第一篇：SCI EI写作指南之三：参考文件要求
SCI子EI写作指南
之四：论文参考文献的构成和著录要求
一切公开出版和发表的图书、论文、规范、专利等都可以作为参考文献，参考文献和论文的前言（引言）是紧密相连的，现代科学技术研究工作都是在前人已完成的工作基础上进行的，科技工作者在进行一项科研工作时，最基础的工作就是文献的检索工作，通过检索工作，查询他人在此方面都做了哪些研究工作，进而了解他人工作的进展和进度，以及他人的研究工作是否具有，以及具有哪些局限性。
所以，在写作论文时，在前言中应概述他人的工作，并指出他人工作与本论文工作有哪些联系和不同，以及本论文希望在哪些方面取得进展，其中提到他人的工作时，一定要给出参考文献，做到言之有据，所以文后的参考文献可以从一个方面反映出作者占有资料的情况，进而反映出该论文的学术水平，如果论文后的参考文献都是国内已出版很久的教材和图书，说明作者占有的都是一些很旧的文献，作者的知识陈旧，所写出的论文就很难有多高的学术水平。
如果论文后的参考文献都是作者通过国际著名检索机构查询到的国际上该领域的最新成果，则说明作者占有大量的最新文献，作者的研究工作处于该领域的最新前沿，论文被国际著名检索机构收录的机会就会大大增加，所以，建议作者在查询文献时，要充分利用国际著名检索机构，查询国内外一些著名核心期刊所发表的论文，并作为参考文献。
第二篇：毕业论文写作指南
毕业论文写作指南：
2012-04-17
论文可分为以下几部分：
摘要（包括英文摘要）要求：用尽量简短的篇幅将论文的内容（目的、方法和创意）概括出来，切忌在摘要中详细介绍某种方法和理论；并简单地介绍结论。
1.引言：
重点介绍所选燃料的特性、应用及发展前景。还应介绍目前对该种燃料的研究现状，同时介绍研究的方法和理论基础。
重点介绍柴油机缸内柴油和空气混合的重要性（对柴油机性能和排放的影响），柴
油机缸内混合气的研究现状和前景（如，不同的研究方法），以及研究的理论。 重点介绍活塞或连杆的有限元研究（理论、方法、现状和应用）。
2.软件介绍：
CHEMKIN
Fluent
Abaqus
3.理论：
燃料的化学反应机理：重点介绍所选化学反应机理，需有信服的论据支持该化学反
应机理，应指明论据的出处。
毕业设计中应用的射流研究的流体力学理论。
有限元理论（重点介绍与论文相关的）
4.模型的建立；
重点介绍所选CHEMKIN反应模型（HCCI模型），以及选用的原因。介绍反应模
型对实际问题的近似。详细介绍如何在CHEMKIN中使用所选模型。
柴油机燃烧室简化模型，网格划分（Gambit），边界条件，射流和缸内空气初始条
件，湍流模型和数值算法的选定（Fluent设置）等。
活塞或连杆三维模型的建立，载荷的设置，单元体的划分，算法的选择等。
5.结果分析（根据研究目的自由发挥）：介绍所设计的计算案例，对图表结果进行分析。
（注意：
在计算NOx时，如反应机理中没有N的反应，应把燃烧学书中215页的Zeldovich
三步反应机理加进输入文件
可进行不同方法或网格的比较研究
可进行优化设计）。
6.结论（详细地介绍）。
7.列出参考资料（注意要规范）。
第三篇：实用写作指南
一、写作
(一)存在问题
1.不会写
所谓不会写指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因：一是考生的确无话可说;二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。
2.写不好
所谓写不好就是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌;或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，近而没有文采。原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯;第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。
(二)解决办法
第一，首先必须熟悉
英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。比如，以议论文举例来说：
1.议论文写作思路
2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic);正反观点型作文(A&B)
3.阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述)
(1)基本写作格式
5.正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。)
(1)基本写作格式
第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。
1.英语文章段落结构特点
英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句
(1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。
(2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。
(3)结尾句：所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。
因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。
2.主旨句
作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图，我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章，自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。第三，学会遣词造句
1.遣词：
(1)词汇等级
所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下，也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc
(2)词汇准确性
所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢?或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢?答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼
睛是不可以，只能用big，因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。
2.造句：
(1)词组
很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in---”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采，那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢?
(2)句式
除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student.I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是插入语;二是倒装。
第一，插入语。
所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语;第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示(黑体划线处)：
Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material
resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.插入语的作用主要有两个，一个是突出主语，比如说：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.第二个作用是解释说明，比如说：People, especially students, should work hard.第二，倒装
倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种：
Only + 时间状语
Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.Only + 介词词组
Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements.Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.否定词位于句首(hardly when;never;not only---,but also---;seldom)在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人
Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.地点方位名词位于句首
In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.(3)修辞
无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。英语写作中的修辞问题我已经专门写过一篇文章(见《英语写作几种修辞手法》)。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较：The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of importance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.那么很明显，最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。
第四，平时要注意积累
很多考生为了写好作文也作了好多工作，课下也付出了很多，包括背诵大量的文章等等，但是提笔写作时候，仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢?
我认为，很多考生虽然也背诵文章，但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述，他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子，倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程，而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此，我们在注重积累的同时，一定在平时练习的时候，把他们多家运用。只有多练多用，才能真正达到学以致用，才能真正提高写作水平。
第四篇：商务英语写作指南
商务便函与便条写作
(一)商务便函
例一
SCHOOL OF ENGNISH FOR BUSINESS
MEMORANDUM
To: Mr.Kingswick, Course Coordinate
From: Barnsby Campbel
Date: 19 November 1995
Subject: Lesson Plan for 28 November Lecture
I intend to teach memo writing in my next lecture.I plan to cover the following parts:
1.Inside Address
This is omitted in a memo.As internal communication the reason is obvious.2.Greeting
It is more polite to put Mr., Mrs., or Ms before and the office after the name of the recipient.You may sometimes address the readers as a group.3.Subject
This is a phrase to tell reader what the memo is about.Sometimes only he phrase is given without the word Subject before it.4.Body
These should be short, less than 10 lines, and concentrate on only one paragraph one idea each.Sometimes for memos with three or more paragraphs, it is advisable to begin each with a heading in capital letters to tell what the paragraph is about.Another practice is number the paragraphs for easy reference later on.5.Carbon copy
This is written as c.c.for short.As in a letter, it lists the persons who are also receiving the memo.6.Signature
Only the initial is need.The office and name in print of the write are omitted.In more casual memos there is no signature at all.Any thoughts on my notes? Anything to add? Let me know at tea break.c.c.Mr.P.L.Duke, Training Office.例二
Internal Memorandum
To: Anne Bell
From: Graham Davis
Date: 23 March 1992
Subject: Office Furniture
__________________________________________________________________________ We need some comfortable chains for visitors to go in the manager's office
Can you arrange it?
We need 10 chains in either beige or dark brown.The maximum you can spend is $ 500.1
例三
Interoffice Memo
To: Richard Burley
Dept: Market research
Subject: Profits and Southmoor Branch
Date: May 10, 1998
I have finished studying the Southmoor Branch sales figures for the 1st quarter and see they are about $ 255,000 under projections.That is third straight quarter thatSouthmoor has fallen short.Will you prepare a new analysis of the Southmoor market potential/ I know you did one ___and a good one too___three years ago before Southmoor opened.But maybe some factors have changed and we need to look into them.Ben Tebbins is working up a report from the sales and promotion angle.He'll finish about June 15.If you could be ready then, we will get together and see if we can solve the Southmoor problem.TBac.CC: Ben Tebbins
(二)商务便条
例一电话留言
To: Mr.Fevrier
Message:
Mr.Reter Schulz called from Vienna, wanted you to call him today before 4 pm or any time tomorrow on 014569924
Message taken by: J.B.K.例二让秘书同志推迟约会
Miss Liu,I've got an urgent meeting today.Please contact the applicants to postponee the interviews till further notice.DS
例三请假
To: Mr.Slater
Message:
I am sorry to tell that I won't be able to go to the office today due to a sudden dizziness.So I have to ask for a day's sick leave.例四安排工作
To: Mr.Richardson
Message:
Please send a letter to Naves Limon in C.R.Find out:
Are they satisfied with the order?
Can we provide any after sales advice?
Encourage repeat order
(三)商务便函分类范例
1． 交流意见
From: Chief Executive
To: Production Director
Subject: Production for machinery for Machine shop x
As you know the company is contemplating opening a new machine shop in the near future.Our operations have been expanding so rapidly that such a development now appears inevitable.There are a number of questions, which we need to be thinking about and I would be grateful to hear you opinion on the idea.1.As to the choice of new machinery I would like to know whether you think we should buy or hire new equipment.2.Then I would like to hear your proposals on which machinery we should consider acquiring.3.Closely connected with the purchase or hire of machinery is the matter of maintenance.We also need to be discussed.How many new staff will be required, for example?
4.At the same time I would appreciate it, if you could provide me with estimates of the probable working life of the equipment, which you propose.Could you please let me have your preliminary thoughts on the questions in time for our meeting next week?
2.了解情况
MEMORANDUM
To: All members of staff, Northern Branch
From: K.L.J.Date: 5 December 1994
Subject: PERSONAL COMPUTERS
The board urgently requires feedback on our experience with PCs in Northern Branch.I need to know, for my report:
1.What you personally use your PC for and your reasons for doing this.If you are doing working that was formerly done by other staff, please justify this.2.What software you use, Please name the programs.3.How many hours per day you spend actually using it.4.How your PC has not come up to your expectations.5.What unanticipated uses you have found for your PC, that others may want to share.Please Fax this information directly to me by 5 p.m..on Wednesday 7 December.If you have any questions, please contact my assistant, Jane Simmonds, who will visit you on Tuesday, 6 December.Thank you for your help.(3).活动安排(1)
NTERAL MEMOI
To: All Branches
From: Sales Manager
Date: 28 November, 1996
Tour: 5210______New Carrier
1.We have found a new carrier for Tour 5210.This id DTL Aviation company.2.All clients who still want to take this holiday must reconfirm their bookings as soon as possible.2.They must also check in at Gatwick Airport by 0825 on the day of departure.3.Please write to all agencies and them this.活动安排
（二）MEMORANDUM
From: Office of the GM.Date: Feb.1
To: Heads of factories Subject: Trip by GM
Below are details of the factories that the general Manager will visit.In each one, the GM would like to speak to all members of the Production Dept.please inform each factory and them to cancel all other appointment.March 8 Kuala Lumpur
March 9 Singapore
March 10 Singapore
March 11 Jakarta
(4)建议
MEMO
To: Project Planning Dept.From: General Manager
Date: Jan 5Subject: Aqua Warm BV
I have looked though our records of the work that we did at Perfecta Ltd.The heating system was checked three times before it was turned on.We are absolutely sure that explosion is not our responsibility.I suggest, therefore, that Perfecta writes to Aqua Warm to claim compensation.Please write to Perfecta(address: 61 Bath Road, Worester, England WR 5 3AB)and explain our position.(5)报告
MEMO
To: All Directors
From: Lynn Adam, Administrative Secretary
Date: May 25, 1999
Subject: Machine Dictation
At the request of some of the division direction, we have made a survey of machine transcripts to see what could be done to improve both the quality of transcripts and the speed with which the work is completed.these are their suggestions:
1.Both dictators and transcribers should be familiar with the dictating and transcribing
Equipment.A manual is available for every machine;it explains how to use the equipment.2.It would be helpful if all dictators would:
a.Mark the indicator slips with special instruction and correction.Mark the slips, too, to show the length of the letter or report.b.Spell any proper names as well as technical or unfamiliar words.c.Control their voice so that the dictation is neither too loud nor too soft.Be sure to enunciate clearly.d.Supply as mach information as possible__ number of copies, type of massage, and identity of dictator.It would also help if salutations and subject lines, when used, were dictated.e.Indicate when you would like the dictation complete the work dictation is rush.3.Machine transcribers will complete transcription by the day following the receiving of the tape unless the dictation is marked rush-----then every will be made to complete the work when it is wanted.Please let me know if you have further suggestions.I should also like to know if these suggestions result in better transcripts.四考试题型与范例
考题一
You are the Manager of a small printing company.A new employee, Mark McCabe, is joining your company on 10 th May.* Write a short memo to your office administrator
*Saying who is starting work and when:
*Telling him what Mark McCabe's desk should be put.*Suggesting where Mark McCabe's job will be
*Write 30----40 words on your Answer Sheet
SANPLE
To: Office Administrator
From: Manager
Date:
Subject: New Employee
A new employee, Mark McCabe, will join us on 10th May.He will take charge of the Sales section.Would you please arrange his desk in the room of Sales section.考题二
Your company has received a lot of criticism of its telephone service.You looked into the most common complains and made the following notes:
The Services Director has asked you to write a memo to call staff on recommended telephone procedure.* Write the memo in about 100---120 words, explaining how staff should use the phone.Use the
information in your notes above.* Write on your Answer Sheet
Sample
To: All Staff
Subject: Recommended for all staff to know we should use phones, because we have received so many complaints from our customers.The following are some recommended telephone procedure:
1.Do not leave the phone to ting too long before answering
2.Answering calls politely, instead of just saying'hello'.3.Let colleague know the transfer and how long the call will be when transferring calls.4.Take down messages including date;time, caller's name and number.考题三
You work for a company, which produces laser printers.You are visiting another company, Soft cell, to buy some computer software for your department.They have expressed an interest in your company's printer and you would like to take twenty brochures and three sample printers with you.*Write a short note to Mr.Jim Asana, the sales manager.*Ask for his permission to take these items.*Explain why you want them.*Mention the time and date when you want to collect them.Write 30----40 words on your answer sheet.Sample
To: Mr.Jim Asano
Massage:
May I have you permission to take twenty brochures and three sample printers with me when visiting Softcell who have expressed an interest in our printers.I will come to collect them at 8 am Thursday morning.
第五篇：研究报告写作指南
研究计划大致可从如下几个部分着手：
一、个人基本情况（personal statement):
1.简介（略写）。这个部分不宜过长，以免有喧宾夺主之感。个人情况主要包括本科期间学习情况，学习成绩，个人特长（与学习有关，如数学基础扎实等）。有工作的可以附带说明一下工作经历。大学期间奖励情况（如果有比较突出的话，如学术奖等）。总之，个人情况应尽可能写出你的特色，你与众不同的地方或者是你突出的地方.2.专业背景（详写）。专业特点，培养目标，你本科专业与你报考的专业是否相同（如果一致，可说明你为继续攻读硕士打下良好基础;如果不同，则说明你为什么选这个专业，以及你对这个专业的了解）、你的专业擅长等等。还可写写你在本科期间结合本专业做了一些相关的project，如计算机的就可写写开发过什么系统等。
3.报考光华的原因。（可详可略）如北大百年悠久历史、深厚的文化底蕴、浓厚的学术氛围等及光华云集了优秀的老师和学生等。也可谈谈你将来毕业后的打算，是继续攻读phd还是工作等。
二、本科期间的科研成果（如果有，一定要写上，这是你的“亮点”！，没有就不要写了，以免弄巧成拙）
主要介绍你的科研情况和论文的思路、主要内容和研究过程（表明你有很强的学术研究能力）。记得如果有论文发表或获奖，提交研究计划时一定要把论文和获奖证书复印件给带上。
三、研究计划
1.总写你的专业背景或经历会给你的继续研究打下什么样的基础（如数学功底，统计知识或计算机知识，经济理论，管理知识或个人经历或广博的知识面或英语特棒等等）
2.详写你感兴趣的方向以及对这个方向的认识。可写几个方向1，2，3分别阐释，或只写一个方向。包括这个方向的研究方法，你的兴趣所在，你觉得研究这个方向的意义，这个方向的最新进展，这个方向的大师以及你准备如何进行研究（如果不知道，就写要抓紧时间看哪方面的书，哪些理论值得你去深入思考等等，表明你的强烈的求知欲望和研究潜能，打动老师^-^)
3.（可写可不写）。还可结合写点你对这个专业哪些老师的方向感兴趣，老师的研究成果是什么。(甚至可以说这是你报考的动力所在，但要真实感受，不能虚情假意）
4.（可写可不写）表明你的信心和决心。表明你在读研期间将抓紧时间，好好学习，尽可能地充实和提高自己。（要知道，每个老师都喜欢务实勤奋的学生，千万别写要做些兼职或社会实践，那会耽误你宝贵的学习时间！）
主要就这些了，再说明几点：
1.字数在一页至两页之间，最好不要超过两页.光华的老师都很忙，没时间看你的长篇累牍。
2.内容一定要真实，可以略为“夸张”，但不能是假的。
3.同时要准备一下研究计划中提到的内容。面试老师可能会问你一些报告中的细节问题，你应该很有把握地回答出来。
4.要写出自己的亮点或特色，不要千篇一律，结合自己的特点写。
5.以上仅供参考，有些同学可能有更好的框架。但一个根本原则是：表明你的诚实和勤奋，说明你的能力和兴趣，写出自己的特色和水平!
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