第一篇：合同翻译技巧
合同翻译技巧
实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目．比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
3.1.限定责任
众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例 1：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同于的责任。
例 2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.3.2.限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
3.2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例 3；自 9 月 2O 日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例 4：我公司的条件是，3 个月内，即不得晚于 5 月 1 日，支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not(no)later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于 12 月 15 日，你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.3.2.3 include 的相应形式
常用 include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和 included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例 6：本证在北京议付，有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内，英译为 till and not including January 1。
3.3.限定金额
为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必 要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”．意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例 7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).3.3.2.正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。
必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891,568，不能写成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。
第二篇：英文合同的翻译技巧
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party
B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and betweenCo.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日订立。
第三篇：英文合同翻译有哪些技巧
英文合同翻译有哪些技巧
如今，对外交流的事例越来越多。英文合同，特别是经济合同的翻译也显得越来越重要,若译文不够准确或是不严谨，肯定会引起不必要的经济纠纷。合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件，因此合同中的语言应该体现他的权威性。英文合同用语的特点之一就是表现在用词上的。就是选择那些法律上的用词，以及正式的用词，使合同所表达的意思准确无误，达到双方对合同中所使用的词的翻译无可争议的程度。合同资料怎么翻译呢？下面就来给大家讲解一下技巧。
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头用语；在条款中需要强调时也可以使用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件
例3：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日订立。注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
二 hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的„„”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether„ or not：不论„„是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的„„本文件的„„”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。
例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 以上就是合同资料翻译的几种技巧，希望大家通过学习可以很巧妙的运用在翻译当中。一定会让你翻译的合同资料更加完美。
第四篇：英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。
☆简单长句及其翻译
在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明：
1． The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers may„lodge a claim„。
修饰谓语动词的状语有三个，a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination
b.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和
c.目的for short-weight
而且状语中还有状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。
众多状语，尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可译成：
货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
2.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干为„the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price„to the Seller，其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
从语用的角度来看，商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利，即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词，而是发生动作的时间。
在 译成中文时，为了突出行为的时效性，时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable L/C„，其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前。
此外，若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时，英文的通常顺序是方式在前，时间在后，而汉语却正好与之相反，为方式在后，时间在前。因此本句可译成：
买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。
3.The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.此 句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看，方式状语通常都是规定性的，其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段，在合同的语言环境下，即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务，但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符，乃构成违约。因此，方式状语的作用通常都是 比较重要的。本句可译成：
设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装，包装须适合于长途海、陆运输，能经受多次装卸。
☆英文合同中并列长句的翻译技巧
由 于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况，所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看，并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡，表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散，因此翻译时可以断 开，分解成单句独立存在。例如：
The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成，均为主句在前，条件状语在后，在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语，此外，两个并列分句中也都含有时间 状语，均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，译成中文时，条件状语应分别置于主句之前，而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时，为了符合汉语句式较短的特点，可以将两个并列分句断开，分解成两个单句，即译成：
若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。
☆商务合同复合句的翻译方法
由于合同的严肃，严谨，严密性，导致复合句的应用较多，而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。通常遇到此类句型，译员应在在分析句子结构、成分的基础上，采用顺序法、逆序法及分译法翻译进行翻译的策略。
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总 英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句，首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
作为法律文 书，商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务，合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句，可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来，确保合同句子结构的严谨性，以及文意的严 密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等，有时会显得臃肿、晦涩，无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度，与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高，句子结构复杂，逻辑性强，无疑给译者增添了许多困难，但是，无论多长的句子，多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。
合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤：
首先，译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构
其次，要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词。
然后再分析从句和短句的功能，即：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等，以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。
最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入语等其他成分。下面举一个实例说明
例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析：
第一步，拆分句子：此长句可拆分为四个意义段，分别是
1)If a Party breaches „in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)then in addition to „Applicable laws
3）it shall indemnify and „costs, expenses, liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or „as a result of such breach.第二步，句子的结构分析：
1.句的主干结构是主语（It）（情态动词 动词原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified„against）宾语（the other Party and the Company）。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable laws）。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb.Against „”使某人不受„„
根据以上分析，以及汉语的行文习惯（条件在前.结果在后，以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前），以上条款可翻译为:
如果一方违反任何其根据第18．1条或18．2条所做的陈述及担保或重述，则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
第五篇：合同翻译
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of themanner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all availablesupplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andas Party B)on
(Date), in
(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through 注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文： 本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与
公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于
年点），特签订本合同。例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on
(Date), by and between
Co.China(hereinaCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 参考译文：
本协议特由中国
公司（以下简称甲方）与
公司（以下简称乙方）于
****年**月**日订立。
二
hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的„„”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“thehereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruSundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the ownall losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，w（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legas are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditicompany complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability companyProvided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in queslimited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, anothwith the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定 参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective datethis Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law 参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /arecompensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Artithe demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a comcompensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not applleast nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules 参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, o58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a companrequirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staffthan limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: o参考译文： 有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Lawsregulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard OShares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limiSpecific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Co注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定 参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the prdamaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序 参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的„„本文件的„„”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“t表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agr语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。
例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settledthrough negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.Thefinal and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otheCommission.注释：（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会 例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned ofuture by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred dContract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of CParties hereto.注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contra参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineinformation relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, bluspecifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to mafacilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Partyoperation of Party A under this Contract.注释：
（1）technical documents：技术资料（2）the data and the information：资料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造
（5）original information：原始资料（6）blueprint：蓝本
（7）design sheets：设计图表
（8）material specifications：材料规格（9）photostats：影印资料（10）general data：一般资料
（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合 例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the writtenSub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure ofAppendix 4 hereto.注释：
（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其同附件4。
例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Pcomprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its owPatent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong tParty may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this a注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Pate（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an att(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注释：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为务协议”）。
例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possiblesuch data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and thaaccounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地（2）data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料
（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目
（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party heret本协议双方 inspection：检查 audit：审计 参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to adminisresponsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the exProvided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review a注释：
（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreem（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：业务管理（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行（5）review and approval：审阅和批准 参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协 例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM wilmachinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM ftechnical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on determined by and between the Parties hereto.注释：
（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备 equipment：（单数形式）设备（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍（4）terms and conditions：条件
（5）(such„)as：作关系代词，意为which, that 参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。
例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing betwexpiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstandi注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务（3）debtor：债务人（4）creditor：债权人 参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务
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