact social practice is an important part of school education.After all the knowledge we obtain from books is limited.Participation in social practice does a lot of good to us.For example, We can apply what we’ve learned to practical problems, from which we can get more
experience and have more knowledge about our society.Thus we will take correct attitude towards our studies and work harder.任务型写作
总结:From this passage,we know sometimes difficult conditions can really make a man strong, so parents should let their children eat bitter foods, do hard work and experience a hard life.描述你的童年生活 I grew up in an ordinary family, which is notso well off.I could understand the hardshipsmy parents were bearing at that time.Therefore, I work very hard now in the hopeof entering the university and changing thesituation of my family and me.你对童年生活的认识 我认为从某种意义上来说,艰苦的环境可以激发一个人的潜能,为他的成功铺平道路。I think that in a certain sense, difficult situations can stimulate a person’s potential and pave the way for him to succeed.一个人在经历了磨难之后可以变得坚强,勇敢和忠实可靠。One can be strong, brave and faithful after all the hardships he has gone through.总而言之,我认为温室里的花朵经受不起风暴的洗礼,艰苦的生活对孩子来说是有好处的。All in all, I think that flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm and that a hard life is good for children.第四周周六下午
热爱社会工作,性格乐观,富有爱心和责任心;英语口语流利,具有相关的教学经验;工作时间:周六和周日,按每小时5元付费;这份工作给自己在经济和人际关系方面的好处;:表达自己做好工作的决心:把快乐和舒适带给自己工作的对象。
Dear Sir or Madam
I cannot wait to join in the social workers team in our neighborhood.Being optimistic, caring and responsible, I develop a passion for social work.Besides, I am so fluent in spoken English that I was once invited to teach a group of young kids English last summer.What’s more, I have no class on both Saturday and Sundays.If I’m lucky to get the position, It not only provides me a regular source of income by paying me 5 yuan by the hour but also does a lot to improve my skills in interpersonal relationships.It is certain that I will do what I can to bring joy and comfort to whomever I work for.I’m looking forward to your reply very soon.Sincerely yours
Ling ming
就学校取消高三音乐课这一事件给校长写一封信
Dear principal ,I am writing in answer to the decision the school made several days ago.It reminds me of the British school where music plays a big part.In Britain,pupils can study an instrument like the piano or violin or the guitar.They also play music together as a class and have fun, even take part in concerts and organize bands.同学们对学校取消音乐课意见不一Therefore, no sooner had the school announced not to offer music lessons to Senior Two and Three students than we held a heated discussion about its advantages and disadvantages.So far, there has been no consensus on it.你对此决定赞成或反对?Personally, I am among those who argue against the decision largely because music lesson provide us with an opportunity to relieve our heavy academic pressure and promote the mutual understanding between students.(理由)以你自己或他人的感受来说明开设音乐课的利或弊。Actually, nothing please me than music lessons, for I am completely relaxed, not caring about study for a while.Also, I am ready to bear my heart to my classmates and feel close to each other.It is the charm of music that brings all of us a realization that there is still joy in our dull life.So it is better to continue music lessons
汕头一模
1.为何与人合作:现代社会必备;可省时间和精力;更多互相学习的机会
2.与谁合作:A与喜欢的人合作:心情愉快,同甘共苦B与不喜欢的人合作:学会容忍,学会挖
掘其优点
3.你的看法:倾听别人意见,不把你的观点强加给别人,有礼貌地指出别人的错误
Good afternoon,everyone!the topic of my speech today is “being a good parner.”In this busy ,modern world ,if we want to complete our work more efficiently ,we must all learn to cooperate with others ,because not only can cooperation save us a lot of time and energy ,but also we can learn much each other.We`ll be lucky enough to find someone we like to cooperate with due to the fact that we can share our joy and sadness with him.however ,it can be difficult to cooperate with someone we dislike.In this case ,we`ll have to put up with some of his shortcomings and try to discover his advantages.In my opinion ,to be a good partner ,we should try to listen to others`opinions ,never force our ideas on others and if he makes mistakes ,try to point out in a polite way.Thank you for your listening!
失败是件坏事吗?
概括短文要点Failure is a commom thing in life.But there are different attitudes towards failure.Whoever draws a lesson from every failure becomes experienced and succeeds.失败并非坏事,但从失败中站起来并非易事So failure has a different effect on anyone who has a different attitude.As for me ,I like success.Meanwhile I don`t mind failure because it isn`t a bad matter ,and we cen stand up in the failure ,which isn`t indeed an easy matter.失败对胜利者是必修课,重要的基本功As is known ,the defeat to a victor is actually an important basic skill and the required course.你对失败的看法和态度(1)In my opinion ,we should take a positive attitude towards failure.As a matter of fact ,I think failure can stimulate our potential and from it we can learn a lot ,with which we can achieve success.Just as the saying goes ,”Failure is the mother of success.”
(2)In my opinion ,we should take an active attitude towards failure ,because most of us experience the failure thongh few of us are so lucky as to succeed.Failure tells us such things as why we failed and what should we do to correct the mistakes.Failure also tells us how to approach our goals and ensures us failure is the mother of success.广州一模
基础写作简介学校的植物园
1.概况:位于校园西南角,面积1000平方米 2.历史:20年的历史,2008年重建 3.特色:各种花卉、树木、药用植物 4.功能:美化校园、研究植物场所、休闲之地 5.其他:观赏至少许一小时
Located at the south-west corner of our school, the botanical garden is spread over an area of approximately 1000 square meters.The garden is over 20 years old and was rebuilt in 2008.as you walk through the garden, you can see various kinds of beautiful flowers, trees and herbs.If you’re planning to explore the garden, set aside at least one hour.The garden makes our schoool more beautiful and it’s a fantastic place for students to study and learn more about plants or simply to relax for a while.读写任务就学生违纪的处理方式写一篇简评
(1)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
概括要点:校长的做法、想法、结果I recentl I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.你是否支持该校长的做法,理由While I congratulate the headmaster on his success I do not agree with the methods he uses to achieve it.Suspending students should be the final type of punishment used for misbehaving students, not the first.Quickly removing such students from the school may be of some benefit to the remaining students but it doesn’t solve the problem of poor behaviour.It only shifts the problem from the school to the community.If these naughty students are not in school then they will only be making trouble out of school.Moreover, as the parents of many of these students are working, the students are unsupervised and thus are in danger of falling in with local criminals who will only encourage such bad behaviour and even teach them worse things.假设你是校长,你会如何处理违纪学生?If I was in charge of his school I would place the naughty students in a class of their own, this way the other students could study in peace but the naughty studetns could remain under the supervision of the school and its teachers.The teachers in the naughty class would also have more time to focus on correcting the actions of these misbehaving students.(2)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.I believe the headmaster is correct to take this action.If a few students are always behaving poorly in class then it will negatively affect other students’ learning.As a result, many innocent studetns will suffer and they will fail to achieve their full potential.If the naughty students are removed from the class then the others can learn in peace.Hopefully the misbehaving students will learn their lessons and when they return their behaviour will be better.If I was in charge of a school I would also be very strict with students who don’t behave well.I would first warn and then suspend students who interrupt the learning of others or disrespect their teachers.But I would also visit the poor student’s home and discuss the problem with his paents so we could find a solution.梅州一模写一篇短文介绍大豆的生长过程
1.发芽的条件:水分充足,温度适宜,种子就开始发芽了 2.第一步:出现幼根,并朝下生长 3.第二步:幼苗出现,并朝上生长,直至变成绿色 4.第三步:主根、旁根、枝叶出现 5.第四步:数月后开花结果
Where there is enough water and the temperature is right, the bean seed begins to grow.In the first stage , a small root comes out and begins to grow downwards.Then a small shoot begins to grow upswards, getting longer and longer until it turns green.At the same time the root continues to grow downward, becoming the main root together with side roots developing around it while the shoot develops leaves all around.It takes only a few months before the plant flowers and bears fruit.经济危机,大学生就业难
概括材料主要内容This passage mainly tells us…;The story is mainly about…
Increasing unemployment would the biggest challenge for China this year with great numbers of rural and urban workers laid off.The government has launched a stimulus package of 4 trillion yuan to stimulate the country’s economy.现状:经济危机影响全球,就业机会少,工人工资低As it is known to all, nearly all countries in the world have been hit by the global economic crisis, leaving few job chances and lower wages and salaries for ordinary people.建议:树立正确的择业观,降低预期工资,先就业再择业,自己创业,开公司,展示自己的才华Under this circumstance, university graduates should have a proper attitude towards their future jobs.It is my suggestion that they should lower their expectation of their future wages or salaries.It’s a good idea for them to take up a job before considering which job to take.To make good advantage of tehir knowledge, they may set up their own business so as to show off their own talent.政府提供各种优惠政策,免除各种税费,提供一定数量的无息贷款In order to help those new graduates, the government has offered many favorable policies such as freeing all kinds of taxes.Supplying certain amount of loans without interest.I’m sure they will succeed and can have a bright future with the help of the government.
第五篇:接吻 英语表达
关于各类接吻的英语表达
如果要评选人类最美丽的词语,“吻”(kiss)应该算一个。王子吻醒了睡美人,青蛙因为公主的吻而变回王子„„一个打动人心的童话似乎总是不能离开一个“生命之吻”,而一个深情的吻开启的不仅是爱人的双唇,而是她(他)的心。
blow / throw a kiss 飞吻(这是某些明星非常喜欢做的事情)
He blew a kiss at the pretty girl.他对那个漂亮女孩做了一个飞吻动作。
snatch a kiss 接吻,冷不防接个吻
Ha fair maiden, I've come to snatch a kiss and fill your soul with hope.嗨,美女,我来是为了吻你,让你的灵魂充满希望。
steal a kiss 偷吻,冷不防接个吻
You have to be bold to steal a kiss.想要偷吻你就得大胆点。
vacuum kiss 真空吻(sucking the air out of one's partner's mouth and lungs,听起来有点恶心哦)
French kiss 法式接吻(kiss with your mouth open and your tongues touching)(舌吻英文Tongue kiss,是不对的,是照字面意思译的,就跟facetest一样!)
Platonic kiss 柏拉图之吻(short kiss on the cheek for greeting)
kiss of peace(宗教的)接吻礼,表示欢迎
The kiss of peace was freely given between all members of the church.教众可以自由行接吻礼。
give a kiss 接个吻
He gave her a kiss.他吻了她一下。
以上说的都是kiss作为名词的各种吻,作为动词,kiss除了表示“接吻”的动作,也可以“吻出感情来”,比如:
They kissed passionately.他们热吻。
They kissed good-bye at the station.他们在车站吻别。
She kissed away his pain.她吻了他,他不再痛苦。
再来学两个不一样的“吻”:
smooch 与„„搂抱亲吻
He planted a big smooch on her.他深深地吻了她。
peck 匆匆一吻
She gave him a peck on the cheek.她在他脸颊上匆匆一吻。