明十三陵英文导游词

第一篇：明十三陵英文导游词

十三陵的英文导游词---不是一般的费劲

THE MING TOMBS

The Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southern slopes of TianshouMountain.They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors.In July 2003 the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle(1407).Zhu Di sent

Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----Liao Junqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs.It is said that this group of people first selected the area of Tu Jia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground.Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping.However, since the surname of the emperor(Zhu)is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area.Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing.Again, since 'Yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable.It was not until the 7th year of Yongle(1409), that they finally chose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.The whole area covers 40 square kilometers.It has mountains to its east, west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of its southern entrance.The 13 tombs go from north to south.They are arranged in the manner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear.In front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers.The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over theUnderground Palace.There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty.Buried in the Ming tombs, are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids.The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen and Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital in present dayNanjing where he was buried after his death.His tomb is called Xiaoling(Tomb of Filial Piety).The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing.Some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk.There is no final conclusion yet.The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in the Tumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of Zhu Qizhen.Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing(1540)as a symbol of the Ming Tombs.It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers.The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stone arch preserved in the country today.The major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture.In addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is more commonly known as Big Red Gate.Facing south, there are three arch en-trances to the gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs.Flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area.If they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect.The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the Ming Dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged.Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded.Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande(1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves.A huge tablet stands in the middle of the Tablet House.The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong for Chengzu.The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling.On the east side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing government.On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing.It was written in the 9th year of Jiaqing(1804)describing the cause of the fall of the Ming Dynasty.On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings(36 in all).Behind the house, there are two stone pillars.Beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues.Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Lin horses.All of the animals are in two pairs.Two stand, while the other two kneel.It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group.These stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of Xuande(1435).They reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased.The animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven.The gate is pierced with six door leaves, attached to three archways.The top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the Flame Archway.To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling.To the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwise known as theSacred Way or the Tomb path.We passed the Memorial Arch, the Big Palace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and Ling Xing Gate.This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the Gate of Changling.Now, we are moving to Chang Ling.Changling is the first tomb built in the Ming Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and his empress Xu.Zhu Di(Chengzu)of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360.Zhu Di was conferred the title of the prince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu(1370).He was appointed at Beiping.After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang(the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used the pretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead an army expedition down south to Nanjing.He seized the throne in the 4th year of Jianwen(1402)and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of Ancestral Worship in Nanjing.Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the Ming Dynasty.As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out to battle.He had great achievements in calming down the north.After he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty.He made the important decision to move the capital to Beijing.During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy.In terms of culture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao and others to compile the Yongle encyclopedia.The book has become the largest book ever complied in Chinese history.For expanding external exchanges and trade, Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia andAfrica seven times in the early years of Yongle.Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling.Empress Xushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty.Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds.She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tomb area.The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs.It is a valuable relic of ancient China's wooden structures.It is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China.The roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles.The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter.It is known as the best Nanmu(phoebe)hall in the country.Now we are going to Dinging.Dingling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain.Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli(Zhu Yijun)and his two empresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing.Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of the Ming Emperors.(He was emperor for 48 years).He was the greediest and laziest emperor in the Ming Dynasty.Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9.After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng.At this time, various aspects of society gained development.Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness.Not long after Wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs.He spent eight million taels of silver(250,000 kilos of silver)and six years to build a high quality tomb Dingling.After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result.He went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor.Reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule.The state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign.Later generations commented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.Zhu Yijun had two empresses.Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid of Wanli's mother Cisheng.Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor.That son was the one-month emperor Guangzong(Zhu Changluo).She died of illness 9 years earlier than Shenzong died.She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount.After Xiaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the Underground Palace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduan on the same day.Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor.Xiaoduan died of illness.A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli(Zhu Yijun)died too.Empress Xiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in the Underground Palace.The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it.It is called the wordless tablet.There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom.Its base is composed of a tortoise(Bixi).It is said that the dragon has nine sons.In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excluding Changling, all the tablets are wordless.Originally there were no tablet houses in front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first six tombs were completed.But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions.Consequently the six tablets are wordless.And in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment.It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites.They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came.And they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after the excavation of the Underground Palace.The exhibition explains in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process.The exhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north.In the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthed from the Underground Palace.In the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses.All of then are fancy and invaluable.Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb.It is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations.The Soul Tower and the Pre-cious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously.The Soul Tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling.On top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet.Two Chinese characters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet.Inside the Soul Tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the Great Ming' written in seal characters.On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----'Tomb of Emperor Shenzong Xian' are carved.The Soul Tower is connected with the Precious Citadel.The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks.The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin.The round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as Precious Top.Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated.Formal excavation work started in May 1956 and ended in 1958.First, the working personnel discovered an exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel of Dingling.So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway.At the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks.Three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, they dug the second tunnel.During the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48.8m forward and 10.7m downward lies the precious wall'.Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the Underground Palace.According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel.At last they got to the precious wall.Thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room.To the west end of the room, lay two marble doors.The working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door.With this method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy Altogether there are five chambers.The chambers are separated by seven marble doors.TheUnderground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters.There is a same structure stone door in be-tween the front, middle and rear chambers.The door is made of marble.The biggest marble door is 3.3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight.It looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed.The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle, so the door is easy to open and close.On top of the door is a lintel(made of bronze)tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling.Carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths.Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.The front and middle chambers are 7.2 meters high and 6 meters wide.The floor is covered with gold bricks.According to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable.The more you polish them, the brighter they become.There are no decorations in the front and two annex chambers.In the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known as the precious thrones.In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design.It is about 0.7 meters in diameter.Originally there was sesame oil in the jar.On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside.It is called the 'everlasting lamp'.Due to the lack of oxygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.The rear chamber is the biggest of the three.It is 9.5 meters high, 31 meters long, 9.lmeters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones.In the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble.Placed on the platform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26 vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called Gold Well.Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade.' Ancient people believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy.It could prevent the body from decay for a long time.Being 'buried with jade' on a Gold Well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.Originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber.Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July Emperor Wanli also died.After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after his succession.In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession.In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojing's coffin to Dingling.All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor Zhu Youjian.The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion(this was clearly recorded in historical documents).The rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' annex chamber may not have been convenient to open.So the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the Underground Palace through the front entrance.After the coffins entered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it.So they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.Now please follow me out of the underground palace.And our tour for today is completed.I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable.We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm.Thank you.

第二篇：北京明十三陵导游词

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1407年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险！后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么？怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝？其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵；而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓；在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。

大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。

我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。

过了碑亭，我们继续沿着神道行走，会发现在神路两侧，都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱，接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马，各有四匹，按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些，都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大，雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。

再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。

说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1409年，在1416年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。

咱们从殿后的门一出来，就到达了第三进院落，每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因为皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘，所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急，接下来我们将要去的定陵，就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰，在他九岁即位的时候，由于有大臣张居正的辅佐，国家发展的还算比较稳定，可是后来张居正病逝，他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地，花费了800万两白银，用了六年时间，建了工程质量最好的定陵，而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意，而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会，真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此，在他在位的48年当中，竟然有28年不理朝政，导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论，其实明朝灭亡的命运，在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后，其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是与他有了一个男孩，就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子贵，她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年，并没有葬在定陵里，直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候，才与万历皇帝朱翊钧，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊钧也去世了，所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。

一进入定陵陵区，我们首先看到的是一个碑亭，里边就是神功圣德碑，也称为无字碑。碑顶有云龙交盘，下端雕有海水纹的图案，碑座也是龙九子之一赑屃。在十三陵中，除了长陵以外，其他的陵碑都没有字。这是因为原来在献景裕茂泰康六个陵门前没有碑亭，当然也就没有碑文一说，可是后来这六个碑亭相继建成，碑文理应有当时的嘉靖皇帝撰写，可是他忙于炼丹成仙，根本没工夫理会，所以导致六个碑空空如也。在永陵之后的陵墓，因为祖宗的墓碑上都没有写字，所以怕冒犯祖先，也都没有撰写碑文，这样就形成了今天我们所看到的景象。定陵的这个碑背面有一个满月型的痕迹，所以俗称月亮碑，传说它还有灵性，能随月亮阴晴圆缺而发光，可是后来陵园着火，就失去了灵性。

过了碑亭，我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿，它是举行祭祀典礼的地方，当时面阔七间，清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏，到了乾隆年间，对这里进行了修复，但是后来又遭到了破坏。

在往前走，我们可以看到一个陈列室，这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分，南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品，北侧则是两位太后的随葬品，都非常精美，各位尽可以一饱眼福。

现在来到了明楼，它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上，镶有一块高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字，而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙，墙上有垛口，城墙高7.5米，上厚下薄，周长800米，在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘，其实就是皇陵的坟头，叫做宝顶。

咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的，在1958年结束。最开始，工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门，于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟，到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后，沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟，在这条探沟的挖掘过程中，碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向，又开了第三条探沟，最终找到了石隧道，并且发现了金刚墙，打开金刚墙，里边有一个方形的石券室，在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门，从里边顶着“自来石”，而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板，不到五分钟，就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。第一┆范文网www.xiexiebang.com整理该文章><...地宫深度是27米，总面积达到了1195平方米，整个建筑的用料都是砖石，可以说是地下的无梁殿，礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”，分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接，最大的一扇高3.3米，宽1.7米，重达4吨，看上去很笨重，其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴，所以开关自如；门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管，重量大约是10吨；在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首，背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分，关门以后，自来石就承托在这里。

在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高7.2米，宽6米，地面是金砖铺地，据记载，这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座，它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的，在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头，而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的，后来为了方便游人参观，才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前，设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供，包括一个香炉，两个烛台，和两个香瓶，和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸，这个缸中原来是盛有香油，里边放有灯芯的，叫做长明灯，但是由于关门后地宫缺氧，所以这盏灯并没有长明。

第三篇：英文导游词关键词

英文导游词关键词对照

1.张家界地貌是石英砂岩峰林峡谷地貌(quartz sand stone forest peak gorges)

2.江南3大名楼：yueyang tower/yellow crane tower/kingteng pavillion

3.岳阳楼以先天下之忧，后天下之乐而乐(a leader should plan and worry ahead of people,and enjoy the fruits after the people.)闻名。

4.我国10大风景名胜：北京故宫(the palace museum)苏州园林(suzhou classical gardens)桂林山水(mountain and water in guilin)杭州西湖(west lake)安徽黄山(huangshan mountain)秦兵马俑(emperor qinshihuang's mausoleum and terra-cotta warriors and horses)长江三峡(three gorges)台湾日月潭(sun and moon pool in taiwan)避暑山庄(chengde summer resort and surrounding temples)万里长城(great wall)

5.张家界珍稀动植物(rare wild animals and plants)：猕猴(rhesus)穿山甲(pangolin)大鲵(giant salamander)龙虾花(lobster flower)珙桐(dore tree)银杏(ginkgo)云杉(spruce)杜鹃花(azalea)

6.中国10大元帅(marshal)湖南有贺龙、彭德怀、罗荣桓

7.中国工艺美术3长是指：湘绣(xiang embroidery)景德镇瓷器(china)北京雕漆(carved lacquer)

8.湘绣的基本画稿(basic picture)是国画(chinese painting)

9.mawangdui the female corpse has been kept very well, why? key: buried very

deeply/sealed up/constant temperture and constant humidity/short of oxygen under the condition of no bacferia

10.the five classics and the four books:classic of changes(易经)，classic of history(书经),classic of poetry(诗经),classic of rites(礼)spring and autumn annals(春秋)analects of confucious(孔子)the great learning(大学)the doctrine of the mean(中庸)book of mencius(孟子)

11.major religions in china:buddhism/daoism /islamism /christinanity

12.eight distinct regional cuisine:sichuan/shandong/guangdong/jiangsu/zhejiang/fujiang/hunan and anhui

13.chinese garden:the summer palace.chengde summer resort.lingering garden(留园).the humble administrator's garden(拙政园)

14.the four treasures of the study:writing brush, ink stick(墨),ink slab(砚),paper

15.the four buddhist sacred mountains in china:wutai,e'mei,jiuhua,putuo

16.china's five sacred peaks:taishan, henshan, henshan in hunan, huashan, songshan

17.4 important chinese classical novels:a pilgrimage to the west, romance of the three kingdoms, a dream of red mansion, the outlaws of the marsh(水浒)

18.4 chinese traditional festivals:spring festival, lantern festival, dragon-boat festival, mid-autumn festival

19.welcome speech:1.to express your welcome on behalf of the local reception service and driver.2.self-introduction 3.introduce the driver.4.to express your hope to offer the good service for the guests.and expect the understanding and cooperation from the guests.5.hope the guests have a nice stay here.20.farewell speech.21.游金鞭溪解说可利用的讲解法有：分段讲解法(a section-by-section explanatory introduction)虚实结合法(combination of factual information with abstract reasoning)画龙点睛法(the giving of a crucial touch to a picture)

22.作为全陪(national guide)在入境站(china entry station)接团时应提前多少时间与地陪一起到入境点，并在入境点的什么地方迎候客人(how many minutes……in advance and where should they sit to greet the guests)?

30minutes 海关出口(the exit of custom)

23.全陪在餐车(dining carriage)、机场可否与旅游团共餐(dine together)?

可以 标准与旅游者同(the same standard as that of the tourists)

24.旅游者的护照在不用于申办旅行及其他手续时，由谁保存(declare and go through other procedures who will keep them)?

旅游者各自保存(the tourists themselves)

25.作为全陪在离境站(exit station)应做好那些准备工作(preparatory work)?1.落实飞机、火车或轮船票(confirm the tickets)2.帮助有困难的客人捆扎行礼、行李过称(ready guests wrap the luggage and weigh)3.提醒旅游者带好护照、海关申报表、购物发票，特别是文物和贵重药材购物发票和证明，准备好换汇水单。(remind the tourists of taking custom declaration form.shopping receipts,cultural relics,valuable medicine herbs ,receipts and confirmation exchange memo)4.帮助旅游者结清各种帐单(pay off all the bills)5.提前2小时到达机场(get to the airport ahead of 2 hours)26.作为地陪，每天早上客人上车后出发时必须做的事情有那些(what necessary things that local guide should do on departure)?

1.清点人数count 2.向客人问早say hello to the guests 3.报告天气情况和简短新闻the weather report and brief news 4.重申当天日程，午餐安排及返回饭店时间decalare the schedule, lunch arrangement and the returning time to hotel

27.作为地陪旅游团全天活动日程结束后，返回饭店时，要向旅游团宣布哪些事情?1.次日行程或当晚活动安排the schedule of next day or the evening activities 2.次日出发时间，集合地点the departure time and gathering place 3.当天晚餐时间，地点the time and place for having dinner 4.应注意的有关事情some attentions

28.导游员与散客商定日程(dicuss the intinerary)时必须遵循什么原则?

主随客便原则(respect the gueats)合理而客能的原则(reasonal but possible)

29.怎样搞好与领队的关系?尊重领队respect 支持领队工作support 避免正面冲突avoid a conflict with leader

30.导游语言有哪4种类型?口头语言oral language 表情语言gesture language形体语言body language 服装语言或非口头语言uniform language

31.商定日程的方法有哪几种：1.以我为主take yourself as the host 2.以客为主

32.商定日程的一般原则：1.宾客至上原则put guests above everything else 2.服务至上top quality service 3.主随客便take the interests of the whole into account 4.合理而可能reasonable and possible 5.平等协商equal negotiation 6.以合同或协议为准则take the contract and negotiation as the regulation

33.游客丢失身份证需乘机怎办?补办临时身份证take a complementary temporary ID card

34.what`s ok ticket? ok ticket is a kind of ticket which has confirmed the date,flight and airseat.35.the differences between the individual tour and group pacakage tour? 1.the itinerary and arrangement of the tour trip 2.the means of paying 3.the price :individual:higher group：discount /lower 4.freedom limit 5.the number of the tourists individual:not more than 9 and group: above 10 people

36.免机场税情况：the foreign guests who transfer at the domestic airport,he doesn`t go out of the checking area.the guests who take the international flights hongkong, macao flights with the diplomatic passports.the children under 12 years old with half-price tickets.the transfer`s guests who take the domestic flights.37.作为地陪在中途站送国内团时，离开饭店前应做那些事情? 1.清点人数count 2.与全陪领队核对行李件数及办好交接手续confirm the number of the luggage and relief of the procedures 3.提醒客人不要遗忘自己的物品也别忘了留下房间钥匙remind guests of not forgetting their personal belongings and remember to leave the roomkey to the front desk.4.把用完的各项证件票证亲自交给领队或旅游者hand all the identifications, tickets overthe leader or tourists.oh,my god.i finished them finally.i was so tired that i could not open my eyes.what could you take to reward me?haha,just a joke!please don`t mind, but above the information is so important and please learn them by heart.although you got the above the materials.please do not take them to everyelse to avoid some unnecessary troubles.the materials are limited,so i suggest that you should find more extra information to serve your tour exam.

第四篇：大雁塔英文导游词

大雁塔英文导游词

As the symbol of the old-line Xian, Big Wild Goose Pagoda is a well-preserved ancient building and a holy place for Buddhists.It is located in the southern suburb of Xian City, about 4 kilometers(2.49 miles)from the downtown of the city.Standing in the Da Ci'en Temple complex, it attracts numerous visitors for its fame in the Buddhist religion, its si-mp-le but appealing style of construction, and its new square in front of the temple.It is rated as a National Key Cultural Relic Preserve as well as an AAAA Tourist Attraction.This attraction can be divided into three parts: the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the Da Ci'en Temple, and the North Square of Big Wild Goose Pagoda.Big Wild Goose Pagoda

Originally built in 652 during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty(618-907), it functioned to collect Buddhist materials that were taken from India by the hierarch Xuanzang.Xuanzang started off from Chang'an(the ancient Xian), along the Silk Road and through deserts, finally arriving in India, the cradle of Buddhism.Enduring 17 years and traversing 100 countries, he obtained Buddha figures, 657 kinds of sutras, and several Buddha relics.Having gotten the permission of Emperor Gaozong(628-683), Xuanzang, as the first abbot of Da Ci'en Temple, supervised the building of a pagoda inside it.With the support of royalty, he asked 50 hierarchs into the temple to translate Sanskrit in sutras into Chinese, totaling 1,335 volumes, which heralded a new era in the history of translation.Based on the journey to India, he also wrote a book entitled 'Pilgrimage to the West' in the Tang Dynasty, to which scholars attached great importance.First built to a height of 60 meters(197 feet)with five stories, it is now 64.5 meters(211.6 feet)high with an additional two stories.It was said that after that addition came the saying-'Saving a life exceeds building a seven-storied pagoda'.Externally it looks like a square cone, si-mp-le but grand and it is a masterpiece of Buddhist construction.Built of brick, its structure is very firm.Inside the pagoda, stairs twist up so that visitors can climb and overlook the panorama of Xian City from the arch-shaped doors on four sides of each storey.On the walls are engraved fine statues of Buddha by the renowned artist Yan Liben of the Tang Dynasty.Steles by noted calligraphers also grace the pagoda.As for the reason why it is called Big Wild Goose Pagoda, there is a legend.According to ancient stories of Buddhists, there were two branches, for one of which eating meat was not a taboo.One day, they couldn't find meat to buy.Upon seeing a group of big wild geese flying by, a monk said to himself: 'Today we have no meat.I hope the merciful Bodhisattva will give us some.' At that very moment, the leading wild goose broke its wings and fell to the ground.All the monks were startled and believed that Bodhisattva showed his spirit to order them to be more pious.They established a pagoda where the wild goose fell and stopped eating meat.Hence it got the name 'Big Wild Goose Pagoda'.Da Ci'en Temple Da Ci'en Temple is the home of Big Wild Goose Pagoda.In 648, to commemorate the dead virtuous queen, royalty ordered the building of a temple named 'Ci'en'(Mercy and Kindness), for which the status and scale far exceeded all others.Today, with an area of 32,314 square meters(38,648.5 square yards), one seventh of the original area, it still retains its grandeur.Before the temple, there stands a statue of hierarch Xuanzang, the meritorious hierarch.Walking on and acroa small bridge, visitors will see the gates of the temple.With guarding lions, the temple seems stately for lions were said to function as talismans.Entering the temple you will see two buildings-Bell Tower in the east and Drum Tower in the west.Inside the Bell Tower hangs an iron bell 15 tons(14.76 grotons)in weight.It was molded in 1548 in the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644).Along the central axis are arranged the Hall of Mahavira, Sermon Hall, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, and the Hall of Xuanzang Sanzang.In the Hall of Mahavira are three carved statues of Sakyamuni, and 18 arhats as well as Xuanzang.The Sermon Hall is where Buddhist disciples would listen to a sermon.A bronze statue of Amitabha is dedicated and a Buddha statue is collected by Xuanzang as oblation.The Hall of Xuanzang Sanzang is north of Big Wild Goose Pagoda.In this hall are Xuanzang's relic and a bronze statue of a seated Xuanzang.The inner wall is chiseled with murals depicting this hierarch's story.Renowned as the contemporary Dunhuang Buddhist storehouse praised by UNESCO, it is the biggest memorial of Xuanzang.

第五篇：上海英文导游词

Located at the center of the mainland's coastline, Shanghai has long been a major hub of communications, transportation, and international exchange.The municipality covers an area of 6,341 square kilometers and has a population of more than 13.5 million.Shanghai is China's largest economic comprehensive industrial base, and a famous historical and cultural city.The city consistently attracts investment and is seen as an ideal venue for business gatherings.It is also a must on any agenda during a tour of China.Shanghai has fostered a comprehensive transportation network that incorporates land, sea, and air travel, as well as a convenient urban transportation system.More than 300 airlines serve the city, proving direct flights to more than 20 countries and regions.The addition of the Shanghai pudong International Airport, which went into operation in 1999, is expected to increase the annual passenger volume to some 20 million.Special tourist trains running between Shanghai and the neighboring provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, as well as tourist bus routes along newly-constructed expressways, offer great convenience for regional travel.Shanghai has more than 400 travel agencies to assist visitors, and the 127 star-rated hotels offer a total of 40, 000 guest rooms.Visitors to Shanghai are not only dazzled by the modern metropolis and gateway to a developing China, but are also able to immerse themselves in the unique Shanghai culture, a combination of Chinese and Western elements.Colorful festivals and celebrations dot the yearly Shanghai activities calendar, such as the Shanghai Nanhui peach Blossoms Festival, Shanghai International Tea Culture Festival and Shanghai China International Art Festival.Shanghai has also introduced special tour packages aimed at the different interests of visitors, such as bicycling tours, hiking tours, gourmet tours, rehabilitation and health care tours, study tours, Japanese young women's tours, honey moon tours, and convention and exhibition tours.The well-known Bund is a must for visitors to Shanghai.Fifty-two buildings lining the narrow shoreline of the Huangpu River offer a living exhibition of Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Classic Revival and Renaissance architectural styles, as well as combinations of Chinese and Western styles.They are also a condensation of the recent history of the city.The wide embankment offers ample room for strolling and is used by locals for morning exercises and evening gatherings.In the evening, colorful lights illuminate the area and create a shimmering image deserving of the name pearl of the Orient.The Yu Gardens are a classical landscape in the Southern Chinese style with a history of more than 400 years.pavilions, halls, rockeries and ponds display the finest in landscaping from the Southern style as seen in the Ming and Qing dynasties.More than 40 landscapes were ingeniously separated by latticed walls, winding corridors, and lattice windows.people's Square has become the political and cultural center in Shanghai since 1994, when it was rebuilt.In and around the square are a massive fountain named the Light of Huangpu River, 10,000 square meters of lawns, six groups of relief carvings that depict the history of Shanghai, the New Shanghai Museum, the offices of the municipal government, an underground shopping plaza, the Shanghai Grand Theater and the Shanghai Exhibition Center

The Orient pearl TV Tower

The Orient pearl TV Tower is 468 meters high, the tallest in Asia and third tallest in the world.It faces the Bund across the Huangpu River.When viewed from the Bund, the tower and the Nanpu and Yangpu bridges create a vivid imagery known as two dragons playing with a pearl.The sphere at the top has a diameter of 45 meters and is 263 meters above ground.The observation deck in the sphere offers a sweeping view of the city.The revolving restaurant is set at 267 meters above pudong New Area.The dance ball, piano bar and 20 karaoke rooms, at 271 meters, are also opened to the public.The penthouse, which sits at 350 meters, has an observation deck, meeting room, and coffee shop.The tower integrates broadcasting technologies with sightseeing, catering, shopping, amusement, and accommodations.It has become the symbol of the city and a major tourist attraction in Shanghai.Cruise on the Huangpu River

Cruising on the Huangpu River, visitors can gaze at the mighty skyscrapers, the Monument Tower to the people's Heroes, the famous Waibaidu Bridge and Huangpu park on one bank, and the Orient pearl TV Tower, International Convertion Center, Jin Mao Building and the newly rising pudong New Area on the other.The Yangpu and Nanpu bridges span the river.From the river, visitors can also view the ruins of ancient cannon emplacements and fortifications at Wusong and the magnificent view of the Yangtze River as it empties into the sea.Nanjing Road East, honored as China's No.l Street, has become an all-weather pedestrian arcade.Shops and restaurants provide products and services with their own characteristics, making it an ideal place that integrates shopping, restaurants, amusement and sightseeing.The museum and tomb are located in Lu Xun park.LU Xun was an imminent man of letters.The museum exhibits Lu Xun's manuscripts, some of his personal effects, document., and photos.The headstone at the Tomb of Lu Xun is in the calligraphy of Vhio Zedong and reads The Tomb of Mr.Lu Xun.Dr.Sun's Residence

Dr.Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of the Chinese democratic revolution, and his wilr Soong Ching Ling, lived in this building from 1918 to 1924.It was in the residence that Dr.Sun Yat-sen met representatives of the Communist party and fostered the first cooperation between the Chinese Communist party and the Kuomintang.Soong Ching Ling's Residence

This is the former residence of Soong Ching Ling.an honorary chairwoman of the people's Republic of China and the widow of Sun Yat-sen.She lived, worked, and studied here during the last years of her life.Birthplace of the Communist party of China.In July of 1921, the First National Communist party Congress was held in this building.The congress passed the party's program and resolutions, elected the central committee, and declared the founding of the CpC.Shanghai Library

The new Shanghai Library, which covers an area of some 80,000 square meters, has a collection of 13 million books and is considered one of the top ten libraries in the world.The library incorporates the open-stacks approach favored in the West, which allows for convenience in borrowing books.Shanghai Grand Theater

Located in the northwestern corner of people's Square.the Shanghai Grand Theater covers 70,000 squat, meters.It is actually composed of three theaters.The theaters can accommodate performances of ballet opera, symphonies, chamber music modern dramas, and musicals.The theater also owns the largest, fully automatic stage in Asia.The theater has become a symbol of modern culture in Shanghai.Cultural Celebrities' Street, located along Duolun Road and surrounding areas,is a living memorial to the modern cultural celebrities of Shang-hai and is also a condensation of modern culture.Such Chinese literary giants as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Guo Moruo and Ye Shengtao lived and wrote here,making the road an important feature in China's modern cultural history.In addition, the famous Gongfei Cafe.Celebrities Mansion, the Shanghai Art Opera Troupe, and Hai Shang Jiu Li also display the accumulated cultural atmosphere of Duolun Road today.