英语文章（五篇范文）

第一篇：英语文章

Chapter I Introduction

1.1 The present situation of English teaching in early education.It is well known that education in china has been influenced by the examination-oriented system for a long time.A teacher-centered class is a traditional passive class, and it has caused a widespread lack of interest and motivation among children in language learning.To solve this problem, the teachers have tried many ways to make their classes interesting and effective.Primary English Teaching Syllabus point out “Interest is a good teacher for pupils to learn a foreign language.And it's an important task for primary school teachers to arouse students’ interest at present.” In recent years, some educators have discovered that the game is also learning and it’s the best learning, in fact, for children to have early education.Game is children’s nature.Applying games in the course of children’s English teaching is suitable for the development of children’s physiological and psychological characteristics.Teachers should make full use of children’s characteristics, such as being very curious, active, imaginative, creative and their attention span is very short.If teachers can pour games into children’s English teaching appropriately, children’s enthusiasm will be aroused, classroom’s atmosphere will be stimulated and teaching effectiveness will be improved.There is no doubt that playing games in children’s English teaching is one of effective ways to foster children’s interest and motivation in English learning.1.2 The need for the game 教学游戏是情景教学法的一种形式，它能使英语教学生动有趣，引人入胜，从而调动学生的学习热情，充分发挥其学习的自觉性和积极性。教学游戏能创造良好的课前气氛，能帮助学生闯过“思维低谷”；并且帮助学生复习和巩固已学习的知识。对于贪玩，爱游戏是孩子的天性。初中阶段的学生充满好奇心，他们对英语课堂的游戏极易产生兴趣，因为英语课堂枯燥，机械的语言变得生动，活泼，使得学生在学习英语整个过程中充满了激情与欢乐，从而激发他们对英语学习的兴趣。英语教学游戏不是简单地玩而玩。它直接为学服务，寓知识于游戏中。学生在参与中不知不觉地复习巩固所学知识。教学游戏是情景教学的一种形式，它能使教学变得更加生动有趣，引人入胜，从而调动学生的学习热情，充分发挥其学习的积极性和自觉性。因此 英语作为一门语言学科。教学的目的即能激发学生拼背单词兴趣，促进词汇记忆高效性。使学生的精神、思维、身体等处于积极参与状态，进而提高学生a的学习兴趣。在中学课堂之中，游戏教学法的运用，有助于提高学生学习成绩。

In general, game is an interesting thing.All people who take advantage of game know its simple but miraculous features, they are interesting, easy to remember, usually need at least two guys even a team to play.So when a thing is boring, such as most classes in public school, preparing for a test, we can hardly say it's a game.They lose the pleasure of the game.When a thing is logical in theory but we can hardly feel it, we spend a lot of time to remember it, we feel exhausted and catch a little bit eventually.It's also not a game.Someone said that the most beautiful thing is but simple one.As far as I'm concerned, everything can be grasped easily by anyone and then sets a bridge between people, so long as you know people's concerns.That is the inspiration, which is in small scale but covers the land in passion.Yet, scientists get inspiration from their chat with the core of universe,we give it to our friends or students by reading their hearts and design a game to play.That is the thing under the feature of game

游戏种类

小学英语教学的对象一般是9-14岁的学生，这个时期的孩子好奇、好玩、好动、好强、喜欢表扬。爱玩是孩子的天性。我国著名的教育家陈鹤琴先生也说：“小学生生来是好玩的，是以游戏为生命的。“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”（只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻）。但从纯英语教学的角度看，英语课程要求学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写的能力，形成一定的综合语言运用能力。正是由于这种“任务”所施加的压力，课堂上教师难免会有机械的灌输和学生机械的接受。传统的课堂教学往往很注意课堂纪律，学生静静地坐在那儿，师云亦云，整个课堂也因此变得闷乏味，学生的学习兴趣和热情也在不知不觉中逐渐消失殆尽。游戏教学法是指在教学中尽可能地采用游戏的方式，将枯燥的语言现象转变为学生乐于接受的、生动有趣的游戏形式，为学生创造和谐、有趣、丰富的语言交际情境，使学生在玩中学、学中玩的教学方式，游戏教学法不仅使学生学习了知识，更重要的是培养了兴趣。我们倡导的游戏教学法吸收了国内外外语教学的合理成分，并结合小学英语课堂教学实际，在实践中创新，在实践中反思。游戏是一种教学法。它能使学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习英语。兴趣是学习英语的关键，激发学生学习英语的兴趣是小学阶段英语教学的一项重要的任务。

英语教学当中有很多种游戏，按着设计目的区别，给教学游戏分为：操练性游戏、激趣性游戏、合作性游戏、拓展性游戏、综合性游戏五大类。其中操练性游戏有快速和反复之分；合作性游戏也可分为展示性和竞赛性。

一．操练性游戏：

1.快速操练性游戏：这类游戏一般用在课前，为了让学生快速的回忆单词、复习旧知。

游戏一：教师出示已学过的单词图片、卡片。学生一个接一个的快速拼读单词并说出汉语意思。就是课堂上常说的“开火车”。如：出示“apple”的图片或词卡，学生快速拼出a-p-p-l-e apple 苹果。

游戏二：用课件快速闪烁一组五个学过的单词，学生看后快速在本子上写出。然后再逐个呈现一次，对照、改正并说出汉语意思。

2.反复操练性游戏：这类游戏一般是用在新学完一组单词后，要通过反复操练来巩固新知。游戏三：接拼单词：看生词卡片，请学生每人说一个字母拼出一个单词，说到最后一个字母，这几名学生一起站起来把这个单词读来。

游戏四：拼读游戏：准备正面有单词、背面注有音标的卡片。教师把卡片背在后面，快速出示。如果是正面就大声的读一遍，并用手指在课桌上写一遍；如果是背面就把这个单词拼读出来，并说出汉语意思。可以根据熟练程度逐个增加单词。

二．激趣性游戏：这类游戏一般是为引出新知而设，目的是激发学生继续学习的兴趣、启迪思维。

游戏五：猜猜看。Guess,What's in my hand? 这个游戏不但复习了大量的词汇和句子，为学习新课做了铺垫，而且由于学生急于想知道教师手里的东西究竟是什么，从而促使其动脑、动口。激发了学生的学习兴趣。

游戏六：我来描述你来猜。老师用简单的英语描述一件事物，请学生来猜。这样正好利用了孩子的好奇心，激发学生动脑思考，继续学习。

三．合作性游戏：这类游戏是以小组合作交流为主体开展的。可以是展示性的，也可以是竞赛性的。

1．展示性合作游戏：以展示学习成果为目的。

游戏七：角色表演。教师可以把要掌握的重点句子写在黑板上，引导学生根据这些习句创设情境、揣摩人物。然后在小组内根据具体情况进一步加工，合作表演。合作是把知识转化为能力的环节，是学生最兴奋的时刻，也是训练学生运用英语进行交际的机会。学生此时可以尽情发挥自己的交际能力。教师应抓住这一契机，努力营造英语表演气氛。教师还可以准备一些简单的道具和头饰，让表演更加有趣。

游戏八：作品展示。小组协作出一些英语小作品，展示给大家看。如在教学四年级时，就可以让学生小组合作出一张自己理想的并认为合理的英语课程表，还可以让学生根据学过的各种动物及其特点，根据一组熟悉的旋律分组填词配作动，以表演的形式展示给大家。让学生在英语活动中体验到成功的快乐，激发学生自主学习的兴趣。

2． 竞赛性合作游戏：竞赛是学习、练习的一种好形式。小学生好胜心强，利用竞赛可以激发学生的兴趣，操练和巩固所学知识。竞赛一般可贯穿教学的全过程，也可在课结束前进行决赛，分出胜负，培养学生的竞争意识。

游戏九：淘汰游戏。教师在发出指令前可以说“Sam says”，则学生做此动作，指令前没有“Sam says”学生则不做此动作，如教学一年级五官一单元时教师说“touch your nose”，而学生做了摸鼻子的动作，便算错了。全班分四组，反应慢或做错的同学被淘汰请回到坐位。留下的人最多的小组获胜。

游戏十：单词竞赛。每组发一张标有该组序号的白纸，请学生以小组为单位在五钟内尽可能多的写出所能想到的单词。然后打乱组互评，要求把你认为对的单词标上汉语意思，一词一分，认为不对的做上标记。最后教师审评，给其它组判分无误的可为自己组赢得五分。分高者胜。这个游戏大大提高了学生自主学习的积极性。很多孩子为了为难其它组或是不被他人为难，学习了很多课外单词。四． 拓展性游戏：这类游戏一般用在新授之后。可以让学生把新旧知识贯穿起来，巩固复习。

游戏十一：Last Letter。学生1任意说出一个单词如：girl，学生2可以接letter。学生3可以接任何一个以r 开始的单词，但是不能重复别人说过的单词。在这种游戏中每个学生的大脑都在进行活动，要么想下一个单词可以接什么，要么考虑别人说的是否重复。课堂气氛十分活跃！

游戏十二：Word association。给一个单词，让学生说出与这个单词有关的内容。如：出示Hotel这个单词。学生会说出Five-star hotel ,travel, food, equipment in the hotel, tourist, waiter, waitress, room, restuarant 等等许多的单词。这样使得众多的相关单词在学生面前又呈现了一次。

五．综合性游戏：这种游戏更接近学生的生活情境，具有很强的时尚性和参与性，需要教师根据学生喜欢的娱乐活动不断更新。因此很受学生欢迎。

英语教学游戏实际上为学生创造了一种极为良好的语境，在这种实践中，使他们的注意力高度集中，思维的潜力得到充分挖掘，他们的聪明才智得到充分发挥，他们平时学到的知识得到充分运用，英语水平得到明显提高，学生的交际能力和独立处事能力不断加强，同时又能使个别学生克服内心的自卑感、紧张感、拘谨等心理障碍，使个性向开朗、活泼、主动、热情的方向发展。因此，我们不能忽视教学游戏在教育、教学活动中所起的巨大作用。



第二篇：英语文章

Coffee Culture

作者: 双语时代|发布日期: 2008-3-12 6:37:20

“Give me a decaf triple vente, 2 pump vanilla, non-fat, extra hot, stirred, no foam caramel macchiato with whip cream and caramel sauce top and bottom.”

“给我一杯热的、无咖啡因和泡沫的香草糖浆脱脂加奶油浓缩式焦糖玛奇朵咖啡。”

If you happen to be standing in one of the ubiquitous Starbucks or Coffee Bean chains in the US, chances are pretty good you might hear someone order something like this.The advent of big business coffee powerhouses like Starbucks has transformed

coffee-drinking into an extremely popular and profitable industry that is quickly spreading across the globe.Like other successful consumer-oriented businesses with a stranglehold on modern culture(iPod and Google come to mind), big coffeehouse businesses have made their product increasingly user-friendly, highly customizable, and readily accessible to people all around the world.如果你碰巧在随处可见的星巴克或者香啡缤之类的咖啡连锁店附近，你会经常听见有人这样点咖啡。像星巴克这样的大型商业咖啡连锁店的出现已经将传统的咖啡饮品转变成一种盈利的流行产业，并且在全世界范围内迅速发展。不同于其它的一些以消费者为导向的知名成功产业束缚了现代文化的发展（马上就想到了iPod和Google），大型商业咖啡连锁店使他们的产品更具亲和力、更适合消费者、更接近全球大众。

Coffee has a history dating back to at least the 9th century and has been a catalyst for social interaction across cultures and eras.Originally discovered in Ethiopia, coffee beans were brought into the Middle East by Arab traders, spreading to Egypt, Yemen, Persia, Turkey, and North Africa by the 15th century.Muslim merchants eventually brought the beans to the thriving port city of Venice, where they sold them to wealthy Italian buyers.Soon, the Dutch began importing and growing coffee in places like Java and Ceylon(largely through slave labor), and the British East India Trading Company was

popularizing the beverage in England.Coffee spread across Europe and even reached America.咖啡的历史可以追溯到9世纪，并被看成是一种超越文化和时代限制、促进社会交往的催化剂。最初埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡豆，阿拉伯商人将其带往中东地区，并在15世纪传播到埃及、也门、波斯、土耳其和北非。接着穆斯林商人把这些豆子带往繁荣的港口城市威尼斯，并将其卖给富有的意大利商人。很快，荷兰引进咖啡豆并在爪哇、锡兰（大多是奴隶劳动）等地开始种植。大不列颠东印度贸易公司将这种饮料在英国普及开来。经过这一系列的不断传播和发展，咖啡遍及欧洲，并最终来到美国。

Where there has been coffee, there has been the coffeehouse.From the 15th century Middle Eastern establishments where men gathered to listen to music, play chess, and hear recitations from works of literature, to Paris' Cafe le Procope where luminaries of the French Enlightenment such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot came to enjoy a hot cup of joe, coffeehouses have traditionally served as centers of social interaction, places where people can come to relax, chat, and exchange ideas.哪里有咖啡，哪里就有咖啡屋。从15世纪人们聚集在一起听歌、下棋、讲述文学作品的中东地区，到法国启蒙运动中的文化名人聚集的巴黎普洛各普咖啡馆，比如伏尔泰、卢梭、狄德罗就曾经来这里品尝热咖啡，咖啡馆自古以来就是一个供人们休息、聊天、交流思想和进行社会交往的中心。

The modern coffee shop is modeled on the espresso and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses that arose with the establishment of Italian-American immigrant

communities in major US cities such as New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston's North End, and San Francisco's North Beach.New York coffee shops were often frequented by the Beats in the 1950's.It wasn't long before Seattle and other parts of the Pacific Northwest were developing coffee shops as part of a thriving counterculture scene.The Seattle-based Starbucks took this model and brought it into mainstream culture.现代咖啡馆借鉴意大利咖啡馆的浓缩咖啡和圆心馅饼模式，以至于在很多美国的大城市出现了一系列意大利裔移民聚集区，比如纽约的小意大利、格林威治村、波士顿北极、旧金山北滩。在20世纪50年代，“垮掉派”也是咖啡馆的常客。不久在西雅图和太平洋西北部的城市也出现了越来越多的咖啡馆，并且迅速发展成为了反传统文化的中心。源自西雅图的星巴克利用这种模式，并将其带入主流文化。

Although coffeehouses today continue to serve their traditional purpose as lively social hubs in many communities, they have noticeably adapted to the times.Rediscovering their purpose as centers of information exchange and communication, many coffee shops now provide their customers with internet access and newspapers.It has become

extremely common to see someone sitting at a Starbucks listening to music or surfing the web on his or her laptop.Coffee stores today also maintain a fairly identifiable, yet unique aesthetic: wooden furniture and plush couches, paintings and murals drawn on walls, and soft-lighting combine to give coffee shops the cozy feeling of a home away from home.尽管今天的咖啡馆仍然像过去一样，在很多地方扮演着社会活动中心的角色，最显著的特点是它们的时间适应性。重新作为信息交换和谈论的中心，咖啡馆为客人提供上网的途径和报刊杂志。在星巴克看见有人听歌或用笔记本上网是极为平常的事情。直到今天咖啡馆仍然保持其清晰独特的审美品味：木制的家具、舒适的沙发、以及墙上的彩绘和壁画。所有的一切包括柔和的灯光，都给咖啡馆营造了一种舒适安逸的氛围，仿佛置身于自己的另一个家中。

Today, big business retail coffee shops are expanding quickly all over the world.Starbucks alone has stores in over 40 countries and plans to add more.Despite its popularity, Starbucks has been criticized and labeled by many as a blood-sucking

corporate machine, driving smaller coffee shops out of business through unfair practices.This has even spawned an anti-corporate coffee counterculture, with those subscribing to this culture boycotting big business coffee chains.Increasingly popular coffee stores such as The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf are also giving Starbucks some stiff competition.In any case, it seems pretty clear that coffee has weaved itself into the fabric of our

consumer-oriented culture.今天，大型商业咖啡零售店在全球迅速发展。仅仅是星巴克就已经遍及全球40多个国家并且还在不断扩展中。尽管受欢迎，但星巴克还是被有些人指责或标榜为“吸血鬼机器”，因为它的垄断使得许多小型咖啡企业破产。甚至造成了一种反企业垄断的非主流文化和与其相呼应的抵制大型商业咖啡连锁店活动。像香啡缤这样的咖啡馆的兴起也增加了星巴克的竞争压力。无论如何，可以肯定的是，咖啡已经将自己置身于以消费者为导向的文化结构中。Coffee, it would seem, is more than just a drink.From early on after its inception, coffee has been tied closely with cultural trends and has been indicative of important periods in history.It was poured into the cups of the giants of the French Enlightenment as they changed the course of human thought, it was placed on the backs of Brazilian slaves in the era of Imperialism, it's fragrance was in the air as Beat poets like Kerouac and

Ginsberg wrote of their alienation, and it is here now as the world continues to change in this era of technology and globalization.So the next time you enjoy your latte or your ice-cold caramel frappuccino, appreciate the fact that you are connected to countless numbers of people spanning many different cultures and eras through your love of that wondrous beverage: coffee.可以说，咖啡已经不仅仅是一种饮料。自始至终，它都和文化发展紧密相联并且成为历史重要时期的象征。咖啡在改变了人类思想进程的法国启蒙运动巨人们的杯中缓缓流动；咖啡是帝国主义时代巴西奴隶肩上沉重的负担；咖啡在“垮掉派诗人”凯鲁亚克和金斯堡描写孤独寂寥的空气中肆意飘香。到了今天，它依旧在这个科技和全球化的时代里随着世界不断地发展和改变。所以下次，在你享受热铁拿或冰卡布奇诺时，可以想象一下，你正在穿越文化和时空的界限与无数的伟人进行思维的交流和碰撞，都是由于对这种美味饮料的热爱：咖啡。

第三篇：英语文章

大学已经不再特别了

一 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。

二 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德•里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。

三在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。

四20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米•亨德里克斯或兰尼•布鲁斯的志同道合 者。

那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。

五 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。

六 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。

七 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

八 “幸福啊，活在那个黎明之中

九年轻更是如进天堂！”

十 华兹华斯的诗句说的可能是法国大革命，但是对于20世纪60年代的大学生而言，这样的诗句同样真实生动。可是为什

么对于如今的大学生来说，它们就不真实了呢？

这位是桑迪

一 我的朋友向生人介绍我的时候，虽然我嘴上从不说什么，但我心里喜欢得很。我喜欢他们说―这位是桑迪——她是聋子‖的时候脸上那副骄傲和荣耀的表情，就好像我证明了他们的仁德善心一样。我也喜欢生人脸上那瞬间的震惊表情、匆忙的微笑和他们竭力装出的―正常脸色‖。如果他们这套仪式做得够好，我就会微微转过头，把头发掖到离他们较近的那只耳朵后面。他们总会说些好话，夸我的粉红色助听器，我的朋友们则在一旁灿烂地微笑。

二实际上，我在考虑开始收藏助听器。它们是比耳环更好的首饰。我曾经看到过一款―一夹得带罩助听器的广告图片，产品有各种 各样的形状和颜色，绝对时髦。那就像我们上高中的时候，埃斯特的爸爸给她买的精美昂贵的手提包一样。那时，我们其他人只有羡慕的份儿，却无法仿效，因为我们的老爸没那么多钱去娇惯我们。而现在，只有我能戴助听器。朋友们也就只有羡慕的份儿了。

三 说实话，我挺喜欢耳聋的。在那次车祸和愚蠢的安全气囊破裂之后的头几年，日子不好过，但是现在，耳聋让我在朋友中显得很特别。我的好朋友没有一个是听力残障的，因为我不是天生耳聋，在我失去听觉的时候，我已经有了一个固定的朋友圈。他们中的多数人都热心积极地参加这场―表演‖。

四 你知道，在你谈论朋友时，你会把称他们为―酒吧侍者德鲁‖、―女权主义者卡罗尔‖、―能用舌头给樱桃梗打结的家伙格雷格‖等等。我是―聋女桑迪‖。我喜欢这个称呼。我没有任何其他突出的个性或能耐。从来没有过。

五还不仅仅是与众不同。我确信，假如我不戴粉红色助听器的话，我生活中的许多重大事件就不会以同样的方式发生或产生同样的结果。例如，跟柯林之的事儿。

六 我初次遇见柯林是在一次公寓派对上。女权主义者卡罗尔给我们彼此做了介绍之后，我把头发拢到两耳之后，凑得更近些，不是因为他把那套仪式做得特别好，而是因为他是个情种。谁都能注意到在不可避免的惊讶之后他脸上恢复的微笑。

七 握手后之，我们去拿喝的。在临时搭建的吧台和沙发之间的某个 地方，卡罗尔不见了。

八 ―你通常都像这样读唇语吗？还是也用手语？

九 过了一会儿他问。我告诉他说：―我多数时间只读唇语，因为这比用手语更容易，但这不是我一直盯着你的嘴唇的唯一原因。

十 他大笑起来。我们又说了一会儿话。后来，主人放大音乐的音量，调暗―舞池‖的灯光；我不得不凑近他，很近很近，以便能在昏暗中接着读他的唇语。我的确读到了他的唇语。我们照例交换了电话号码。

十一 一周之后，柯林做了件不可思议的事：他打来了电话。我们出去玩了，发现对方在大白天依然好看，因此彼此感觉满意。我又读了更多的唇语。在两个月之内，柯林和我就开始约会了

上头条

一 世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。但是这正是2001年9 月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。从那一刻起世界改变了模样，这样说也许并不夸张。

二 但是，使9/11 值得纪念并（用媒体喜欢的话来说）具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。还有震惊和恐惧。这一消息极度震撼，极具爆炸性。事发多年以后，许 多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处和当时正在做什么。他们能记得自己的反应：对全世界许多人来说，他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别的人。这就证实了那句老话：“坏 事传千里”。

三 一切重大新闻都是如此。我记得上小学的时候，老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说，肯尼迪总统死了。我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁，但是我听到这一消息后非常不安，后来就跑回家去告诉了父母（当然，他们已经知道了）。事实上，这是我最早的记忆之一。

四 那么，新闻到底是什么？一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题，都会造成戏剧性的后果，从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的，并不都集中在同一天上头条。对比之下，9/11 不仅具有国际性，而且奇特怪异、出人意料，还（可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的困境感同身受，从这个意义上讲）极具人性。

五 奇特怪异并不意味着重大。就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住，他们怕它会咬破电线，造成短路。飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。

六 你也许会说，这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件（除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外）。但是全球却颇有反响，从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载（《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是“捉老鼠延误航班”）。

七 另一个新闻价值的元素是即时性。这是指事件发生的时间近。一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了——除非你刚刚读到它。“何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五Wh（何）”问题之一（其余是何人、何事、何地和何故）；今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。同样，即将发生的事件（今天、今晚或今夜）也可能具有新闻价值，虽然，从定义上讲，它不出人意外，也就不那么耸人听闻了。

八 说到即时性，能够实时播报新闻的媒体，如电视、广播和互联网，就比报纸的优势大多了。眼看着事件在你眼前展开与次晨早餐时在报上读到它的感觉大不相同。但是，电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠，因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的，或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的；它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。

如果把相机移到别的地方，你就会看到另一番景象。这就是为什么人们通常会谈到“媒体霸权”——或多或少隐蔽地影响公众的权力。

九 但也许到了30 世纪，这种权力将有所减弱，或至少下放给普通民众。个人博客的大量出现，通过像“任你漂流”这样的网站自我广播的可能性，以及权限开放网页（wiki 网）的增长都意味着任何人有任何话要说——或有任何东西要展示——现在都能立刻让全世界的观众看到。

十 当然，这并不意味着报纸和电视即将在一夜之间消失。但是，在永不休止的搜寻有趣新闻——奇特怪异、出人意外和极具人性的新闻——的过程中，它们将越来越多地转向网站收集资料，为全球信息网提供令人称奇的具有地方色彩的消息。

第四篇：英语文章

Internet

Everything lives with opposite forces.The same can be said about modern technology, such as Internet.At first glance Internet offers us excitement and a worl of promise.Frankly speaking, people who have some ideas of it can not deny the merits born with the system.For instance,it can improve proficiency in scientific research, for by means of it scientists and researchers can get a global look at the latest development in the field concerned and accordingly they need spend no time doing what has already been done.In view of personal communication, the most convenient means could be peculiar to Internet, too.While people speak highly of Internet,its drawbacks shouldn＇t be neglected.Sometimes, alittle fatal breakdown of the system, or a disastrous error could bring us an enormous amount of damage an。Meanwhile, with lnternet＇s replacement of hooks or the written work as the main source of information, human＇s writing abilities are weakened and relations between people are desalinated.However, every country on this planet should work hard to

develop

the

system

to

serve

us

more

efficiently

and comfortably, because in the net all countries are interrelated.[参考译文]

因特网

任何事情的存在都有负面影响。可以说科技也是如此，例如网络。初看起来，网络带给我们兴奋的一个有前途的世界。坦白地讲，既使对此有些想法的人也不能否认网络与生俱来的优点。举个例子，它可提高科研效率，因为科学家们观察它们借此能够获得对相关领域最新发展的全面了解。并且他们无需费时做已做过的事情。对于个人交流沟通，最便捷的方式恐怕也是网络。

当人们高度评价网络时；应忽视它的缺欠。有时系统小有一点致命的故障或一点灾难性的错误都会带来巨大的损失。同时随着作为主要信息来源的各种书籍和书写工作逐渐被网络替代，人类的写作能力变弱，而且人与人之间的关系也淡漠了。

尽管如此，这个星球上的每个国家都应努力发展这个网络系统以便更高效服务于人类。因为在网上，所有的国家都是相互联系的。

人类生存Man Is to Survive

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about: Man Is to Survive.You should base your writing on the following outline:

1．人类面临的问题(如能源、疾病、污染、人口等)；

2．悲观的看法(如人类将无法生存)；

3．人类的智慧和出路。

Your composition should be no less than 120 words.Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.Man Is to Survive

Man is finding himself confronted with more and more problems which threaten his existence on this planet.For example, some resources are beginning to be exhausted.Many diseases are getting difficult to be cured.Various kinds of pollution are becoming worse and worse.Moreover, population explosion is always on the rise...Therefore, there comes the problem: will man survive these problems?

Faced with，so many problems, pessimists hold that man is destined to die out.Their reasons are as follows.With population explosion, food will be scarce;space will shrink;resources will be used up.Moreover, pollution will threaten our health;

incurable diseases will endanger our lives...Obviously, man has only one way out——complete destruction.Admittedly, these people have their reasons to think in this way, but I don＇t think they are altogether right.I believe that man is bound to overcome these difficulties and survive a into the future because man is endowed with wisdom.With this wisdom, he came up with solutions to problems he came across in the past.With this wisdom, he will surely work out solutions to the problems which will arise in the future.学生求职为何难?

Why It Is Difficult ron College Students to Find Jobs?(大学生求职为何难?)

1．描述现状；

2．分析原因；

3．给出办法。

[写作导航]先陈述现实，即虽然从理论上讲不应如此，但大学生找工作确实很难；第二段分析原因，一方面来自大学生自身，如有些人不能溶入社会，目标过高等，另一方面是所学专业过窄，难以找到合适的工作；第三段给出“我”的观点：大学生应了解自己的长处和短处，不要太看重物质利益，而是要着眼于长远发展，另外还要注意继续深造。

[范文]

More and more college students, in recent years, are finding it difficult to find jobs.This may sound strange since college students used to be the “most favored” people in society.They have received a higher education, hence they are more intelligent, knowledgeable than their counterparts who failed to attend college.But chances are that some of them

can hardly find jobs after graduating from colleges.There are two reasons that account for this strange phenomenon.One is that some college students cannot come to terms with themselves and with the world around them.They pursue too high goals and are too particular about such factors as working conditions, salary, and so on.Therefore, they are reluctant to accept the job when they are offered to them.Another reason is that the majors some students pursue do not match with the demands of the job market.As a result, they canonly sit and miss opportunities.To solve this problem, I think college students should know their own strengths and weaknesses and have the right attitude towards themselves and the job vacancies.In addition, they should not attach too much importance to material aspects of the job.They

should put priority to their future development and their contributions to society in stead.Furthermore, they should think of receiving some further training to meet the demands of society.课外活动之我见

My Views on Extracurricular Activity(课外活动之我见)

1．有些学生热衷于课外活动；

2．有些学生从不参加课外活动；

3．我的观点。

[写作导航]第一段先指出，积极参加课外活动的同学对课外活动的看法是积极的；第二段再写不积极参加课外活动的同学的看法；第三段陈述我的看法，可分别从大学生活的性质、书本知识与课外实践以及广交朋友等方面论述积极参加课外活动的好处。

[范文]

Some students like to participate actively in after class activities.They think after class activities are an integral part of school life.By going in for such activities, they can learn what they can＇t learn from books, which will be beneficial to them in the future.Others, however, don＇t like after class activities at all.They think that a student＇s work at school is learning theoretical knowledge and nothing else.Taking part in after class activities is a waste of the valuable time at school.In my opinion, every student should engage in some after class activities because from these activities we can learn many valuable things that we won＇t learn in classrooms.School is not just a place for learning the difference between “lie” or “lay”, or what caused the hours of the daily schedule.Finally, after class activities broaden our circle of acquaintances.No amount of ordinary school work can take the place of friends acquired in the informal familiarities of activities.分数之我见-My Ideas on Soores

My Ideas on Soores(分数之我见)

1．有人认为分数重要；

2．有人认为分数不重要；

3．我的看法。

[写作导航]第一段从不同的人对分数有不同的看法引入主题，然后分述这些看法。有人认为分数是衡量学生掌握知识程度的唯一标准，分数还可决定一个学生是否可以上大学、读研究生，甚至是否被工作单位录用；而有些人则认为分数高的学生不一定工作能力强，实际能力更重要。最后给出“我”的看法，即在我看来，两种看法都有片面性，其实两者缺一不可。

[范文]

People＇s ideas on scores vary from person to person.Some think that scores are very important.They think in this way because scores have always been the only means to tell whether a student has a good command of the subject they have learned.To illustrate, they say scores are often used to determine whether a student should go to college or not.Scores are also used to decide whether he can further his study after graduation.Scores are still used to decide whether he can get a job in the job market.Others, on the other hand, holdthat scores are not so important as practical knowledge.They suggest that students with high scores at school are not necessarily competent in their work after graduation.Our society does not need those who can perform very well in examinations;instead, it needs those with practical skills.I think both of the above views have their limitations.Having lots of theoretical knowledge without enough practical skills is no good, nor is having lots of practical skills without enough theoretical knowledge.Only when we have a combination of both, can we be called qualified students of new China.学生评价老师

Students＇ Rating of Their Teachers(学生评价老师)

1．学生给老师打分已很普遍；

2．人们对其持不同态度；

3．我的看法

[写作导航]第一段宜写高校改革所带来的变化使得学生评价教师很普遍，在有些高校学生的评价甚至成为教师教学好坏的惟一尺度；第二段应写对这一做法，人们有不同的看法，有人赞成，认为学生最有发言权，而有人则反对，认为学生不具备评价教师的素质，对诸如教学材料、教师业务水平等的评价应由教师的同事来完成；第三段写我的看法，我认为，学生评价教师有必要，但要切实做到对教师的教学有帮助，例如可让学生评价在某门课上所学到的知识如何，兴趣如何等等。

[范文]

A great change is now taking place in higher education throughout our country.Teachers are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve their students.It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students.In some universities students＇ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.This, however, has caused great controversy.Some are in favor of the rating system.They hold that since students attend the teachers classes everyday, they should have their opinion about their teachers＇ effectiveness.Others, on the contrary, are

strongly against it.They think that students＇ rating is easy to administer and score, but it also is easy to abuse.They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students＇ rating forms.Students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject.These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers＇ colleagues.I think students＇ rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be conducted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers＇ performance.Instead of rating the teachers＇ knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they themselves have leaned in a course, and to report on such things as a teacher＇s ability to communicate with students, his relationship with students, and his ability to arouse interest in the subject.就业时选择高薪还是好的职业

Do You Prefer High Salary or A Promising Job?(观点题材)

When it comes to the choice of career, some people prefer the job with high salary.Why? Their reasons run as following: to begin with, high salary can bring them happy life;in addition, with high salary, they can do whatever they want.But some others prefer to choose a job with promising future.They base their choice on the following reasons: on one hand, a promising job itself means a raise and promotion in the future;on another hand, job with a bright future will bring them honor and sense of pride.As for me, if I’m left to make the choice, I’ll not hesitate to choose a promising job.First of all, I appreciate the honor and challenge it brings to me.At the same time, if I work hard, it will offer me a lot of opportunities including high salary, good position, etc.现代社会中的女性

Woman in Modern Society

Title: Woman in Modern Society

Outline: 1)Role of women in modern society

2)Prejudices and discrimination against women

3)My comments

Women play an important part in modern society.Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering.They comprise a large part of the workers in businesses and factories.In addition, they are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men.There are even some businesses which are run completely be women.Clearly, women are making outstanding contributions to the progress of modern society.There are, However, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways.First, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough.Second, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males.Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only.In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than women do.Personally, I'm firmly standing on the side of those woman right defenders.Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing.(173 words)

My Dream

I am good at writing and I am interested in travelling around the world, so I want to become a reporter in the future.As a reporter, I can communicate with many different kinds of people.I can show the real world to readers.As a matter of fact, to be a good reporter is not easy.It's a challenge for me.Now I must study hard and lay a solid foundation.Also I must build up my body.关于我自己(自我介绍)_

关于我自己

【内容提示】

你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作。对方要求你用英语写一篇文章，介绍自己的基本情况。文章应包括下表所列全部内容。

注意：1．情况介绍必须采用短文形式；

2．词数100左右；

3．文章第一句已为你写好。

生词：竞赛——competition

【作文示范】About Myself

My name is Li Hua.I was born in the city of Dalian, Liaoning Province.I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990.Then I entered

NO.6 Middle School where I mainly learned the subjects like Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I have been very fond of and good at English and computer ever since.Therefore I placed first in the school computer competition last year.My hobbies include swimming in summer, skating in winter as well as collecting stamps and listening to popular music in my spare time.【写法指要】

1）本文是根据1996年高考英语“书面表达”题写成的，属介绍说明文中的自我介绍。所谓介绍说明，是指对所要说明的对象作概括扼要而又比较全面的介绍，所以介绍说明又称概说。这种文体很有用处，比如正式求职信或自荐信的第二段介绍个人履历时就经常这样写，在应聘或投考时的面试（interview）中也要作这样的口头表述。

2）个人简历这样的介绍说明文要按照时间顺序（time order）安排文章结构。所以，在文章中多用像“from 1984 to 1990”，“then”，“ever since”等这样的表示时间顺序的衔接词语（cohesive words／transitional words）达到文章在连贯（coherence）。虽然文章在整体上是以时间顺序写的，但也不排除使用其他逻辑关系的衔接词语。例如，本文倒数第二句开头用的就是表因果关系的衔接词“therefore”。这样，就把由于“I have been fond of and good at English and computer．”，因此“I placed first in the school computer competition last year．”之间的因果关系表达出来了。所以，在安排文章的结构时，说明顺序词语的运用应根据具体情况灵活掌握，不能死搬硬套

我的理想职业

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Ideal Job.You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:

1．人们对职业各有不同的理想；

2．我理想的职业是什么；

3．我怎样为我理想的职业做准备。

Remember to Write your composition neatly.My Ideal Job

There are various kinds of jobs in the world, such as writing, nursing, teaching and engineering.But different people choose different jobs as their ideal careers.This is because everyone has his own interest.As for me, I have made up my mind to be a teacher.I choose to do so mainly for three reasons.First, I want to teach because I like the pace of academic calendar.Two long vacations offer me an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Secondly, I want to teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lesson, to stimulate myself and my students.And I can have the opportunity to keep on learning.Finally, I want to teach because, being around the students who are beginning to grow and change in front of me, I will grow and change with them too.But teaching is no easy job at all.I must study cleverly to obtain more knowledge.And, at the same time, I will make every effort to purify my soul so that I can become an architect of man＇s soul.我的大学生活

My college life

As a sophomore, I am feeling the time flies.Recalling about the past one year, so many thoughts are flooding in my mind.At this time, I just can’t tell my real idea.The memory is just like so fresh, and all the things happened yesterday!

When first day I came to University, I really feel that the school is very good, but at the first sight of the dormitory, something disappointing come up to me!The condition of the dormitory is really very poor with only one room, no lavatory!I saw something sad in my father’s eyes, maybe that time he thought of the poor condition!So with a big smile on my face, I told my father” it doesn’t matter, Dad.In this kind of condition, I will get myself better!” My father felt better.But when he was coming back, seeing his back, I just wanted to cry!I felt in this city I was just isolated, from that time, I said to myself, “ you have no others who can help you here, just depend on yourself”

And then I came to my dormitory 303.I considered that I would spend four years here(in fact I moved to another one year later)and my dorm mates are all there.Most of them came from Sichuan and they were chatting with a happy voice, but I can’t understand them!Again, I felt myself isolated!I hated that kind of feeling, and then I said to hello to them!To my surprise they are very friendly to me and warm-hearted!I no longer felt afraid.And I got along well with them.But at the first night here, I burst out to tears for that I was missing my family.I don’t know why.Everyday when I was at home, I was just eager to go to school, to experience the wonderful college life but when coming here, I am just eager to go back!It’s quite strange though, you must know this kind of feeling!

Just spending about 2 days here, we were on our way to military train.To us, it’s a fresh train and a kind of experience to know the life between the classmates.But to me, I was nervous but excited.This was my first and precious train life because before going to school I have been staying with my family.So, you know, it’s just this kind of feeling I can’t convey it clearly!The train life is impressive on everybody;we had a lot of activities, for example giving a speech on a stage or singing together or playing basketball.At that time, I felt myself so little among them.All of them have a special talent but not me.I admired them but meanwhile jealousy.Why don’t I have this kind of talent? Am I stupid? I always said to myself.So that time I was also very ambitious, just eager to catch up with them.Except the classmates, the trainer in our team also left a deep impression on me!He was not very handsome and very kind.Just because of his kindness results in my laughter when training.He always said to me that I should be serious in the team but I didn’t listen to him.So after a long time, when investigating the training result, I gave them a disappointing answer.The highest trainer

如何保持健康

How to keep healthy

What is the most important thing in the world? I think it is health.You can take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we can survive.But if our health was taken away, we would surely die.That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise regularly.In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies.I also eat little meat.I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of vitamins.Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body.Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.What＇s more, I think friends are an important part of one＇s health.Many studies show that people with a wide range of social contacts get sick less than those who don＇t.I always feel better when I am with friends than when I am alone.When I am with my friends, I always laugh.Laughing is also an important part of health.I like to laugh with my friends.By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at a proper weight and keep healthy.By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my body happy.These things sound easy to do, but not many people can manage them.I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep healthy.

第五篇：英语文章

NEWSCASTER:

Humans can be impatient sometimes.We just can't wait to see what will happen in the future, so we're constantly trying to predict it.Wouldn't you like to know what the world will be like in the year 2100?Will technology have changed people's lives for the better or worse?Who knows?

NEWSCASTER:

But it's fun to imagine..We're going to look at three people from history who did just that, visionaries whose imaginations were far ahead of their time and whose predictions, although not always accurate, were certainly always interesting.Leonardo Da Vinci is most famous for works of art such as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.However, Da Vinci wasn't just a painter, he was also an engineer, a musician, a biologist, a writer, a mathematician and an inventor.Despite living in the sixteenth century, Da Vinci was able to predict some of the twentieth century's major inventions, even though it would have been impossible, at the time, to have built them.NEWSCASTER:

By studying the flight of birds, Da Vinci designed rudimentary（基本的，初步的）'flying machines'' which, in the twentieth century, would become airplanes, hang gliders（滑翔机）and helicopters（直升机）.In his efforts to help defend the cities in which he lived, he came up with the idea of a tank, a machine gun and a cannon（大炮）.Four hundred years later, as the Industrial Revolution（工业革命）completely changed the face of the western world.HG Wells had only to look around him to think of the possible implications for the future.Regarded as the Father of Science Fiction, Wells became famous for his futuristic（未来主义的）stories, such as The War of the Worlds, in which Martians attack London, or The Time Machine, about a man who time travels to the year AD 802701.NEWSCASTER:

It was in his 1901 book Anticipations（预测，期待）, however, that HG Wells made his more realistic, and accurate, predictions about the future.He wrote, for example, that in the future every country in the world would have huge highways on which thousands of cars and trucks drove back and forth.This prediction has certainly come true.Another writer who predicted the impact technology would have on the world was Philip K.Dick.NEWSCASTER:

Since his death in 1982, Dick has become famous due to many of his stories being made into science fiction movies.In the film Blade runner, for example, robots who look just like humans, begin to learn human emotions and try to find out about the origin of their life.In Total Recall, travel companies give you an adventure holiday by implanting（移植）synthetic（人造的，合成的）memories into your brain.And, in A Scanner Darkly, the government uses state of the art surveillance（监督）equipment to monitor the lives of its people.It seems unlikely that we'll see UFO's invade（侵略，入侵）the earth, a time machine, or robots that look exactly the same as humansbut as the drawings of Da Vinci prove, given enough time, and the right technology, even the most fantastic of ideas can come true.POLITICIAN:

Around eight hundred million people on the planet don't have enough food.Every minute you listen to me speak, ten children under the age of six will die of hunger.A solution to this problem has existed since the end of the twentieth century, but the solution has been highly controversial in some parts of the world: genetically modified, or GM food.There is a solution to world hunger, but it's not GM food.To end world hunger, First World countries like America, Britain, France and Germany have to consume less, and give the surplus to Third World countries.POLITICIAN:

Genetic modification on the other hand, presents so many dangers that, if we're not careful, it could destroy the world as we know it!By modifying a plant or animal's genomes, genetic engineers can increase or decrease qualities already inherent in the DNA.Crops for example can be altered to become more resistant to drought or more resistant to attack from insect thereby reducing the need for pesticides.GM crops could be useful in the fight against world hunger, but the issue is: are these 'Frankenstein foods'' safe?If you alter the genetic makeup of a plant, how do you know that it's safe to eat?

POLITICIAN:

There is absolutely no proof to say that genetically modified foods are dangerous.In fact, ninety per cent of soya sold in the US, for example, is genetically modified.Another issue of concern is that of the impact a genetically modified plant or animal could have on our environment.Consider this: what if the GM plant or animalescapes into the wild?Some governments already permit GM crops to be grown and are carefully controlled and monitored, genetically modified animals or plants should therefore pose little problem.POLITICIAN:

Some years ago, over a hundred thousand genetically modified salmon escaped from a fish farm in the US.Can you imagine these 'Super Salmon'?Bigger, faster, stronger, eating everything and destroying all the natural animal and plant life in the rivers..GM technology allows us to produce cheaper and better food.Furthermore, we can produce food in greater quantities than ever before.GM foods provide us with a viable solution to deal with the demand of climate change and population growth.POLITICIAN:

Tinkering with nature and unleashing super weeds and super salmon onto the planet may ultimately lead to one of the biggest man made disasters ever.Immigration

ADVENTURER:

During the twentieth century, the world underwent(经验)continuous change as empires crumbled（崩溃，破碎，粉碎）and small nations asserted（宣称）their independence.In the twenty first century, however, we're faced with a different kind of change and with this change comes a difficult and controversial（有争议的）question: as our world becomes increasingly globalized can a country still maintain some kind of 'national identity'?'National identity'' can be thought of as the rituals（典礼，宗教仪式）, traditions and beliefs of the people of a nation.However, as the demographics（人口统计资料）of countries change due to immigration and emigration, the concept of national identity is itself undergoing a complex change.On the one hand, those who leave their home and move to another country have an already well established（确认）identity（身份）, based on race, language, religion, history, food, clothing and music that they bring to their new country.ADVENTURER:

On the other hand, residents（居民）of a country feel their nation's identity changing due to the different customs and beliefs of immigrants.This mixing up of different kinds of people living in the same country is called 'multiculturalism'.And the topic of debate in many

multicultural societies is that of national identity when so many cultures do exist side by side.What is it that really defines our national identity?Think of the country where you live or in which you were born.ADVENTURER:

What would you say were the things that define it, define you?Language, food, tradition?Yet, is there anything deeper than these factors that could bring people together?Is there a way of looking at different cultures, different kinds of people, and seeing the similarities, instead of the differences?The French national flag is made up of red, white and blue, colors which represent the values 'liberty', 'equality'' and 'fraternity'.ADVENTURER:

If these are truly taken to heart then we can see how different people with different lifestyles, behaviors can begin to coexist（共存，和平共处）.Think about the nation where you live or in which you were born.What are the values that bind everyone together?Are they changing?What values would you like your new, 21st century national identity to include?

PROFESSOR:

Confucius a man known around the world for his philosophies and teachings may also be credited with how countries around the world operate.The Confucian attitude towards education was that there were no class distinctions-education was for all.This fundamental belief of

fairness for all paved the way for the revolutionary idea of meritocracy.In Ancient China, following periods of war, the need for governance was crucial.Thousand's of bureaucrats were needed to carry out

administrative duties.PROFESSOR:

It was at this point that the Imperial Exam was set up, to identify those who could read and write and carry out administrative duties and best suited to a life in the civil service.At its peak, the highest level Imperial Exam was a nine day and night ordeal, examining candidates on their understanding of the Chinese Classics, Confucian values and strict writing styles.Because of the demands of the exam, those who sat it were held in high regard and were awarded with a certain degree of power.In the reign of Emperor Kang Xi, candidates questioned the examiners'' marking methods and how impartial the examiners had been.The Emperor became dissatisfied with the Chief Examiner's methods and assigned Prince Yong Zheng to assist with remarking.PROFESSOR:

This led to the reinstatement of a rigorous method insuring against favoritism.Once completed, a bureaucrat was assigned to write an ID number on the exam paper.Another was attributed with the task of sticking paper over the name.Once copied word for word in red ink, another bureaucrat had to check to see that the two exam papers were identical.Once it was certain that the papers were identical, the original copy was filed and the red ink version was passed to one of two examiners.PROFESSOR:

That's quite a lot of work.The effect of the exam on Chinese society was huge, encouraging cultural conformity at many levels of society.In some cases, people re sat the exam right up into their 70's and 80's.Various countries, including Korea, Japan, England, France and the United States, adopted this system in different forms.The paperwork involved would have been inordinate.PROFESSOR:

From 1646 until 1904 more than 26700 candidates sat the very highest level exam and some records show that around a million people sat the different level exams held every three years.If you multiply these numbers by the people required to administer the exam, as well as the paper work involved, the number of man hours needed for the selection of civil servants really begins to escalate.It's a matter