学位英语小字打印版

第一篇：学位英语小字打印版

一、1、手机在我国城市很普及

2、手机的优点与缺点

3、我认为…..MobilePhonesNowadays, with the rapid development of IT and information industry, cell phone play a dominant ole in our lives.But, like everything else, they have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.First , it’s convenient.Whenever one meets trouble or something urgent, one can make a call immediately.Second, it’s a very helpful companion.With a multifunction cell phone in hand , one can easily get on the Net ,browsing the useful information , conducting e-commerce and doing whatever one can do via Internet.However , just as everything has two sides, the cell phone also has many disadvantages.To begin with , it’s also easy to lose and costly to get it repaired.Worst of all , it’s not as clear as a family telephone and sometimes the number dialed is often not available.Last but not least, it’s alleged the microwaves in it might do harm to people’s health.In my opinion , with its expenses greatly reduced after China’s entry into the WTO ,it will face an ever brighter future in its development.And I believe its advantages will not only offset its disadvantages , but also far outweigh them.二、1、现在许多成年人都利用业余时间去大学或夜校读书；

2、出现这种成人教育热的原因；

3、你的结论A Boom in Adult EducationPresently, more and more adults spend their spare time trying to improve themselves.As we know , a lot of adults work in the daytime.After working hard all day , they rush home ,gulp down their meals and hurry out to study in the night school.But why is there a boom in adult education? There are several reasons.Firstly , people know clearly that knowledge is power and that it is never too old to learn.Secondly ,without knowledge , you cannot be qualified for a good position.More knowledge means more opportunities for better jobs and quicker promotion , while lack of skills and knowledge might deprive one of the opportunities to be promoted.Moreover , in today’s competitive society, if you want to be a cut above the rest , you have to learn as much as possible.In a word ,people go back to school for the common goal to improve themselves , which , in turn, help to raise the intellectual standard of the whole nation.三、1、网上聊天作为一种新的交流方式越来越受到人们的欢迎

2、网上聊天的优点和缺点

3、如何正确对待网上聊天Online chattingWith the development of computers , the Internet has made its way into our daily life.Online chatting as a new communicative way has become more and more popular , especially with youngsters.However , like everything else ,online chatting has both advantages and disadvantages.On one hand , people can make friends and air their views freely online.When they feel frustrated they may talk with a stranger online rather than with their parents or friends.They can also chat with people from different parts of the world.When the chat is over , they feel contented and refreshed.On the other hand ,some young people become too addicted to online chatting.They will sit in front of the computer day and night.It is not only a waste of time but also harmful to their health.In my opinion , online chatting does bring a lot benefits to our life , but we should try to reduce the negative effects to the minimum and make online chatting a beneficial experience.四、1、人们渴望拥有财富

2、财富可以带来幸福

3、但也有例外……Wealth and HappinessEverybody wants to get wealth.In today’s material world , Becoming wealthy symbolizes a person’s success and capability.Many people just make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth.With money , they can buy nice , large apartments in nice neighborhood;with money , they can own luxurious cars.Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.But is wealth the only road to happiness ? Not really.There are many things in the world which are beyond the means of money.such as friendship , love , health and knowledge.many people are so preoccupied with struggling for money that they have no time or would not take the time to form or maintain friendship.What happiness can they feel living as lonely miserable creatures with no true love or friends in the world even if they accumulate tremendous wealth? In my opinion , people can’t do anything without money , but money is not everything.What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life.If you want money just for your own needs , you’ll never be satisfied or happy.In a word , you should have money spent for more people , only then can money be the source of your happiness.五、假设你是魏芳，住在一幢公寓楼里。你的邻居赵先生太吵了，你实在难以忍受。写一封投诉信给公寓楼的管理员，内容应包括:

1、解释写信的目的2、详细说明邻居的行为对你的生活造成的影响

3、你希望管理员做些什么A Letter of ComplaintDear Apartment Management Officer:Much to my regret, I am writing this letter to complain about my neighbor , Mr.Zhao , who greatly disturbs my life.Mr.Zhao lives next door to me.He gives a party almost every night , during which people are making a lot of noise.They often laugh , shout and dance till early the next morning.To make matters worse, when they have drunk too much , they quarrel and fight with each other.All these things interfere with my family life.My kid can’t concentrate on his homework.My husband and I are so upset that we can’t do anything.For a long time we can’t sleep well at night.We can’t put up with it any longer , so we decide to make a complaint , hoping that you can be of some help.Would you please see to it that Mr.Zhao stops all these silly things and respects others’ privacy? Looking forward to your reply.Faithfully,Wei Fang

六、1、北京申奥成功的意义；

2、结合自己的实际情况谈谈你打算为北京奥运会做些什么。What I Can Do for the Beijing Olympics Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympics in July , 2001, which is a great success both nationally and internationally.It proves that China is getting stronger and stronger and is playing a more important part in the world sports.All Chinese should do something for the Beijing Olympics.As a college student , I can contribute to it in the following ways.In the first place , since more foreigners will come to China before and during the Olympics , I plan to learn English even better to introduce to them the Chinese culture and tradition.More exactly , I have to practice my spoken English more.In the second place , since Beijing Olympics will be “Green” , I have made up my mind to plant 10 trees every year to make our country greener and more beautiful.The Beijing Olympics will surly be an important issue in our life.With the joint efforts of all the Chinese , I believe that the Beijing Olympics will be the most successful one in the human history.七、1、交通拥挤是大城市普遍面临的问题；

2、公共汽车和地铁的优缺点对比

3、你认为哪种交通方式更应该得到大力发展？The Bus and the Subway Train City traffic is a big problem in some cities in the world , especially in big cities.To solve the problem , some people are in favor of developing buses as means of city traffic.Others are in favor of the subway train.Between them , which is the better choice? It is easier to take buses as means of city traffic than the subway trains because buses don’t need special roads.But buses also have many disadvantages , some of which are very serious.They may cause louder noise and more traffic accidents.Buses give rise to serious air pollution and traffic jams.In order to stop what buses cause , a large number of workers must be used to widen the roads.On the contrary , the subway train is of more advantages.Except for the difficulty and high cost of building it , the subway is superior to the buses in many aspects.Taking the advantages and disadvantages together into consideration , I would be in favor of developing the subway train as soon as possible.八、1、城市里失业的现状

2、导致城市里失业的原因

3、你对解决城市里的失业问题有何看法。Unemployment in Cities Nowadays , there are many social problems in China , of which the high unemployment rate in cities may be a most serious one.Thousands of urban residents have become jobless during the past one and a half decades.The following reasons may account for such a phenomenon.First , the supply of labor exceeds demand.The state-owned enterprises , which used to be the biggest sources for employment , are now struggling as their internal restructuring is under way ,cutting down a great number of employees.Second , more rural residents are leaving their soil and pouring into the labor market in cities than ever before, causing an even higher rate of unemployment.It is by no means easy to tackle such a problem.However , as long as our economy continues to grow and stay healthy , more opportunities for jobs are expected to be created.Hopefully , the situation of the labor market in cities will improve over the long run.九、1、传统观点认为能力比外貌更重要

2、现状有人认为外貌比能力重要

3、你的观点Ability and Good LooksOld People usually tell the young ,“Don’t judge a person by his appearance”, meaning ability is more important than appearance.Indeed , we’ve seen so many talented people who are by no means good-looking.However , nowadays, with job interviewers putting much emphasis on the looks of the job-applicants , a lot of people come to the conclusion that appearance is more important than ability.Needless to say , beautiful girls do have less difficulty in getting good positions.In my opinion , ability is definitely much more important than good looks.Beauty is only skin deep , but ability will always prove more valuable , especially in the long run.For those without good looks , be patient and spare no effort to prove yourself.Indeed , there are so many examples that people who are not good-looking become successful.十、假设你是李明，你的网友魏芳将从另外一个城市来访，这是你们第一次见面。写一封电子邮件给她，信件内容应包括：

1、对魏芳的来访表示欢迎

2、你会到车站接她，可能晚半个小时，说明迟到的原因并向对方表示歉意

3、嘱咐对方在什么地方会面以及怎样识别你，提醒应注意的事项。An Email to a Net-friendDear Wei Fang,It’s really a nice surprise to learn that you are coming to visit me this weekend.I have been longing to see you since we met each other on the next several months ago.I’m sure we’ll enjoy every minute together.From your email I know you will arrive at 11:45 a.m.by the morning train this Saturday.For sure I’ll meet you at the station , but maybe half an hour late.I’m terribly sorry for that.You know , I work in a joint venture.Business has been these days and on Saturday morning I have an important meeting to attend.But don’t worry.It will have ended by noon and my company is only a twenty-minute drive from the station.There is a large bookstore opposite the station.You can wait me at the entrance.I think we can recognize each other easily since we have exchanged pictures through the net.To make it sure , I will be wearing a yellow T-shirt and a pair of jeans.Remember to take a pair of sports shoes with you for there are so many tourist sites in my city.Sorry to keep you waiting.Email me if there is any change in your plan.I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.Yours,Li Ming

十一、1、现在许多家长期盼孩子成才心切

2、这样做是否过分

3、家长应对子女的成长持什么态度Are Parent Demanding Too Much from Their Children? Most families demand too much their children, because nearly all parents love their children and try to give them their best love.But the problem is , most of the time , their love may be painful for their children.Usually , parents will say “I hope my child will become a musician or a scientist or something else ”.No one is born to play the piano.No one is born a scientist.But the parents ignore the interests of their children , who could not do well because they have to do what they hate to do.Give them their own sky and space.Children have to be themselves.Every child is different.Every child has his/her own position in the world.It is the parents’ responsibility to give them the best advice.Each child is born unique.Do not force them.Parents should love them with their heart and try to understand them , not just demand too much from them.十二、1、外貌经常在公共场所看到一些不道德的行为，叙述你的一次相关经历；

2、不道德行为的危害

3、我们的道德意识在下降吗？如何改善？Is Our Moral Sense Declining ? To witness immoral behavior in public , one need only visit the Beijing subway.I still remember the first time I took the Beijing subway.It was an early morning.I was going to school in a hurry.When I was trying to get a ticket , I found a lot of people pushing in front of me and nobody was in the line.Immoral behaviors in public result in a series of problems , the worst of which is that it may exert a negative impact on our sense of social responsibility.We will keep ignoring other people’s rights and feelings , and in turn , we too will be disrespected someday.To improve this phenomenon is certainly not easy.I propose that society make it clear in every way that people who fail to respect the common good will be severely punished , Stricter policies should be made to correct this phenomenon as soon as possible.十三、1、产生压力的原因

2、压力对人身心健康的危害

3、如何减轻压力How to Cope with Stress Stress is an inevitable part in our normal life.Many kinds of things , such as natural disasters , war and death can cause too much stress in our life.But according to a psychologist , on a day-to-day basis , stress may result from the small things: taking an exam , waiting in line , and having too many things to do in a limited time.We all need stress to add flavor , challenge , and opportunity to life , but too much stress can seriously affect our physical and mental well-being.It reduces the body’s immunity and harms the brain.If the stress lasts a long time , it may cause physical illness , insomnia , headaches , backaches , ulcers , high blood pressure-even heart disease.When stress does occur , it’s important to recognize and deal with it.There are some methods we can try.A large number of physical activities can reduce anxiety.Sharing our stress with others can be enormously helpful.Making time for fun such an listening to music may be good medicine.Sometimes even crying is an efficient way to release stress.十四、1、大学生可以勤工助学

2、但打工也会带来问题

3、我的观点 Is It Good for College Students to Have Part-time Jobs ? Nowadays , more and more college students are taking part-time jobs.On this phenomenon different people hold different viewpoints.Some people think after-school work is beneficial to the students.On the one hand , it helps cultivate independence in young people and make them more mature;on the other hand , students who have part-time jobs can relieve , to some extent , the economic burdens of their parents.But after-school work has brought a lot of problems.For example , part-time jobs often distract students’ attention from their studies , so some students have shown a decline in their studies , and some even play truant.As for me , I think the main task of students is to study hard and learn what is needed for the development of our society.Though students who have part-time jobs may relieve their parents’ economic burdens , their early contact with society adds greatly to the worries of their parents.全球气候变暖是目前人类面临的最大环境问题,请你根据以下提示,写一篇英语作文,为“节能减排”献计献策.背景:随着经济的发展,更多的的温室气体被排放,其中大约70%为二氧化碳,这也是全球变暖的主要原因之一.后果:海平面上升,自然灾害频繁.措施:1.多使用清洁能源,少用煤.油.2.在可能的情况下以车代步.3......4......3.4点自由发挥

We all know that clean air is important to good health.Wherever you go and whatever you do, you are always surrounded by a sea of gases that we call air.If there are impurities in the air, they may be absorbed by our bodies and make us ill.We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is globally present, especially in cities.Many large cities are anything but pollution-free.Our cities have many factories, which we need to make food, clothing and other things.Every year these factories pour millions upon millions of tons of smog into air.Power plants and houses that burn coal add greatly to air pollution.Besides, there are more cars in cities now.Once out on the streets, they will take in fresh air and replace it with poisonous gases.Our country is trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.As long as every citizen also realizes its importance and makes join efforts, the day will come soon when people will take in only clean air.Then, the sunlight will no longer be blackened out by smoke and soot.Health and wealth

请依据下列要点写一篇短文、字数80—120，适当添加细节。首句已给出，不计入总词数。

1．财富比健康重要、富人受人尊敬，而穷人被歧视。2．健康胜于财富，健康的人才能享受生活。3．自己的看法。

Some people hold that wealth is more important than health.They think that a wealthy person will be respected in this world, while a poor person will be looked down upon by others.Therefore, a person who tries all means to make money will be considered(to be)a hero no matter whether he is in good or poor health.However ,the majority of people believe that health is more important than wealth.For example, a healthy scientist can achieve more success in his scientific research.Only if a person enjoys good health ,can he really enjoy his life.In my opinion, health is more important than wealth.Good health can bring us success as well as real happiness.So ,health is the most important thing that one has to treasure in this world

1.as is known /as it is known to all …众所周知2.with the pace of modern life increasing….随着现代生活步伐的加快3.with the development of modern society…随着现代社会的4.personally I’m in favor of the former/latter view…我个人偏向于前/后一种观点5.there is no doubt that…勿容质疑6.however everything has two sides…任何事物都具有两方面7.as a Chinese saying goes…正如中国的一句谚语所说8.the same is the case with sth…也不例外9.in the appraisal of …在。。的评价中11.according to …there are at least three good reasons…firstlysecondly… thirdly….列举的用法12.In my opinion, in the appraisal of …it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything.We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same

time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them。我认为，在对….的评价中，完全的肯定任何事情和否认任何事情都是片面的。我们在欣赏到他们做出的巨大的贡献的同时也要更加注意他们带来的问题。作文速成模板1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1.有一些人认为……2.另一些人认为……3.我的看法……The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions about it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二).Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一).Secondly(besides),⑥------------------（理由二）.Thirdly(finally),⑦------------------(理由三).From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）.The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice.2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）.For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③---------------(为他们带来的好处).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一).For another thing, ⑤---------(反对的理由之二)．Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥-----(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．★★★阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．１.阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．２.分析并举例使其更充实．The good old proverb----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that----------------(释义).Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,-----------------(理由一).For example,-------------------(举例说明).Secondly,----------------(理由二).Another case is that---------------(举例说明).Furthermore ,------------------(理由三)．In my opinion,----------------(我的观点).In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you'll necessarily benefit a lot from it.★★★解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径１.问题现状２.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious.First,------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second,----------(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing,---------------(解决方法一).For another-------------(解决方法二).Finally,--------------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that-------------(我的解决方法).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because--------------(带来的好处).★★★说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）１.说明事物现状２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer Abecause it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First----------------(Ａ的优点之一).Besides-------------------（Ａ的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(Ａ的第二个缺点)．Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to---------------(我的看法)．(Or: From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by this way,---------------(对前景的预测)．)★★★议论文的框架

1)不同观点列举型（选择型）There is a widespread concern over the issue that 作文题目.But it is well known thatthe opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people thinkthat 观点一.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows:in the first place, 原因一.Furthermore, in the second place, 原因二.So it goes without saying that 观点一.People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some peoplehold the idea that观点二.In their point of view, on the one hand，原因一.On the other hand, 原因二.Therefore, there is no doubt that 观点二.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that 观点一或二_.It is not onlybecause ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ______.2）利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)作文题目.In fact,there are both advantages and disadvantages in 题目议题.Generally speaking, it is widelybelieved there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, 优点一.And secondly 优点二.Just as a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”,讨论议题is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with,缺点一.In addition, 缺点二.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题into full play,and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, wewill definitely make a better use of the 讨论议题.3)答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)作文题目.It is really animportant concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, 途径一.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is 途径二.Above all, to solve the problem of 作文题目, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法.4)谚语警句性议论文It is well know to us that the proverb: " 谚语 has a profound significance and value not onlyin our job but also in our study.It means 谚语的含义.The saying can be illustrated througha series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is 例子一.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great ofimportance to practice the proverb 谚语 With the rapid development of science and technologyin China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: 谚语.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying,the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.★★★图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), 作文题目的议题has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in ____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons toshow ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.莲山课件原文地址：http://zw.5ykj.com/nlby/4041.htm

第二篇：小字英语时态总结

1.一般现在时

用法：

A)表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

B)习惯用语。

C)经常性、习惯性动作。

例：He always helps others.（他总是帮助别人。）

D)客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。

E)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）

How often does this shuttle bus run?（这班车多久一趟？）

F)在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。

例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）

2.现在进行时(be doing)

用法：现在正在进行的动作。

3.现在完成时(have done)

用法：

A)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。

例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A)didn't sell B)sold C)haven't sold D)would sell

答案是C)haven't sold。

B)表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for 加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。

例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to challenge C)have been challenged

B)may be challenged D)are challenging

全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C)have been challenged。A)are to challenge和D)are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B)may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。

C)表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）

注意事项

A)现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。

例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）

B)因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。

例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）

My sister has married.Don't disturb her.（终端动词）

C)在“this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……”句型里要求用完成时。

例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）

D)句型“It is/ has been……since”所使用的两种时态都正确。

例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）

E)在“no sooner than”、“hardly/ scarcely ……when”、“before”、“prior to”等句型中，主句要求完成时。

例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）

4.现在完成进行时(have been doing)

用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。

例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）

注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。

例：1997年6月四级第45 题

It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking

C)leaked D)has been leaking

从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D)has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B)is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C)leaked或A)had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。

5.一般过去时

用法：

A)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

B)表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。

例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）

He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）

C)有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）

Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）

注意事项：

A)注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

B)used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。

Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示“过去常常或过去曾经”，要求加动词原形；后者表示“习惯于”，要求加名词或动名词。

6.过去完成时(had done)

用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示“过去的过去的动作或状态”。

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A)didn't hear C)hasn't heard B)hasn't been hearing D)hadn't heard

全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A)didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B)hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C)hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。

注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。

例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）

分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在“开门”和“注意”这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。

7.过去将来时(would/ should do)

用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。

例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）

注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。

8.过去进行时(was/ were doing)

用法：

A)表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）

B)如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）

注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。

9.一般将来时

用法：

A)基本结构是will / shall do。

例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）

B)有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。

例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）

C)表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。

例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）

D)表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。

例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）

E)“be to do”的5种用法：

a)表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。

例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）

b)该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。

例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）

c)能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）

例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）

d)不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。

例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible.Have a little patience.A.will be attended B.will be attended to

C.is attended D.is attended to

will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。

e)用于条件从句“如果……想，设想（接近”if ……want to,或if ……should）

例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A)is to be B)can be C)will be D)has been

答案是A)is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”

F)同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）

例：1999年6月四级第65题

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A)in B)to C)at D)on

答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”

注意事项：

在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。

例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）

10.将来进行时(will be doing)

用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。

例：Don't worry, you won't miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）

注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考“一般将来时”和“现在进行时”的有关注意事项。

11.将来完成时(will have done)

用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。

例：1997年1月四级第22题

The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted

C)would last D)has lasted

本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B)will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C)would last错误。因为D)has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。

注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。

12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing，will have been doing

例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.（到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）

13)过去完成进行时：had been doing

例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）

14)过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing

例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）

15)过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done

例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）

16)过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing

例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.（他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。| 评论(1)

第三篇：厦门大学网络教育入学考试英语(小字)

1、There are situations when you cannot refuse your friend's offer.2、__ It was not until dark that__ he realized it was too late to return home.3、Will you _ observe _ that each child gets a copy of the new picture book?

4、We are so busy that we had to_ put off_ our vacation till next month.5、We firmly _ believe__ in the future victory of the revolution.6、_ It was until __after his death that he was recognized as a great composer.7、Don't leave the baby alone in the yard_ on any account__.8、See you later, Jenny.I'm glad_ to have worked__with you for six months.26、She was honest enough to admit_ making __errors in judgment on more than one occasion.27、It was so dark that _ hardly could we see __anything.28、Though_ being born and bred __in the city, Mr.Smith enjoyed the peaceful life in the country.29、It was in this house _ that _ the important meeting in history was held30、I_ would not have done __like that had you told me the truth earlier.31、She looked so honest that we all regarded her story as true32、I appreciate_ Tonny writing__that letter for me33、So_ clear was his statement that it couldn’t be misunderstood.34、Jane is not _ likely_____ to attend Sally’s birthday party，9、The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly,_ her long hair flowing in the breeze __.10、A student of average intelligence can be a top student.Cathy is a__ case_in point.11、On second day, he had his car thoroughly _ examined__ before embarking on the journey.12、One of my teeth is so _ loose _ that it is going to be missing soon.13、It is essential to be on friendly_ relations__with neighbors.14、__ Not recognizing who the man was ____, the little girl did not open the door.15、It is_ worthwhile__to make a long train journey to have a look at so beautiful a scene.16、All but Jane and I _ am ___ going to cinema tonight.17、This broadcast comes to us __ live ____ from the stadium.18、__ This being his first visit ____ to Jane’s parents, Tonny looked a bit nervous and upset.19、She has changed so much that I could hardly __ recognize ____ her20、To make room for more machinery, the factory_ is being enlarged __now.21、—How about taking a walk?—Oh, I think it’s _ much too _____ cold for a walk.22、_ Having been damaged __in the earthquake, the theatre had to be renovated in 1956.23、The experiment_ longed for__the discovery of a cure for cancer.24、One of Bettie’s brothers was killed in action, another ___ taken prisoner___.25、We all don’t think_ it true that_ she left for Boston yesterday.for they had a quarrel last Friday.35、The coach, together with his team players, __ was ____ warmly welcomed when they got off the train.36、He was only one man in the city _ capable _ of lending you ￡10 000.37、News got round __ that ____ he had resigned his position as executive secretary of the committee.38、After_ being sent__to prison, they regret not having taken advice from their parents and friends.39、She looked as if she_ had experienced __miseries of all sorts while telling us her life in the country.40、Has Jenny's plane landed?No, but it_ ought to be __here in a few minutes.41、We must make some investigations_ before __we can draw any conclusion.42、Jane put forward the proposal that the program __ be postponed____ until Mr.Power came back from abroad.43、He was_ accused of __selling military secrets to foreign intelligence agencies.44、Many a boy___tried, but ___have succeeded.B、has, few45、I _ would have finished _____ writing the paper had I not run out of ink46、Jones seems interested in_ all what __you have told her.47、You may ______ this magazine home to read, but you’ll have to ______ it back to me tomorrow morningC、take, bring

48、The professor paused as if_ to expect __his students to ask questions on the point he had just made.49、He asked her so many times to do it that __ to the end____ she did so50、We must not rule_ out __the possibility of miscalculation.

第四篇：学位英语作文

互联网

近年来，人们与互联网之间的关系变得越来越不可分割inseparable。众所周知，无论either..or 是为了自我娱乐entertain oneself „ 还是适应adapt to , adjust to , gear to , meet , 工作的需求，对我们来说，在网上冲浪时点击鼠标click 非常方便it „ convenient。(In recent years, people are developing an inseparable relationship with internet.As is known to all, / It is well-known that it is convenient for us to click the mouse when surfing on line, either to entertain ourselves or to meet the work’s needs.一方面，不可否认no one denies that / there is no denying the fact that 互联网是我们现在currently 日常生活中最有用的媒体之一。作为一名大学生，我每天上网get on line „.to „..through 借助电子邮件和我的网友net-friends 交流信息。但另一方面，很多人a good many people 承认他们过于沉迷addicted, indulged 网络，too„.to „ 以至于无法保持maintain 一种正常和健康的regular and wholesome lifestyle.生活方式。

On the one hand, no one denies that Internet is currently one of the most useful media in our daily life.As a college student, I get on line every day to exchange information through e-mails with my net friends.But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain a regular and wholesome lifestyle.因此，我们很有必要以一种合理的方式in a reasonable way 使用互联网，避免avoid 过度沉迷overindulgence。毕竟，人们发明互联网是为了丰富enrich 我们的生活，提高improve 我们的工作效率，而不是rather than/instead of 让它像锁链chain 一样来束缚shackle /tie我们。

Thus, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and avoid/restrain from overindulgence.After all, Internet is invented to enrich our life, and to improve the efficiency of our work

rather than shackle us with a chain(instead of shackling us with a chain)过西方节日还是东方节日

1.年轻人日益喜欢西方节日

2.关于西方与东方节日，人们的看法不同 3.我的看法

Which to Celebrate----the Western or Eastern Festivals?

Nowadays, the majority of young people are willing to celebrate western festivals.As a result, importance should be attached to the issue of festival celebration.For one thing, western festival celebrations are so colorful that especially the youth can’t resist all the temptation of having one.Just imagine the romantic atmosphere on St.Valentine’s Day, the fun on All Fool’s Day and the ecstasy brought by gifts and games at Christmas.For another, Chinese festivals have their own attractions.Think about the comfort of family reunion during Spring Festival and the delicacy of national feelings on many occasions.As for me, some fashionable western festivals are no doubt days to set aside as special.Meanwhile, I can’t afford to be absent from family gathering during many Chinese festivals.My celebration would be a combined one, some for western festivals, some for Chinese ones.现在，大多数年轻人喜欢过西方的节日。因此，我们应该重视庆祝节日的问题。

一方面，西方节日如此丰富多彩以至于年轻人尤其难以抵挡其诱惑。设想 一下情人节的烂漫气氛、愚人节的乐趣以及圣诞节礼物和游戏带来的惊喜。另一方面，中国的节日也有其美丽。想想春节期间全家团圆的温馨以及很多节日中民族情感的慰籍。

对我而言，一些时尚的西方节日无疑是要特别度过的。同时，我也无法在很多中国节日中缺席家庭聚会。我的节日庆祝是中西结合的。

Juvenile Delinquency

1.青少年犯罪的现状2.这个问题的原因3.我的建议

青少年犯罪

目前，青少年犯罪正在越来越趋于低龄化。认真思考这个问题后，我得出了出现该问题的几点原因。

首先，随着离婚率的上升，有些孩子没有得到适当的照顾，他们很容易被坏人带入歧途.其次，无知、轻信的年轻人陷入电子游戏、网络聊天甚至色情的虚幻世界中不能自拔。这种偏离的社会价值观很容易导致犯罪。

在我看来，首先，整个社会应该高度重视青少年的健康成长。其次，成人和学校的正确引导和保护对青少年至关重要。总而言之，如果我们竭尽全力，短期之内青少年犯罪率无疑会下降并得到有效可能有效控制。

Recently, juvenile delinquency is increasingly lower than normal age.Careful deliberation of this problem has given me several ideas as to why this should be so.To begin with, with the rising divorce rate, some children are not properly taken care of and are easily led astray by evildoers.What’s more, inexperienced and gullible/credulous young people are indulged in/are addicted to/ plunge into the illusory world of electric games, on-line chat or even pornography.This /Such alienation from proper social values is the slippery slope to crime.It is my view that, first of all, the whole society should attach great importance to the sound growth of youngsters.Furthermore, proper guidance and protection of adults and schools are vital to teenagers.To sum up , if we exert every effort,(if we spare no efforts), the juvenile crime rate will undoubtedly be brought down and effectively controlled in a short while.我最喜欢的小说

我最喜爱的小说是儒勒.凡尔纳写的《八十天环游地球》。该作者出生于法国，一生致力于文学事业，写了很多科幻小说，而这些作品使他赢得了“现代科幻小说之父” 的美名。

这是一本科幻小说，讲述了一位英国绅士的一个激动人心的故事。菲力.菲戈先生是这部小说的主人公，他跟他的俱乐部伙伴打了个赌，设法在80天之内环游地球。书中生动描述了他在旅途中遇到的诸多困难和遭遇。

从这本书中，我们可以看出作者对于海洋、旅行和冒险的热爱，这些在作者一生中影响深远。作者丰富的想像力和科学、地理知识也使我们深感惊讶并为之折服。

My Favorite Novel

My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne.The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the name----Father of Modern Science Fiction.This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr.Phileas Foggs, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days.It gives us a vivid description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen to his journey.From this story, we can see the author’s deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life.We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.我最难忘的人

生活中，我曾遇到过很多值得回忆的人。但在我认识的人中，令我最难忘的可能要算我的英语老师了。

让我常常回想起我的英语老师的，是他那些特殊的品质。首先，他教给我们一位老师所能给予的最珍贵的东西----唤起我们学习的激情。他不仅培养我们欣赏英语语言文学的奇妙与完美，而且激起我们在这方面深入研究的兴趣。其次，他的才智深深吸引了我。我现在还记得我们总是热切盼望上他的课，因为他讲课生动幽默，总能引起我们微笑或哄堂大笑。

虽然我们已有两年没听过他的课了但老同学聚在一起时总要谈起他。我知道他的形象已深深地留在了我心中了。

In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling.But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.What frequently brings back memories of my English teacher is his special qualities.First of all, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer----an awakening of a passion for learning.He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field.Second, I was attracted by his lively wit.I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.毕业生就业Graduate employment /Jobs for Graduates

找工作job-hunting 对大学毕业生来说已经变成了一个非常头疼headache 的问题。尽管though 多数毕业生一毕业就找到了工作，但还是有些人没有找到。最为严重的是most serious of all，有些人在毕业很长时间之后，还不知道I have no idea 去哪儿工作。

产生这一现象的原因有很多There are several reasons accounting for the phenomenon./ The reasons for this phenomenon are various。首先，前些年各大学院的大学录取enroll了很多经济majors „.、金融等热门专业的学生，以至于so „.that „.毕业生的数量大大超过greater than 了市场需求。(large-scaled enrollment rate „)其次，大多数大学生would rather 宁愿呆在大城市，找不到without 合适的工作，than 也不愿去乡镇。

我认为I reckon/deem如果大学和学生都采取有效措施effective measures，这个难题是可以解决的。首先，大学应该进行市场调查，培养develop, cultivate 学生的特殊技能以适应需求。其次，学生的就业观念attitude 应该转变。他们应该去小城市和乡镇，在那里他们可以充分发挥give full play to 自己的专业professional knowledge, academic knowledge 知识。总而言之，如果我们更加重视，这种状况可以得到改进。

Job hunting has always been a headache for college students.Though many graduates are employed right after graduation.Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various.On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market.On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable jobs to do than go to countryside.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take effective measures.First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit the need.Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed.They should go to small cities and country.There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge.In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.Studying Abroad.目前很多中国学生出国留学 1.出国留学的好处 2.我的看法 出国留学

目前，出国留学在青少年中非常流行。我们应该充分重视留学问题。

出国留学有很多好处。首先，在国外生活和学习可为学生提供一个看待世界的不同视角。在大学校园中，国际学生很可能遇到来自不同国家和地区的同伴，而且面临迥异的想法和价值观。此外，海外经历是在实际生活运用外语的最佳时机。没有什么比住在母语国家提高第二外语技能更好的机会了。

总之，我认为尽管出国留学很昂贵，并且可能会痛苦，但这种付出是值得的。首先，除了知识之外，留学生可以获得留在国内的学生永远无法获得的宝贵经验。其次，尽管留学经历可能使人沮丧、痛苦，然而这对青少年的成长是有益的。

Studying Abroad

Nowadays, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents.Importance should be attached to studying abroad.There are a great many advantages of studying overseas.First and foremost,living and studying abroad offers a different perspective of the world.On a university campus,international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas and are exposed to diverse ideas and values.What’more,overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use of foreign language.There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skill than living in the country in which it is spoken.To sum up,it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful,the payoff is worthwhile.In the first place,in addition to knowledge,student can gain precious experience that those who stay at home will never have.Furthermore,overseas experience,frustrating and painnful as it may be,is beneficial conducive to the growth of adolesscents.Internet Friendship

1.网交友的现状2.我所了解的一个例子3.我对于网上交友的看法

网上交友

根据中央电视台的最新调查，80%的人在网上冲浪实在寻找社交。其结果是，网线另一端发出的声音可以用来掩盖一名用户性格的方方面面。而这可能带来不良的甚至是破坏性的后果。

关于此问题，可以列举无数的例子，下面这个便具有足够的代表性。我最好的一个朋友海伦，和一位网名叫“白马王子”的男子开始了一场网恋。而亲身接触证明她所深爱的偶像原来是一个有妇之夫。

在我看来，首先人们确实可以在网上获得社交，但这只存在于网络空间中。此外，尽管网络友谊可以给用户带来友情甚至爱情，但它也经常以失败和灾难告终。我们该高度重视这一现象了。

Internet Friendship

According to the recent survey by CCTV,80% of people who surf on line are there in search of social interactions.As a consequence ,the voice spoken from the other side of the line can be used to disguise aspects of a user’s personality,which might bring an unpleasant or even damaging outcom.(结果)

Numerous examples can be given here,but this will suffice.Helen, one of ma closest friends,started a net relationship with a man she knew as “prince charming”.The physical contact ,however,reveals that her beloved idol was a husband with wife.In my view,first and foremost,it is ture that people gain communication on the net,but this exists only in cyberspace.Furthermore,although internet friendship can give users companionship(友谊)and even romance,it often ends with failure and even disaster.It is high time that we placed great emphasis on this phenomenon.My Views on Examination

1.大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩 2.考生可能带来的副作用3.我对考试的看法

我看考试

在绝大多数大学里，考试是用来衡量学生是否掌握某一课程的主要手段。虽然考试这一方法比较有效，但其副作用side effects 也相当大。

In most colleges and universities , the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject.Although it does the job quite effective, its side effects are also enormous.首先，考试造成教学水平下降lower。由于教师的好坏往往根据学生的考试成绩来判断，所以教师被迫训练学生应试技巧technique。而几乎没有什么课程是仅仅通过教授应试技巧就可以教好的。其次，考试最糟糕的副作用most unfavorable /undesirable effect is that „ 是使学生养成不良的学习习惯。由于考试成绩是衡量学生学习好坏的唯一标准criterion，学生只能被迫机械地死记硬背memorize mechanically，而不去rather than/instead of 进行创造性的思考。

To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching.Since teachers are judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques.No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits.As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development.If that is the case, why can’t we make a change and devise something more effective and reliable than examination?

第五篇：学位英语(英译汉)

英 译 汉

★In 1870,horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S.farms.在1870年，马和骡子是美国农场的主要劳动力来源。

★Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life.那些信号包括许许多多我们适应日常生活环境的方式。

★Most Americans,however,see romantic love as essential for a successful marriage,and tend to look askance at anyone who marries for a more practical reason in which love plays no part.然而，大多数美国人把浪漫的爱看作是成功婚姻必不可少的组成部分，而且往往蔑视任何为了更实际的理由，而不是为了爱而结婚的人。

★If they can sense colour differences then perhaps we,too,are affected by colour unconsciously.如果他们能够觉察出颜色的差异，那么我们可能也不知不觉地受到颜色的影响。

★People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat,and blood pressure;red is exciting.当人们处于鲜红颜色面前，心跳会加快，血压也会升高；这表明红色令人激动。

★In order to learn to be one’s true self,it is necessary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge of what has been said and done in the world.要想了解真实的自我，必须深入、广泛的探索前人所说过的话，所做的事情。

★This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the fear and horror surrounding earthquakes,but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible.数百年来，地震的不可知性给地震蒙上了极大的恐惧和惊慌，然而近几次的地震发生之前已经显露一些迹象。

★The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist’s timekeeping methods.科学观察和计算的精确度常取决于科学家的计时方法。

★In Frederick,students’parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.在Frederick地区，学生家长们出资购买教室用品，并主动为学校第一年的教师和校长们支付所需的各类杂货及水电费，以此来留住他们继续工作下去。

★“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.”said a student.“We wanted to know the truth,and spread that around instead.”一位学生说：“关于这个地区的流言正在以闪电般速度传播着，我们想知道真相，并且传播真相。”

★Yet the waves,no matter how big or how violent,affect only the surface of the sea.然而，不管水波多大、多猛烈，只对海面造成影响。

★In the U.S.,the figure is much higher than in Great Britian,and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on the installment plan.在美国，这个数字要比英国高得多，每个人将他们收入的百分之十花费在分期付款上。

★The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs-or even to run a small electric motor-is almost unbelievable,but several kinds of fish are able to do this.鱼产生的电流能点亮电灯——或者甚至能带动小型电动马达——是多么不可思议，但是有些鱼确实可以。

★Engineering studengs are supposed to be examples

of practicality and rationality,but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.工科的学生往往被看成是实际和理性的榜样，但是就我的大学教育而言，我是一个理想主义者和傻瓜。

★The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.摆在我面前阻碍我成为一名成功学生的现实就在于工科与文科并不像我在高中时所认为的那样，两者并不是简单地融合在一起。

★When the light reaches the other end,it is first changed into electrical signals,which are in turn converted into sound messages.光到达另一端后，首先转化成电流信号，随后再转化为声音信息。★In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame,not the long hours alone at a typewriter.多数情况下，这些人正梦想着的是财富和名望，而不是在打字机前长时间的工作。★Because we live in a democratic nation,whose citizens make the policies for the nation,large numbers of us must be educated to understand,to support,and when necessary,to judge the work of experts.因为我们生活在一个民主的国家，由公民制定国家的政策，我们中的许多人必须接受教育，学会理解、支持，必要的时候还要判断专家的工作。

★There are many communities and populations which have lost precious recoards due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.在很多地区，相当多的人曾因为一些悲剧事件而失去他们珍贵的资料，如1921年内战期间爱尔兰法庭失火这样的悲剧，又如美国奴隶，对于他们来说就有很多珍贵资料未能够保留下来。

★Theoretically,any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.理论上，有一天任何人都能通过这个资料库查处他或她家族的起源。

★On the contrary,to avoid problems in aerial navigation,the wheelless vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface.相反，为了避免天线导航，没有轮子的汽车将在离地面不超过3英寸的距离行驶。

★I appeal to you to clarify this issue so that the poor elderly of our city many become aware of the housing benefits for which they qualify.我请求你阐明这个问题，这样我们这个城市里贫穷的老人就可以了解到他们有资格享有住房的津贴。★It was believed that a person was sick because he had been attacked by evil spirits.人们认为生病是遭受恶魔的攻击。

★We are concerned to develop the ability of all our pupils into the full,not just their academic ability.我们关系的是全面充分地发展我们每一位学生的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。

★We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.我们期望学生能够不遗余力尽其所能，为达到此目标我们也将给予他们充分的鼓励。

★The wheel is the simplest yet perhaps the most remarkable of all inventions,because there are no wheels in nature---no living thing was ever created with wheels.轮子是最简单的发明，或许也是最伟大的发明，因为自然界原本没有轮子——没有任何生

物是轮子创造的。

★Girls exceed boys in language abilities,and this early linguistic bias often prevails throughout life.女孩在语言能力上胜过男孩，而且这种早期就暴露的语言方面的偏向常常影响终生。

★Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby,but only switched to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time.摩西奶奶小的时候画过些画，之后绘制刺绣图案成了她的爱好。老了以后，她的手指变得僵硬不能缝纫，而她还希望保持忙碌打发时间，就转向油画。★The project provided opportunities for researches from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits.这个方案给印度和国外的研究者提供了机会，使他们可以在保护区内研究老虎，收集以前难以获得的有关老虎习性的资料。

★Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers.土地问题变得越来越严重了，令许多农民痛心的是，一些肥沃的森林地区被圈起来，建成了老虎保护区。

★In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.学习语言最好从语言的非语言方面、手势和身势语入门。

★Originally the White House was gray and was called the Presidential Palace.最初白宫是灰色的，并且被叫做总统府。

★This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation.这种新的活动包括原先狩猎的一系列行为，而目的已不再是避免饥饿。

★Some scientists say that 16 of these mirrors,each about half a mile across,could aim their reflected light at one area on the earth that was about 200 miles by 300 miles.一些科学家认为可用16面直径为半英里的镜子将反射光照射到地球表面约为60000平方英里的区域。

★What no one knows yet is what effect this artificial daytime would have on plants,animals,and humans.目前，人们还不知道的是这种人造白天对植物、动物和人会有什么影响。

★Still,the fact remains that women are now free to enter any career that attracts them,the situation has improved,and the tide is not likely to turn back.然而，事实上女性如今可以自由选择所喜爱的职业；情况改善了，这一潮流不可能逆转。

★Ford realized he could use this assembly line method to build cars.福特意识到他可以用这种装配线的方法来生产他的汽车。

★At the early attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growth,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.在初始阶段海底电缆没能安装成功，当科研人员将电缆运出海面对其进行检修时发现电缆表面长满了瘤状物，这个事实表明海洋深处并不存在生命，这与现代科学见解相佐。

★Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 45 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.由21个成员国组成的欧洲委员会的一项研究显示，百分之四十五的爬行物种及百分之二十四的蝴蝶濒临灭绝。

★Dr.Baum went on,“we could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.Baum博士继续说道，“没有工业产品我们一样能够生活下去，但脱离了自然我们就无法生存。

★Some critics claim that no excuse is acceptable for not informing subjects about the nature of an experiment and giving them a chance to refuse to participate.一些批评家声称没有任何理由让实验对象在不了解实验性质，没有机会选择拒绝的情况下参与实验。

★He took a trip to southern,and there he found just the weather and scenery he needed to finish his movie.他去加州南部旅行，在那里他恰好发现了要完成他的电影所需的天气和风景。

★Primary and secondary education is financed almost entirely by the state out of central and local tax revenues.中小学几乎全额依靠中央和地方税收拨款。

★The current opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge of what computers are,plus a little of their history and something of how they operate.目前的看法似乎是这样的，这必须包括一种关于计算机本身定义的基本知识，还需具备一些计算机的发展历史及其操作知识。

★We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their history or to explain how they work..我们能够有效地使用各种电子设备，而不需要知道它们的历史或者它们是如何工作的。

★At times they even sleep in their van instead of a hotel,just to save money.有时他们甚至在自己的篷车里，而不是在旅馆里睡觉，只是为了省钱。★As a result,these areas send out less heat and light and thus appear from Earth to be almost dark irregular surface patches.这些区域释放的热量和光线较弱，因而从地球上看，表面几乎形成不规则的暗区。★Computer technology enabled the reserchers,to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain,which relate to intellect and emotion,and determine the human character.电脑技术让研究者能准确地测量大脑前部和侧面的容量，它们与智力、情感有关，决定着人的性格。

★The interview is an important event in the job-hunting process,because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want.面试是求职过程中一件重要的事情，因为你和面试人一起度过的二三十分钟可能决定你是否能得到你想要的那个工作。

★If possible,you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.如果有可能的话，你应在得到一份工作，并且在你做好准备完成日常文书工作后再与雇佣方协商工资问题。

★He is,even today,a symbol of courage and adventure.他即使今天都是勇气和历险的象征。Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary.Henning研究了把英语作为外语学习的学生是如何记词汇的。

★In time,the migration became a habit,and now,although the glaciers have disappeared,the habit continues.迁徙成为一种习惯，现在尽管冰川已经消失，这种习惯仍然继续。

★Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath.The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January.当积雪的任何一部分太厚，并且与下面的部分不相粘结的话，问题就出现了。过去几星期下的雪在高于十二月到一月份上旬的温度下开始融化。

★The one comfort to recreational skiers,however,is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare.No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.对于度假的滑雪者来说，令人欣慰的是，雪崩事故很少发生在有足迹的滑雪坡上。

★Losing weight is hard work,but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat.减肥是件苦差事，大多数人都想找到一条又快又简单的减肥方法。

★The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself,with his warm friendliness,his good sense,his urbanity,his gay spirits,his artistic integrity,and his love of both the Old World and the New.他受到尊重部分源自其自身，他友好、判断能力强、文雅、开朗、正直，新、旧世界他都热爱。★Kidneys can be conserved in this simple way for 24 to 48 hours with little deterioration,and during this time they can be moved for long distances.用这种简单的方法，肾脏可以保存24到48小时而不会变质，在此段时间里能被转移到很远的地方。

★A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.很多顾客采用的一个简单又常用的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。

★She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.她或他（顾客）会将卖方告上法庭，或者他们会向保护消费者权益的私人或公共机构进行举报。

★In this way,better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，性价比高的商品可以不断地提供给不同收入层次的人们。

★Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work,i.e.,the processing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,unnecessary that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with.牢记翻译者工作的性质，即对书面语进行操作，严格地说，并不要求翻译者一定能够讲他正在翻译的语言。★It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.学生也可能在学习期间在两所大学交叉学习，尽管这样做并不常见。

★Money laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation.洗钱是将非法途径得来的金钱，在合法收入的掩盖下使之进入流通领域。

★The liberlization of markets around the world and deregulation of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of the money laundering over the past decade.市场的（过度）自由及对汇率控制的撤销成为过去十年来洗钱活动迅速发展的两大主要原因。

★Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite,so in 1895,just two weeks before his death,he created a found to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contrybutions to mankind.诺贝尔宁愿自己不是作为甘油炸药的发明者而被人们记住，因此，他在1895年去世前的两个星期，创立了一项基金，奖励对人类做出有价值贡献的人们。

★Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese school,yet many students say that after an exam,they forget much of the information that they have memorized.死记硬背是日本学习采用的一种重要的学习方法，然而很多学生反映，考试过后他们就忘记了背过的大部分内容。

★Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat.教导他失败比作弊要光荣得多。

★Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.因为时尚的变化，衣裳仅仅穿了几次就要被丢到一边。

★Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes,one wonders,reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?有人会想，女性服饰时尚不断发生改变的事实是不是反映出其本身存在的一种变化无常、及不稳定的基本特性呢？

★The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product’s obvious advantages.尽管产品本身具备显而易见的优势，速溶咖啡的生产者发现他们的产品在市场上严重受阻。

★Many of the centenarians emphasized the importance of being independent and free to do the things they enjoyed and wanted to do,and of maintaining a placid state of mind free from worry or emotional strain.许多百岁老人强调独立自由地做自己想做的事情，远离烦恼和情感压力，保持平静的心态很重要。

★Even if a job is not perfect for you,every interview can make you learn from it.即使某一份工作对你来说并不理想，每个面试都可以让你从中学到些东西。

★People who question or even look down on the study of the past and its works usually assume that the past is entirely different from the present,and that hence we can learn nothing worthwhile from the past.那些质疑甚至轻视对过去及先人作品研究的人们通常主观地认为过去与现在是完全不同的，从而得出人们无法从过去获取任何有价值的东西的结论。★We and the ancients share a common human nature and hence certain common human experiences and problems.我们和古人享有共同的人类的天性，因此也会有共同的经历和问题。

★Perhaps the reason is that asvertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.也许，原因是登广告能让生产者省心，不要去考虑消费者。

★“No mechanism in China requires the recall of cars as it dose in Japan,but Honda decided to replace the rubber connector in order to provide the same service to Chinese consumers”the spokeswoman said.女发言人说：“与在日本不同，中国的机构没有要求召回汽车，但是本田公司决定更换橡胶连接以向中国客户提供同等服务。”

★A survey conducted last year by Roper Starch Worldwide,Inc.,found that almost 70 percent of the respondents said they would be happier if their families had twice as much household income.去年由Roper Starch Worldwide公司所做的一项调查发现，几乎有百分之七十的接受调查者表示如果他们的家庭收入能够再增加一倍，他们会更幸福。

★The publisher was so doubtful,he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him,and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress.出版商不太确信书出版后一定能够赚钱，他想与作者（Harriet Beecher Stowe）分摊出版费用，而她只是希望能够赚够足够的钱为自己买一条新的丝绸连衣裙。

★Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.它巨大的影响激励了反对奴隶制的运动，也激怒了奴隶制的拥护者。