重庆自考英语二免考说明及要求（小编整理）

第一篇：重庆自考英语二免考说明及要求

重庆高等教育自学考试助学园区

对于在籍考生单科保过，我园区提出解决方案如下： 社会考生转一类助学考生（即衔接）

享受一类考生政策（小自考）

一、保过要求：该生报考的专业是否园区也开设，找到专科或中专学籍（即成绩单）对应课程就可以办理保过手续转考。

二、考试制度：确定专科或中专已经学习过的且成绩合格的课程，参加主考院校组织的能力水平考试（即校考）

（如：00015英语

（二）对应专科课程==【英语 / 大学英语 / 实用英语】任学过其中一科均可保过）

三、考试时间：每年5月、11月

四、考试费用：40元/科，实践70元/科（由主考院校收取）

五、考试成绩：考后20个工作日可登陆重庆自考WEB系统查询。

衔接保过必须遵循一个原则：同学科类衔接同学科类。

报考衔接专科限定于重庆市内职高、技校、中专。如：王XX同学职高毕业，想报考衔接自考大专，那么就得选择职高所学相近专业，这样职高学习过且成绩合格的公共课程，可将统考转为校考。报考衔接本科限定于各类统招、高职、自考、成教的学生。（网络教育开放教育除外）

政策支持：

衔接自考的举办时间

衔接自考工作于2002年开始从中职、中专自考专科衔接试点，高职专科与自考本科衔接试点，继而将国民教育系列专科纳入了衔接试点，包括普通专科、成人专科、高职专科、自考专科生等所有国民教育系列专科均可报考衔接自考本科。

衔接自考专科、本科考籍的建立

学生在本校报名注册后，带上本人身份证和免冠2寸照片1张，缴纳学费和教材资料费等规定费用后，并参加集中学习授课。由主办院校将名册上报当地县区及重庆市自考办建立学生个人考籍档案，办理准考证即可。

“衔接”的考籍制度

因衔接自考工作只在重庆市试点，故衔接考生，不能转专业，也不能办理考籍转移。考生学习期满，如有部分课程未合格，可继续在主考学校报名参加课程考试，考籍终身有效。

“衔接”自考的层次

（1）中职中技衔接自考专科：

中职中技衔接自学考试专科是重庆市高等教育自学考试委员会办公室报全国考委批准，在重庆市范围内试点的一种新模式，即自学考试的理论培养体系与中职中技的技能培训系统有机结合。中职中技学生在中职中技学校学习的同时，参加自考专科层次学习考试，同时达到专科层次知识能力的要求和中级技能的要求。衔接考试为技能型人才提供了提高学历层次和知识水平的平台。

“中衔专”最大的好处

1、职高、中专、技校学生可同时修学中专、专科课程，且在取得中专毕业证后，即可凭专科课程合格证申办专科毕业文凭，具有短、平、快的特点。

2、“衔接”自考专科比社会自考参加市自考委统一测试的必考课程门数少，一般3—4门（常规自考所有课程测试均由市自考委统一组织），特别是《外语》在常规自考极不容易通过，而在“衔接”自考中纳入主考学校测试，因此，自考助学学制相对缩短，难度相对降低。

3、“免考”考生凡持有劳动和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心或重庆市职业技能鉴定指导中心颁发“本专业相近职业资格证书”的，可免试对应对应的3-4门课程。

4、“衔接”自考专科毕业证书，国家同样承认其学历，享受全日制普通专科毕业生同等待遇；

（2）各类（高职、成教、自考）专科衔接自考本科

专科衔接本科（简称“专衔本“）是重庆市自学考试委员会举办的一种全新自学考试模式，旨在充分利用高校优势资源，让专科学生在修学专科的同时，加修同类本科专业课程，其中6—8门课程即统考课程由重庆市自考委统一命题组织考试阅卷，其余课程即校考课程由主考学校组织考核。目的使高等教育自学考试与其他高等教育形式相结合，搭建高等教育互通式立交桥，为重庆市经济的发展早出人才、快出人才。

“专衔本”最大的好处

1、专科学生可同时修学专、本科课程，且在取得专科毕业证后，即可凭本科课程合格证申办本科毕业文凭，具有短、平、快的特点。

2、“衔接”自考本科比社会自考参加市自考委统一测试的必考课程门数少，一般6—8门（常规自考所有课程测试均由市自考委统一组织），特别是《英语二》在常规自考极不容易通过，而在“衔接”自考中纳入主考学校测试，因此，自考助学学制相对缩短，难度相对降低。

3、“衔接”自考本科毕业证书，国家同样承认其学历，享受全日制普通本科毕业生同等待遇；在参加市学位办组织的学位英语考试合格后可申办学位。

“衔接”专业的学制

“衔接”自考课程助学时间为二年。

“衔接”专业授课教师由各校教学系安排，学习方式以集中学习为主。“衔接”考纲的考试课程分类以及安排

“衔接”考试计划分为：统考课程和校考课程两部分

1、统考课程：专科一般3—4门；本科一般6—8门，考生可参加市自考委每年1、4、7、10月组织的自学考试。

2、校考课程：也称对应课程，即衔接考试计划中对应专科阶段的课程，其学分和学时数达到了衔接考试计划要求的，由主考学校出题，通过市考办审查后，再由主考学校组织考试。其成绩认定标准是专科段课程占40%，本科段课程占60%。如专科段没有学习或无成绩的对应课程，考生必须参加该课程的统一考试；如学分或学时数达不到衔接考试计划要求，则由主考学校安排相应课程的教学，补足学分或学时数，再组织考试。

3、实践性环节考核和毕业论文答辩，由主考学校负责组织。

部分课程综合考核

一、自学考试实施课程综合考核是以我市开考专业涉及的部分课程为目标考核课程，并采取课程统一考试成绩与综合评定成绩（或对应的实践环节考核成绩）按7:3比例折算为该课程单科成绩的课程考核及其成绩评定方式。

二、开展自学考试课程综合考核的一类助学单位应根据实际办考情况，结合开考专业及相关课程的特点，制定相应课程综合考核工作实施细则并报我办备案。

三、自学考试实施课程综合考核的具体环节应按《重庆市自考办公室关于开展课程考核试点工作的通知》(渝考办发﹝2007﹞61号)的相关要求执行，同是务必做好相应课程的实践环节考核工作。

四、自学考试实施课程综合考核涉及有相应实践环节考核要求的课程，其理论考试成绩、实践考核成绩同为折算后的该课程单科成绩。

本科毕业文凭申领和毕业待遇

考生考完“衔接”考纲计划规定的全部课程，完成规定的毕业论文或其它实践性学习环节考核（试）任务，并取得合格成绩；政治思想鉴定合格，每年6月和12月，持专科毕业证，可到主考学校申请办理自考本科毕业证书。全部材料经审核符合者，颁发由高等教育自学考试委员会签署、主考学校副署的国家自学考试毕业证，国家承认其学历，享受全日制普通本科毕业生同等待遇。

学位证书

自学考试本科（含专接本）毕业生，其课程平均成绩达65分以上，毕业论文（毕业设计或其它毕业实践环节）达到优良者，通过重庆市学位办统一组织的学士学位英语考试合格者，可向主考学校申办，经审查合格者授予相关专业的学士学位。

报考“衔接”自考本科应具备条件

1）现在校就读专科（原则上二年级及以上）和已毕业的专科学生均可申报“衔接”自考。

2）所申报的“衔接”本科专业与原所学专科专业必须是同一学科大类的专业。

报名应带证件

本人身份证、近期免冠2寸照片1张、在校生学生证或专科毕业证。

报考“衔接”自考本科收费

学费按重庆市物价局核定的收费标准，按学年计收，一次性交清。http:///site/html/cqjwportal/sfgs/2009-09-02/Detail_1646.htm

TEL：023-60643223***（彭老师）

地址：重庆市沙坪坝区三峡广场金沙国际A栋10F

第二篇：自考免考细则

一、课程免考的对象

高等教育自学考试课程免考实施细则

(2008-04-21 11:16)

国家承认学历的各类高等学校的研究生，本科、专科毕业生以及自学考试毕业生报考自学考试第二专业，均可按规定免考已学过且考试成绩合格的部分课程。

二、报考同一学历层次第二专业的免考

专科及以上毕业生报考自学考试专科（段）专业，或本科及以上毕业生报考自学考试本科（段）专业，可免考已学过且考试成绩合格、名称和要求相同（或高于自考）的课程。其中非自学考试毕业生报考相近专业或自考毕业生重考相同专业的，免考课程不超过一半，自学考试毕业生报考相近专业可免考课程代号完全相同的课程。

三、报考高一学历层次专业的免考（即专升本）

专科毕业生报考自学考试本科（段）专业（即专升本），可免考已学过且成绩合格的公共政治课（同类课程可互相代替，如“中国革命史”可代替“毛泽东思想概论”）。除专业考试计划中有明确规定的以外，我省的自学考试专科毕业生不需重考本、专科（段）中课程代号完全相同的课程。

四、部分专业毕业生可免考课程

某些专业毕业生可免考其他专业中以原学专业基础知识组成的课程。如数学专业毕业生可免考“高等数学”、“线性代数”等数学类课程；英语专业毕业生可免考非英语类专业的公共英语课程；物理专业毕业生可免考其他专业的“物理（工）”、“普通物理”等课程；计算机类专业毕业生可免考非计算机类专业的“计算机应用基础”、“管理系统中计算机应用”、“计算机软件基础”等课程；汉语言文学专业的毕业生可免考其他专业的“大学语文”、“应用文写作”等课程。

五、参加本省组织的考试获得有关证书者可免考如下相应课程

1.获得全国英语等级考试三级及以上证书（或笔试部分成绩合格）；高校毕业生在校期间参加本校组织的大学英语四级考试，且考试成绩在425分以上者，可免考“英语

（二）”课程。

2.获得全国英语等级考试二级及以上证书（或笔试部分成绩合格）；高校毕业生在校期间参加本校组织的大学英语四级考试，且考试成绩在425分以上者，可免考“英语

（一）”课程。

3.获得全国计算机等级考试一级（含一级B）及以上证书者，或获得全国计算机应用技术证书考试（NIT）《计算机操作基础》模块及其他任一模块者（共两个模块），可免考本、专科（段）中的“00018计算机应用基础”课程（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）。

4.获得全国计算机等级考试二级及以上证书者，或获得全国计算机应用技术证书（NIT）《管理系统中信息技术的应用》模块证书者可免考非计算机专业的“00051管理系统中计算机应用”课程（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）。

5.凡获得全国计算机等级考试一级及以上合格证书者，可以免考“02316计算机应用技术”课程（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）。

6.凡获得全国计算机等级考试二级C语言程序设计（笔试和上机）合格证书者，可以免考“00342高级语言程序设计”课程（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）。

7.凡获得全国计算机等级考试三级PC技术（笔试和上机）合格证书者，可以免考“02319微型计算机及其接口技术”（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）和“02277微型计算机原理及应用”（包括理论考试和实践考核两部分）课程。

8.经省级劳动行政部门考核获得中级及以上职业资格证书者，可免考农村自考实验区中相应专业的实践技能考核。

六、持证书免考的有关说明

1.外语免考的学位授予说明

外语课程免考，其他课程符合学士学位授予条件的考生，各主考高校将不直接授予学士学位（凭大学英语四级考试成绩免考外语的考生是否授予学士学位由本校学位委员会决定）。

2.军人有关证书免考说明

参加军队系统组织的考试所获全国英语等级考试、全国计算机等级考试相应证书申请免考者，还应交验本人的军官证、士兵证或转业证、退伍证，以证明其确在军队期间参加考试，否则不予免考。

3.持各类证书申请免考课程者，其证书必须是经省级考试承办机构注册登记的单位。凡参加未经省级考试机构注册登记的军队系统组织的考试获得证书的，一律不予认可。

七、免考申请程序及审核要求

要求免考部分课程的考生，应在报名期间向市、县（市、区）考办提出申请，并填写《课程免考审批表》，且提供以下材料：

1.本人的身份证、准考证和原毕业学校或自学考试毕业证书原件及复印件各一份（学历证书的认证要求与本科报考资格的审核相同）。

2.原毕业学校的学籍卡复印件一份，并加盖学校教务处公章（红印）；或者将本人人事档案中的学籍卡复印一份，并加盖本人人事主管单位的组织、人事部门的公章（红印）。

学籍卡应含有每学期所学的课程、学分、学时、考试类型、考试成绩等内容。学籍卡上如有更改记录，应由原毕业学校教务处在复印件更正之处加盖公章（红印），并由经办人签名。自学考试毕业生需提供本人《毕业生登记表》复印件一份。

3.持大学英语四级考试成绩报告单申请免考者，成绩单上考试学校必须与毕业学校一致，且考试时间应在在读期间或毕业两年以内。

4.课程免考审核工作由县（市、区）考办进行初审，合格者送市考办复审。初、复审的办法与要求与本科报考资格审核基本相同。最后由省教育考试院组织各主考学校进行终审。

八、纪律要求

在办理课程免考过程中，凡经查证有伪造、涂改和提供假证明或假材料者，将依据《国家教育考试违规处理办法》的相关条例进行严肃处理。

第三篇：河北自考免考条件

河北自考免考条件

一、免考条件

国家承认的属国民教育系列的各类高等学校毕业的研究生、本科、专科毕业生、高校就读学生含成人高校脱产班学生(简称在校生)以及持有有关“非学历证书”的考生，可按本规定免考部分课程。

有下列情况之一的不予受理：

1、无我省电子考籍档案(含注销的准考证号)；

2、个人信息不完整(无身份证号、图像信息)；

3、无法认定证书；

4、无法认定在校生资格；

5、考查课免考非公共政治课；

6、免考现行专业考试计划中的加考课程；

7、免考现行专业考试计划中未开设课程；

8、学士学位外语证书；

9、学历证书为二○○三年以后我省自学考试毕业证书(不含按专业免考课程)；

10、虚假证明材料。

二、免考所需材料

1.《准考证》复印件一份。使用毕业学历证书申请免考。

2.在网上信息采集时，必须填写准确无误的毕业证书号，同时需提交专科或专科以上学历证书复印件一份。

3.《免考电子信息比对结果》发布后，如证书无法通过查验的，需补充提交学历证书原件、《学历认定报告》原件及复印件一份。在校生申请免考注意事项: 在网上信息采集时，必须填写准确无误的录取考生号。《免考电子信息比对结果》发布后，如录取考生号无法通过查验的，需补充提交教务部门盖章的录取底册复印件一份，复印件必须注明“此复印件与原件内容一致”字样，并有核对人签字。

使用毕业学历证书或在校生申请免考的，还需提供由学校教务部门或单位的人事、档案部门提供的，加盖骑缝章的《学籍登记表》(其中必须包括课程名称、学分或学时、成绩及考试形式等内容)复印件，复印件封面上必须注明“此复印件与原件内容一致”字样，并有核对人签字。复印件上用于申请免考的课程前加“▲”标记。成绩证明无效。

使用“非学历证书”申请免考，在网上信息采集时，必须填写准确无误的“非学历证书”或成绩单编号，同时考生需提供“非学历证书”或成绩单原件及复印件一份。证书原件由市自考办初审、省自考办复审进行确认。对拥有曾用名的证书，考生须提供标有曾用名的户口本原件及复印件一份。免考费按现行的河北省物价局批准的收费标准收费。

三、免考申请时间

上半年为三月一日至十日申请并交费提交材料，下半年为九月一日至十日申请并交费提交材料，逾期不予受理。

四、免考申请方式

考生本人登录河北省教育考试院网站进行免考申请(网址为：http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn)。

按要求认真填写用于免考的证书和免考课程等信息，若上述信息填写有误将直接影响免考结果，由此产生的后果由考生本人负责。

网上申请免考成功后，考生必须本人前往报名点提交免考材料、网上交费。未能通过审批的免考课程，免考费用不予退还。

考生交费后的免考信息，任何单位和个人均不允许私自对其修改。

报名点受理考生申请免考相关业务时，需查验确认考生相关证件，并通过网上信息系统打印《河北省高等教育自学考试课程免考申请表》，考生本人确认签字后，受理考生免考材料，检查考生的档案材料是否齐全。对检查出的问题，应及时通知考生在规定时间内补充相应材料并在规定时间内按计算机打印出的名册整理免考材料，然后上报市自考办。

五、免考审批

每年的三月下旬和九月下旬，河北省自考办会同各市自考办及主考学校，对上报的课程免考材料集中进行审批。

河北省自考办在每年五月二十日前、十一月二十日前公布当次免考审批结果。考生如有异议，考生可在免考审批结果公布之日起三十个工作日内，到所在市自考办提出“免考复核申请”，逾期不予受理。复核结果由市自考办及时通知考生。

六、免考课程规定

1.按毕业学历或在校生免考课程

 本科及本科以上毕业生或在校生，报考高等教育自学考试本科层次专业，根据《学籍登记表》，可免考课程名称、内容相同或相近的公共课及课程名称相同且学分等于或高于免考课程学分(一学分相当于十八学时)的其他课程。

 专科毕业生或在校生，报考高等教育自学考试本科层次专业，根据《学籍登记表》，可免考除英语(二)(00015)以外的课程名称、内容相同或相近的公共课。英语(二)(00015)可使用三个学期的英语合格成绩或不低于14学分的英语课程合格成绩进行免考。

 专科及专科以上毕业生或在校生，报考高等教育自学考试专科层次专业，根据《学籍登记表》，可免考课程名称、内容相同或相近的公共课，以及课程名称相同且学分等于或高于免考课程学分(一学分相当于十八学时)的其他课程。

2.按毕业专业免考课程

 数学专业毕业生，可免考：高等数学(一)(00020)、高等数学(工专)(00022)、高等数学(工本)(00023)、概率论与数理统计(经管类)(04183)、线性代数(经管类)(04184)、概率论与数理统计(二)(02197)、线性代数(02198)、复变函数与积分变换(02199)。

 外语专业毕业生可免考语种对应的公共外语课：英语(一)(00012)、俄语(第二外语)(00839)、日语(第二外语)(00840)、法语(第二外语)(00841)、英语(二)(00015)、日语(二)(00016)、俄语(二)(00017)。

 物理、机械制造、电子信息类专业毕业生，可免考：物理(工)(00420)、物理(工)(实践)(00421)。

 汉语言文学、文秘、新闻专业毕业生，可免考：大学语文(04729)。

 哲学、政治经济学类专业毕业生，可免考：思想道德修养与法律基础(03706)、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论(03707)、中国近现代史纲要(03708)、马克思主义基本原理概论(03709)。

 电子信息类专业毕业生，可免考：计算机应用基础(00018)、计算机应用基础(实践)(00019)、管理系统中计算机应用(00051)、管理系统中计算机应用(实践)(00052)。

 会计、统计专业毕业生，可免考：基础会计学(00041)、国民经济统计概论(00065)。 经济管理类专业毕业生，可免考：管理学原理(00054)、对外经济管理概论(00053)。3.按非学历证书免考课程

 国家大学英(日、俄)语等级考试四级以上(含四级)证书者或成绩单(成绩要求大于等于满分×60%)，可免考语种对应的公共外语课程：英语(一)(00012)、日语(第二外语)(00840)、俄语(第二外语)(00839)、英语(二)(00015)、日语(二)(00016)、俄语(二)(00017)。

 全国公共英语等级考试(PETS)PETS—2级考试笔试合格证书，可免考英语(一)(00012)。 全国公共英语等级考试(PETS)PETS—3级考试笔试合格证书，可免考英语(二)(00015)、听力(00593)。

 全国公共英语等级考试(PETS)PETS—3级考试口试合格证书，可免考口语(00594)。 全国BEC初级及以上级别证书，可免考商务英语(00796)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)一级(含一级B)以上证书，可免考：计算机应用基础(00018)、计算机应用基础(实践)(00019)、管理系统中计算机应用(0051)、管理系统中计算机应用(实践)(00052)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)一级证书，可免考：计算机应用技术(02316)、计算机应用技术(实践)(02317)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)二级及以上合格证书，可免考：计算机基础与程序设计(02275)、计算机基础与程序设计(实践)(02276)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)二级C语言程序设计(笔试和上机)合格证书，可免考：高级语言程序设计(一)(00342)、高级语言程序设计(一)(实践)(00343)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)二级C++语言程序设计(笔试和上机)合格证书，可免考：C++程序设计(04737)、C++程序设计(实践)(04738)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)二级JAVA语言程序设计(笔试和上机)合格证书，可免考：Java语言程序设计(一)(04747)、Java语言程序设计(一)(实践)(04748)。 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)三级PC技术(笔试和上机)合格证书，可免考：微型计算机及其接口技术(02319)、微型计算机及其接口技术(实践)(02320)、微型计算机原理及应用(02277)、微型计算机原理及应用(实践)(02278)、操作系统(02326)、操作系统(实践)(02327)。

 全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)三级网络技术(笔试和上机)合格证书，可免考计算机网络原理(04741)。

 高等学校英语应用能力考试证书(A级)，可免考：英语(一)(00012)、英语(二)(00015)。

 高等学校英语应用能力考试证书(B级)，可免考：英语(一)(00012)。

 全国计算机信息高新技术考试合格证书(办公软件应用模块操作员及考试)，可免考：计算机应用基础(00018)、计算机应用基础(实践)(00019)。

 计算机操作员，可免考：计算机应用基础(00018)、计算机应用基础(实践)(00019)。 教师资格证(幼儿园教师资格)，可免考：学前教育学(00383)、学前心理学(00384)。 ITAT全国信息技术应用培训教育工程单科证书(Access认证考试)，可免考：数据库及其应用(02120)、数据库及其应用(实践)(02121)。

 ITAT全国信息技术应用培训教育工程单科证书(Premiere认证考试)，可免考：数字媒体视频编缉(07891)、数字媒体视频编缉(实践)(07892)。

 ITAT全国信息技术应用培训教育工程单科证书(Flash认证考试)，可免考：二维动画软件(03427)。

 网络管理员(中级)，可免考：计算机网络技术(02141)。 助理值班员(中级)，可免考：货物运输组织(02575). 货运员(中级)，可免考：货物运输组织(02575)。 货车检车员(中级)，可免考：车辆电气与空调(06363)。 电力机车电工(中级)，可免考：车辆电气与空调(06363)。

 河北省中小学教师信息技术能力初级考核合格证书，可免考：NETE(初级)(09275)。 河北省中小学教师信息技术应用能力培训合格证书，可免考：NETE(中级)(09287)。 已取得教师资格证书并参加过河北省教师继续教育培训的考生，可免考以下课程：小学英语教育(09283)、小学音乐教育(09284)、小学美术教育(09285)、中小学品德发展和道德教育(09339)、义务教育比较研究(09340)，但免考课程总学分不得超过12学分(一学分相当于16学时)。

七、河北省自学考试现行专业计划中的公共课

思想道德修养与法律基础(03706)、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想(03707)、中国近现代史纲要(03708)、马克思主义基本原理概论(03709)、政治经济学(财经类)(00009)、英语(一)(00012)、英语(二)(00015)、高等数学(一)(00022)、高等数学(工专)(00022)、高等数学(工本)(00023)、普通逻辑(00024)、心理学(00031)、物理(工)(00420)(含实践)、教育学(一)(00429)、概率论与数理统计(二)(02197)、线性代数(02198)、复变函数与积分变换(02199)、概率论与数理统计(经管类)(04183)、线性代数(经管类)(04184)、大学语文(04729)。

第四篇：自考英语二电子版及翻译

Unit One What Is a Decision ?

何为决策 ?

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight;at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能 预测未来，但他们所作的许多决策都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下，管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测，并且 努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生，但是，由于不确定的因素一直存在，所以，决策总是与风险为伴。有时候，拙劣决策的后果并不严重，但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了。

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如果没有选择，就毋须作决策。作决策就是挑选的过程，许多决策的选择范围很广。例如，一个学生为了获得学位，他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策。对管理者来说，每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约，这些制约存在于各个层次的机构中。

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;this is their way of simplifying complex problems.But the tendency to simplify blind s them to other alternatives.抉择是从中可以作出选择的可能的行动步骤。假如没有可供选择的可能性，这就意味着没有 做过对问题进行彻底调查的工作。例如，管理者有时用两者择一的方式来处理问题，即他们简化复杂问题的手法。但是，这种简化的倾向使他们看不到其他可供选择的可能性。

At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在管理层，作决策包括了限定和鉴别可供选择的可能性，其限定范围从非常有限到基本无限。

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.For example, the marketing manager may argue effective ly for an increased advertising budget.In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择——即：最有助于实现机构的目标—的手段。机构目标是该机构竭力要达到的最终目标或理想状态。因为个人（和机构）常常对达到目标有着不同的主意，所以，最佳选择就取决于决策者了。在同一机构内的部门或单位经常会作出有利于他们自己而对大单位不甚理想的决策。被称为局部最优化的权衡加强了某一单位或某一功能的优势，却削弱了另一单位或另一功能的优势，例如，市场营销经理会极力要求增加广告预算。然而，在更大的事情策划中，为改进产品而增加科研经费可能会更有益于该机构。

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.Different managers define the same problem in different term s.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.这些权衡的产生是因为机构希望同时达到多个目标。有些目标比其他的目 标更重要，但其重要性的先后顺序和等级却因人而异、因部门而异。不同的管理者对同一个问题持不同的看法。面对一件日常事件时，销售经理常易看到销售问题，生产经理则常易看到生产问题等等。

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.Such values are personal;they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观，这些价值观带有个人特色，他人很难理解，因为价值观是不断变化的、极为复杂的。在许多商情中，不同的人对于风险的可接受程度有着不同的价值观，这就造成了决策正确与否的不同意见。

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.人们常常以为决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点来看，问题具有多种原因，故而决策有意料中的结果和非意料中的结果。一个机构是一个发展 中的实体，今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者着眼于当前决策的将来效果。

Unit Two Black Holes

黑洞

What is a black hole ? well, it's difficult to answer this question , since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing)into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape – not even light.So we can't see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space — or so we think.How can this happen?

黑洞是什么？这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述某一科学现象的术语不足以回答这个问题。天文学家和科学家都认为黑洞是一个太空区域（不是一种事物），落人其中的任何物质都无法逃逸——甚至包括光。所以我们看不见黑洞。一个黑洞能产生强大的吸力，但它却没有物质。它只是空间——或许是我们这么想的。这种现象是怎样发生的呢？

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star — a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large(much bigger than our sun)this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.” We know nothing about events which happen once object s pass this boundary.But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.从理论论来说，当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生爆炸，爆炸使它们崩溃，有时会产生超新星。从地球上看，一颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯，甚至在白天也闪闪发光。超新星是由十七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的。有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。一颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星，其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持续收缩。但是，假如这颗恒星非常大（比我们的太阳大得多），那么，这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈，其结果导致了黑洞的产生。想像一下地球收缩小到有弹球那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力，你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念。靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入，根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生 了什么、科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为“事界”。对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知。从理论上来说，黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的。

For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.Our space and time law s don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no “ absolute ” time and space.There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer.They are relative.We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory;but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.例如，假如一个人落人黑洞，他可能会认为自己很快就会到达黑洞的中心。然而，位于“事界”上的观察者则认为这个人永远不会到达黑洞的中心。我 们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。爱因斯坦的相对论是惟－解释这种现象的理论。爱因斯坦宣称物质和能量是互换的，因此不存在“绝对的”时间和空间。根本没有不变的事物，时间和空间的衡量取决于观察者的位臵，是相对的。我们还没有能完全理解相对论的蕴涵。但有趣的是爱因斯坦的相对论为黑洞的假说提供了理论基础，早于天文学家找到黑洞存在的证据。天文学家只是在最近才开始对黑洞作具体的研究。1977年8月，人类发射了一颗卫星收集有关被认为处于银河系中的1000万个黑洞的信息。而且天文学家正在设计一座新天文台，用来研究被认为是黑洞的爆炸恒星。

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a “partner” to the one which we can see in the sky.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.有关黑洞的最有说服力的证据来自对双星系的研究。双星，顾名思义，就是彼此之间的空间位臵相互影响的成双恒星。天文学家已证实在某些双子星座里有一颗隐匿的伴星，即我们从天空上能看到的某颗星的“伙伴”。我们能看见的那颗星被其伴星所吸引，难道产生这么大吸引力的隐匿的恒星就是黑 洞？天文学家也还有另外几颗恒星的证据，这几颗恒星也可能有黑洞作伴。

The story of black holes is just beginning.Speculations about them are endless.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.Mankind may one day meet this fate.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.These speculations sound like science fiction.But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.有关黑洞的故事刚刚开头，各种各样的假说层出不穷。在我们的星系中心可能存在一个以极快速度吞噬恒星的巨大黑洞。人类总有一天要遭此命运。另一方面，科学家已表明，总有一天，人类会使用非常先进的技术来利用黑洞的能量。这些假说听起来像科幻小说，但宇宙黑洞理论却被许多严肃的科学家及天文学家所接受。他们给我们展示了一个跟我们截然不同的世界，他们对时空的基本认识提出了疑问。

Unit Three Euthanasia : For and Against 安乐死—赞成和反对

“We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...and breathing, that's also difficult.Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.”

“我们不能再拖了……吞咽困难……呼吸困难。那部分肌肉也在萎缩……我们不能再拖了。”

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die.Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.以上是荷兰人齐思．范．万德尔，德．尤德请求医生帮他结束自己生命时说过的话了，患有严重疾病的范．万德尔当时已不再能够清楚地说话了，他知道自己没有康复的希望，他的病情正在迅速恶化。

Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.范．万德尔在接受其医生给他打最后致命的一针之前的3个月的情况被制作成影片，去年首次在荷兰电视上播出。此后，该影片被20个国家购买，每次播放时都引起一场全国性的有关安乐死的大讨论。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.尽管安乐死在荷兰并未合法化，但荷兰仍然是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家。两年前在荷兰议会制定的严格标准下实施安乐死的医生通常不会被起诉。这此指导原则要求：病人正在经受极度的痛苦；没有治愈的机会；病人一再提出安乐死的请求。除此之外，还需有另外一位医生确认是否已达到安乐死的标准，而且，必须向警方提出死亡报告。

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:

“Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine.But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.That's a very different thing.”

是不是应该允许医生结束病人的生命呢？齐思．范．万尔德的医生威尔费雷德．范．奥仁博上解释了对这个问题的看法： “情况并不像我计划用机关枪屠杀一大群人似的，倘若那样，屠杀是我所能想像到的最坏的事情，这与我的医生职业风马牛不相及。我关怀病人并努力使他们不至于遭受太多的痛苦。这完全是两码事。”

Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr.Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family — there's nearly always another question behind the question.”

然而，许多人完全反对安乐死。反对安乐死保健组织主席安德鲁．福格森博士说：“在大量安乐死的病例中，病人实际所要求的是别的东西。他们或许是想要保健专业人员为他们打开与亲人或家人开展思想交流的渠道—－可能请求之后另有他求”。

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices — special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: “It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.英国对晚期病人收容所的做法有着根深蒂固的传统。收容所就是指那些关怀临终之人和照顾他们特殊需要的专门医院。英国收容所理事会主席及收容 所运动创始人之一的茜茜莉．桑德斯认为，安乐死没有考虑其他关怀临终病人的途径。她还担心允许安乐死会减弱大众对关怀和照顾的需求：“当前社会中的那些老年人、残疾人和受赡养的人很容易感到自已是个负担从而脱离社会。我认为任何法律允许缩短生命的行为都必定使这些人更容易受到伤害”。

Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic.Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: ”What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death.But there are situations where death is a friend.And in those cases, why not?“

许多人认为这种禁止个人生死权利的做法是家长作风。尽管他们同意生命是重要的、应该受到尊重，但是他们感到生命的质量不应该被漠视。范．奥仁博十认为人们具有自己选择生死的基本权利：“那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。当人们病重的时候，我们都害怕他们死亡。但是，在某些情况下，死亡是一位朋友。如果这样，为什么不呢？”

But ”why not?“ is a question which might cause strong emotion.The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.His doctor was clearly a family friend;his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.然而，“为什么不呢？”是一个引起强烈感情的问题。展示齐思．范．万德尔死亡的影片既动人又敏感。他的医生显然是他们家的一位朋友；他的妻子心中只有她丈夫的利益。那么，有人就会争辩说用这样一个特殊的例子来支持安乐死是危险的，并非所有的病人都会受到如此高水平的关怀和照料。

Slavery on Our Doorstep

家庭雇佣奴役

There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.据统计，在美国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人（由于处理该项事务的政府部门————内政部——没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知）。通常，他们是由外国商人、外交官员和归国英侨带来的。根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。

The abuse can take several forms.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment.They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or ”escaping“ virtually impossible.虐待有几种形式„家庭佣人常常不允许外出，又得不到任何报酬。他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注。其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。诸如“反对奴隶制国际组织”之类的团体说，一些不那么戏剧化的其他案例也 应同样受到人们的关注，比如莉迪亚．加西亚，一位在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣的案例。

”I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.I was supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.“

“我是1989年由一位沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。我的报酬应该是 120英镑，但我从未得到过那么多钱。雇主总是威胁要把我遣送回国”。

Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked.还有一个来自斯里兰卡名叫库马里的案例。她家主要靠她挣钱维持生计，她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份微薄的工资。因为她发现很难养活她的4个孩子，她才接受到伦敦去做家庭佣人。她说她觉得在伦敦她干活的那家人家眼就像一个犯人：

”No days off — ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.I didn't have my own room;I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody.I wasn't even allowed to open the window.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.“

“没有休息日——甚至根本没有闲下来的功夫，没有适当的食物，没有自己的房间，睡在一个上面的空间只有3英尺高的架子上。不允许我跟任何人说话，甚至不许我开窗。雇主总是威胁把我的身份报告给内政部或警察局。”

At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure s to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet , getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).1994年底，英国政府采取新措施来帮助家庭佣人免遭雇主的虐待。措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款（受雇者应有此种副本）。

However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allow foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.)So if they do complain, they risk being deported.然而，许多人怀疑该措施能否成功地减少虐待发生率，因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主（英国移民法的特许条款允许外国人携带家仆）。所以如果抗议的活，他们就冒着被驱逐出境的风险。

Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.允许家庭雇工自由寻找不同雇主的同类工作——假如他们这样选择——正是“反奴隶制国际组织”与政府交涉的内容，他们说正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制。

Unit Five

The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock'n'roll, folk music.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.The transformation took place in 1966-1967.Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium.Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative , was rhythmic dance music.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.Blues expressed black soul;rock was the beat of youthful energy;and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。这个变革发生在1966-1967年间。那个时候以前，布鲁斯基本上一直是黑人的音乐表达方式。由它衍生出的摇滚乐是节奏性很强的舞蹈音乐。而民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。这三种音乐形式在音乐和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到1965年，它们中任何一个都没有表达任何全新的意识境界。布鲁斯表现黑人的心灵，摇滚是年轻活力的节拍，民乐除表现爱情与希望外，还表现反战情绪。

In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation.In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues.Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style;now it began to be the white band s' own music.And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.自发的变革出现在1966年到1967年间。在美国，旧金山的年轻摇滚乐队发起了这场变革；在英国，被公认是极其完美和非常独特的披头士摇滚乐队领导了这股新潮流。所发生的情况，如用言词尽可能地表达出来是这样的：首先，分离的音乐传统被结合起来了。鲍伯．狄伦和杰弗逊飞机队演奏民歌摇滚乐，将民歌思想与摇滚节奏结合在一起。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯。当然，白人音乐家虽然已经一直在演奏布鲁斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音乐的风格。而现在，它开始变成白人乐队自己的音乐了。所有的乐队都朝着更广泛的折衷主义和结合主义的方向前进。他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄，最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的、几乎有无穷表现力的新音乐。

The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the new electronic effects were altogether different — so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been an;sounds like that in the world before.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume , the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a ”total“ effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。电吉他是一种老式乐器，但新的电子效果迥然不同——如此不同，以致1967年一位新听众可能感觉以前在世界上从没有听过像这样的声音。事实上，电子技术的确能合成那时任何乐器也无法奏出的声音。在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。电子扬声器也能使音量有惊人的增大，音乐变得那么宏亮，那么富有穿透力，极尽人的耳朵承受之能，从而达到了一种“整体”效果。因此，观众不再是被动地听，而是完全参与，他们全身心地感受音乐，如痴如醉。

Third, the music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of a total environment.The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing pattern s of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show.And the audience did not sit, it danced.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.第三，音乐变成一种多媒体的感受，成了整体环境的一部分。舞厅的墙壁上布满变幻无常的灯光图案，这也是灯光表演这门新艺术的开始。观众并不坐着，而是随着音乐起舞。在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。音乐常在户外演奏，在那儿大自然则提供了周围的环境。

Unit Six

Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics

采用机器人技术提高工业效率

Robots , becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用；机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。

Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。

Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry.除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门，虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计 算机甚至手表等。在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害。

What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses;they are built to perform only one task.是什么东西决定一个自控装臵是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如，做电焊工作1个月后，可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之，自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途，它只是被制造成执行一项任务。

The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions.Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.With the ability to ”see“, robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.The 0 is represented by black.The highest number is white.The numbers in between represent different shades of gray.The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.下一代机器人将有视觉和触觉功能，并且能够做出关键性的决策。在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类别的物中辨别和检查出某一特定物体。有一种机器人的视觉系统使用多排光敏材料的数字电子摄像机当一个物体（如机器零件）上的光线照射到摄像机上时，光敏材料能测量光的强度并将光线转变为一系列数字。这些数字是灰度系统的一部分，该系统以数值表示亮度。有的灰度范围为0一15，有的灰度范围为0一255。0代表黑色，而最大的数值代表白色。中间的数字代表不同的灰色程度。然后由计算机计算，并将数字转换成一幅表示该物体形态的图像。迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。技术人员相信机器人会做到这一点的，但需要若干年的研究。

Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.从事其他先进技术研究的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手与手指，赋予机器人以触觉。还有的工程技术人员编制新的程序使机器人能确定诸如是否要报废成品中有缺陷的零件。要做到这一点，机器人还应能识别哪些零件有缺陷。

These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.They work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and personnel.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the will have to know about robotics.具有触觉、视觉并能决策的未来机器人将要做许多工作。它们可用来海底探矿或进入对人危险的矿井深区。机器人还可充当汽车加油站的服务员、消防员、勤杂工以及保安人员等。任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人

Unit Seven

Leisure and Leadership

休闲与导向

Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern.观察与研究成果表明，生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么。人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。

The term ”quality of life“ is difficult to define.It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on.Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction.to the individual.生活质量这一术语不易定义，它包括范围很广，如生活环境、健康、就业、饮食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质的占有、休闲与娱乐等等。一般来说，生活质量，特别在个人看来，其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的。

As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style.Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development(e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies)in leisure.休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动，具有下列功能：放松、娱乐、个人发展。这些功能的重要性随着个人工作性质与生活方式的不同而变化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休闲时放松，而受过良好教育、从事专业工作的人可能更趋向于休闲时寻求娱乐和个人发展，如掌握技巧，培养爱好。

The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide ”escape“ from the stress and strain of work;to learn more about what is happening in one's environment;to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people's life experiences as portrayed in the programmes.对休闲的具体利用人与人不同，即使是同一休闲活动，不同的人也有不同的利用方式。下面就是对最常见的休闲方式看电视的不同利用：改变感受来“逃避”工作压力与紧张；更多了解自己周围正在发生的一切；通过对比节目中描绘的他人生活经历，提供机会理解自己。

In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more ”balanced“ way of life.在城市社会中，结构紧密、节奏快捷、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活，某种不同性质的经历，不管是看电视还是看鸟，都能导致自我更新和一种更加“平衡”的生活方式。

Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享乐和满足的方式参与某项活动。

Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences.We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.我们的喜爱与厌恶、品味与偏爱决定我们选择这样的活动，如：读书、看电影、野营、或者某些文化追求，所有这些活动均与社会环境和学习经历有关。我们通过家庭、学校、工作、和大众传媒获得对不同事物、不同主题的兴趣。基本上说，上述态度相当于一个共识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；相当于一个信念：休闲能够并且应该充分利用。

Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.Influence of this kind is a form of leadership.从事娱乐业的专业工作者也会发现，培养大众积极的休闲态度对促进他们以创造性的，满意的方式利用休闲时间十分必要。因此，可以认为，我们在不同环境中接触的人都可能对形成我们如何处理休闲时间的态度、兴趣、甚至技巧产生影响。这也是一种导向形式。

Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuit: are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.父母、学校的老师、工作中的同事、大众媒体的传播上作者都能对我们的兴趣产生潜在的影响。比如，学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定的作用。

Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment, of a balanced development of the person.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.学校常常把达到个人均衡发展定为它们的教育目标对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。

Unit Eight

Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

喷气飞机时差综合症的预防和治疗

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is.and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。但你是否就这样忍受着？如果你能了解喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事以及注意饮食怎样把它的不良作用减少到最小，你坐飞机的紧张程度就会轻些。

The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.It is due lo changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。时差综合症不是对不同时区进行调整的心理后果。它是身体的生理调节机制，特别是激素系统，在不同环境中发生变化所引起的。

Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.He later

blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰．福斯特．杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。

The effects can be used to advantage, too.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.但是乘飞机旅行对身体的影响也可使之对人有利。约翰逊总统曾在关岛主持一次重要会议，整个会议按华盛顿时间进行。白宫的工作人员个个精力充沛，而当地人在这种情况下却得了时差综合症。从本质上说，他们瞬间一下子被运到了美国。

Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.既然我们懂得了喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在解决它方而有所作为。我们身体的大量活动都按时在一天中的某个时间发生的。很

自然它们需要调整。这时两个调节系统相互起作用。

One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.The other belongs in our internal clocks(the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus)which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour — yes, 25 — rhythm.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.一个定时系统根据我们的官能和饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化。另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。正常情况下两个定时系统是同步的，外部的信号会将体内时钟调节到更方便的24小时周期。

If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再

同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时，两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则不同时间报时。和时钟相似，人体可以定时在晚上，而这时太阳正在升起来。

In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间一个很容易监测到的节奏是手掌出汗。一个人飞往某个时差为10小时的时区将需要8天的时间重新调节他的手掌出汗情况。血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning(local)and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。激素皮质醇控制盐和水的排泄，不管人体处于何地，它都是在早晨形成的。但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。这两种激素的分泌时

间通常间隔七八个小时，但如果人体在（当地）清晨很早到达目的地并且尽快睡觉，这两种激素将会同时分泌。

What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.Fortunately there is a short cut.It relies on two things — the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumptions are:

Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.我们对此该怎么办呢？不可能等上4天直到身体习惯新的时区。幸好我们有个捷径。这靠两件东西——利用胃的力量调节其他活动发生的时间和利用咖啡的药理作用。基本的设想是：

早晨喝咖啡可以延迟体内时钟，晚上可以加快体内时钟，下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

膳食中的蛋白质引起不眠，而碳水化合物促人人睡。空腹进食有助使体内时钟得到调整。

Unit Nine

Aging in European Countries

欧洲国家的年龄老化问题

We have to realise how old , how very old , we are.Nations are classified as “aged” when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this.Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.At the beginning of the I980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.Scotland had 12.3 per cent.Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be — at least, for any future that concerns us now.我们必须认识到我们有多老了。当一个国家人口中有7%或以上的人满

65岁或超过65岁时，就被列为“老龄国”，而大约在1970年前，每一个先进国家就已步人这个行列了。在真正的老龄社会中，有13%以下的人超过65岁的国家全部分布在西北欧。在20世纪80年代初，一些国家（或地区）人口超过65岁的比例如下：东德15.6%，奥地利、瑞典、西德和法国13.4%或超过13.4%，英格兰和威尔13.3%，苏格兰12.3%a，北爱尔兰10.8%，美国9.9%。我们知道我们的社会正在变得更老，一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄——至少对任何能关系到我们现在的未来是这样的。

To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised.There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.除了这些我们现在已经熟知的事实外，还有更多的事实可以补充，而其中一些还是最近才被我们认识到的。有这样一个明显的、似非而是的论点：造成老年人高比例的实际原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。有这样一条经济原则：扶养率——即不能挣钱生活的人依赖能挣钱养家的人的程度——在我

们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要有利一些，因为大量尚需扶养的孩子与一定数量不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。人们已认识到这样一个突出历史事实：先进社会的老龄化都是一种突变。

If ”revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.如果“革命”是对社会结构的迅速重建，如果社会的年龄构成被看作是社会结构的一个非常重要的方面，那么在欧洲尤其是在西欧社会里，每个超过50岁的人一生中就已经历过一次社会革命了。综合起来，这些事情牵连出的结果刚开始被人们认识。这些事实和情况今年早些时候在法国维希举行的一个世界大会上被视为对科学和政策的挑战而臵于显著地位。

There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.But this is what elementary demography makes clear.Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.We have among us a very much greater

experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it.这种观点常遇到反对意见，即正因为西欧和西北欧出生率比别的地区下降得早，而不是因为死亡率方面的任何变化，所以我们的社会才变得如此老龄但初级人口统计学已经把这个问题解释清楚了。当然长寿正改变我们的社会，但这是根据经验而来的说法。我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿，这种情况还将继续下去。但过度的长寿，即便是在富裕的西方，也会遭受贫穷和忽视，除非我们采取一些办法。

If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.如果你现在30多岁，你应当知道你可以期望活到60岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。当然，你现在年龄越大，这种比例就越高，如果你是女人，这比例还应该更高。人生的估计寿命是一个飘忽不定的数字，年龄越大越容

易有误差。在维希，人口学家们互相转告，他们对一些地方人口情况的估计，如英格兰和威尔上将有多少老年人，这些老人的寿命如何，注定要进行修改，因为这些数字一直呈上升趋势。

Unit Ten

The campaign for election

美国的竞选运动

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。小党派或独立的候选人，如1968年的乔治．华莱

十、1980年的约翰．安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯．佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一此选票，但几乎没有人可能战胜他们。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty.Warren G.Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party's presidential candidate.Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.大党提名人具有得到党的忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势．在20世纪早期，这种支持是如此的坚固和稳定以至于强大党派候选人的胜利几乎是不容臵疑的。沃伦．G．哈定在他的俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。近几十年人们对党的忠诚有所减弱，但是这个国家三分之二以上的选民仍自我归属为民主党人或共和党人，并且他们当中的大多数会支持自己党派的总统候选人。甚至于民主党的乔治．麦戈文，他在近期的提名人中所得到的党派支持是最低的，也于1972年时获得了他的党将近团％的选民的支持。

Presidential candidates act strategically.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clinton's headquarters in Little Rock read, ”The Economy, Stupid." The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.总统竞选人做事讲究战略。在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响。在1992年的选运动中，在小石城克林顿总部的墙上的一条标语说，“经济，愚蠢。”这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯．卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米．卡特败与罗纳德．里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.A year later, with the nation's economy

in trouble.Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent.Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者的形象，但是选民们始终一直关心经济。

The candidates' strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress.Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation.Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes(including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress).To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.候选人的战略的形成要考虑到许多因素，包括宪法的这一条款：每个州拥有的选票必须与其在国会中的代表人数相等。于是每个州便有两票选举参议院的代表并根据各州在众议院的代表数，有不同数量的选票。选票总数为538张（包括哥伦比亚特区的3张选票，尽管在国会中它没有投票代表）要

赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California(with 54 electoral votes), New York(33), Texas(32), Florida(25), Pennsylvania(23), Illinois(22), and Ohio(21).Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent;but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜，例如，加利福尼亚州（有54张选票），纽约州（33张），德克萨斯州（32张），佛罗里达州（25张），宾夕法尼亚州（23张），伊利诺斯州（22张）和俄亥俄州（21张）。仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可获得选举的多数，因此，总统候选人花大量的时间在这些州进行竞选活动。在1992年，克林顿仅获得民众选票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩罗是19%；但是克林顿在州选举中获胜。这些州却给了他压倒多数的370张选票，相比之下布什是168张，佩罗则一张也没有。

Unit Eleven

Sacrificed to Science ?

是为科学牺牲吗？

Professor Colin Blukemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:

科林．布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院，正在对眼睛疾病进行研究他认为，用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处。

The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.使用动物对于发展麻醉学、疫苗以及糖尿病、癌症、发育失调等疾病的治疗具有至关重要的作用。大部分重大的医学进展都是基于对动物的研究和开发。

There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary.The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer.Their spokesman Colin Smith says:

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.People and animals are different in their reactions to

drugs and in the way their bodies work.We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.有些人认为用动物进行试验根本没有必要，反对用动物进行痛苦实验国际协会是一个提倡使用替代的研究方法，使动物免受痛苦的组织、他们的发言人科林．史密斯说，用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关。它常常能产生令人误导的结果。人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同，我们只要看一下几起医疗错误便会明白情况就是这样。

But Professor Blackmore stresses:

It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing, not less.The birth defects(hat the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing.If thalidomide were invented today, it would never he released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.但是布莱克默教授却强调说，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。萨立多胺就是一个著名的例子，说明对动物进行的实验应该更多而不是更少。这种药物造成的婴儿先天性缺损就是实验不够的结果。如果萨立多胺是今天发明的，它就决不会用在人身上，因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险。

Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.This is the Hund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical

Experiments.It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction.Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.In 1981.it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing.Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.另一个组织，英文简称叫FRAME，其全称的意思是替代动物药物实验基金会。该组织正在开展替代方法的研究，这个组织承认有很多实验仍然不得不在动物身上进行，但它正致力于减少、改进和代替对动物的实验。1981年时，这个组织确定了一个研究项目来改进非动物试验和扩大非动物试验的范围。新的技术使我们日益容易找到替代的试验方法。可用计算机模型来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性。可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型，这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况。计算机模拟的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物的数量。

The Lethal Dose 50 test(LD50)may also be replaced.In the original test，49 all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die.The test indicates toxicity.A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information hut uses fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need Co be used--healthier animals provide better experimental results.For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22.Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.药剂致死剂量50(LD50)试验也可以被代替。在最初的试验中，一个试验组里的全部动物都要给予某种物质，直到其中一半死亡为止。这一试验可以指示出物质毒性的大小。另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质，能够给出同样的最终信息，但使用较小的动物并且不需要它们死亡，这个方法可以代替LD50。现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有毒的生物效果。

用于实验室试验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好，所以需要的动物就

第五篇：自考英语二练习题及讲解

1.It _______ me three years to draw the beautiful horses.A.took

B.paid

C.spent

D.cost 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语 it)；spend 的主语只能是人，不能是事或物；take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语 it)，也可以是人。cost 的宾语通常是钱，take 的宾语通常是时间，而 spend 的宾语则可以是时间或钱。这句话运用的句型是it take sb sth to do sth。

2.They prefer to _______ the rest of the morning walking in the garden.A.spending

B.spent

C.be spending

D.spend 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】本句运用的是prefer to do sth这种用法。

3.Is it Shakespeare Theatre _______ you are going to watch the play The Merchant of Venice? A.where

B.that

C.which

D.as 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】where引导的定语从句修饰先行词Shakespeare Theatre。此处并非强调结构，将“Is it去掉后，可以看出，这个句子缺少介词，所以，如果在原句中Shakespeare Theatre的前面加上介词in或at，则成为强调句。

4.The central theatre has a seating ________ of more than 3, 000 people.A.capability

B.capacity

C.ability

D.facility 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】中央剧院能容纳3000多人就座。【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A（实际）能力，才能，性能

例：No one doubts her capability for the job.没人怀疑她担任这一职务的能力。B 能力，容量，容积 capacity后常接 of doing sth.例：The fuel tank has a capacity of 12 gallons.这个燃料箱的容量为12加仑。The elevator’s capacity is thirteen.这部电梯乘载13人。C 能力，技能，才智 ability 后常接 to do sth.例：She has got a remarkable ability to get things done.在办事方面，她显示了非凡的能力。D 能力，才干，方便，设施 较正式用法，后常接 in, with.例：his facility in/with languages 他的语言才能

5.Please remind me _______ her this note.A.leave

B.to leave

C.leaving

D.left 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】remind sb to do sth：提醒某人做某事。句意：请提醒我留给她这张纸条。

6.They are eager _______ abroad.A.travel

B.travelled

C.to travel

D.travelling 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】be eager to do sth：渴望做某事。句意：他们盼望出国旅行。

7.The boy complained _______ a pain in his stomach.A.with

B.for

C.in

D.of 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】complain of：抱怨，说自己有病。句意：这孩子说他肚子痛。8.The book fair has received a positive ________ from readers.A.result

B.response

C.settlement

D.solution 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】书市受到读者的积极的反响。【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】A 结果，效果 B 反应，回答

C 解决，协议 D 解决，解答

9.At any rate I did not succeed _______ myself understood by you.A.making

B.made

C.to make

D.in making 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】succeed in doing sth: 成功做某事。

10._______ for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．

A.Had it not been

B.It were not

C.Weren’t it

D.Had not it been 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】句意：要不是你懒惰，到现在你就能完成任务了。本题是一个省略if的虚拟条件句，主句用could have done表示与过去事实相反，条件从句应用had done形式，had要提前构成倒装。

11.The meeting _____ next week will be of great importance.A.to be held

B.held

C.holding

D.is held 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】谓语动词用了将来时态，所以选不定式作定语，表将来。

12.Water is composed _______ hydrogen and oxygen.A.of

B.with

C.for

D.about 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】be composed of：由…组成。句意：水是由氢与氧化合而成的。

13.Charles Smith, ______ was my former teacher, retired last year.A.which

B.who

C.that

D.as 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】that不能引导非限制性定语从句, 可以用which和who引导, 其中, who代替的先行词是人。句意为：查理•史密斯去年退休了, 他曾经是我的老师。

14.The new discovery _______ be of great service to mankind.A.is bound to

B.is bound for

C.be bound to

D.be bound for 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】be bound to：注定要，一定会。本题中主语是The new discovery，所以谓语动词要用is。句意：这项新发现对于人类必定大有用处。

15.Because of the bad weather, the sports meet had to be ________.A.shut down

B.done away

C.taken off

D.called off 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】由于天气不好，运动会不得不取消了。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】A 关闭，停业 B 废除，终止（与with连用）C 离开，起飞 D 取消

16.No sooner had we reached home ________ a violent storm broke out.A.when B.that

C.until D.than 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】我们刚一到家，一场猛烈的暴风雨就下起来了。【试题分析】固定搭配题。

【详细解答】 no sooner … than “一 …就 … ”

17.It is no use arguing _______ the plan because it has been rejected.A.with

B.against

C.for

D.on 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】argue作动词时，意为“争论；争吵；争辩”。argue for意为“为……辩护”；argue with sb about / over sth指“就某事和某人争论”；argue against意为“据理反对；争辩……”。根据句意，应该用for。

18.His intelligence will ________ him to get a scholarship to college.A.enable

B.persuade

C.suggest D.employ 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】 他的聪明才智将使他获得大学奖学金。【试题分析】动词词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 使能够、使可能 B 说服、劝说 C 建议、提议 D 雇佣

19.It is difficult to ________ the implication between the lines.A.get to

B.get with

C.get at

D.get down 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】要找到字里行间的关联是困难的。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 开始，接触 C 找出，理解 D 下来，写（记）下来

20.Jenny complained that the hospital ________ her too much for the treatment.A.expended

B.paid

C.cost

D.charged 【正确答案】D 【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】A 花费 B 付款 C 费用 D 收费

21.The furniture in her bedroom is quite different from ________ in the living room.A.that

B.it

C.one

D.which 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】在她卧室里的家具与起居室的(家具)大不相同。【试题分析】代词选择题。

【详细解答】选择指示代词that 代替家具，避免重复。家具是不可数名词。

22.It took me a month to get rid _______ the cough.A.for

B.as

C.of

D.over 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】get rid of：摆脱掉，处理掉

23.If the operation ________ carefully prepared, it would not have been successful.A.was not

B.has not been

C.had not been

D.were not 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】如果这个操作（或手术）没有充分准备就不能成功了。【试题分析】 语法题：虚拟语气。 【详细解答】 与过去的事实相违背

24.The two girls competed with each other ______ the highest mark.A.for

B.with

C.to

D.against 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】compete for: 比赛…夺取 compete against/with: 和…竞赛

句意：这两个女孩互相竞争，以取得最高分。

25.He was ______ to withdraw from running for the presidency.A.trusted

B.credited

C.convinced

D.believed 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】句意：他被说服退出竞选总统。convince使相信；信服；说服。

26.It is important to ________ your skin from the harmful strong sunlight． A．protect

B．prevent

C．stop

D．keep 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】protect...from...意为“保护……免受……”

27.It rained hard yesterday, ______ prevented me from going to the park.A.that

B.which

C.as

D.it 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】本句话为非限制性定语从句，所以不能用that来引导。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

28.After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in ______ later proved to be a new continent.A.where

B.which

C.what

D.that 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】注意，本句话并非定语从句，而是宾语从句。因为在介词in 后面，应该用what引导的宾语从句，what在宾语从句中作主语。

29.He would have given you more help, if he ________ so busy.A.have not been

B.had not been

C.not have been

D.not had been 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】本题考察与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

30.The professor asked a question, and David ________ a good answer.A.put up with

B.stood up for

C.came up with D.looked down upon 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】教授问了一个问题，戴维想出一个答案。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 忍受、忍耐 B保卫、支持 C 想出、提出 D 轻视、看不起

31.If you are too ________ of your children, they will never learn to deal with difficulties in life.A.respective B.detective

C.protective D.effective 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】如果你对孩子过分保护，他们在生活中将永远学不会对待困难。【试题分析】词义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 个别的、各自的 B侦探 C 保护的、防护的 D 有效的 32.Look at this group of people ______ beach volleyball.A.played

B.is played

C.playing

D.is playing 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的动作。

33.Sickness often _______ eating too much.A.as a result of

B.result of

C.result in

D.result from 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】本题考查result 的词组辨析。as a result of：由于…的结果 result in：导致

result from：由…造成，因…而产生

34.Very few people understood this contract, ______ was very obscure.A.the language

B.the language of which

C.all it said

D.which it had said 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语。句意为：没有几个人懂这份合同，合同的用词含糊不清。

35.I was really anxious about you.You ______ home without a word.A.mustn’t leave

B.shouldn’t have left

C.couldn’t have left

D.needn’t leave

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】虚拟语气用法。句意：我（那时）真的很担心你。你本不应该不留个话就离开家。

36..We are all concerned _______ her safety.A.about

B.in

C.of

D.with 【正确答案】A 答案解析】be concerned about：关心，担心。句意：我们大家都担心着她的安全。

37.Having decided to rent a flat, we ________ contacting housing agencies in the city.A.set about

B.set down

C.set out

D.set up 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】（由于）已决定要租一套公寓，我们开始着手与城里的房屋中介机构接触。

38.It makes good ________ to bring an umbrella;it seems to be raining today.A.sense

B.reason

C.suggestion

D.advice 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】今天天气看起来要下雨了，因此带着伞是合情合理的。

---------------------39._______ that the scientist will give us a talk next month? A.Is true

B.Is it true

C.It’s true

D.It’s truly

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】it在句中作形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。本句运用的是疑问句式。

40.If you _______ in behaving in this way you will bring yourself nothing but trouble.A.continue

B.persist

C.decide

D.react

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】continue一般不与in搭配，常见的是continue to do sth。decide也多与to 搭配。另一方面，从词义来看，continue意思是“继续”，decide意思是“决定”，react意思是“反应，作出反应”，都与句意不相符。只有persist无论是从搭配还是从意思来看都是最佳答案。

41.To understand the sentence, you should analyze its parts ________.A.functionally

B.widely

C.largely D.remarkably

【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】为了理解这个句子，你应该分析句子各个部分的功能。【试题分析】副词词义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 有用途地、有功能地

B 宽广地

C 大大地

D 突出地

42.There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth ________ the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change．

A.Which

B．what

C．that

D．how

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】本句中that引导的也是同位语从句。

43.The doctors are ________ about the guidelines under which they can carry out euthanasia.A．at a stretch

B．at a loss

C．at random

D．at length

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本题考查的是短语区分。A．不休息地，连续地；B．不知所措，茫然，不了解；C．任意的，随便的；D．最后，终于。句意：医生们不了解执行安乐死的准则。

44.The cloth had a natural look which perfectly ________ the image Laura sought.A.turned out

B.set down

C.thought over

D.coincided with

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】这块布料看起来很自然，与劳拉寻找的样式完全相符。【试题分析】短语意义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 关闭

B制定、放下

D 与„相同、与„相符

45.If an earthquake occurred，some of the one-storey houses ________． A．might be left stand B．might leave to be standing C．might be left to stand D．might be left standing

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】be left...：被置于...的境地。它是leave sth...的被动式。standing：站立的，固定的，直立的。be left加形容词是常用的一种表达方式。

46.Such person _______ you describe is rare nowadays.A．it

B．as

C．that

D．what

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本题考查的是such„as引导的一个定语从句。句子的意思是：如今像你所描绘的人已经很少见了。

47.We promise that we’ll meet again after we _______ our college education in three years’ time．

A．finish

B．will finish

C．finished

D．will have finished

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】此题为主将从现，一般现在时用于从句表将来。译文：我们约定，大学三年毕业后我们将再次见面。

48..With such a poor score in the entrance exam，it’s ________ impossible for him to be admitted to this university．

A．roughly

B．absolutely

C．fully

D．exclusively

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】此题考查词汇。A．大约；B．绝对地；C．完全地；D．惟一的。句意：他入学考试分数很低，完全不可能被这所大学录取。

49.New drivers are far more ________ to have accidents than experienced drivers.A.possible

B.likely

C.probable

D.unlikely

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】新司机比起有经验的老司机出交通事故的可能性要大得多。【试题分析】形容词词义选择题。

【详细解答】

A 可能（发生、存在）的B 有可能

be likely to „C.大概的、可能的D不可能的 应用举例：

I’ll do everything possible to help you.我会尽一切可能帮助你。He is likely to arrive a bit late.他有可能会晚到一会儿。

50._______ is known to all，China will be an _______ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time． A．That；advancing

B．This；advanced

C．As；advanced

D．It；advancing

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】as可以用来引导一个非限制性定语从句，通常无明显的先行词。as指代的是主句陈述的内容。而as引导的从句既可以放于句首，也可以放于句末或句中。

51.Why do you blame him for his poor judgment on the matter ______ he really needs is encouragement? A．when that

B．since that

C．when what

D．now that

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：当他真正需要鼓励时，你为什么责备他的拙劣判断。此题考查准确判断句子结构。when引导时间状语从句，what he really needs充当这个时间状语从句的主语。

52.It rained hard yesterday, ______ prevented me from going to the park.A.that

B.which

C.as

D.it

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】此为非限定性定语从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which。it和as也都不能用在此处。

53.The outline of rooftops and chimneys ________ against the pale sky.A.pulled out

B.looked out

C.held out

D.stood out

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】在天空衬托中屋顶和烟囱的轮廓很明显。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 离开

B 注意、留神

C 提供

D 显眼、突出

54.Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement，he wonders _______ will happen to his family life．

A．it

B．that

C．what

D．this

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。句意：尽管汤姆对自己的学术成就很满意，但是他想知道他的家庭生活将会如何？

55.During the past two decades, research has ________ our knowledge of daydreaming.A.expanded

B.emerged

C.descended

D.conquered

【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】在最近二十年间，研究已经扩大了我们关于白日梦的知识。【试题分析】动词词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 扩大

B浮现、露出

C 下降

D 征服

56.He was specifically asked to write a play that would be ________ to the local community.A.flexible

B.accessible

C.responsible

D.capable

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】 特别地要求他写一出本地社区公众容易理解的戏剧。【试题分析】 定语从句中的形容词意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A.灵活的，柔韧的B 容易理解的，好懂的 C 负责任的 D 有能力的

57.The students are required to ________ the main ideas of the article in their own words.A.symbolize

B.minimize

C.synchronize

D.summarize

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】要求学生们用自己的话来概括这篇文章的主要观点。【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 象征

B最小

C 同步

D 概括

58.The government finally ________ all the documents relating to the war.A.released

B.specialized

C.realized

D.supposed

【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】 政府最终公布了与这场战争有关的全部档。【试题分析】 动词意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A.“公开发表、公布或发布（新闻）” B 专门从事、专攻

C 意识到、领悟

D 假定、猜想

59._______, could you get me a Turkish conversation book? A.In this way

B.By the way

C.In no way

D.In any way

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本题考查固定搭配。in this way

以这种方法 by the way

顺便说

in no way

决不，无论如何都不 in any way

无论如何

60.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A．stretch B．extend C．expand D．prolong 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】此题考查的是固定词组搭配。at a stretch一口气地。

61.You are the most direct young woman I have ever _______.A.come to B.come into C.come over D.come across 【正确答案】D

【答案解析】此为“come”动词词组辨析题。come across(偶然)遇见；A.come to达到；达成：come to a conclusion得出结论。B.come into进入；继承；得到： come into power当权；come into a fortune继承一笔财产。C.come over顺便来访；(感觉，影响)支配，攫住。

62.They should try to ________ their usual inhibitions and join in the fun.A.send off

B.lay aside C.take to

D.turn off

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】他们应当把顾忌放到一边，一起享受乐趣。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 送出

B 放弃、搁置

C 喜欢上

D 关上

63.This is the most beautiful village _______ I visited these years.A.which B.where C.in which D.that

【正确答案】D 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】分析句子成分后发现，visit为及物动词，所缺部分为宾语，所以应该选择关系代词。因为这里涉及到了最高级，所以只能选that。

64.It is vital that the work _______ in time.A.is done B.be done C.are done D.was done 【正确答案】B 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】这里主语从句中应该用虚拟语气，从句谓语用should+动词原形的形式，should可以省略。句意：及时完成这项工作是极其重要的。

65.A year later，with the nation’s economy ________，Bush’s approval rating dropped below 40 percent．

A．in power B．in trouble C．in hand D．in part

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】in trouble：陷入困境。由于经济陷入困境，所以支持率下降了很多，符合句意。

66.People who can’t _______ between colors are said to be color-blind.A.separate B.divide C.distinguish D.appointed 【正确答案】C

【您的答案】C

【答案正确】

【答案解析】distinguish：区别，辨别。distinguish多与between、from搭配.67.Robots differ from automatic machines ________ after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one．

A．in case B．in that C．in which D．in time

【正确答案】B 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】in that意思是：在于，因为。解释differ from automatic machines的具体方面。

68.________，he had no time to rest．

A．As he was tired B．If he was tired C．Tired as he was

D．Now that he was tired 【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：尽管他很累，他也没有时间休息。此题考查的是让步状语从句，从句中表语提前。

69.When _______, water will be turned into steam.A.heated B.heating C.being heat D.having heated 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】水被加热时会变成蒸汽。因为主句主语water和从句谓语heat的关系是被动的，所以用过去分词。70.I understood from her that you undertook other important work ______.A.as well B.as too as C.as also as D.as good as 【正确答案】A

【答案解析】as well也可以用来表示“也”的意思，它一般置于句尾。句子的意思为：我从她那了解到你也从事其它重要工作。

71.That proposal is essentially irrelevant ________ the issue at hand.A.with

B.from C.in

D.to

【正确答案】D 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】【译文】那个提案与手头上的问题根本无关。【试题分析】介词的固定搭配题。

【详细解答】 irrelevant to 与„无关

72.It has been found that a strong ________ help overcome the effects of distraction.A.interruption B.motivation C.evaluation D.destination 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】人们发现一个很强的动机可以帮助克服干扰物的影响。【试题分析】名词词义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 打扰、中断

B 动机、诱因

C 评估、评价

D 目的地、终点

73.Please write a report _______ the above subjects are to be covered.A.which B.in which C.that D.in that

【正确答案】B

【您的答案】B

【答案正确】

【答案解析】in which the above subjects are to be covered是report的定语从句。which指代先行词report，in用于与report搭配。

74.Since we have a focused subject，we should not talk ________.A．at once B．at hand C．at intervals D．at random 【正确答案】D 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】译文：既然我们已经有了命题，我们就不应漫无边际地交谈。此题考查对固定短语的掌握情况。at once立刻；at hand在附近，在手头，即将发生；at intervals间或，不时；at random随便，任意。

75.Fish is ________ and expensive at this time of the year in this area.A.in large measure B.to the minimum C.in short supply D.to the maximum 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】这个地区在一年中的这个时候鱼的供应不足，价格昂贵。【试题分析】短语意义选择题。

【详细解答】 in short supply：“缺货、供货不足”

76.The farming methods have been ________ improved with the invention of the new machine.A.efficiently

B.proficiently C.professionally D.intentionally 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】【译文】由于新机器的发明，人们已经高效率地改进了农业耕种方法。【试题分析】副词词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 高效率地

B熟练地

C 职业地、专职地

D 故意地、有意地

77.The vehicle was traveling at speeds ________ 90 miles per hour.A.in addition to B.in view of C.in excess of D.in search of 【正确答案】C

【您的答案】A

【答案解析】【译文】那辆车以超过每小时90英里的速度行驶。【试题分析】短语意义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 除„之外、例外

B 由„看来、有鉴于

C 过分、超出

D 寻找、追求

78.The oceans do not so much divide the world _______ unite it．

A.as B.that C.but D.like

【正确答案】A

【您的答案】A

【答案正确】

【答案解析】本题考查固定句型：not so much„as„，这个句型用以肯定as后面的内容，而在一定程度上否定as前面的内容，表示“与其说„还不如说„”，“更多的是„而不是„”。句意：与其说世界以洋分界，不如说以洋连在一起。

79.Anxiety can ________ with children’s performance at school.A.refer B.prefer C.infer D.interfere

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】焦虑可以妨碍孩子们在学校的表现。【试题分析】动词词义区分题。

【详细解答】 A refer to 提到、查阅、涉及

B prefer to更喜欢

80.Never before _______ so rapidly developing as it is today．

A．has our country been B．our country has been C．has been our country D．our country hasn’t been 【正确答案】A

【您的答案】A

【答案正确】

【答案解析】此题考查倒装句。否定词位于句首，句子应该部分倒装。句意：我们国家从来没有像今天一样进步如此迅速。

81.Basically，these attitudes amount to a belief ________ leisure can and should be put to good use．

A．which B．that C．what D．how

【正确答案】B

【您的答案】A

【答案解析】空格前面是belief，后面是一个结构完整的句子，解释说明belief的具体内容。所以用that引导这个同位语从句。

82.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A．stretch B．extend C．expand D．prolong 【正确答案】A

【答案解析】此题考查的是固定词组搭配。at a stretch一口气地

83.Parents, teachers in schools and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of ________ our potential interests．

A．raising B．rising C．arousing D．arising

【正确答案】C

【您的答案】C

【答案正确】

【答案解析】arouse：唤醒，激起。符合句意。raise和rise都有“上升、提高”的意思。arise：出现，发生。---------------84.Happiness doesn’t always _______ money.A.go through B.go in for C.go with D.go over

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】句意：幸福未必总是伴随金钱而来。go with：伴随，与...相配

85.He insured his car ________ he had an accident.A.unless B.if C.since D.in case

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】他给自己的汽车投了保，以防万一遇到交通事故。考查连词词义区分题。A否则，要不然

B 如果

C 自从，由于

D 以防万一，以免

86.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocate

B.adopt C.apply

D.adjust

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】 她花了几秒钟时间使眼睛适应黑暗。【试题分析】动词词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 分配，拨出

B 收养，过

C 应用，申请

D 调整，使适合

87.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.after B.that C.since D.when

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：我回家已经有好几年了。此题考查连词since的用法。since表示“从(过去某事)以来，以后或到现在”时，主句多用完成时态。又如：Where have you been since I last saw you?自从我上次见到你以后，你到哪去了?

88.What he told us was more of a(n)________ than a reality.A.illusion B.demonstration C.illustration D.reputation 【正确答案】A

【答案解析】他告诉我们的更可能是幻想而不是现实。考查名词词义选择题。A 幻想，错误观念

B 演示，证明 C 图解，实例

D 名声，名誉

89.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A.on

B.with

C.from

D.in

【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】 约翰为了写完他的小说，正在寻找一个摆脱外界干扰的环境。【试题分析】介词选择题。

【详细解答】 free from„ 使人摆脱„，不受„的，没有„的

90.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________．

A．who nobody has confidence B．in whom nobody has confidence C．for whom nobody has confidence D．who everyone has confidence of 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】译文：我们不能把这样一份艰巨的工作交给一个没有自信的人。本题考查定语从句，have confidence in sb是固定用法，关系代词whom用作介词in的宾语。

91.A good worker in a key spot could, so _______ as he kept up production, take all the coffee breaks he wanted．

A．long B．short C．much D．little

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】so long as：只要。是固定搭配。

92.Modern economics ________ the country’s agricultural policies.A.undergoes B.understands C.underlies D.undertakes 【正确答案】C

【答案解析】现代经济学是国家农业政策的基础。考查形近动词词义选择题。

A 经历，经受

B 了解

C 成为„的基础

D 承担，保证

93.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A.concentrated B.confused C.confirmed D.convinced 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】如果你试图一次学太多东西，你就有可能糊涂了。考查形近形容词意义区分题。A.浓缩的，专心的 B 糊涂的，混淆的 C 根深蒂固的D 确信的

94.—David has made great progress recently．

—_______，and _______.A.So he has；so you have B.So he has；so have you C.So he has；so do you D.So has he；so you have 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】以so开头的句子如果是表示前面所表达的内容也适合于另一个人或物时，句子要用倒装语序，这时前后的主语不一致；但当so开头的句子只是重复前一句的意思，表示“的确”，“如此”，前后主语是同一人或物时，句子不用倒装语序。根据题目的意思，本题的答案是B。

95.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefits B.affects C.guides D.effects

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】affect多作为动词来用，表示影响。effect多作为名词来用，表示“作用、效果”。benefit：有利于。guide：引导。根据句意，本题应该用affect（影响）。

96.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.A.come into sight B.come to terms C.come into play D.come to power 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】当你的朋友吵架时，你应当帮助他们协调一下。考查短语的习惯用法。come into 或 come to 都表示进入（某种状态）A 映入眼帘

B.达成协议，妥协 C 开始运作

D.上台，开始掌权

97.Perseverance is a kind of quality and that is _______ it takes to do anything well.A.what B.that C.which D.why

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】what在表语从句中作takes的宾语,构成“It takes sth.to do sth.”的句型。答案为A。

98.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A.dated B.dating C.coming D.kept

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本句中含有be+of+n.这个结构。dating back to the 16th century的逻辑主语是stone figure。

99.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A．push B．provide C．turn D．set

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】set aside：留出，拨出。是固定搭配。

100.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A.looking up

B.looking through C.looking into

D.looking on 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】警察正在寻找两个失踪的孩子。【试题分析】短语意义区分题。

【详细解答】 A（在书中）查找 B 仔细查阅，审查，（对某人）视而不见 C 调查，研究，查问 D.观看，旁观，看待

101.He ________ his poor judgment ________ Jet Lag．

A．blamed...for B．blamed...to C．blamed...on D．blamed...at 【正确答案】C

【答案解析】此题考查固定词组blame sth.on sb.把...怪到...头上。

102.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habit．

A．of B．for C．to D．from

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文：吃东西的时候，不咀嚼而用水冲下食物是一种不好的习惯。本题考查介词，表目的，应用for。

103.This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages．

A．with B．for C．to D．in

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：这款桌椅可以根据学生的不同年龄调整高度。本题考查短语搭配。be adjusted to调整为„。

104.The teacher told us the fact _______.A.which the earth moves around the sun B.that the earth moved around the sun C.that the sun moves around the earth D.that the earth moves around the sun 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】名词性从句中主句和从句中时态要保持一致。但是在此句中，后面讲述的是一个客观存在的事实规律，所以要选答案D。

105.What he had done is _______．

A．value

B．of valuable C．of no value D．of no valuable 【正确答案】C

【答案解析】of+n=adj，可以作表语。of no value：没有一点价值。value是名词，不能作表语，也不能形容主语的性质。B和D都是of+adj的结构，是错误的。

106.That is the house _______ you can enjoy the scenery.A.in that

B.that

C.which

D.from which 【正确答案】D

【答案解析】句意：你从中能欣赏外面风景的就是这座房子。在定语从句中判断用关系代词还是用关系副词，需要弄明白在从句中需要什么语法成分，也就是说，要看关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分，本题的定语从句中少地点状语，先行词又是表地点的名词，故可选用where。观察四个选项后，我们发现并无where一词，我们可以用“介词+ which”来代替。注意，本句话所表达的应该是：You can enjoy the scenery from the house，故可排除A选项，选D。

107.Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions；others ________ under pressure.A．fall out B．fall apart C．fall back on D．fall in with 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文：一些人因为压力达到了目的，而另一些人在压力下则精神崩溃。本题考查短语区分。A．脱落，争吵；B．崩溃，垮了；C．指望，依靠，退到；D．赞成，同意。

108.She disagrees ______ him ______ everything.A.with, on B./, on C.with, at D.on, with

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】本题运用了disagree with sb on sth这个结构。

109.8.Nobody but you _______ what he said.A.agrees with B.agrees out C.agree with D.agree to

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】主语为nobody时，谓语动词用单数，如果主语被but, as well as, with等短语修饰，谓语仍与主语的数保持一致。该题易误选C、D，选D的原因在于词组记忆不清，用介词to时之后应加具体项目。而选择C就在于误把you作为主语对待了。而实际上nobody才是主语。

110.In the original test，all the animals in a test group are given a substance _______ half of them die．

A．unless

B．until C．lest

D．provided 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本题考查词义辨析。until：直到。符合句意，表示given a substance 持续到half of them die。

111.Now many major employers are beginning to demand _______ the completion of school．

A．more than B．rather than C．other than D．better than 【正确答案】A

【答案解析】more than：多于，不只。句意：现在很多雇主开始不仅仅要求学业的完成。

112.Opposition leaders will be watching carefully to see how the Prime Minister ________ the crisis.A.handles

B.conducts C.observes

D.directs

【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】 对立面领导人将会仔细地看着首相如何控制危机。【试题分析】动词词义选择题。

【详细解答】

A 应付，对付，控制

B 引导，进行，实施

C 观察，监测，遵守

D 指导，监督

113.I was writing a report last night;________ I would not have stayed up late.A.however B.otherwise C.therefore D.furthermore 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】我昨天晚上写一个报告，否则我就不会熬夜了。考查副词词义选择题。A 然而，不过

B 否则，要不然

C 因此，所以

D 再者，而且

114.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocate

B.adopt C.apply

D.adjust

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】 她花了几秒钟时间使眼睛适应黑暗。【试题分析】动词词义选择题。【详细解答】 A 分配，拨出

B 收养，过继 C 应用，申请

D 调整，使适合

115.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.A.which B.that C.whom D.what

【正确答案】B 【答案解析】things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人, 又表示物的名词时, 其关系代词要用that.116.Country life is better than city life ________ it offers fresh air and noiseless environment.A.in that

B.as that

C.as for

D.in which 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】乡村生活比城市生活较好，因为它的空气新鲜且环境无噪音。【试题分析】 in that 是复合连接词，只在一定的句式中使用。也可以用作一个固定词组。（请同学们参考Unit 6 Text A 注释4 中的解释及有关例句）

【详细解答】

A 在于，原因是，在„方面

C.关于，至于

应用举例：

I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.我更喜欢乡村，因为它更接近自然。

117.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _______ with each other.A.they had quarreled B.they have quarreled C.have they quarreled D.had they quarreled 【正确答案】C

【答案解析】本题考查的是倒装结构的用法。第二分句中因有否定副词never提前，故应用倒装结构；第一分句中的have been married已限定了时态，据此可排除D项。

118._______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】为了保持句子的平衡，往往用先行词it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面，尤其是that引导的主语从句往往用先行词it作形式主语。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.119.I asked him to ________ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems．

A.spend B.save C.spare D.share

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：我让他腾出几分钟时间以便我们能一起仔细察看所有的问题。本题考查词汇区分。A．花费；B．节省；C．抽出(时间)；D．分享。

120.Younger children are curious ________ how things work，and many of them want to take apart everything within their reach． A．of B．about C．at D.with

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文：小孩子对事物是如何组成的很好奇，一些孩子总是想把他们够得到的东西都拆开。此题考查短语搭配，be curious about对„好奇。

121._______ for the free ticket, I would not have gone to see film so often．

A.If it is not B.Were it not C.Had it not been D.If they were not 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】从本题后半句可以看出这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句中的动词要用“had ＋过去分词”，如果将if省略，had要位于主语之前，构成倒装句，故本题的答案是C。Had it not been for the free ticket ＝If it had not been for the free ticket。

122.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks，which，left ________，would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm．

A．behind B．alone C．out D．aside

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文：更不用说，另一个定时系统在我们的人体时钟内，它会使人保持在一个25小时的生理节奏上。此题考查关于leave的短语。leave behind意为“留下，放弃”，leave alone意为“更不用说”。leave out意为“遗漏，忽视”。

123.The engineer ______ my father works is about 50 years old.A.to whom B.on whom C.with which D.with whom 【正确答案】D

【答案解析】with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer 124.There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming _______ an excess of it.A.other than B.rather than C.in place of D.instead

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】rather than 而不是。other than 不同于，除了；in place of 代替；instead 代替

125.The volunteers would rather go by train than ________.A.to drive

B.drive C.driven

D.to be driven 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】【译文】志愿者宁愿坐火车去而不愿开汽车去。【试题分析】语法题。

【详细解答】would rather 或 would sooner 的意思都是“宁愿”，其后要求直接用动词原形。如果后边是that引导的从句，那么要求用过去时动词表示尚未发生的动作，用过去完成时动词表示对已经发生的动作的某种愿望。应用举例：

We would rather talk about football or the weather.我们宁愿谈谈有关足球或者天气的话题。I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天去。

I would sooner you had gone there too.我宁愿你也去那里了。

126.―________ fine day it is today!

A.How, such B.What a, very C.How, so D.What a, so 【正确答案】D

【答案解析】考查感叹句和“so„that”的用法。

127.Children have a natural ________ about the world around them.A.certainty B.capability C.cleverness D.curiosity 【正确答案】D

【您的答案】D

【答案正确】

【答案解析】孩子们对他们周围的事物有着天然的好奇心。考查名词词义选择题。A 确定性，肯定的事

B 能力，才能

C 精明，聪颖

D 好奇心，求知欲

128.Johnson was ________ unknown before running for the presidency.A.visibly

B.visually C.vertically

D.virtually

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】 事实上，约翰逊在参选总统职位之前是个无名人士。【试题分析】（形近的）副词词义区分题。

【详细解答】 A 显然，明显地

B 外表上，直观地

C 垂直地，直立地

D 实际上，事实上

129.It is not decided ________ the conference will be held.A.what

B.which

C.when

D.that

【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】大会什么时候召开还没有决定。【试题分析】主语从句的引导词的选择。 【详细解答】 A 什么

B 哪一个

C 什么时候

D（无词义）

130.2.The conclusion from the study is not definite;it is just ________.A.tentative

B.valid

C.technical

D.thorough 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】这项研究的结论不是一定的；它只是试探性的。【试题分析】形容词词义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 不确定的、试探性的B 正当的、有根据的、有效的C 技术性的、专门技术的D 彻底的、十足的131.3.I don’t mind _______ the decision as long as it is not too late.A.you to delay making B.your delaying making C.your delaying to make D.you delay to make 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲，逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词，其后的动词delay也应该是一个动名词。

132.4.This is an important problem _______ too few social scientists have researched.A.which B.that C.into that D.into which 【正确答案】D

【答案解析】into which引导的是problem的定语从句。which指代problem，into与research搭配。

133.5.There is a deadlock(僵局)in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the other.A.a way B.way C.the way D.its way

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文：由于双方都不让步，讨论陷人了僵局。本题考查短语搭配，give way to意思为“让路、让步”。

134.6.These two alarm clocks are normally set together, but now they have been reset a few hours _________.A.away B.alone C.apart D.aside

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】but表示前后句子意思是相反的，所以前面说了set together，后面提到的就是apart（分开）。

135.7.Weather _______, we’ll go out for a walk.A.permitted B.permitting

C.permits

D.for permitting 【正确答案】B

【答案解析】本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为“天气允许”，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

136.8.The reply, when it finally came, was ________ the negative.A.for B.into C.in D.with

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】in the negative：否定的，否决。

137.9.He said that the group ________ him a letter and asked him to go there for an interview.A.have written B.had written C.wrote

D.would write 【正确答案】B 【答案解析】“写信给他”应该发生在他说话之前，也就是过去的过去，用过去完成时。

138.10.The thief took away the woman’s wallet without ________.A.being seen B.seeing C.him seeing D.seeing him 【正确答案】A

【答案解析】without是介词，其后的动词必须用动名词形式。根据句意，此句需要用被动形式，所以答案是A。

139.11.It was a small place then compared to _______ it is now.A.what B.which C.little D.few

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】what it is是介词to的宾语从句，相当于一个名词。compared to what it is now：与它现在的样子相比。

140.12.If payment is not received, legal action will be our only ________.A.aggression

B.advantage

C.alternative

D.ambition 【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】如果我们收不到付款，那就只好诉诸法律了。【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】

A 挑衅、侵犯

B 优势、优点

C 选择、取舍

D 野心、抱负

141.13.If you are walking away from a clock tower，you will hear the ticking of the clock fade to a point ________ it cannot be heard．

A.which B.what C.where D.how

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文：如果你从钟塔旁走过．你将会听到滴答声，直到你走远。此题考查定语从句。where在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词是a point。

142.14.We ________ go out to restaurants, but mostly we eat at home.A.occasionally

B.relatively C.continually

D.absolutely 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】 我们偶尔外出去餐馆吃饭，但通常是在家吃饭。【试题分析】副词意义区分题。【详细解答】

A 偶尔地、偶然地、不经常

B 相对地、比较地

C 持续地、不间断地

完全地

143.15.Scientists are now working on programs to ________ the place and time of earthquakes.A.assume

B.guess C.predict

D.release

【正确答案】C 【答案解析】【译文】 科学家们现在正在从事一些预告地震发生的地点及时间的项目。

【试题分析】动词意义区分题。

【详细解答】

A.假定，假设；B 猜测，猜想；C 预见，预告；D 释放，放出

144.16.Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential ________.A.items B.terms C.turns D.themes

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】in experiential terms意为“从经验上来说”

145.17.When you ________ know Bob better, you will like him.A.go to

B.got to

C.went to

D.get to

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】【译文】 当你更加了解鲍勃时，你将会喜欢他的。

D

【试题分析】主将从现。

【详细解答】 时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

146.18.They wrote a letter of thanks to ________ had helped them.A.who B.whom C.whomever D.whoever

【正确答案】D 【答案解析】whoever had helped them是介词to的宾语从句，whoever是这个从句的主语。whoever had helped them：任何帮助过他们的人

147.19.________ Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A.What

B.Which

C.That

D.Who

【正确答案】A 【答案解析】【译文】 汤姆所做的事情使得他班里的每个同学都感到吃惊。【试题分析】主语从句的引导词的选择。

【详细解答】A 指代汤姆所做的事情

B 哪一个

C（无词义）

D 谁

148.20.________, what could we do?

A.Should it rain tomorrow B.Tomorrow it should rain C.If it rains tomorrow D.If it will rain tomorrow 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】A项是对将来的假设。对将来的假设可以用should+动词原形的形式。Should it rain tomorrow=if it should rain tomorrow 149.In our department, every student _________ after-school activities.A.go in for B.goes in for C.take part D.takes part 【正确答案】B

【您的答案】D

【答案解析】go in for：参加（考试）。take part后面应该加一个in。

150.Don’t trust everything ________ you have read in the newspapers.A.which

B.that

C.as

D.what

【正确答案】B

【您的答案】D

【答案解析】【译文】不要相信你在报纸上读到的每件事。【试题分析】定语从句引导词选择题。

【详细解答】 定语从句所修饰的先行词是不定代词everything，故选B。151..—Why didn’t you buy a new car?

—I would have bought one if I _______ enough money.A.had

B.have had C.would have

D.had had

【正确答案】D

【您的答案】D

【答案正确】

【答案解析】第一个had是过去完成时，第二个had表示“有”。

152.They ________ extensive and possibly dangerous actual flight training.A.undertake B.undergo C.underplay D.underuse 【正确答案】B

【您的答案】D

【答案解析】句意：他们经历了大量的并且可能是危险的实际飞行训练。

153.There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear B.heard C.hearing D.to hear

【正确答案】B

【您的答案】D

【答案解析】make sb done: 使某人被„

句意：嘈杂声那么大，以至于听众无法听清演讲者的话。

154.Even with the new development in research, only a tiny ________ of all tests are done without using animals.A.variety B.amount C.plenty D.proportion 【正确答案】D

【您的答案】D

【答案正确】

【答案解析】本句的意思是：“即使研究有了新的发展，只有一小部分的试验可以不用动物”。因此答案为D。variety 和plenty 分别表示“多样”和“大量的”，意思不合适。amount 后只能接不可数名词，而test是可数名词。

155.18.They will get the preparation done early in May.A.他们五月初就能让别人准备完工作。B.他们五月初就能准备好工作。

C.他们早在五月份就能把准备工作做完。D.他们五月初就能把准备工作做完。

【正确答案】D

【您的答案】D

【答案正确】

【答案解析】首先需要注意early in May表示“五月初”的意思，选项A“让别人准备完”这种表达是不准确的；此外get the preparation done表示的是“把准备工作做完”，选项B的表达不是很准确。

156.19.The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its ________ considerably.A．distribution

B．contribution

C．prescription

D．circulation 【正确答案】D

【您的答案】D

【答案正确】

【答案解析】circulation：（书报杂志的）销售量，发行额，销路。符合句意。

157.As activity carried ________ as one thinks fit in one’s spare time, leisure has several functions．

A.on B.out C.off D.over

【正确答案】B 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】此题考查对关于carry的短语的掌握情况。carry on继续(做某事)；carry out进行，实行，落实；carry off赢得；carry over将某事延后。

158.2.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will ________ eight days to readjust his palm sweat.A.spend B.take C.cost D.pay

【正确答案】B 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】本题需要填入一个表示“花时间”而又能与动词不定式连用的动词。spend常用于 spend„doing sth.的句型中。cost一般用于it cost sb.„to do sth.的句型中，主语不能是人。pay 表示“花钱”的意思。只有take 可用于sb.take„to do sth.的句型中。

159.3.The judge who was ________ to his favorite was criticized by many people.A.partial B.fair C.strict D.frank

【正确答案】A 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】【译文】 许多人批评了偏袒他自己喜爱（球队或球员）的那个裁判员。【试题分析】形容词意义区分题。

【详细解答】

A.偏袒的，不公平的;B 公正的;C 严格的，严厉的;D 坦率的

160.It is difficult to understand this kind of _______ calculation.A.intricate B.varied

C.indispensable D.equable

【正确答案】A 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】参考译文：很难理解这种错综复杂的计算。intricate 错综复杂的，纠缠不清的； varied 不同的，种种的； indispensable 不可缺少的，绝对必要的； equable 变动甚少的，稳定的。

161.8.—— We have to stop talking here outside.Listen, _______!—— Hurry up, or we’ll be late.A.There goes the bell B.There does the bell go C.There the bell goes D.Goes the bell there 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】在以here, there, up, down, in, on, out, away, off等副词开头的句子里，主语是名词时，句子主谓全部倒装，以示强调。但主语是人称代词时，不倒装。

162.The twin sisters were identical ________ appearance and character.A.of B.with C.in D.to

【正确答案】C

【您的答案】C

【答案正确】

【答案解析】

本题考查介词词义。(be)identical in 在....方面是相同的； be identical to/ with和....完全相同的，和...一致。原句意思：这对双胞胎姊妹的面容和性格都一模一样。故选C。

163.._______ he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn’t mean he’s going to do so.A.Grant B.Granted that C.Having Granted that D.Grant that 【正确答案】B 【您的答案】C

【答案解析】Granted that：尽管，即使。

164.She ________ everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A.set off

B.set back

C.set aside

D.set up

【正确答案】C

【您的答案】C

【答案正确】

【答案解析】【译文】 她把其他事情都放到一边，集中精力于她面前的任务。【试题分析】短语意义选择题。

【详细解答】 A 出发、动身

B 把（某物）置于„之后、延迟

C 撇开、取消、废除

D 建立、提出

165.I don’t think the charge for overhauling the equipment is excessive in _______ to its size.A.correspondence B.equation C.proportion D.dimension 【正确答案】C

【您的答案】C

【答案正确】

【答案解析】in proportion to是固定搭配, 意为“与......成比例, 与.......相称”。反义语：out of proportion不成比例,不相称。本题译文：我认为该设备的大修费并不过分, 是与它的大小相称的。

166.I’ve got the order from the boss that the work ________ finished before 5 p.m.today.A.would be

B.be C.will have been

D.could be

【正确答案】B

【您的答案】D

【答案解析】【译文】我已经从老板那得到指令，这件工作在今天下午五点钟之前要完成。【试题分析】名词从句中的虚拟语气。

【详细解答】 that 引导同位语从句，说明order 的内容。

167.He has deep love for the people and ________ loyalty to the country.A.intense B.initial C.instant D.imitative 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】形容词词义区分题。A 强烈的，极度的 B 最初的，开始的C 立即的，即时的D 模仿的，仿效的

168.This is the first time that a woman has been ________ to the post.A.granted

B.praised

C.pointed

D.appointed 【正确答案】D 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】【译文】这是第一次任命一位妇女担任此职位。【试题分析】词义选择题。

【详细解答】

A 允许、同意

B 表扬、赞扬

C 指、指出

D 指定、任命、委任

169.The new laws threaten to deprive many people _______ the most elementary freedoms.A.from B.for C.of D.about

【正确答案】C 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】deprive sb of sth：剥夺某人某物。

170.The factory _______ we’ll visit next week is not far from here.A.where B.to which C.which D.in which 【正确答案】C 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】which是关系代词，在从句中作宾语.其他几个答案都不能作宾语.171.._______ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.A.Being no rain B.There was no rain C.To be no rain D.There being no rain 【正确答案】D 【您的答案】A

【答案解析】There being no rain为 there be句型的独立主格形式。

172.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, ________ it is not technically legal there.A.if

B.otherwise C.although D.unless

【正确答案】C

【您的答案】A

【答案解析】本句的意思是“虽然荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家，但是安乐死在荷兰严格说来并不合法”，所以应该填although。

These two alarm clocks are normally set together, but now they have been reset a few hours _________.A.away B.alone C.apart D.aside

【正确答案】C 【您的答案】B

【答案解析】but表示前后句子意思是相反的，所以前面说了set together，后面提到的就是apart（分开）。