自考英语(二)翻译大全

第一篇：自考英语(二)翻译大全

1:A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.(p1)译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。

3.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.(p2)译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。

4.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.(p3)译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。

5.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.(p3)译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约 6.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.(p4)译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。

7.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.(p6 line 4--6)译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。

8.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.(p7 line 2--4)译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异 9.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.(p7 line 5--7)译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。

10.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.(p9)译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.（p2）

译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大

12.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for.(p4)译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织

13.It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.(p6)译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。

14:Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.(p8)译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。

15: Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.(p10)译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。

16:Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.(p16)译： 拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。

17:There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.(p20)译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。18:Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?(p23)译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？

19: Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light.(p1)

译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。

20:It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.(p13--14)译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。

21:They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。

22:.First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun.译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。

23: The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.译：水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。

24: 5.These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.(p5)

译：这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分。25:The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.(p8)译：不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们。26: Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.译：其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法。

27: It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.译：确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人。

28:It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.译：这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世。

29:What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.译：那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们将死的人们没有这种权利。

30:And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible.译：他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走。

31: I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.译：我本应该得到120英镑的报酬，但我从未得到那个数目。

At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.译：1994年年底，英国政府引进新的措施来保护家佣们，使其免受雇主的虐待。

33:So if they do complain, they risk being deported.译：所以，如果他们真的抱怨的话，就会冒着被驱逐出境的风险。

34:Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.译：给予那些愿意做同类工作但是想更换雇主的家佣们这种自由，这正是国际反奴役组织这样的团体向政府争取的。

35: It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.译：他们说，就是更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役区别开来。

36:.They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources.译：他们自由地吸取爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移甚至从更多的来源中吸取营养。

37: What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.译：音乐的很快发展成为具有多种形式并且几乎具有无限的表现力 38:Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.译：电子扬声器也使得在音量方面能够有意想不到的提高，音乐在人类耳朵所能承受范围内变得响亮，具有穿透力，由此表达了一种完美的效果，所以听众已不是被动的听众，现在的听众是完全投入的听众，他们在全身心感受着音乐。39:With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.译：家里有了唱片，听众尽力模仿舞厅灯光效果并通过使用药物以加强整体感受。40:Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些

41: It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。

42: These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。

Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics 翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。

44.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.翻译：科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划。

45.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.翻译：他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。

46.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake 翻译：这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况。

47.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。

48:Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震

49:While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段

第二篇：自考英语二电子版及翻译

Unit One What Is a Decision ?

何为决策 ?

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight;at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能 预测未来，但他们所作的许多决策都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下，管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测，并且 努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生，但是，由于不确定的因素一直存在，所以，决策总是与风险为伴。有时候，拙劣决策的后果并不严重，但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了。

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如果没有选择，就毋须作决策。作决策就是挑选的过程，许多决策的选择范围很广。例如，一个学生为了获得学位，他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策。对管理者来说，每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约，这些制约存在于各个层次的机构中。

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;this is their way of simplifying complex problems.But the tendency to simplify blind s them to other alternatives.抉择是从中可以作出选择的可能的行动步骤。假如没有可供选择的可能性，这就意味着没有 做过对问题进行彻底调查的工作。例如，管理者有时用两者择一的方式来处理问题，即他们简化复杂问题的手法。但是，这种简化的倾向使他们看不到其他可供选择的可能性。

At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在管理层，作决策包括了限定和鉴别可供选择的可能性，其限定范围从非常有限到基本无限。

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.For example, the marketing manager may argue effective ly for an increased advertising budget.In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择——即：最有助于实现机构的目标—的手段。机构目标是该机构竭力要达到的最终目标或理想状态。因为个人（和机构）常常对达到目标有着不同的主意，所以，最佳选择就取决于决策者了。在同一机构内的部门或单位经常会作出有利于他们自己而对大单位不甚理想的决策。被称为局部最优化的权衡加强了某一单位或某一功能的优势，却削弱了另一单位或另一功能的优势，例如，市场营销经理会极力要求增加广告预算。然而，在更大的事情策划中，为改进产品而增加科研经费可能会更有益于该机构。

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.Different managers define the same problem in different term s.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.这些权衡的产生是因为机构希望同时达到多个目标。有些目标比其他的目 标更重要，但其重要性的先后顺序和等级却因人而异、因部门而异。不同的管理者对同一个问题持不同的看法。面对一件日常事件时，销售经理常易看到销售问题，生产经理则常易看到生产问题等等。

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.Such values are personal;they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观，这些价值观带有个人特色，他人很难理解，因为价值观是不断变化的、极为复杂的。在许多商情中，不同的人对于风险的可接受程度有着不同的价值观，这就造成了决策正确与否的不同意见。

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.人们常常以为决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点来看，问题具有多种原因，故而决策有意料中的结果和非意料中的结果。一个机构是一个发展 中的实体，今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者着眼于当前决策的将来效果。

Unit Two Black Holes

黑洞

What is a black hole ? well, it's difficult to answer this question , since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing)into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape – not even light.So we can't see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space — or so we think.How can this happen?

黑洞是什么？这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述某一科学现象的术语不足以回答这个问题。天文学家和科学家都认为黑洞是一个太空区域（不是一种事物），落人其中的任何物质都无法逃逸——甚至包括光。所以我们看不见黑洞。一个黑洞能产生强大的吸力，但它却没有物质。它只是空间——或许是我们这么想的。这种现象是怎样发生的呢？

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star — a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large(much bigger than our sun)this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.” We know nothing about events which happen once object s pass this boundary.But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.从理论论来说，当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生爆炸，爆炸使它们崩溃，有时会产生超新星。从地球上看，一颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯，甚至在白天也闪闪发光。超新星是由十七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的。有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。一颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星，其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持续收缩。但是，假如这颗恒星非常大（比我们的太阳大得多），那么，这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈，其结果导致了黑洞的产生。想像一下地球收缩小到有弹球那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力，你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念。靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入，根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生 了什么、科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为“事界”。对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知。从理论上来说，黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的。

For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.Our space and time law s don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no “ absolute ” time and space.There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer.They are relative.We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory;but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.例如，假如一个人落人黑洞，他可能会认为自己很快就会到达黑洞的中心。然而，位于“事界”上的观察者则认为这个人永远不会到达黑洞的中心。我 们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。爱因斯坦的相对论是惟－解释这种现象的理论。爱因斯坦宣称物质和能量是互换的，因此不存在“绝对的”时间和空间。根本没有不变的事物，时间和空间的衡量取决于观察者的位臵，是相对的。我们还没有能完全理解相对论的蕴涵。但有趣的是爱因斯坦的相对论为黑洞的假说提供了理论基础，早于天文学家找到黑洞存在的证据。天文学家只是在最近才开始对黑洞作具体的研究。1977年8月，人类发射了一颗卫星收集有关被认为处于银河系中的1000万个黑洞的信息。而且天文学家正在设计一座新天文台，用来研究被认为是黑洞的爆炸恒星。

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a “partner” to the one which we can see in the sky.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.有关黑洞的最有说服力的证据来自对双星系的研究。双星，顾名思义，就是彼此之间的空间位臵相互影响的成双恒星。天文学家已证实在某些双子星座里有一颗隐匿的伴星，即我们从天空上能看到的某颗星的“伙伴”。我们能看见的那颗星被其伴星所吸引，难道产生这么大吸引力的隐匿的恒星就是黑 洞？天文学家也还有另外几颗恒星的证据，这几颗恒星也可能有黑洞作伴。

The story of black holes is just beginning.Speculations about them are endless.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.Mankind may one day meet this fate.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.These speculations sound like science fiction.But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.有关黑洞的故事刚刚开头，各种各样的假说层出不穷。在我们的星系中心可能存在一个以极快速度吞噬恒星的巨大黑洞。人类总有一天要遭此命运。另一方面，科学家已表明，总有一天，人类会使用非常先进的技术来利用黑洞的能量。这些假说听起来像科幻小说，但宇宙黑洞理论却被许多严肃的科学家及天文学家所接受。他们给我们展示了一个跟我们截然不同的世界，他们对时空的基本认识提出了疑问。

Unit Three Euthanasia : For and Against 安乐死—赞成和反对

“We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...and breathing, that's also difficult.Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.”

“我们不能再拖了……吞咽困难……呼吸困难。那部分肌肉也在萎缩……我们不能再拖了。”

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die.Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.以上是荷兰人齐思．范．万德尔，德．尤德请求医生帮他结束自己生命时说过的话了，患有严重疾病的范．万德尔当时已不再能够清楚地说话了，他知道自己没有康复的希望，他的病情正在迅速恶化。

Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.范．万德尔在接受其医生给他打最后致命的一针之前的3个月的情况被制作成影片，去年首次在荷兰电视上播出。此后，该影片被20个国家购买，每次播放时都引起一场全国性的有关安乐死的大讨论。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.尽管安乐死在荷兰并未合法化，但荷兰仍然是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家。两年前在荷兰议会制定的严格标准下实施安乐死的医生通常不会被起诉。这此指导原则要求：病人正在经受极度的痛苦；没有治愈的机会；病人一再提出安乐死的请求。除此之外，还需有另外一位医生确认是否已达到安乐死的标准，而且，必须向警方提出死亡报告。

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:

“Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine.But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.That's a very different thing.”

是不是应该允许医生结束病人的生命呢？齐思．范．万尔德的医生威尔费雷德．范．奥仁博上解释了对这个问题的看法： “情况并不像我计划用机关枪屠杀一大群人似的，倘若那样，屠杀是我所能想像到的最坏的事情，这与我的医生职业风马牛不相及。我关怀病人并努力使他们不至于遭受太多的痛苦。这完全是两码事。”

Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr.Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family — there's nearly always another question behind the question.”

然而，许多人完全反对安乐死。反对安乐死保健组织主席安德鲁．福格森博士说：“在大量安乐死的病例中，病人实际所要求的是别的东西。他们或许是想要保健专业人员为他们打开与亲人或家人开展思想交流的渠道—－可能请求之后另有他求”。

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices — special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: “It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.英国对晚期病人收容所的做法有着根深蒂固的传统。收容所就是指那些关怀临终之人和照顾他们特殊需要的专门医院。英国收容所理事会主席及收容 所运动创始人之一的茜茜莉．桑德斯认为，安乐死没有考虑其他关怀临终病人的途径。她还担心允许安乐死会减弱大众对关怀和照顾的需求：“当前社会中的那些老年人、残疾人和受赡养的人很容易感到自已是个负担从而脱离社会。我认为任何法律允许缩短生命的行为都必定使这些人更容易受到伤害”。

Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic.Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: ”What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death.But there are situations where death is a friend.And in those cases, why not?“

许多人认为这种禁止个人生死权利的做法是家长作风。尽管他们同意生命是重要的、应该受到尊重，但是他们感到生命的质量不应该被漠视。范．奥仁博十认为人们具有自己选择生死的基本权利：“那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。当人们病重的时候，我们都害怕他们死亡。但是，在某些情况下，死亡是一位朋友。如果这样，为什么不呢？”

But ”why not?“ is a question which might cause strong emotion.The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.His doctor was clearly a family friend;his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.然而，“为什么不呢？”是一个引起强烈感情的问题。展示齐思．范．万德尔死亡的影片既动人又敏感。他的医生显然是他们家的一位朋友；他的妻子心中只有她丈夫的利益。那么，有人就会争辩说用这样一个特殊的例子来支持安乐死是危险的，并非所有的病人都会受到如此高水平的关怀和照料。

Slavery on Our Doorstep

家庭雇佣奴役

There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.据统计，在美国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人（由于处理该项事务的政府部门————内政部——没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知）。通常，他们是由外国商人、外交官员和归国英侨带来的。根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。

The abuse can take several forms.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment.They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or ”escaping“ virtually impossible.虐待有几种形式„家庭佣人常常不允许外出，又得不到任何报酬。他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注。其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。诸如“反对奴隶制国际组织”之类的团体说，一些不那么戏剧化的其他案例也 应同样受到人们的关注，比如莉迪亚．加西亚，一位在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣的案例。

”I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.I was supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.“

“我是1989年由一位沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。我的报酬应该是 120英镑，但我从未得到过那么多钱。雇主总是威胁要把我遣送回国”。

Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked.还有一个来自斯里兰卡名叫库马里的案例。她家主要靠她挣钱维持生计，她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份微薄的工资。因为她发现很难养活她的4个孩子，她才接受到伦敦去做家庭佣人。她说她觉得在伦敦她干活的那家人家眼就像一个犯人：

”No days off — ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.I didn't have my own room;I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody.I wasn't even allowed to open the window.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.“

“没有休息日——甚至根本没有闲下来的功夫，没有适当的食物，没有自己的房间，睡在一个上面的空间只有3英尺高的架子上。不允许我跟任何人说话，甚至不许我开窗。雇主总是威胁把我的身份报告给内政部或警察局。”

At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure s to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet , getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).1994年底，英国政府采取新措施来帮助家庭佣人免遭雇主的虐待。措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款（受雇者应有此种副本）。

However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allow foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.)So if they do complain, they risk being deported.然而，许多人怀疑该措施能否成功地减少虐待发生率，因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主（英国移民法的特许条款允许外国人携带家仆）。所以如果抗议的活，他们就冒着被驱逐出境的风险。

Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.允许家庭雇工自由寻找不同雇主的同类工作——假如他们这样选择——正是“反奴隶制国际组织”与政府交涉的内容，他们说正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制。

Unit Five

The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock'n'roll, folk music.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.The transformation took place in 1966-1967.Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium.Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative , was rhythmic dance music.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.Blues expressed black soul;rock was the beat of youthful energy;and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。这个变革发生在1966-1967年间。那个时候以前，布鲁斯基本上一直是黑人的音乐表达方式。由它衍生出的摇滚乐是节奏性很强的舞蹈音乐。而民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。这三种音乐形式在音乐和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到1965年，它们中任何一个都没有表达任何全新的意识境界。布鲁斯表现黑人的心灵，摇滚是年轻活力的节拍，民乐除表现爱情与希望外，还表现反战情绪。

In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation.In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues.Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style;now it began to be the white band s' own music.And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.自发的变革出现在1966年到1967年间。在美国，旧金山的年轻摇滚乐队发起了这场变革；在英国，被公认是极其完美和非常独特的披头士摇滚乐队领导了这股新潮流。所发生的情况，如用言词尽可能地表达出来是这样的：首先，分离的音乐传统被结合起来了。鲍伯．狄伦和杰弗逊飞机队演奏民歌摇滚乐，将民歌思想与摇滚节奏结合在一起。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯。当然，白人音乐家虽然已经一直在演奏布鲁斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音乐的风格。而现在，它开始变成白人乐队自己的音乐了。所有的乐队都朝着更广泛的折衷主义和结合主义的方向前进。他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄，最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的、几乎有无穷表现力的新音乐。

The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the new electronic effects were altogether different — so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been an;sounds like that in the world before.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume , the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a ”total“ effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。电吉他是一种老式乐器，但新的电子效果迥然不同——如此不同，以致1967年一位新听众可能感觉以前在世界上从没有听过像这样的声音。事实上，电子技术的确能合成那时任何乐器也无法奏出的声音。在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。电子扬声器也能使音量有惊人的增大，音乐变得那么宏亮，那么富有穿透力，极尽人的耳朵承受之能，从而达到了一种“整体”效果。因此，观众不再是被动地听，而是完全参与，他们全身心地感受音乐，如痴如醉。

Third, the music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of a total environment.The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing pattern s of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show.And the audience did not sit, it danced.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.第三，音乐变成一种多媒体的感受，成了整体环境的一部分。舞厅的墙壁上布满变幻无常的灯光图案，这也是灯光表演这门新艺术的开始。观众并不坐着，而是随着音乐起舞。在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。音乐常在户外演奏，在那儿大自然则提供了周围的环境。

Unit Six

Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics

采用机器人技术提高工业效率

Robots , becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用；机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。

Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。

Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry.除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门，虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计 算机甚至手表等。在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害。

What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses;they are built to perform only one task.是什么东西决定一个自控装臵是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如，做电焊工作1个月后，可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之，自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途，它只是被制造成执行一项任务。

The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions.Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.With the ability to ”see“, robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.The 0 is represented by black.The highest number is white.The numbers in between represent different shades of gray.The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.下一代机器人将有视觉和触觉功能，并且能够做出关键性的决策。在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类别的物中辨别和检查出某一特定物体。有一种机器人的视觉系统使用多排光敏材料的数字电子摄像机当一个物体（如机器零件）上的光线照射到摄像机上时，光敏材料能测量光的强度并将光线转变为一系列数字。这些数字是灰度系统的一部分，该系统以数值表示亮度。有的灰度范围为0一15，有的灰度范围为0一255。0代表黑色，而最大的数值代表白色。中间的数字代表不同的灰色程度。然后由计算机计算，并将数字转换成一幅表示该物体形态的图像。迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。技术人员相信机器人会做到这一点的，但需要若干年的研究。

Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.从事其他先进技术研究的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手与手指，赋予机器人以触觉。还有的工程技术人员编制新的程序使机器人能确定诸如是否要报废成品中有缺陷的零件。要做到这一点，机器人还应能识别哪些零件有缺陷。

These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.They work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and personnel.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the will have to know about robotics.具有触觉、视觉并能决策的未来机器人将要做许多工作。它们可用来海底探矿或进入对人危险的矿井深区。机器人还可充当汽车加油站的服务员、消防员、勤杂工以及保安人员等。任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人

Unit Seven

Leisure and Leadership

休闲与导向

Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern.观察与研究成果表明，生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么。人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。

The term ”quality of life“ is difficult to define.It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on.Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction.to the individual.生活质量这一术语不易定义，它包括范围很广，如生活环境、健康、就业、饮食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质的占有、休闲与娱乐等等。一般来说，生活质量，特别在个人看来，其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的。

As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style.Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development(e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies)in leisure.休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动，具有下列功能：放松、娱乐、个人发展。这些功能的重要性随着个人工作性质与生活方式的不同而变化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休闲时放松，而受过良好教育、从事专业工作的人可能更趋向于休闲时寻求娱乐和个人发展，如掌握技巧，培养爱好。

The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide ”escape“ from the stress and strain of work;to learn more about what is happening in one's environment;to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people's life experiences as portrayed in the programmes.对休闲的具体利用人与人不同，即使是同一休闲活动，不同的人也有不同的利用方式。下面就是对最常见的休闲方式看电视的不同利用：改变感受来“逃避”工作压力与紧张；更多了解自己周围正在发生的一切；通过对比节目中描绘的他人生活经历，提供机会理解自己。

In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more ”balanced“ way of life.在城市社会中，结构紧密、节奏快捷、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活，某种不同性质的经历，不管是看电视还是看鸟，都能导致自我更新和一种更加“平衡”的生活方式。

Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享乐和满足的方式参与某项活动。

Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences.We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.我们的喜爱与厌恶、品味与偏爱决定我们选择这样的活动，如：读书、看电影、野营、或者某些文化追求，所有这些活动均与社会环境和学习经历有关。我们通过家庭、学校、工作、和大众传媒获得对不同事物、不同主题的兴趣。基本上说，上述态度相当于一个共识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；相当于一个信念：休闲能够并且应该充分利用。

Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.Influence of this kind is a form of leadership.从事娱乐业的专业工作者也会发现，培养大众积极的休闲态度对促进他们以创造性的，满意的方式利用休闲时间十分必要。因此，可以认为，我们在不同环境中接触的人都可能对形成我们如何处理休闲时间的态度、兴趣、甚至技巧产生影响。这也是一种导向形式。

Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuit: are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.父母、学校的老师、工作中的同事、大众媒体的传播上作者都能对我们的兴趣产生潜在的影响。比如，学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定的作用。

Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment, of a balanced development of the person.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.学校常常把达到个人均衡发展定为它们的教育目标对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。

Unit Eight

Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

喷气飞机时差综合症的预防和治疗

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is.and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。但你是否就这样忍受着？如果你能了解喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事以及注意饮食怎样把它的不良作用减少到最小，你坐飞机的紧张程度就会轻些。

The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.It is due lo changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。时差综合症不是对不同时区进行调整的心理后果。它是身体的生理调节机制，特别是激素系统，在不同环境中发生变化所引起的。

Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.He later

blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰．福斯特．杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。

The effects can be used to advantage, too.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.但是乘飞机旅行对身体的影响也可使之对人有利。约翰逊总统曾在关岛主持一次重要会议，整个会议按华盛顿时间进行。白宫的工作人员个个精力充沛，而当地人在这种情况下却得了时差综合症。从本质上说，他们瞬间一下子被运到了美国。

Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.既然我们懂得了喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在解决它方而有所作为。我们身体的大量活动都按时在一天中的某个时间发生的。很

自然它们需要调整。这时两个调节系统相互起作用。

One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.The other belongs in our internal clocks(the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus)which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour — yes, 25 — rhythm.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.一个定时系统根据我们的官能和饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化。另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。正常情况下两个定时系统是同步的，外部的信号会将体内时钟调节到更方便的24小时周期。

If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再

同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时，两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则不同时间报时。和时钟相似，人体可以定时在晚上，而这时太阳正在升起来。

In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间一个很容易监测到的节奏是手掌出汗。一个人飞往某个时差为10小时的时区将需要8天的时间重新调节他的手掌出汗情况。血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning(local)and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。激素皮质醇控制盐和水的排泄，不管人体处于何地，它都是在早晨形成的。但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。这两种激素的分泌时

间通常间隔七八个小时，但如果人体在（当地）清晨很早到达目的地并且尽快睡觉，这两种激素将会同时分泌。

What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.Fortunately there is a short cut.It relies on two things — the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumptions are:

Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.我们对此该怎么办呢？不可能等上4天直到身体习惯新的时区。幸好我们有个捷径。这靠两件东西——利用胃的力量调节其他活动发生的时间和利用咖啡的药理作用。基本的设想是：

早晨喝咖啡可以延迟体内时钟，晚上可以加快体内时钟，下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

膳食中的蛋白质引起不眠，而碳水化合物促人人睡。空腹进食有助使体内时钟得到调整。

Unit Nine

Aging in European Countries

欧洲国家的年龄老化问题

We have to realise how old , how very old , we are.Nations are classified as “aged” when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this.Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.At the beginning of the I980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.Scotland had 12.3 per cent.Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be — at least, for any future that concerns us now.我们必须认识到我们有多老了。当一个国家人口中有7%或以上的人满

65岁或超过65岁时，就被列为“老龄国”，而大约在1970年前，每一个先进国家就已步人这个行列了。在真正的老龄社会中，有13%以下的人超过65岁的国家全部分布在西北欧。在20世纪80年代初，一些国家（或地区）人口超过65岁的比例如下：东德15.6%，奥地利、瑞典、西德和法国13.4%或超过13.4%，英格兰和威尔13.3%，苏格兰12.3%a，北爱尔兰10.8%，美国9.9%。我们知道我们的社会正在变得更老，一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄——至少对任何能关系到我们现在的未来是这样的。

To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised.There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.除了这些我们现在已经熟知的事实外，还有更多的事实可以补充，而其中一些还是最近才被我们认识到的。有这样一个明显的、似非而是的论点：造成老年人高比例的实际原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。有这样一条经济原则：扶养率——即不能挣钱生活的人依赖能挣钱养家的人的程度——在我

们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要有利一些，因为大量尚需扶养的孩子与一定数量不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。人们已认识到这样一个突出历史事实：先进社会的老龄化都是一种突变。

If ”revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.如果“革命”是对社会结构的迅速重建，如果社会的年龄构成被看作是社会结构的一个非常重要的方面，那么在欧洲尤其是在西欧社会里，每个超过50岁的人一生中就已经历过一次社会革命了。综合起来，这些事情牵连出的结果刚开始被人们认识。这些事实和情况今年早些时候在法国维希举行的一个世界大会上被视为对科学和政策的挑战而臵于显著地位。

There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.But this is what elementary demography makes clear.Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.We have among us a very much greater

experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it.这种观点常遇到反对意见，即正因为西欧和西北欧出生率比别的地区下降得早，而不是因为死亡率方面的任何变化，所以我们的社会才变得如此老龄但初级人口统计学已经把这个问题解释清楚了。当然长寿正改变我们的社会，但这是根据经验而来的说法。我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿，这种情况还将继续下去。但过度的长寿，即便是在富裕的西方，也会遭受贫穷和忽视，除非我们采取一些办法。

If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.如果你现在30多岁，你应当知道你可以期望活到60岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。当然，你现在年龄越大，这种比例就越高，如果你是女人，这比例还应该更高。人生的估计寿命是一个飘忽不定的数字，年龄越大越容

易有误差。在维希，人口学家们互相转告，他们对一些地方人口情况的估计，如英格兰和威尔上将有多少老年人，这些老人的寿命如何，注定要进行修改，因为这些数字一直呈上升趋势。

Unit Ten

The campaign for election

美国的竞选运动

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。小党派或独立的候选人，如1968年的乔治．华莱

十、1980年的约翰．安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯．佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一此选票，但几乎没有人可能战胜他们。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty.Warren G.Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party's presidential candidate.Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.大党提名人具有得到党的忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势．在20世纪早期，这种支持是如此的坚固和稳定以至于强大党派候选人的胜利几乎是不容臵疑的。沃伦．G．哈定在他的俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。近几十年人们对党的忠诚有所减弱，但是这个国家三分之二以上的选民仍自我归属为民主党人或共和党人，并且他们当中的大多数会支持自己党派的总统候选人。甚至于民主党的乔治．麦戈文，他在近期的提名人中所得到的党派支持是最低的，也于1972年时获得了他的党将近团％的选民的支持。

Presidential candidates act strategically.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clinton's headquarters in Little Rock read, ”The Economy, Stupid." The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.总统竞选人做事讲究战略。在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响。在1992年的选运动中，在小石城克林顿总部的墙上的一条标语说，“经济，愚蠢。”这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯．卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米．卡特败与罗纳德．里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.A year later, with the nation's economy

in trouble.Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent.Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者的形象，但是选民们始终一直关心经济。

The candidates' strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress.Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation.Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes(including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress).To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.候选人的战略的形成要考虑到许多因素，包括宪法的这一条款：每个州拥有的选票必须与其在国会中的代表人数相等。于是每个州便有两票选举参议院的代表并根据各州在众议院的代表数，有不同数量的选票。选票总数为538张（包括哥伦比亚特区的3张选票，尽管在国会中它没有投票代表）要

赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California(with 54 electoral votes), New York(33), Texas(32), Florida(25), Pennsylvania(23), Illinois(22), and Ohio(21).Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent;but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜，例如，加利福尼亚州（有54张选票），纽约州（33张），德克萨斯州（32张），佛罗里达州（25张），宾夕法尼亚州（23张），伊利诺斯州（22张）和俄亥俄州（21张）。仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可获得选举的多数，因此，总统候选人花大量的时间在这些州进行竞选活动。在1992年，克林顿仅获得民众选票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩罗是19%；但是克林顿在州选举中获胜。这些州却给了他压倒多数的370张选票，相比之下布什是168张，佩罗则一张也没有。

Unit Eleven

Sacrificed to Science ?

是为科学牺牲吗？

Professor Colin Blukemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:

科林．布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院，正在对眼睛疾病进行研究他认为，用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处。

The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.使用动物对于发展麻醉学、疫苗以及糖尿病、癌症、发育失调等疾病的治疗具有至关重要的作用。大部分重大的医学进展都是基于对动物的研究和开发。

There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary.The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer.Their spokesman Colin Smith says:

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.People and animals are different in their reactions to

drugs and in the way their bodies work.We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.有些人认为用动物进行试验根本没有必要，反对用动物进行痛苦实验国际协会是一个提倡使用替代的研究方法，使动物免受痛苦的组织、他们的发言人科林．史密斯说，用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关。它常常能产生令人误导的结果。人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同，我们只要看一下几起医疗错误便会明白情况就是这样。

But Professor Blackmore stresses:

It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing, not less.The birth defects(hat the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing.If thalidomide were invented today, it would never he released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.但是布莱克默教授却强调说，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。萨立多胺就是一个著名的例子，说明对动物进行的实验应该更多而不是更少。这种药物造成的婴儿先天性缺损就是实验不够的结果。如果萨立多胺是今天发明的，它就决不会用在人身上，因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险。

Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.This is the Hund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical

Experiments.It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction.Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.In 1981.it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing.Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.另一个组织，英文简称叫FRAME，其全称的意思是替代动物药物实验基金会。该组织正在开展替代方法的研究，这个组织承认有很多实验仍然不得不在动物身上进行，但它正致力于减少、改进和代替对动物的实验。1981年时，这个组织确定了一个研究项目来改进非动物试验和扩大非动物试验的范围。新的技术使我们日益容易找到替代的试验方法。可用计算机模型来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性。可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型，这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况。计算机模拟的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物的数量。

The Lethal Dose 50 test(LD50)may also be replaced.In the original test，49 all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die.The test indicates toxicity.A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information hut uses fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need Co be used--healthier animals provide better experimental results.For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22.Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.药剂致死剂量50(LD50)试验也可以被代替。在最初的试验中，一个试验组里的全部动物都要给予某种物质，直到其中一半死亡为止。这一试验可以指示出物质毒性的大小。另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质，能够给出同样的最终信息，但使用较小的动物并且不需要它们死亡，这个方法可以代替LD50。现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有毒的生物效果。

用于实验室试验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好，所以需要的动物就

第三篇：自考 英语二词汇表

自考 英语二词汇表

accomplish vt.完成(任务等)goal n.目的，目标；得分进球，球门 tendency n.趋势，倾向

managerial a.经理的，管理人的；管理上的，经营上的 implement vt.实现；完成；履行 suboptimization n.局部最优化，次优化 achievement n.完成，达到；成就，成绩 multiple a.多样的，复合的 n.倍数 constraint n.强制；强制因素，制约条件 scheme n.计划；方案 vt./vi.计划，策划 attain vt.达到；完成

define vt.解释，给…下定义；限定，规定 accompany vt.伴随，陪同；为…伴奏 correctness n.正确，正确性

budget n.预算 vt.把…编入预算；安排，预定 organizational a.组织(上)的 maker n.制造者；制造商 optimal a.最适宜的；最理想的 precedent n.先例，前例

argue vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；说服 predict vt./vi.预言；预示 slimplify vt.简化 objective n.目标，目的 a.客观的；无偏见的 profitability n.赚钱，获得

trade-off n.(对不能同时兼顾的因素)权衡；物物交 speechless a.不会说话的；不说话的 candidate n.候选人，候补者；应试者 interviewer n.接见者；面谈者 entity n.存在，实体；统一性 community n.社区；共同体

unintended a.非计划中的，非故意的 ongoing a.进行中的，前进的 to make a guess at 猜测 in part 部分地，在某种程度上 indifference n.冷漠；不感兴趣(to)vague a.含糊的；不明确的 skilled a.熟练的；有技能的 and the like 等等，诸如此类

prospect n.展望，景象；［常pl.］前景，前程 clarification n.澄清，阐明 criticism n.批评；评论 notion n.概念；想法，看法 personality n.个性；人格；品格 interview vt./n.面谈，采访；面试，口试 correspondence n.符合，一致；通信 prospective a.预期的；未来的

unattractive a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的 in the way 挡路；碍事 point of view 观点 to seek to 追求，争取 day to day work 日常工作

exert vt.尽(力)；施加(压力等)；行使(职权等)miniskirt n.超短裙 astronomer n.天文学家

photocopy vt./n.复印，影印；照相复制本 to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找 to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免 n.逃跑；逃路，出口 to one's advantage 对某人有利 punk n.(俚)阿飞；朋克 a.颓废派的 intimidate vt.恐吓，恫吓 clutch vt./vi.抓住，握紧 to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信 grip vt./n.紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制

conservative a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力 to apply for 申请

rephrase vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示 in hand 手头上有 painful a.痛苦的；费力的 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 inefficiency n.无效；效能差 resume n.摘要，梗概；个人简历 panel n.专门小组

neat a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的

gravity n.严肃，认真；重要性；［物］重力 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的 galaxy n.［天］星系，［G-］银河系 boundary n.分界线，边界

implication n.含意，暗示；牵连，涉及，卷入 constant a.永恒的，经久不变的；经常的 n.常数companion n.同伴，同事；［天］伴星(=～star)neutron n.［物］中子

launch vt.发射；使(船)下水 n.发射，(船)下水 dwarf n.矮子；［天］矮星

twin a./n.双胞胎(的)［Twins］［天］双子座 binary a.二，双；二进制的 n.双(体)；联星 speculation n.推测，猜测；投机 basis n.基础，根据；主要成份；军事基地 observer n.遵守者，奉行者；观察者，监视者 interchangeable a.可交换的；可互换的 daytime n.白天，日间 observatory n.天文台；了望台

collapse vt./vi./n.(使)倒塌，(使)崩溃；瓦解 measurement n.衡量，测量 explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸；突发 supernova n.［天］超新星

density n.密集度，稠密度；［物][化］密度 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；退缩，畏缩 marble n.弹子；大理石 a.大理石的，大理石般的

thrilling a.令人激动的；颤动的，震颤的 Star of Bethlehem 圣诞星 outer a.外部的 mankind n.［用作单或复］人类

Milky Way 银河；银河系(=Milky Way galaxy)Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦(美籍德国理论物理学家)operate v.运转，起作用；动手术；操作；经营 to research into 研究

microscopic a.显微镜的；微观的；微小的，细微的 speculation about 关于…猜测 concerned a.有关的；关切的，担心的 largely ad.大量地；主要地 astronaut n.宇航员

unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的 swallow vt.吞咽 n.燕子

solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁 n.闪光 whereas conj.而，却；反之 revolve vi.旋转；绕转 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽 cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的 lesser a.较小的；更少的；次要的 planet n.行星

White Dwarf ［天］白矮星 to make use of 利用

crowd n.群，人群 vi.聚集，群集 plateau n.(［复］plateaus或plateaux)高原 as a rule 通常；一般说来 weaken vt.削弱，减弱 vi.变弱 parliament n.议会，国会；［P-］议会

whilst conj.(=while)当…时；然而；虽然，尽管 above all 首先，首要

debate vt./n.争论，辩论 vi.对…进行争论，辩论injection n.注射；注射剂，针剂 criterion n.标准，准则 prosecute vt.对…起诉，告发 euthanasia n.无痛楚的死亡；安乐死 nationwide a.全国性的 ad.在全国范围内 deteriorate vt./vi.(使)恶化

Dutch a.荷兰人的；荷兰语的 n.荷兰人；荷兰语 request vt./n.请求，要求 a great many 很多 lethal a.致死的

tropical a.热带的；炎热的 coloured a.有色的 legal a.法律上的；合法的

Dutchman n.(［复］Dutchmen)荷兰人 religion n.宗教；宗教信仰

circumstance n.［pl.］情况，环境；境遇 ensure vt.保证，担保

oppose vt.反对，反抗；使相对，使对抗(to)sensitive a.敏感的；灵敏的，感光的

opt vi.抉择，选择(for)，在…之间选择 to make request for 要求… council n.理事会；委员会 healthcare n.保健

burden n.负担；责任，义务 vt.使负重担；麻烦 tradition n.传统；惯例 hospice n.(晚期病人)收容所

moving a.活动的，移动的；动人的，令人感动的 prohibition n.禁止；禁令 be opposed to 反对

elderly a.较老的，人过中年的 n.近老年人 consideration n.考虑；体谅，照顾 disabled a.伤残的；使失去战斗力的 shorten vt./vi.缩短，缩小；减少

vulnerable a.易受伤的，弱小的；易受…攻击的 paternalistic a.家长式统治的；家长作风的 founder n.创始者；缔造者 to be affected with 患有…疾病 to take...into account 考虑到 to debate on 关于…进行辩论 need for 对…的需要

individual n.个人，个体，独立单位 a.个人的；个别的to open up 打开；开办，开辟，开发；坦诚地谈话 conspiracy n.阴谋，密谋；阴谋集团，阴谋帮派 appoint vt.任命，委任(as)；约定，指定 The Netherlands 荷兰(=Holland)

Wilfred van Oijen 威尔弗雷德·范·奥仁(人名)unfair a.不公平的，不公正的 entry n.进入；入口；登记，条目，账目 privilege n.特权 vt.给予…特权

Cees van Wendel de Joode 齐思·范·万德尔·德·尤德(人名)to opt out(of)决定不参加…，决定(从…)退出 Andrew Ferguson 安德鲁·福格森(人名)merit n.优点，长处；功绩，功劳 senior a.年长的；大学四年级的 n.年长者 graduate v.(使)(大学)毕业 n.大学毕业生，研究生 bias n.偏见 v.［常用被动语态］有偏见 private a.私人的；私营的；秘密的，私下的 escalator n.自动扶梯

to have...at heart 对某事十分关心 headmaster n.(中学或小学的)校长 Cicely Saunders 茜西莉·桑德斯(人名)employment n.使用；雇佣；职业，工作

profession n.职业(尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的)network n.［纺］网眼织物；网状物，网络 leading a.领导的，指引的；最重要的，主要的 publish vt.出版，刊印；公布，发表

old-boy n.老同学；(招呼用)老朋友，老弟，老兄 prime a.最初的，基本的；主要的；最好的 fiercely ad.凶猛地，凶残地；猛烈地 on average平均

vision n.想像力，幻觉；视力，视觉；眼光 elitist n.杰出人物 a.杰出人物(统治论)的 ivy n.常青藤

applicant n.申请人，请求者 to blame...for 为…责备某人

remedial a.治疗的，治疗上用的；补救的 elite n.精英，杰出人物 a.杰出的，精英的 excellence n.优秀，杰出

classless a.无阶级的；不属于任何阶级的 to amount to 达到，总计；相当于，等于 by nature 生来，天生，就其本性而言 competitive a.竞争的，比赛的 academic a.学院的，学会的；学术的

equivalent a.相等的；等价的 n.等价(物)；对应词 additional a.附加的，追加的；另外的 be worth doing 值得做…

abolish vt.废除(法律，习惯等)；取消

entrance n.进入；入口，门口；入场，入会，入学 performance n.执行；表现，工作性能；演出，演奏 recruit vt./vi.征募(新兵)，吸收；补充 n.新成员 replicate vt.重复；复制

accessible a.易接近的；易受影响的(to)；可理解的Clare Bolderson 克莱尔·博尔德森(人名)folk n.人们；［口］家属，亲属 a.民间的 Don Claxton 唐·克莱克斯顿(人名)punishment n.处罚，罚，刑罚；折磨，损害 disaffection n.不满

inhumane a.不人道的，残忍的

civil a.国民的，民用的；国内的，民间的 union n.工会，协会；结合，联合

distinct a.与其他不同的，独特的；明显的 musician n.音乐家；作曲家 rock'n'roll n.摇滚乐，摇滚舞

musically ad.在音乐方面；好听地；悦耳地 blues n.布鲁斯；慢四步舞

liberty n.自由，自由权；冒昧，失礼；特许权，特权rhythmic a.有韵律的；有节奏的

transformation n.变化，转化；改造，改革 Alvin Bronstein 阿尔文·布朗斯坦(人名)Alabama 阿拉巴马(美国州名)to call up 打电话；使想起，使忆起 to watch over 看守，照管，监视 argument n.争论，辩论；论据，理由

Huntsville 亨茨维尔(城市名，位于阿拉巴马州北部)Georgia 佐治亚(美国州名)Arkansas 阿肯色(美国州名)in unison 完全一致地

deny vt.否定，否认；拒绝接受，拒绝给予 toilet n.盥洗室；厕所 eyewitness n.目击者；见证人 United Kingdom 联合王国 weed n.杂草，野草 vt.除草，拔草 ditch n.沟，沟渠 vt./vi.开渠；筑渠

circus n.马戏团，杂技团；马戏场，杂技场 interstate a.［主美］州际的 unison n.一致；协调 gap n.裂口，裂缝 racial a.种族的

racist n.种族主义者 a.种族主义的；种族歧视的 shackle n.［常pl.］镣铐；［pl.］束缚，枷锁 Singapore 新加坡岛；新加坡；新加坡市 spokesman n.发言人；代言人

plantation n.种植园，大农场；植树造林 BBC 英国广播公司

correspondent n.对应物；新闻通讯员，记者，通信者gang n.一队，一族；一群，一帮

The Philippines 菲律宾(国)；菲律宾群岛 re-introduction n.重新采用，重新引入 Lydia Garcia 莉迪亚·加西亚(人名)Kumari 库马里(人名)Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡

degrade vt.降级，贬低；堕落；退化 concession n.让步；特许权；租界，租界地 immigration n.移居；外来的移民 to convict...of 证明…有罪，宣判…有罪 breadwinner n.养家糊口的人 to bring over 把…带来；使转变 be deserving of 值得；应得 be supposed to 应该

shelf n.(壁橱，书橱内)搁板；架子 deserving a.应得的，值得的(of)immigrant a.移民的，侨民的 n.移民，侨民 kingdom n.王国；领域

Filipino n.菲律宾人(语)a.菲律宾人的；菲律宾的 convict vt.证明…有罪(of)；宣判 n.罪犯 execute vt.实行，执行，完成，贯彻；将…处死 foreigner n.外国人

Saudi n.沙特阿拉伯人 a.沙特阿拉伯(人或语)的 leaflet n.小叶，嫩叶；传单，活页 maid n.少女；侍女，女仆

incidence n.影响程度，影响范围；发生率 despite prep.尽管，任凭 deport vt.驱逐出境 employee n.雇员，雇工

status n.情形，状况；地位，身份

minimum n.最小量；最低限度 a.最小的；最低的 guilt n.有罪；内疚

Stanford(美国)斯坦福大学

Walter Ellis 沃尔特·埃利斯(人名)Oxford 牛津；牛津大学 passport n.护照

Oxbridge 牛津大学和剑桥大学；该校之学生 Harvard(美国)哈佛大学 Cambridge 剑桥；剑桥大学

domestic adj.家庭的，家务的；国内的n.家仆，佣人

sexually ad.在性方面 Briton n.大不列颠人；英国人 abuse vt./n.滥用，妄用；虐待，凌辱 John Rae 约翰·雷(人名)diplomat a.外交家；外交官

statistics n.统计数字，统计资料；［用作单］统计学 exploit vt.开发，开采；利用；剥削 abroad ad.到国外；在国外 Princeton(美国)普林斯顿大学 lvy League 常春藤联合会；名牌大学的 Yale(美国)耶鲁大学

campaign n.战役；运动 v.参加运动，参加竞选活动 Berkeley 伯克利；加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校 Westminster 威斯敏斯特 France 法兰西，法国

John Major 约翰·梅杰(前英国首相)slavery n.奴隶制度，奴役；奴隶身份 eclecticism n.折衷主义 imitator n.模仿者 guitar n.六弦琴，吉他 jazz n.爵士乐 Negro n.黑人 a.黑人的 amplifier n.放大器

electronics n.［复］［用作单］电子学 electronic a.电子的 youthful a.反战的 readily ad.乐意地；很快地，容易地 sentiment n.感情，情绪；感伤 lighting n.照明，照明设备

studio n.工作室；播音室，演播室；电影制片厂 originate vi./vt.发源；发生，发起 synthesis n.结合，合成

consciousness n.意识，知觉；觉悟 instrument n.仪器；乐器 passive a.被动的；消极的 participant n.参加者 a.参与的 limitless a.无限制的，无限的 ballroom n.舞厅

spontaneous a.自发的，本能的，自动的；出自自然的penetrating a.穿透的，贯穿的；深刻的，透彻的 thereby ad.由此，从而

multimedia a.多种手段的；多媒体的 n.多媒体 to take on 具有；担任(工作等)；雇佣 thematic a.题目的，主题的；主旋律的

symphony n.交响曲，交响乐；交响乐队，交响音乐会 fruitful a.有成果的，有收获的 Bob Dylan 鲍伯·狄伦

traditionalist n.传统主义者；因循守旧者 painstaking a.苦干的；费力的

to take over 接管，接任；把…从一处运到另一处 invariably ad.不变地

San Francisco 旧金山(或称三藩市)

inspire vt.鼓舞；使产生灵感 creative a.创造性的

Beatle ［the Beatles］披头士摇滚乐队 preliminary a.预备的；初步的 n.初试；预赛 conception n.概念，观念

improvise vt.即兴创作；临时准备，临时凑成 output n.产量；输出

Jefferson Airplane 杰弗逊飞机(美国摇滚乐队名)handle n.柄，把手 vt.运用，操纵；经营，管理 notebook n.笔记本 composer n.作曲家

theme n.题目，主题；主旋律 to take place 发生

well-established a.固定下来的；得到确认的 constructive a.建设的，建设性的

conventional a.惯例的，常规的；(艺术等)因袭的at a stretch 连续不断地

for the sake of 为了…之好处；为了…的目的 diversified a.多样化的 sonority n.响亮，洪亮 in advance 在前面；预先 to serve as 适合

Palestrina 帕莱斯特里纳(意大利作曲家)temper vt.［治］使回火，锻炼；调合 clavichord n.(音)击弦古钢琴 in a sense 在某种意义上

Hugo Wolf 沃尔夫(奥地利作曲家)experimental a.实验的；经验的 sake n.缘故

summarize vt./vi.概述，总结 to belong in 应归入(类别、范畴等)Franz Schubert 舒伯特(奥地利作曲家)in other words 换句话说 Beethoven 贝多芬(德国作曲家)completeness n.完整，圆满；完成，结束

well(-)tempered 脾气好的；(键盘乐器)调到平均律的It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然 evident a.明显的，明白的

mold n.(=mould)模子；模型 vt.用模子做，浇铸 harmony n.协调，和谐；融洽，一致 automotive a.自动的，机动的；汽车的 increasingly ad.不断增加地 calculator n.计算者；计算器

reduction n.减少，减小；降级，降职；归纳，归并 frame n.构架，框架

expose vt.使暴露，使面临；揭露，揭发 appliance n.应用，适用；用具，器械 Edgar Varese 瓦雷兹(法裔美国作曲家)Debussy 德彪西(法国作曲家)Moussorgsky 穆索尔斯基(俄国作曲家)robotics n.机器人学，机器人技术 robot n.机器人；自动控制装置

spray n.水花；喷雾 vt.喷；喷涂 vi.喷；溅散 efficiency n.效率；功效，效能，实力 prevalent a.流行的，普通的

cast vt.投，扔；投射；铸造 n.投，掷；模具 weld vt./n.焊接

radiation n.放射，发光；放射物，辐射线，辐射能 personnel n.全体人员，全体职员；人事(部门)Well Tempered Clavichord(巴赫)《平均律钢琴曲集》Gesualdo 杰苏阿尔多(意大利作曲家)Bach 巴赫(德国作曲家)radioactive a.［原］放射性的；放射引起的 install vt.安装

Berlioz 柏辽兹(法国作曲家，指挥家及音乐评论家)in between 在中间；每间隔；在…期间 shade n.荫，阴影 vt.遮蔽，遮光 fireman n.消防队员 light-sensitive a.光敏的 in question 正被谈论的

critical a.批评(性)的；紧要的，关键性的，危急的digital a.手指的，指状的；数字的，计数的 housekeeper n.管理家务的主妇；女管家 plenty of 大量的；丰富的

specific a.特有的，特定的；具体的，明确的 to expose to 暴露；面临；曝露 brightness n.明亮，晴朗；聪敏，机灵 automatic a.自动的；无意识的，机械的

grayscale 灰度

attendant n.侍者，服务员；出席者 assemble vt.集合；装配 vi.集合 calculation n.计算，计算结果；仔细考虑 camera n.照相机，摄影机

reprogramme v.再次(重新)设定程序 in that 在于，原因是

scale n.刻度，表度；规模；比例(尺)；天平switch n.开关，转换器 v.转换；接通或切断…电流defective a.有缺点的；有缺陷的 intensity n.强烈，剧烈 completion n.完成，结束；完满 reliability n.可靠性 forecast vt.预测，预报；预示

speculate vi.思索；推测vt.投机；思索，推测 radon n.氡

fault n.缺点，毛病；错误，过失；［地］断层 subside vi.沉淀；沉降；平静下来，平息，减退 arthquake n.地震

on the alert 警戒，处于戒备状态 seismic a.地震

precede vt.先于…，比…优先 vi.在前面，领先 giant n.巨人；巨物，巨大的动物 a.巨大的 to set up 设立，建立；建立，提出 Guatemala 危地马拉 radium n.镭

datum n.(［复］data)资料，材料；数据 Chile 智利

up-to-date a.最新的，现代化的；直至目前的 earning n.警告；警报 a.警告的

eastern a.东方的，东部的；向东方的，来自东方的 to work on 从事…；对…有影响

partial a.偏袒的，偏心的，对…偏袒；部分的 underground a.地下的；秘密的 ad.在地下；隐蔽地 shift vt./vi.替换；转移 n.转换，转移；轮班 decay vi./vt.(使)腐朽，腐烂；衰变 n.腐烂；衰败 analyze vt.分析

occupation n.占领；占有；职业 satisfaction n.满意，满足 recognition n.认出；承认，公认

positive a.确实的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的 Garm 加尔姆(俄国城市)underlie vt.支撑；构成(理论，政策，行为等)的基础stressful a.紧张的，压力重的 renewal n.更新；重新开始 impart vt.把…分给；给予(to)attach vt.固定住，系；附加，隶属；使喜爱 Charles Richter 查尔斯·里克特 leadership n.领导；［总称］领导人员 Haicheng 海城(中国辽宁省城市)urban a.城市的，都市的

research n.研究，调查 vi.调查，研究

loom vi.隐隐呈现；逼近portray vt.描绘；描写；描述

possession n.有，拥有；［常pl.］占有物；财产 relaxation n.松弛，放松；缓和，减轻；休养 California 加利福尼亚(美国州名)San Andreas fault(美)圣安德烈亚斯断层 relevant a.贴切的，中肯的；与…有关的(to)desirable a.称心的，合意的，理想的 acquire vt.获得，得到

motivate vt.作为…的动机，激发 overestimate vt.过高估计；过高评价 elusive a.躲避的；难以捉摸的，难以理解的 wayside n.路边 a.路边的

be concerned with 关于，涉及；忙于…；关心，关切oversupply vt./n.过多供应

tricky a.狡猾的，耍花招的；难以处理的 adjustment n.调整

flexible a.柔韧的，柔顺的；可变通的，灵活的 attainment n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 slip vi.滑动，滑过；溜，溜走 vt.使滑动 realistic a.现实的，实际的；现实主义的 underestimate vt.低估；看轻

weekly a.每周的ad.每周(一次)n.周刊，周报 to put...to use 使用；利用

to attach importance to 认为…很重要 participation n.参加，参与

to take to 开始从事；养成…的习惯；培养对…的爱好 project n.设计，规划；项目 vt.方案，计划；投射 be relevant to 与…有关 quicksand n.流沙

readjustment n.再整理，再调整 on the part of 就…而言 appointment n.任命；约会

communicator n.传播者，传播工作者 to set...as objective 把…作为目标

to hang up 把…挂起来；挂断(电话)；延迟，拖延 lag vi.走得慢，落后 n.落后，滞后 freshman n.新手，生手；大学一年级学生 to look ahead to 向前看；展望未来

routine n.日常工作 a.日常的；例行的；常规的 deem vt.认为，相信

jet n.喷射；喷嘴；喷气式飞机，喷气发动机 inflexible a.不可弯曲的；不可改变的，固执的 flight n.飞行，飞翔；航班，班机；逃跑，溃退 physiological a.生理的，生理学的 kid vt./vi./n.戏弄，开玩笑；欺骗，哄骗 up to date 最新的，新式的；切合目前情况的 to allocate...for 分配给…；配给 regulatory a.规章的；调节的

assignment n.分配，委派；任务，(课外)作业 crash a.紧急的，速成的

to fall by the wayside 半途而废，中途退出 to work out 作出；制定出 to kid...into doing 欺骗…去做… temptation n.引诱，诱惑 faithfully ad.忠诚地；如实地 to throw off 扔掉；摆脱 adjust vt.调整，调节；校准 to stick with 坚持；继续 emergency n.紧急情况；突发事件 reset vt./n.重新安排，重调 sweat n.汗 vi.出汗 vt.使出汗 regulate vt./n.管理；调节 external a.外在的，在外的 discrepancy n.差异；不一致 internal a.内部的，内在的；国内的 periodicity n.周期性，间发性 excretion n.排泄；分泌 hormonal a.荷尔蒙的，激素的 palm n.手掌

instantaneously ad.瞬间地；即刻地 rhythm n.韵律，格律；节奏 transport vt.运输 n.运输

mechanism n.［机］机构，机制；作用过程timer n.计时员，定时器 destination n.目的地，终点 timing n.时间的选择；计时，定时 secretary n.秘书；书记；部长，大臣

cortisol n.［生］皮质(甾)醇

alarm n.警报；惊恐 vt.向…报警；打扰 suprachiasmatic a.超(染色体)交叉的 negotiation n.谈判，协商 bodily a.身体的，肉体的

proceeding n.程序，进程；项目，活动，会议文集 overcome vt.战胜；克服 Vichy 维希(法国中部城市)expectation n.期待；估计寿命 unlovable a.不可爱的；不讨人喜爱的 resistance to 对…的阻力 upwards ad.向上；趋向上升 Sweden 瑞典

to approximate to 与…接近wealthy a.富裕的；丰富的

infant n.婴儿，幼儿 a.婴儿的，幼儿的 lovable a.可爱的，讨人喜欢的 esteem vt./n.尊敬，尊重 Austria 奥地利

parenting n.父母对孩子的养育 Northern 北爱尔兰 revision n.修订，修改

to the fore 在前面，到前面；在显著地位 manageable a.易管理的 slippery a.滑的；圆滑的

lengthen vt.使延长 vi.变长，延伸 neglect vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽 n.忽略；疏忽 cope vi.对付，妥善处理(with)continued a.继续的，连续的 demographer n.人口学家

tone n.音调，音色；腔调，语气；声调，语调 Wales 威尔士

acknowledge vt.承认；表示感谢

paradox n.似非而可能是的论点；自相矛盾的话 classify vt.把…分类，把…分等级；把…列为 proportion n.比率，比例 vt.使成比例，使相称 to fall apart 四分五裂；崩溃 experiential a.经验的；凭经验的 resettlement n.重新定居，重新安置

appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价；感激，感谢salient a.突出的，凸起的；显著的 birthrate n.出生率

liability n.责任，义务；债务，负债；不利条件 alter vt./vi.改变，改动 dependency n.从属；依赖(on)gathering n.聚集；集会 advantageous a.有利的，有助的 inactive a.不活动的；不活跃的 be true of 符合于…，对…适用 to date 到目前为止

fore ad.在前面 a.先前的；在前部的 n.前部 aged a.年老的，老的

elsewhere ad.在别处；向别处

northwestern a.在西北的，向西北的；来自西北的 approximate a.近似的，大约的 v.近似，接近；使接近demography n.人口统计学 to attend to 专心；注意；照顾 pharmacological a.药物学的，药理学的 as fresh as paint 精神饱满

John Foster Dulles 杜勒斯(美国国务卿)now that(连词)既然，由于

to leave...alone 不管，不理；听其自然 assumption n.假定，设想；承担，采取 to advantage 有利地，有效地 fluctuation n.波动，起伏

promote vt.促进，发扬；提升，升级；发起，创办 mid-afternoon a.下午三点左右的 feasible a.可行的，可能的 span n.指距，跨距；一段时间 neutral a.中立的；中性的

White House 白宫(美国总统官邸)，美国政府 in time 及时；终于

Guam 关岛(美国在西太平洋的重要海、空军基地)synchronize vi.同时发生，同步 vt.使同步 Washington D.C.华盛顿(市)［美国首都］ effect on 对…的作用 wakefulness n.觉醒，不眠 Aswan Dam 阿斯旺水坝 Johnson 约翰逊(美国第36任总统)fluctuate vi.波动，起伏；动摇 vt.使波动，使起伏 out of step 步伐不一致；不协调 to blame...on 把…归咎于 focal n.焦点的

contrary a.相反的，相对的，与…相反(to)illusion n.错觉；幻觉

illustration n.说明；例证，插图 infrequent a.很少发生的 inefficient a.无效的；效率低的 mislead vt.把…带错路，使…错或做错

distraction n.精神涣散，精神不集中；消遣，娱乐 retention n.保持；保留

finance n.财政，金融；经费，资金 distract vt.分散(注意，心思等)；使人分心 appreciate vt.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价，鉴别；感激 duration n.持续；持续时间 trick n.诡计；恶作剧

moderate a.中等的，适度的；温和的，有节制的 hinder vt.阻止；妨碍(from)exceptional a.例外的；异常的，特殊的 distractor n.分散注意力的东西 motivation n.动机；动力

remedy n.治疗；补救(法)vt.治疗，补救 adversely ad.相反地；不利地，有害地 typical a.典型的，代表性的 fade vi.凋谢，枯萎；(颜色)褪去vt.使褪色 productivity n.生产率；丰饶，多产 fearful a.可怕的，吓人的；害怕的，胆怯的 monopoly n.垄断；专卖 statistically ad.在统计方面

to break up 打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解 foolproof a.连傻子都懂的；不会出毛病的 overturn vt./n.打翻；推翻，颠覆，毁灭 vi.翻身in the running 参赛，参加竞选 automatically ad.自动地；习惯性地 competitor n.竞争者；对手 temporarily ad.暂时地，临时地 monopolize v.垄断；专卖

transfer vt./vi.转移；改变 n.转移，传输，变换moderation n.温和，适度；缓和，减轻 to carry on 经营，进行；继续 to come into power 上台；开始掌权 majority n.多数，大半；多数党，多数派 opposition n.反对，反抗；对立，意见相反 dominant a.占优势的；支配的

peaceful a.平静的，安宁的；和平的，和平方式的running n.跑，赛跑；竞选 out of power 丧失权力 anaesthetics n.麻醉学

in favour of 赞成，支持；为…的利益，有利于 in power 掌权的，执政的

inevitable a.不可避免的，必然(发生)的 legislation n.立法；法律，法规 rivalry n.竞争；对抗

inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地 impact on 对…之影响

James Carville 詹姆斯·卡维尔

congressman n.(［复］congressmen)(美)国会议员George McGovern 乔治·麦戈文 Ohio 俄亥俄州(美国州名)assault n.攻击，袭击；(军)冲击，突击，强击 Warren Harding 沃伦·哈定 George Bush 乔治·布什 collectively ad.总体地；集体地 nominate vt.提名；任命；命名 Jimmy Carter 吉米·卡特 Ross Perot 罗斯·佩罗 George Wallace 乔治·华莱士 parliamentary a.议会的，国会的 Clinton 比尔·克林顿(Bill Clinton)electorate n.全体选民；选区 Ronald Reagan 罗纳德·里根

Little Rock 小石城(美国阿肯色州首府)dominance n.优势，控制，统治

contest n.竞争，比赛；争夺，竞争；争论，争辩 John Anderson 约翰·安德森

District of Columbia(美)(D.C.)哥伦比亚特区

dozen n.一打，十二个；十来个，十几个 poll n.选举；民意测验 vt.得到选票 vi.投票 electoral a.选举的 to identify...as 把…看成

impact n.冲击，碰撞；影响 vt.装紧，压紧 decline vi.下降；衰退vt.拒绝 n.下降；衰落 provision n.供应，供应品；条款，规定；给养 rating n.等级，规格；(电视)收视率 voter n.选举人，投票人

constitutional a.宪法上规定的；组成的，构成的 representative n.代表，代表人 a.典型的，有代表性的presidency n.总统(或校长)职务(职权，任期)；管辖 headquarters n.司令部，指挥部；总部，总店 pursue vt.追赶；追求，寻求；进行，从事 congress n.国会，议会；参议院，上院 strategically ad.战略上地，颇具策略地 House n.［英］议院

stir vt.搅拌；激起 vi.走动；活动 n.惊动 strategy n.战略；策略

district n.区，行政区；地区，区域 strategist n.战略家 economy n.经济；节约 overwhelming a.压倒之势的

democrat n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 representation n.描写，表现；代表，代理 to stand no chance 没有可能；没有希望

vote n.选举，投票；票，选票 vi.投票，选举 withdraw vt.收回，提取；撤退 vi.撤退；退缩 reinforcement n.增强，加固；强化 loyalty n.忠诚；忠心

to take advantage of 利用；占…便宜 crisis n.危机；决定性时刻

tangible a.可触摸的，可感知的；确实的，真实的 fold vt./vi.折叠；对折 n.褶(痕)republican a.共和国的；共和党的 n.共和党党员 outcome n.结果，结局；出路，出口 to cope with 对付；处理 election n.选举；选举权

no other...than 除…外没有，只有；正是，就是 worthless a.无价值的，无用的；不足道的，不可取的appropriate a.适合的，恰当的，相宜的 to act out 将…表演出来；(用行动)表示出来 inconsiderate a.不替别人考虑的；不体谅人的 nomination n.提名；任命

attribute n.属性，特征；vt.把…归因与(to)presidential a.总统(校长)的；总统(校长)职务的 democratic a.民主的，民主主义的 nominee n.被提名者；被任命者 ultimately ad.最后，最终地 certainty n.一定；必定

winner n.获胜者，优胜者；成功者 misleading a.引入歧途的；使人误解的

dose n.(一次)剂量

thalidomide n.［药］萨立多胺 cell n.细胞；小房间，单人牢房

replace vt.把…放回(原处)；更换，以…替代 tube n.管；电子管，真空管；［英］地铁 suitable a.合适的；适当的

irresponsible a.无责任感的，不负责任的 vaccine n.牛痘苗；疫苗 a.牛痘的；疫苗的 replacement n.复位，复职；替换，代替 eventual a.最后的，结局的

irrelevant a.不相干的，离题的，与…不相干 developmental a.发展的，开发的；促使成长的 partly ad.部分地；在一定程度上 rabbit n.兔

biomedical a.生物医学的 refinement n.精炼，精制

unethical a.不合伦理的；不合道德的

disorder n.混乱；失调，紊乱 vt.使混乱；使失调simulate vt.假装，冒充；模仿，模拟 ethics n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 toxicity n.毒性

polio n.［医］脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症 undergo vt.经历，经受；忍受 diabetes n.糖尿病

reproduce vt.繁殖；再生产；复制；再现，重现be central to 对…极为重要的

to do experiment on 用…做实验 to aim for 瞄准；以…为目标 David Morton 大卫·莫顿(人名)to sacrifice to 向…献祭；为…而牺牲；为…而失去 to test on 对…进行试验

Colin Blackmore 科林·布莱克默(人名)Birmingham 伯明翰(英格兰中部城市)be irrelevant to 与…不相干；不切题 humanity n.个性，博爱，仁慈；人类

negative a.否定的；负的，阴性的 n.底片；负数 refine vt./vi.提纯，精制；使改进，变优雅 literal a.精确的，如实的；逐字的，字面的 going n.进行状况 a.进行中的；现行的 regeneration n.新生，再生，复兴

remark vt./vi.说，评论，议论 n.评论，看法 delightful a.令人高兴的；讨人喜欢的 pet n.宠物，爱畜 a.宠爱的，表示亲昵的 to do research into 进行…的研究

paralyse vt.使麻痹，使瘫痪；使无力，使气馁 regrow vt.再生长，重新生长

coming a.正在到来的，即将来到的 n.来到，到达 litter n.干草；杂乱无章；一窝(仔畜)vt.铺草 touching a.动人的，使人感伤的 prevail vi.胜过；流行，盛行

unreasonable a.不讲道理的；不合情理的，过度的 individualistic a.个人主义(者)的

contemplate vt.注视，凝视；沉思 afflict vt.使苦恼，折磨

starve vi.饿死；挨饿；极需，渴望 vt.使挨饿 grant vt.同意；准予 n.同意，授予；拨款

imperative a.绝对必要的；命令的，强制的；祈使的 sustain vt.支撑，承受住；供养，维持

stricken a.被打中的，被击伤的；受灾的，受侵袭的 to bring out 使显现，显示；生产，使产生 to take...for granted 认为真实；视为当然 to attach...to 使…与…相关，把…附加到 deficiency n.缺乏，不足

relief n.(痛苦，压迫等)减轻，宽慰；救济 deprive vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去(of)ownership n.拥有；所有权，所有制 plea n.请求，恳求；托词 contented a.满足的，满意的 donation n.捐献；赠送

goings and comings 来往；活动，发生的事 kwashiorkor n.［医］恶性营养不良症 serene a.安详的；宁静的 starvation n.饥饿；饿死 devotion n.献身，忠诚

to break in on(upon)打扰；打断，闯进 spur vt.激励，鞭策 n.踢马刺；刺激，激励，鼓舞 confront vt.面对，遭遇；正视，对抗 at ease 自在的，舒适的

sensitivity n.敏感性；灵敏度 maladjustment n.失调；不适应环境 waylay vt.伏击；拦住…问讯

intellectual n.知识分子 a.智力的，理智的 inner a.内部的，里面的；思想的 n.内部；里面 compensatory a.赔偿的，补偿的 not(never)for a moment 通常；多半 not that...并不是说

initial a.最初的，开始的；词首的 n.首字母 to seize hold of 抓住；占有 daydream vi./n.白日做梦

habitual a.习惯性的，习以为常的；惯常的 inventor n.发明者，创造者

detail n.细节，详情 vt.详述，详细说明 to feel bitter at 对…怀恨 to plea for 恳求；请求 muse vt./vi./n.沉思，冥想 enhance vt.提高；增强

equilibrium n.平衡，均衡，相称；均势；平静 symptom n.症状，征兆 painter n.漆工；画家

to substitute...for 用…代替… to put off 延期；消除

trace n.痕迹，踪迹；微量，少许 vt.跟踪，查找 well-being n.健康；福利，幸福 dreamlike a.梦一般的，梦幻的

to let go of 放手；放开

effortless a.不作努力的；不费力的，容易的 excitement n.刺激；兴奋

investment n.投资；(时间，精力的)投入 modest a.谦虚的，谦恭的；适中的，不过分的 vividly ad.鲜明地；生动地

midst n.中间，当中 prep.(=amidst)在…当中 creativity n.创造性 thinker n.思想家；思考者 in reality 实际上，事实上 to excess 过分，过度，过量 impoverished a.贫困的，赤贫的 undisturbed a.不受干扰的；宁静的 steadily ad.稳固地；稳定地

tune n.曲调；和谐，协调 vt.调音；使合谐，调节 reflection n.反射，反映，映像；深思，考虑 be contrary to 与…相反

character n.性格，品质；特性；人物；符号，(汉)字surrounding n.周围的事物；环境 a.周围的 drift n.漂流；趋势，倾向 vi./vt.(使)漂流；漂泊 be unaware of 不知道…，没觉察到… Seine 塞纳河(法国北部河流，流经巴黎)be free from 没有…的；不受…的 to dream of 梦见；梦想 Florence Nightingale 南丁格尔

Johannes Brahms 勃拉姆斯(33-97年，德国作曲家)

Joan Freyberg 琼·弗雷伯格(人名)Isaac Newton 牛顿(英国物理学家，数学家和天文学家)Conrad Hilton 希尔顿(美国旅馆业巨头)Jerome Singer 杰罗姆·辛格(人名)Cesar Frank 弗兰克(法国比利时作曲家)to draw on 用做来源，依靠；临近

perchance ad.［古］偶然，意外地；可能，或许 at sea 在海上，在航海中；迷惑，茫然 Harry S.Truman 杜鲁门(美国第33任总统)in one's mind's eye 在脑海里 be confronted with 面临，面对

to add up to 总和是；［口］总起来意味着 to impress...on 使…铭记，牢记 Henry Kaiser 凯泽(美国实业家)be beneficial to 对…有益 to go over 越过，渡过；仔细检查 to put aside 放在一边，撇开储存 to gaze at 凝视，注视

Harry Emerson Fosdick 福斯迪克 dreamer n.做梦的人；空想家 unhappy n.不快乐的，愁苦的；不幸的 acronym n.首字母缩略词

veteran n.老兵，老手；退伍军人 a.经验丰富的 miserable a.悲惨的；可怜的 sleepy a.困倦的，嗜睡的

definitive a.决定的，确定的；限定的，明确的

psychology n.心理学；心理

evolve vt.使发展，推论 vi.进展；进化 eyeball n.眼球

respectively ad.各自地，分别地 surprisingly ad.惊人地；出乎意料地 correlation n.相互关系，关联 plus prep.加，加上 a.正的；附加的 elude vt.(巧妙地)逃避，躲避

administration n.管理，经营；行政，行政机关volunteer n.志愿者；志愿兵 a.志愿的 vi.志愿primarily ad.首先，起初；首要地，主要地 physiology n.生理学

identity n.同一，一致；身份，本体 differ vi.不同，相异(from)；与…意见不同 link n.环节，联系 vt.用环连接；联系 merry a.欢乐的，愉快的

far-fetched a.牵强的；未必会的，靠不住的 namely ad.即，也就是

Thomas Roth 托马斯·罗斯(人名)compel vt.强迫(to)influence on 对…的影响 compulsion n.强制，强迫

Cincinnati 辛辛那提(美国俄亥俄州西南部城市)Milton Kramer 弥尔顿·克莱默(人名)division n.分开，分割；除(法)；部门，科，处formerly ad.以前，从前

boring a.令人厌烦的

location n.定位，测位；位置，场所 cobbler n.补鞋匠

reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强，增加 to break into 分成(部分)antithesis n.对偶，(修辞学)对句；对立，对立面 voluntary a.自愿的，志愿的；自发的 eliminate vt.排除，消灭 coincide vi.一致，相符(with)laborer n.劳动者；工人

clerk n.办事员，公务员；(美)店员

undertake vt.着手做，进行；承担，从事，答应 enjoyable a.愉快的；快乐的；有趣的 rightly ad.公正地，正当地；合适地，恰当地 coronary a.冠的；冠状的 n.冠状动脉 efficiently ad.效率高地；有能力地

manual a.手的，用手(操作)的；体力的 n.手册 infinitely ad.无限地，无穷地 at a guess 凭猜测

to coincide with 相符，一致 tighten vt./vi.(使)变紧；拧紧

gamble vi./vt.赌博；打赌；投机 n.赌博；冒险 attitude toward(s)对…的态度；意见 in the strict sense 在严格的意义上 ritualize vt./vi.(行为模式)仪式化 warfare n.战争，作战，交战；斗争，竞争

of...importance 有…重要性

to get/sink one's teeth into 死死咬住；认真对待，全神贯注于 amusement n.娱乐，消遣

Hannah Arendt 汉纳·阿伦特(人名)unchanging a.不变的

aptly ad.恰当地，贴切地；灵巧地

to go in for 参加，从事；以…为兴趣，爱好 of...interest 有…兴趣 so far as...knows 就某人所知 grouse n.松鸡

aristocracy n.贵族统治；贵族 phrase n.短语，词语；习惯用语 workman n.工人，劳动者

aristocratic a.贵族的；贵族式的 duel n./vi.决斗；(双方的)斗争 of...value 有…价值 curtail vt.截短，缩短；削减 cargo n.船货，货物

clipboard n.带弹簧夹子的书写板 disapproval n.不赞成；不许可

series n.一系列，连续；丛书，套；［电］串联 vain a.徒劳的

subtle a.精巧的，精妙的；微妙的，难以捉摸的 competition n.竞争；比赛

studied a.深思熟虑的；故意的，蓄意的 longshoreman n.码头装卸工人

varied a.各种各样的；杂色的，斑斓的 coin n.硬币，钱币 vt.创造(新词)toss vt.抛，掷；使动荡 vi.摇摆，颠簸 cadre n.干部；基础结构 excessive a.过多的，过分的

subtly ad.精巧地，精妙地；微妙地，难以捉摸地 outrage n.暴行；愤慨 vt.对…施暴；激怒 vengeance n.报仇，报复

slack a.懒散的；行动迟缓的vi.松懈 n.淡季 white-collar a.白领阶层的，从事脑力劳动的 discredit vt.使不可置信 n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 stopwatch n.(赛跑用的)跑表 vt.用秒表测定时间 hell n.地狱，阴间；用以咒骂或表示愤怒，不满 assembly n.集合；集会，与会者；装配，组装

encounter vt./vi.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇，冲突；偶然相见to toss a coin 掷硬币；(与某人)掷硬币以作决定 to go to hell 见鬼去(骂人用法)on and off 不时；断断续续地，间歇地 to cut down on 赶上；振作；遵守；继续，保持 at present 现在；目前 to sit down on 反对 to keep up 假如；只要

with a vengeance 猛烈地；过度地 to apply oneself 减少对…之消耗量 to have an edge 应付过去 to do one's best 尽全力；尽量

to take...easy 轻松一点；勿太紧张

to play into sb.'s hands 为某人谋方便；有利于某人 to do with 处理；忍受

in large measure 很；大半；大部分 so long as 具有优势

to put an end to 结束或废除某事务 in return 作为回报

to rob sb.of sth.抢某人之财物 on occasion 有时，间或

to expect sth.of sb.对某人报有某种期望 to do without 没有…也行；将就，设法 response n.作答，回答；响应，反应 in vain 无效地；无结果地；徒然

year in and year out 一年一年地，年复一年 recorder n.记录者；录音机 How come...? 怎么会…? to take a free ride 免费搭车

convince vt.使确认，使信服；使认识错误 in series 串联电路的；成串联的 allege vt.断言，宣称

Frederick W.Taylor 弗雷德里克·泰勒 with a view towards(/to)以…为目的 microcassette n.微型卡式录音带

hysterical a.癔病的，歇斯底里的；患癔病的 capture vt.捕获；夺得，占领 n.捕获，捕获物 activate vt.使活动，使起作用

shocking n.令人震惊的，骇人听闻的 threatening a.威胁(性)的，凶兆的 prosecutor n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 belonging n.［常pl.］所有物；行李 grab vt./n.攫取；抓取 vi.攫取；抓住(at)persistently ad.坚持地；固执地

beloved a.为…所爱的；亲爱的 n.心爱的人，爱人 jaw n.颔，颚

device n.装置，器械；方法，手段 compassion n.同情；怜悯(for)attacker n.攻击者

excerpt n.摘录，节录 vt.摘，引用

miniature n.缩样，小型物 a.微型的，小型的 profound a.深刻的，浑奥的

avail vt./vi.有利，有助 n.好处，用处 on one's head 归罪于某人，(责任)落到某人身上 materialism n.［哲］唯物主义，唯物论；物质至上to convince sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事 New Jersey 新泽西州(美国州名)to comment on 对…评论

smother vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死 n.浓烟；窒息to/of no avail 完全无用，毫无效果 Camry 汽车牌名

resonance n.回声，反响；共振，共鸣 Michael LaSane 麦克尔·拉森(人名)foster vt.鼓励，促进；养育 a.收养的

Kathleen Weinstein 凯思琳·温斯坦(人名)persuasion n.说服，劝服

Toms River High School South 市南汤姆斯河中学 Toyota(日)丰田汽车公司

suspect vt./vi.疑有；推测 n.嫌疑犯，可疑分子 hiker n.徙步旅行者 heartbreaking a.使人心碎的 juvenile a.青少年的 n.青少年 merchant n.商人 county n.(英国)郡；县

p.a.system(=public address)system有线广播系统solicit vt.请求；恳求 wrath n.愤怒，愤慨

incapable a.无能力的；不能的(of)repressive a.镇压的；抑制的 poet n.诗人

blindness n.无视，视而不见；盲目性 restriction n.限制；约束 Middletown 米道镇(镇名)chess n.国际象棋 Ocean County 县名

subversive a.颠覆性的；起破坏作用的 pledge v.发誓；保证 n.誓言，誓约；抵押品 Danie Carluccio 丹尼尔·卡鲁齐奥(人名)Manitou Park 曼尼托公园

flee vi./vt.(fled,fled)逃离；逃避

actor n.男演员

apartheid n.种族隔离，种族隔离法 divisive a.造成不和的，制造分裂的 singer n.歌唱家，歌手

truthfully ad.说真话的，如实地 barrier n.障碍；障碍物

queue n.辫子；列队 vi.排队(for)sportsman n.爱好运动的人；运动员 Thorne Middle School 桑恩中学 ban vt.禁止，取缔 n.禁止；禁令 illegal a.非法的；违规的

Steve Makone 史蒂夫·马孔(南非足球运动员)to commit suicide 自杀 legislate vi.立法 vt.通过立法 to deny sth.to sb.否认…的…

Precious Mackenzie 普莱舍斯·麦肯齐(南非举重运动员)be incapable of 不会…，不能…

Lionel Ngakane 莱昂内尔·恩卡纳(南非演员)extent n.广度，范围；程度

eruption n.(火山)喷发；(战争，感情等)爆发，迸发 Alex la Guma 亚力克斯·拉顾玛(南非作家)separation n.分开，分类；分隔

Miriam Makeba 末丽亚姆·马齐巴(南非演员)rejection n.拒绝，抵制；驳回 indication n.指示，表示；象征，迹象 suicide vt./vi./n.自杀

Basil D'Oliviera 贝兹尔·戴里维尔拉(南非板球运动员)pervasive a.弥漫的，渗透的；遍布的

Alfrde Hutchinson 阿尔弗雷德·哈奇逊(南非作家)cease vt./vi./n.停止，结束 La Traviata 茶花女(威尔第的歌剧名)be subversive of 破坏…的

sterility n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠；消毒，无菌 Giuseppe Verdi 威尔弟(意大利作曲家，作歌剧30余部)to cut off 切去，割掉；切断，使孤立

inflict vt.使遭受(损伤，苦痛等)，使承受(on,upon)persist vi.坚持，固执(in)；持续，存留 ultimate a.最后的，最终的

computerize vt.电子计算机化，用电子计算机计算 foolishness n.愚蠢；可笑

marvel(l)ous a.奇异的，惊人的；［口］了不起的，妙极的sensible a.感觉得到的；明智的，明白事理的 unexamined a.未检查的；未审查的 Andre Brink 安德烈·布林克(南非作家)theoretical a.理论上的

vital a.生命的；有生命力的；极其重要的 Bloke Modisane 布娄克·莫狄森(南非作家)texture n.组织，质地；织品，织物 evaluate vt.估价，评价 solely ad.单独地；唯一地 profusion n.丰富，大量；过分 digression n.离题；偏离

logic n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性，条理性；理由，道理 obscure a.昏暗的；模糊的 vt.使暗，遮掩；使难理解 content a.满足的，满意的 vt.使满意 n.满足，满意 leap v./n.(leapt或leaped)跳跃；飞跃 functional a.功能的；职务上的；实用的 raw a.未煮过的，生的；未加工的 undue a.过度的，过分的

extension n.伸张，伸展，扩大；电话分机 Nat Nakasa 纳特·纳卡萨(南非作家)proof n.证据，证明；校样

junction n.连接，结合；结合点，交叉点 correction n.改正，纠正；责备，惩罚 to mistake...for 错把…当做…

dynamo n.［电］发电机；精力，精力充沛的人 to reflect on 仔细考虑，反思 error n.谬误；错误

safeguard vt.保护，捍卫 n.保护措施 loose a.松的，宽的；宽松；放荡的 to end in 以…告终

concrete a.具体的；混凝土的 n.混凝土 vt.使凝固 prolong vt.延长；拉长 to come about 发生

conquer vt.征服，战胜 vi.得胜，胜利 nourishment n.滋补品，营养品 technician n.技术员；技术专家

to come to terms(with)达成协议；妥协，习惯于

to distinguish between 分辨，区分 to pull down 拆除；推翻 specialist n.专家

universal a.宇宙的，全世界的；普遍的，通用的 sterile a.不育的，贫瘠的；无菌的，消过毒的 technologist n.工艺学家；技术学家 uniqueness n.独一无二；独特 possess vt.具有，拥有

jounalism n.新闻业；［总称］报刊；新闻学 secondary a.第二位的，次要的；中等的

enrol(l)ment n.登记，接收，招生；招收人数，入学人数expansion n.扩张；膨胀

Ferris Greenlet 费里斯·格林里特(人名)to turn loose 放开，释放；听凭，放纵 to speculate on 思索；推测，猜测 Alfred Whitehead 阿尔福雷德·怀特里德 upheaval n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，** infrastructure n.基础；基础结构 establishment n.建立，创办；机构

diploma n.执照，特许证；毕业文凭，学位证书 respect for 对…的尊敬 Aristotle 亚里士多德 sociology n.社会学 Francis Bacon 培根 kindergarten n.幼儿园 promotion n.促进；提升

to enable...to 使…能够…

accountability n.有解释义务；负有责任 bus(s)ing n.公共汽车接送；［美］用校车接送学生 postgraduate a.大学毕业后的，大学研究院的 n.研究生 to make over(财产)转让，移交；改造，重做 scarce a.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的，珍贵的 award vt.授予，判给 n.判定；奖，奖品 prescribe vt.指示，规定；开处方，开药 permissive a.容许的，许可的；随意的，开放的 integrate vt./vi.使结合，使并入；使成一体 on the contrary 相反地

perspective n.透视，透视画法；远景，展望；观点，看法schoolhouse n.(小学或乡村学校)校舍 to go to law against ［俗］控告某人 to shy away from 躲开，回避；赞成 infiltrate vt./vi.渗入，透过；浸润 chip n.片屑；薄片；电子集成电路片，芯片 diversity n.多样性

humanistic a.人文主义的，人本主义的，人道主义的 tier n.排层；等级 route n.路线；航线

to disagree about 对…意见不一

economics n.［用作单或复］经济学；经济情况，经济 rote n.死记硬背；机械的方法

progressive a.进步的，先进的；渐次的，累进的 to go along with 和…一起

demand for 对…的要求 as for 对于，至于

undergraduate n.(尚未取得学位的)大学生 a.大学生的 unconventional a.非常规的，不落俗套的 to learn by rote 由熟记而学某事

第四篇：自考英语二汉译英汇总

1.They learn for the sake of learning.他们为了知识而学习。

15、请提醒我九点前给她打个电话。Please reminds me that I must 2.I was sitting on the stairs descending into the basement.我坐在通往 call her up before nine.地下室的楼梯上。

16、物以稀为贵。rarer（更稀罕的）it is, the more it is worth.The 3.By the time my senior year arrived, I had saved a considerable 此句类似于： 你越能接受他们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。The amount of money.等念到大四时，我已经存了数目可观的一笔钱。better able you are to accept them, the less angery you’ll be.4.Sometimes it was discouraging because I was rejected again and 17.在现代社会中，受教育不应该被看成是一种特权。Education should again.由于接二连三地遭到拒绝，有时我感到沮丧。not be considered to be a privilege（特权）in a modern society.5.Running anxiously to the mailbox in anticipation of my test scores 18.高失业率并不是技术发展的结果，而是消极公共政策的后果。High became part of my daily routine.每天焦虑不安地冲向邮箱，盼望取得 unemployment is not the result of the pace（速度）of technological 考试成绩，这成了我生活的一部分。change but the consequence 结果）passive 被动的）public policy.（of（6.This experience was also very costly.这次经历的花费也不低。

19、好像她天生就是为了取得成功，甘心情愿地把自己牺牲在 7.I decline to accept the end of man.我拒绝接受人类末日的说法。成就名声当中。It seemed that she was born to succeed and was 8.I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail.我相信人 more than willing to sacrifice hereself in the name of achievement.类不仅能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。20.这 增 主 是 于 育 职 重 的 变 致 This rise has been 一 长 要 由 教 和 业 点 转 所。9.From the lands stretch 3,000 miles behind me.在我身后连绵着3000 attributed（归因于）primarily（主要地）to the change in educational 英里的土地。and career 事业）emphases 重点）注：（（.emphasis 复数 emphases 10.They were determined to make that new world strong and free.他

21、从当代大学生的目标来看，经济学类确实很吸引人。Given 们决心使新世界强大而自由。the goals 目标）of the college students of this generation（（一代人）, 11.It appeals to their pride, not their pocketbook.它所吁求的是他们的 such options（选择）are attractive（吸引人的）.自尊，而不是他们的钱包。22.他们把绝大部分精力花在了追求目标而不是探求知识的理解上。Their 13.It would be easier to shrink back from that frontier.在这条边疆前 energies are best spent in pursuit（追求）of the goal rather than an 退缩是比较容易的。exploratory（探测的）pursuit for

第五篇：新版自考英语二词汇

自考英语二词汇重点（新版）I.New words and expressions

New words

1.critical adj.有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2.non-fiction n.纪实文学

3.position n.观点；态度；立场

4.statement n.说明；说法；表态

5.question v.表示疑问；怀疑

out of question / out of the question

6.evaluate v.估计；评价；评估

7.context n.事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉

8.value n.values [pl.]是非标准；价值观

valuable

invaluable=priceless

valueless

9.represent v.描述；表现

representative adj./n.10.assertion n.明确肯定；断言

11.sufficient adj.足够的；充足的sufficiency

insufficient

12.statistic n.statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料

13.integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体

14.authority n.专家；学术权威；泰斗

an/the authority on sth.authorize

15.compare v.比较；对比

compare A with B

compare A to B

16.subject n.主题；题目；题材

17.consistent adj.相符的；符合的18.inconsistency n.不一致

19.assumption n.假定；假设

20.case n.具体情况；事例

in case

in case of fire

in case that…

a case in point

confirmed/suspected cases

21.directly adv.直接地；径直地

22.identify v.找到；发现

23.valid adj.符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的validity n.有效性，正确（性）

invalid

24.credible adj.可信的；可靠的incredible=unbelievable

25.landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑

26.relevant adj.紧密相关的；切题的relevancy n.关联；恰当

irrelevant

27.current adj.现时发生的；当前的28.appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的inappropriate

It's(not)appropriate that ….29.bias n.偏见；偏心；偏向

30.considerably adv.非常；很；相当多地

consider

considering

considerable

considerate

consideration

31.Democrat n.（美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民

32.Republican n.（美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者

33.reflect v.显示；表明；表达

34.informed adj.有学问的；有见识的well-informed

ill-informed

Phrases and Expressions

1.apply to 使用；应用

2.put forth 提出；产生

3.take … into account 考虑到；顾及

4.accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以为真

5.with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地

I.New words and expressions

New words

1.confidence n.自信心；把握

相关词：confident

be confident of sb./ sth.have / lose confidence in sb./ sth.注意比较：confident / confidential

2.program v.训练；培养

3.mastery n.控制；驾驭

4.destiny n.命运；天命；天数

5.dramatically adv.巨大地；惊人地；显著地

6.quality n.质量；品质

7.subconscious adj.下意识的；潛意识的8.please v.使满意；使愉快

9.command n.（给人或动物的）命令

10.knowingly adv.故意地；蓄意地

11.impact n.巨大影响；强大作用

12.matter v.事关紧要；有重大影响

13.confident adj.自信的；有自信心的14.sense n.（对重大事情的）感觉，意识

15.eliminate v.排除；清除；消除

eliminate all grammatical mistakes

be eliminated in the first round

16.disempower v.剥夺；使失去权利；剥夺力量

注意构词法：dis（表示否定）+em（使，赋予）+power

en-/ em-常见的动词前缀，如：enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等。empower v.授权，赋予权利

17.self-esteem n.自尊（心）

18.limit v.限制；限定

区分两个名词limit和limitation。

There is a limit / are limits to one's life.There is no limit / are no limits to knowledge.Everyone has his own limitations.19.infinite adj.极大的；无法衡量的相关词：finite, finitely, infinitely

20.stifle v.压制；扼杀；阻止

21.creativity n.创造力

相关词：create, creation, creator, creative, creatively

22.internal adj.内心的；头脑中的23.insignificant adj.微不足道的；无足轻重的相关词：significant, significance, significantly, insignificance

24.commonly adv.通常；常常

25.alternative n.可供选择的事物，替代物

have no alternative but to do sth.Is there any alternative to going to the cinema?

26.fabulous adj.极好的；绝妙的Phrases and Expressions

1.carry out 完成（任务）

2.be up to 取决于

3.have an impact on/upon 对…产生巨大影响

4.rub … out 用橡皮擦掉（字迹等）

5.be in control of掌管；