第一篇：张理想毕业设计中英文翻译
南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译
学生姓名： 张 理 想 学 号： P1704070315 所在学院： 浦 江 学 院 专 业： 艺术设计（展示设计）设计(论文)题目：连 云 港 市 商 业 空 间 设 计 指导教师： 赵 慧 宁
2011年 2月6日
南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
译文：
展览空间形态的多样化设计
一、展示空间的发展趋势
在信息社会化的今天，展示空间超越了仅仅作为展览建筑的一部分而存在，更多地与办公空间、文化娱乐空间、商业空间等其它空间类型和城市公共空间融合在一起，彼此间的功能界限变得模糊，成为承载社会文化活动的多元场所。最近10年是展览建筑及展示空间迅速发展的时期。不同类型的展览建筑其内部空间的特点也各不相同，展示空间正向多元化、个性化发展。
在艺术展示空间，由于当代艺术品在形式和体量上的突破使得空间由传统的、经典的垂直的墙面转向水平的地面、垂直的空中，甚至加上声像和互动技巧，突破了三度空间的限制。展示空间的设计常常会和展示内容、主题结合起来，使空间更加积极地参与到展示中，成为信息传播的媒介，体现信息化与艺术化。
同时，数字技术的发展和进步产生了虚拟的展示空间，虽然虚拟空间还不会取代实体空间的存在，但是强大的技术力量己经重构了人们的空间观念，改变了传统的信息交流模式，成为新时代展示空间发展的新趋势。
二、展示空间形态的特征
展示空间必须满足人的流动或运动的基本需要，即在一定的时间过程中，通过对展示空间的认知和感受来获取信息。抛开时间的三维空间，展示空间仅仅是一种自存状态。由于现代展示的空间造型运用新技术与新材料，以及对环境和历史等方面的重视，使得纯净几何形的造型体系越来越走向“弱化”的境地。
1、形态的可变性
在信息时代，艺术的发展以及艺术家的创作模式和表述形式上处于不断更新状态。为适应这样的变化，这类展示空间必须具有一定的弹性和可变性，去代替以往的稳定性。无论是交互的装置艺术，还是利用数字技术的多媒体作品，都要求新的展览建筑与内部空间成为一个混合体，不但包含常规的展览方式，更是一个能适应多变的活动与事件的装置。“空间，也是一种市场手段。”这是荷兰建筑师雷姆?库哈斯对现代社会的商业文化进行了长期研究而得出的结论。将展览活动在内的多种文化活动植入购物领域，把人们从单调的购物的环境中解脱出来，同时展览活动也成为商家品牌战略的重要组成。库哈斯设计的普拉达纽约专卖店实现了将购物空间向公共空间的转化。在大厦的一层和地下室，为了使店面与地下一层自然连接，首先将整个宽度的地面同时下降，然后再升高到地面层的高度，形成了一个凹陷状的“波”。在坡道上的特大斑马纹的木阶梯被用作非正式的展示空间，人们可以在这里进行选购。按一个按钮一个舞台就会从对面的坡道上旋转出来，把阶梯变成一个可供观看表演、电影放映和演讲的观众席。
2、形态的不定式
在数字化信息化时代大潮的影响下，建筑审美倾向也发生了改变。在形体塑造方面出现了反叛单一形体和强几何形体的不定式形态。展示空间的不定形态增强了空间的动感，为展示提供了更多的可能，也带来了更加丰富的空间体验。
渐进线小组设计的梅塞德斯——奔驰博物馆是一个不定形态展示空间的典型例子。将建筑中所有的界面和构件全部弯曲、软化，利用博物馆的开放式大空间形成一个“地景式”的
南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
空间界面。展览在一个波状拓扑变化的表面展开，为参观者提供了无数的视点，更彰显了汽车带给人类的行动力和那种独有的运动感。参观者既可以依照既定路线循序而观，也可以徜徉于室内的景观之中自由浏览。楼板上的自由的孔洞，加强了不同楼层之间的空间视觉联系和交通联系。
三、展示空间形态的多样化设计
展示空间已成为新观念、新思潮、新技术的试验对象。新技术与新媒介的组合运用，产生了以声、像、色、光组合的新展示模式形式，丰富的视听信息使今天的展示艺术更有魅力。然而，艺术对展示空间的影响一方面通过艺术作品表现出来；另一方面，艺术以多种形式、以媒体、材料等丰富的多元姿态登上展示的舞台，并影响到空间形态的基本特质。展示形态中艺术和技术特点的结合体现，使空间能更加充分地体现出时代的“新”特征和未来建筑发展的新趋向。
1、新理念的运用
随着时代的发展，人性化的展示空间已成为我们追求的目标。展示空间无可替代的公众性使其具有更多的人性色彩，使技术的人情化处理手法有了更多的表现空间。人性化的技术设计，可尊重展览建筑的地域环境和历史文化；设计中的隐喻与象征体现使空间与人之间能够很好的交流；自然体系的引入也是人们对最初场所的留恋。伦佐.皮亚诺设计的吉巴欧文化中心是展示卡纳克族文化的一组建筑。建筑的空间和结构形式继承了当地传统民居—棚屋的特色，外部材料使用不锈钢和当地出产的木材。棚屋朝向贯穿中心通道而开放；建筑外壳上的开口用于吸纳海风或引导对流，针对不同的风速和风向，百叶不同方向的开合可以控制室内气流，最大限度的利用了自然条件降温降湿。该建筑充分表现出他的高技术对人的重视与关怀。
2、新技术的运用
同柯布西埃当年探索混凝土形态的表现力一样，当代建筑师开始探索影像，使空间界面图像化与信息化。在建筑的表现力上，他们认为影像和形态实际是一个物体的两个方面，都是为了获得人们所期望的建筑视觉效果。而在视觉吸引力上，具有三维动画效果的影像是僵硬的混凝土无法比拟的，表达空间信息的载体不再仅限于“硬”的墙体，而是被抽象、“软化”了的影像符号。2008北京奥运鸟巢开幕式中，声、光、电、水、火的完美结合以无以伦比的艺术体现及非凡的光影效果展示了中华古老文明，为开幕式的成功奠定了基础。LED（发光二极管）在这里得到最大限度的利用，创历届之最，无数颗LED将体育场打造成数字时代的多媒体空间，其制造的光影效果与表演密切结合，幻化出各种图案，将
南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
观众引入梦幻般的世界中。
“智能化”设计则从根本上利用前沿的科学技术，提升了建筑的智能。目前，很多建筑师设计的展示空间都体现了“智能化”的倾向，他们综合利用信息媒体技术，并在设计中融合多种专业、多门学科，使传统的静态空间充满生机。美国建筑师格雷.林(GregLynn)为奥地利OMV公司设计的H2展览馆就体现了这一点。该展览馆是用于展示公司最新太阳能技术和节能技术的场所，建筑利用了许多高新技术，它的表皮可以根据太阳的移动表现出不同的形态。内部空间中也融入了数字技术，观众可以通过触摸屏幕和移动开关进入数字世界。
3、当代艺术的体现
展示空间的发展也总是和艺术的进步相伴而行，无论是文艺复兴、启蒙运动、现代主义、信息化的时代，展览建筑及空间的设计往往都在一定程度上展现了同一时代的艺术观念。然而当代艺术的启迪与融合，更是空间造型的重要源泉，因此，在技术中弥漫的艺术性成为当代展示空间所特有的气质
附英文原文：
The diversity of the exhibition space form design
First, showing the space development trend
In the information society today, showing the space beyond just as part of the exhibition building there and more with office space, cultural entertainment space, commercial space and other space type and urban public space fuses in together, each other's functional bounds, become blurred bearing social and cultural activities of the DuoYuan places.In recent 10 years is the exhibition building and showing the space of the rapid development of the period.Different types of the exhibition building the interior space and the characteristics of each are not identical, showing the space is diversified, and the individuation development.南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
In art exhibition space, because contemporary art in form and dimension of breakthroughs in space by the traditional, that classic vertical metope to the ground of the level, vertical air, even with audio-visual and interaction skills, broke through the three dimensional limit.The design of the exhibition space will often and display content, combined theme, make space more actively involved in the display, become the medium of information transmission, reflect the information and art is changed.Second, the morphological characteristics of exhibition space
Display space must meet the flow of people or the basic needs of movement, that is, in a certain time process, through the display space of the cognitive and feeling to get information.Despite the time of three dimensional space, showing the space is only a save from state.Because the modern show space modelling use new technology and new materials, as well as to the environment and other historical value, making pure geometry modelling system more to the “weakening” position.1, the variability of form
In the information age, the development of the arts and the artist's creation pattern and expression form in a continuous update status.In order to adapt to such a change, this kind of exhibition space must have a certain flexibility and variability, to replace the stability of the past.Whether the installation art, or interaction using a digital technology, multimedia works, require new exhibition architecture and interior space to become a hybrid, not only contain the conventional exhibition, but also a way to adapt to the changing of the events of the activities and the device.“Space, also be a kind of market means.” This is the Dutch architect rem? Library of the modern society had commercial culture and the conclusion of the long-term study.The activities of cultural activities, DuoZhong implanted shopping areas, people from the monotony of shopping environment freed, and exhibition activities also become an important component of the brand strategy of business.Rem koolhaas's prada New York stores will shopping space to realize the transformation of the public space.In the building of a layer and the basement, in order to make the stores and underground a layer of natural connection, the first of the width of the ground at the same time, and then down to the ground floor of high rise, formed a depression，南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
“wave”.The ramp of extreme zebra grain on the wooden ladder is used as informal display space, people can be here the choose and buy.Press a button a stage will be from the opposite hill, rotating out into a ladder for the show, cinema and the speech.2, the form of infinitive
In the digital information era under the influence of the aesthetic tendency, building have also changed.In the body shaping the rebel have a single form and strong geometrical form of infinitive form.Display space form of the space between enhance move feeling, for display offers more possible, also brought more rich experience of space.Gradual line design team of the Mercedes Benz-museum is a form of uncertain display space typical example.Will building all the interface and the component all bending, softening, use of the museum's open large space form a “landscape type” space interface.The exhibition in a wave of topology changes for the visitors on the surface, providing countless point of view, more reveal the car brings human action and that the unique athletic feeling.Visitors can view in accordance with established by route and, also can enjoy the indoor landscape in free browse.On the floor of the free hole, strengthening the different floor space between the visual contact and transport links.Three, show the diversity of the space form design
Display space has become a new concept, new thoughts, new technical subjects.New technology and new media, produced using the sound, like, color, light combination of new display mode, rich audio-visual information form that today's show art more attractive.However, to show the influence of art space on one hand through the art work shows out;On the other hand, art DuoZhong form, with the media, and materials of the rich DuoYuan stance on the stage of the show, and the impact on the basic characteristics of the space form.Display form art and technical characteristics of combining reflected, make the space can more fully reflect The Times “new” features and the new developing trend of future architecture.1, the new idea of use
南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
With the development of The Times, the human nature in the display space has become the goal of our pursuit.Display space irreplaceable public make it has more human nature color, make contribution to the technology processing technique have more performance space.The human nature in the technology design, can respect the exhibition building regional environment and history culture;In the design of metaphor and symbol to reflect space and person can be good communication between;The introduction of the natural system is of first place people want to stay.Aaron carrizo.Skin jarno design, the auspicious OuWenHua center is showing a group of creek state culture construction.Building space and structure forms inherit the traditional houses-shed the local characteristics, external material use stainless steel and local produce of wood.Hut throughout the center channel toward open;Building the enclosure for the open sea breeze or guide convection, absorbing according to different wind speed and direction of the different direction, shutter open indoor airflow control, maximum use of the natural conditions cooling down wet.The building is sufficient to show his high technology on the people's attention and care.2, the use of the new technology
Le corbusier's west with that explore the expressive force of concrete form as contemporary architects began to explore, image, make the space interface visualization and information.In building expression and they think images and form is actually an object in two aspects, is to have people of the expectations of architectural visual effect.And in visual appeal, has the three dimensional animation effects of image is stiff concrete can not match the carrier of information, expressive space no longer tied to the “hard” wall body, but by the abstract, “softening” image symbols.2008 Beijing the Olympic bird's nest opening ceremony, sound, light, electricity, water, fire is the perfect combination of the art of incomparable to reflect and special lighting effect of the Chinese ancient civilization, show for the opening ceremony of success laid the foundation.The LED(light emitting diode)in here to get maximum use, and all the most, millions of LED will fight a stadium of the digital age, the manufacturing of multimedia space shadows and performance closely combining all kinds of patterns, such a fantastic world into the audience.南京工业大学学士学位（英文资料翻译）
“Intelligent design” is basically use the frontier science and technology, and to promote the building of intelligence.At present, many architect design display space reflect the “intelligent” tendencies, comprehensive utilization of their information media technology, and in the design of fusion DuoZhong professional, the multi-discipline, make traditional static space full of vitality.American architect gray.Lin(GregLynn)for Austria OMV company design of H2 exhibition hall reflected that.The exhibition hall is used to display the latest solar technology and energy saving technology, site of the building use many high technology and new technology, its skin may, according to the sun moves had different forms.Internal space also blended in digital technology, the audience can touch the screen and switch by moving into the digital world.and the embodiment of contemporary art。
The development of exhibition space and the progress of the art is always accompanied whatsoever, the Renaissance, the enlightenment, modernism, the information time and space, the exhibition building design is usually in a certain extent, show the same age ideas about art.However the inspiration of the contemporary art and the fusion, but also an important source of space modelling, therefore, in the technology of contemporary art was in a display space unique temperament。
——资料来源：http://www.xiexiebang.com/viewthread.php?tid=113310&extra= 2011/06/16 晚上21:50
第二篇：出租车计价器毕业设计中英文翻译
ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻译.导言
在不发达的国家，早上把人们从他们家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回来已成为一个大问题，尤其是在大城市。
作为解决这个问题的一个部分，在某些国家出租车用来解决这个问题，送人们从一个地方到另外一个地方。例如，出租车的四个席位可携带四个不同的没有任何关系的乘客，除了他们的路线是相同的。
因此，依靠目前的传统的单车道计价以确定所需的票价，把每个乘客的计费分开，这已成为一个非常困难的问题。因此，在出租车司机，车主，乘客和国家税务部门之间存在着不公平的财政关系。
在这种情况下，出租车司机强迫乘客支付多于他们所应付的。在某些情况下乘客支付了他们应付车费的双倍。
本常规单频道计程车，出租车司机不能够确定出租车日常收入。在某些情况下（出租车的4个席位），他们可能只有出租车四分之一的收入（大部分的出租车司机）。从这些支付工资的出租车司机以及作为燃料费用外，还要维修以及汽车折旧等费用。事实上，出租车业主并非似乎如此糟糕。一项在出租车司机和车主之间的协议已经达成，司机应保证每天固定收入，以及向业主支付燃料以及维修的费用。即使如此，还是有的出租车司机的很大一部分份额之收入的出租车。现在还存在的单声道计价，已经变得非常，国家税务部门也知道这种困难 每年估计出租车业主的收入支出，以及应支付的税务也很困难。
为了应对这一问题，国家税务部已实行固定估计税，每个座位的出租车不论收入。在本文中，我们介绍了多通道的士计程表，可处理超过一名乘客同时进行的情况。我应该指出，我所说的长期旅客指一个人或一组相关的人。我同时也应指出，我们提出的多渠道的计价，不是简单地说，一个多显示读数。作为一个先进的事项，事实上它包含逻辑电路，可以自动计算变化的车费以及每公里行走距离或每分钟的候车时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车。在下面的部分，我举出一个例子，我们将介绍一个完整的三通道计价。框图以及详细的电路图，实验三通道计价功能也包括在内。原型下已建成 埃及赠款科学学院 和技术研究。2.实验
出租车计价器理论的运作我们的实验装置从事电子数字计价依据。事实上速度电缆旋转1 圈的每米距离行驶。因此，如果车速电缆耦合与速度传感器，产生一个单脉冲每平方米的旅行距离，那么，我们的的士可以三倍于反模块相与速度传感器的单位。然而，我们的实验是计价而不仅仅是只显示三个读数。事实上，它包含逻辑电路，可以根据每公里的行驶距离或每分钟等候时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车来自动改变车费。该装置可能会分成两个主要部分组成：第一是速度传感器，这个传感器可位于任何地方，在出租车内进行这样一个简单的耦合车速电缆是可以实现的。
单位包含了主要的电子电路，显示器以及控制面板。该单位应位于前排的司机和乘客之间。
A． 速度传感器
其主要职能是本单位提供脉冲的培训，这个脉冲的频率会于旋转角度相适合。一种可能的形式一个速度传感器。如果可以包含正弦波发生器的输出连接到脉冲整形电路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二极管，1000欧姆的电阻和施密特触发逆变器）。
为了找到某种方式来检测出租车的运动，正弦波发生器的输出是纠正通过一个通用的硅二极管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F电容。那个输出电压在终端Q是当时限于价值4.7伏特用益欧姆的电阻以及一个齐纳二极管ZD。出租车的终端电压在终端Q将高电压降为零。这电压可作为改变出租车从距离计费到时间计费方式的开关电压。
主要的电子和显示单元
一个建议是主要形式的电子和显示单元。控制和显示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的经营的士以及四个可读显示器。第一频道将给出从第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分别应付的费用，第四个会给出总收入给予出租车。最后读出的数据会包括停车的费用等等费用。频道选择器开关1，第2和第3个，按顺时针/逆时针的立场。在充分逆时针的立场，反相应的读出是未标明和残疾人。以顺时针方向则是未定义的，清除为零，对于第一第二第三的乘客分别计费。第四号推进总钮第四次读出，使任何人保留读出相应的总收入。经过释放按钮，第四次读出将再次保留。这个单位还包含主要电子电路将在下一节充分描述。
描述的主要电子电路
电路一般框图主要电子电路。它由五个部分指定的电脑符号与电话系统整合成为4个支撑电路，它们是：判断乘客数量电路CT1，旅行距离电路CT2，等待时间电路CT3，时钟脉冲显示电路CT4。
乘客人数检测电路CT1，该电路电脑与电话系统整合有三个输出：1，2和3相对应于三个输出J，K和L。
这个循环电路函数包含高电压的终端 J，K或L，如果有1个或者2，3个乘客分别租用出租车。这个组里的任意乘客都是一组相关的人。当一个乘客进入出租车后，我们只是表示这样一种情况，自由读出显示在谈到相应的旋转选择开关，以一个完全顺时针方向。这将自动断开相应的终端1，2或3个从地面。逻辑关系各种输入端子之间第1，第2和第3个输出端J，K和L是列于表1。作为一个组合电路，我们开始设计产生了一系列布尔函数。
一种可能的逻辑图的基础上，上述源性表达。它包括两个变频器，4个2输入和3输入以及2个3输入或门。B.行驶距离标量环路CT2 如图所示的方框图图4，电路CT2有4个输入J，K，L及E和1个输出M，输出功能的电路是供应单脉冲的输出M的某一些脉冲产生的输出的速度传感器（出租车行驶了一定得距离），根据乘客的人数租用的汽车。我们建议票价按每公里行驶距离显示在两个表格2里面。
这个环路，在这种情况下，应提供单脉冲的输出M的每100，125或143脉冲所产生的输入端根据级别的电压输入终端3，K或L。
我们的电路显示，三个十年的计数器，作为一个三位数分频器的分比率100，125和143个自动选定的电压一级终端J，K和L分别。一种可能的线路图可被验证，上述功能如图6。它包括三个十年的计数器7490，一个声BCD-以杜威解码器输入7445，3个4输入和1个3输入以及1个2输入和2个3输入或门。
时间缩放电路CT3.时间缩放电路含有4个输入端 J，K，L及F和一个输出端N，这个电路的函数根据表格2的意思（车费每2分钟的等待时间）是在J，K和L分别供应单脉冲到输出端N时，提供单脉冲的输出N。时间缩放电路将类似于距离标量环路，但是有不同的行驶比率。它包括3个十进制计数器7490，2个3输入与门和一个5输入与门，1个2输入与门和一个3输入或门。
电路产生时钟脉冲的显示电路CT4 这条电路的作用根据电压电平在输入终端J、K或者L，分别供应1，2或者脉冲在每脉冲的输出终端R引起在任何终端N或M。无论输入端N或者M中的谁发送脉冲，都只有一个脉冲能被输出端P接收。它由一个反向计数器7493构成，其中一半是双JK主从触发器电路，型号为7476，包括三个变频器，三个2输入与门，一个3输入与门，1 2输入或门以及一个3输入或门。当脉冲引起在输入的终端N或M，触发器的输入Q上将产生高级电压。这个门信号将被连接到计数器的输入A并且连接到输出终端R。当第一，第二或第三个脉冲由涟波计数器开始计数，J,K,L端会分别根据电压的大小来使产生重置或者翻转来改变状态，然后Q端变为输出低电压。因此，1 KHz信号没有能力到达输出端R或是计数器的输入端A。为了确保电路的函数准确无误，当切换到新频道时，触发器要清零。对于功能选择开关旋转渠道的描述，稍后会以一个成功的5输入门函数来解释。
显示电路
该显示面板将包含三个4位数显示器，这样可以给出每个乘客应付车费的总和，一个六位数显示器可以给出出租车的总收入。一种可能的接线图的显示电路。以顺时针方向旋转所选择的开关将提供相应的显示，这可以通过5伏电压来分别控制1，第2和3终端。对应的显示通过供应低级电压通过终端A、C和G，分别。保持终端D和H在低级状态下重置为零对应的显示分别通过终端B,D,H而改变低压状态，并准备好从对应的乘客那里计算出相应的计数款额，计数脉冲这三个显示器通过终端提供总额。计数器还将通过终端P为3个显示器提供脉冲只要这三个显示器中任意一个是正常的，那么总额将被显示出来。
时间和距离变化时车费的改变
在下面的部分，两种不同的方法使得时间和距离改变从而导致车费发生变化，有如下建议：首先是当以路程计价的费用低于以时间计费的费用时，采用时间计费。从此，一个简单的票价表显示当出租车移动速度小于50米/分时应该采用时间计费方式。一种可能的电路可以执行此开关行动，它包含一个转速限位开关和一个反转器以及两个2输入与门。接触的限位开关通常是封闭，只有当角速度超过50RMP的时候才会打开。第二个改变将中断连接到图10C的输入端，输出端Q连接速度的电路。在这种情况下，只要出租车的状态保持静止，那么计费开关就会处于关闭状态。
功能选择旋转开关
功能选择开关旋转的电压应提供的该终端的旋转选择开关，以确保正常运行的电子电路列于表3。每5个杆就有4个板连接着3个旋转选择开关，每个符合逻辑功能表3，旋转任何三个切换到完全顺时针方向将通过5个职位。功能的旋转选择开关可以说是从第一的位置通过直到达到最后的立场如下：
初始位置：在这个位置上的低电压电平适用于第一第二和第三终端，浙江断开来自三个中一个显示器的5伏特电压供应，设置三个显示器，乘客检测电路并与电路系统整合到较低的水平。终端D,H采用低电压，这是为了确保显示的总收入选项已被禁用。
步骤1：以顺时针方向旋转任何旋转选择开关一格将提供5伏特电压到相应的显示，提供一个高等级的电压终端1，2或3，这表明一名乘客已经进入了出租车。终端C，G应为高电平，以确保相应的显示仍然是笼罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不变。
步骤2：旋转旋转选择开关1，然后将在终端A，C或G上改变电压使其处于低电压状态，并会产生相应的显示。终端1，2，3以及S上的电压状态保持不变。终端B，D和H应保持在较低水平，以确保当显示为无数据时相应的读出清除为零。
第三篇：4毕业设计(论文)中英文文献翻译
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文
Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system
A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc
Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those
given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
3.1 Central control task
A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and
HUMPHREY，W.Y.:
‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
译
文
基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统
A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc
关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测
摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。
1、引言
大多数高风险地区和建筑物的管理要求安装火灾探测报警系统。多数国家消防规范的要求监测和控制具体的是危险场合或建筑物，如化工厂，石油类，核电厂，住宅高楼等这些场合的一般性质可以指定为下列要求 ：
（一）所有探测器信号源信号能被主处理器准确识别。
（二）主从控制器有另外的沟通路径。
（三）检测报警和主控制设备由控制中心控制。
（四）火灾现场和控制中心的通讯。
（五）提供的应急电源。
它也被用来应对特殊情况和进行深被检测。
火灾探测及报警系统是一个旨在信号，在一旦发生火警报警装置的组合。该系统也可实现风扇控制，防火门关闭或释放，电梯锁定，应急照明控制和其他
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
紧急任务。这些额外的功能补充由检测和报警装置和中央控制单元组成。
技术对系统结构有很深的影响。当技术的变革，该架构必须修订，以利用这些新的功能变化。近年来，超大规模集成电路技术已经大大进步。第一，NMOS在过去的一年或两年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆积密度拥有更多的门和更低的功耗。当然这种技术的变化必然影响在芯片和系统级我们的硬件设计。在芯片级，单芯片现在正在制作的是只相当于上一年或两年的水平。这些芯片有微处理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存储器串行和并行，A / D转换定时器，和其他功能的芯片。在系统级，新的芯片做出新的结构成为可能。本文的目的是体现技术如何影响消防控制领域的系统结构。新的高密度的单芯片微控制器纳入一个大系统的设计，但我们可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系统。在火灾探测和报警监控系统中，这是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因为地处偏远和电源的要求。一个完整的分控制站可以围绕着一个带电源的CMOS芯片设计。这种方法降低了成本和设计复杂性，方便实施和维护，并提供易于扩展和便携式设计。这是旧技术不可能实现的。大部分火灾检测/监测系统提供特定的应用程序，缺乏对CMOS超大规模集成电路技术的应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了火灾检测/监测系统，常规设计，易于执行的早期发现火警。在这里，我们提出一个中央控制和分发控制/检测/充分的沟通，如果使用的单芯片微控制器在分控制站，从而提高可控性和可观性的监测过程。
2、检测和报警装置
一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测 一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA（比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安）在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法：过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。Heavisid [4] 拥有一支优秀的审查探测器和灭火器的各种制度。
2.1控制理念和分工
我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终（在不手动模式）决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。
（一）在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延
（二）决定的不确定性
（三）将隔离当地的决定（例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统）
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
3、硬件
图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。
3.1中央控制任务
中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。
（二）它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。
（三）它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。
（四），它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。
（五）它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
3.2 分控制站
分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。
单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下：
（1）它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。
（2）它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。
（3）它有一个A / D转换器上，这消除了外部A / D转换
（4）它有一个4K的ROM，256 K内存，512K EERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1 / 0的要求。
4、系统实施
分控制站：图.3 是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图
检测电路：图.4这是前一个电路的扩展形式。可以看出单片机可用于监控多个探测器，从而降低了系统成本。
回路电源，通常在26到28V之间，通常五伏一百毫安单片低功耗电压调节器供电的微控制器。板载振荡器，是一个2.4576 MHz的外部晶体结合，提供时间信号，它被分为4个内部收益率为614.4千赫，这是一个更多的RS 232 [7]波特率发生器的处理器频率微控制器。
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
5、主循环
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
6、结论
本文描述了一个大规模的火灾探测及报警系统，使用多的发展，单芯片微型计算机。该架构是采用两个层次的决策层次。这种架构是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在数据处理功能强大的高堆积密度和决策。每个地方控制站可以自主作出的决定如果上级机构，允许它这样做。一般格式化系统设计，因此它可以适应不同的情况。所描述的系统原型已经建成并测试。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微处理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托罗拉），它有一个内置的显示器称为导师。该应用程序都是使用这个显示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的设计采用了MC68705R3单片机。
7、参考文献 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and
HUMPHREY，W.Y.:
‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical
湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986
第四篇：毕业设计混凝土桥梁结构形式(中英文翻译)
混凝土梁桥的结构形式
事实证明，预应力混凝土结构是在技术上先进、经济上有竞争力、符合审美学的一种先进技术。从使用标准组成的小跨径桥梁到吊梁和跨径将近100英尺的连续箱梁桥，几乎所有的混凝土桥梁，甚至于相对短时间的桥梁都是预应力结构的。采用预制、现场浇筑或两种方法并用。在同一工程中经常同时使用先张法和后张法。
在美国，公路桥一般情况下必须满足荷载、设计和AASHTO规定的建设的要求。对于服务于其它目的步行街和桥梁的设计要求由当地的或地方的代码建立。ACI代码的备注也被纳入参考。
伴随最小交通中断的大约100英尺的跨径的桥梁由提供低的初级预算，最小量维修和养护费用和快速的简易的预制板组成。这种梁一般是用先张法。预制板一块挨一块的放置并且在相邻的预制板间受剪的缝隙填满不收缩的灰泥之后，经常在中间横膈膜的位置后张拉。对于公路，用沥青铺设的表面可以直接用在预制混凝土的上面。在某些情况下，一块放置在正确位置的现浇板提供复合作用。
空心板一般用于深度15英尺到21英尺，宽度3英尺或4英尺。对于一个标准HS20的公路，空心板适合于大约50 英尺的跨径。标准渠化区段在多种宽度，深度从21英尺到35英尺时是有利的，可用于大约20英尺到60英尺的跨径。中空的箱形梁和T形梁用于大约100英尺的长跨径。
对于中等跨径的大约120英尺的公路桥，一般使用AASHTO 标准梁。它们和一种复合现场预制行车道板一起使用。在板被安置之后，这样的梁经常在预浇梁的先张拉 与合成梁的后张拉后结合。试图获得改进经济，一些国家已经采用更精炼的设计，例如华盛顿州标准梁。
经过特别设计预制建筑梁可以用来携带一个单轨铁路系统。完成的沃尔特迪斯尼乐园单轨铁路的一系列的特征, 每个包括六个单独支持的预拉梁，一起形成连续结构。典型的跨距是100到110英尺。被使用的337根梁，大约一半有垂直与水平曲率和易变超级升高的一些结合。所有的梁是中空的，它的特征是通过在曲梁中插入泡沫和在直梁制作中移动形心轴获得。
由于运输问题和构件垂直的大而重的问题，预制梁不能用于跨径超过120英尺的桥梁。另一方面，桥梁有一种向大跨径发展的明显趋势。对于提高的都市高速道路来说，大跨径促进通路而且将对下面的活动妨碍减到最少。对环境的损害问题的关心，导致连续高架桥大跨径的选择。对于跨河桥，因为航行间隙的需求，中间可能不可以搭设桥墩。
在这一个类型的典型建筑中，桥墩（台）采用现场预制, 经常使用滑动的技术。一个箱梁的“ 锤头”浇筑在桥墩的顶端, 并且通过平衡的悬臂方法控制每个方向的建筑进
行。最后,在完成跨中结合处的浇筑之后, 这种结构对于完全连续性的桥梁来说是进一步的受拉的。修剪钥匙可能被用在片段之间垂直面之上, 而且预制建筑与环氧基树脂黏在一起。
想象的工程学藉着许多特别的技术示范已经延长混凝土建筑的范围，就桥梁而言，已经远远超过几年以前可以想象的到的任何事。在美国，双向弯曲的现场浇铸的部分箱梁已经成功地完成 310 英尺 的跨距，跨越了北加州的鳗鱼河。该桥的中间跨度550英尺，侧跨跨度390英尺，初步设计已经完成。
预应力混凝土桥梁很适合于大跨径的另一种形式是悬索箱梁。一个值得注意的例子是阿根廷境内的Chaco-Corrientes桥。桥的主跨径804英尺，由两个A型构架塔支撑，悬索从塔顶到沿着底板伸展。受拉的悬索不仅提供一种垂直反应组成支撑底板，而且对于箱梁产生水平的压缩，增加构件中的张拉力。
许多年以前德国工程师 Ulrich Finsterwalder 提出适合于负担荷载和大跨径的一个结构类型是压带式桥。压带是桥运输跨越莱茵河的一个管道和人行道，跨径446英尺。上部结构的施工顺序是（a）垂直的一对悬索，(b)在每个悬索的下面，安置预制板形成一人行道甲板和 一U型 的平台, 并且(c)在附近现场浇注混凝土。放置在顶部的管道支撑在扶手的顶部，向一边倾斜，大幅地增加结构的主要风速。
讨论桥梁形式应适当的考虑结构的美学。当结构可能根据最小的费用和技术设计的时候，时间消逝了。特别是桥梁结构到处可见。生产视觉上不愉快的结构 , 过去经常发生, 是一种不负专业责任的行为。特别地对于主要的跨距，还有一些比较普通的结构来说，应该在设计过程的概念阶段寻找建筑的建议。出处：
安瑞克．混凝土桥梁结构形式[J]．建筑实录(美)，2010，33(36)：34—36
The Structure of Concrete Bridge Pre-stressed concrete has proved to be technically advantageous, economically competitive, and esthetically superior bridges, from very short span structures using standard components to cable-stayed girders and continuous box girders with clear spans of nearly 100aft.Nearly all concrete bridges, even those of relatively short span, are now pre-stressed.Pre-casting, cast-in-place construction, or a combination of the two methods may be used.Both pre-tensioning and post tensioning are employed, often on the same project.In the United States, highway bridges generally must-meet loading ,design ,and construction requirements of the AASHTO Specification.Design requirements for pedestrian crossings and bridges serving other purposes may be established by local or regional codes and specifications.ACI Code provisions are often incorporated by reference.Bridges spans to about 100ft often consist of pre-cast integral-deck units ,which offer low initial cost ,minimum ,maintenance ,and fast easy construction ,with minimum traffic interruption.Such girders are generally pre-tensioned.The units are placed side by side ,and are often post-tensioned laterally at intermediate diaphragm locations ,after which shear keys between adjacent units are filled with non-shrinking mortar.For highway spans ,an asphalt wearing surface may be applied directly to the top of the pre-cast concrete.In some cases ,a cast-in-place slab is placed to provide composite action.The voided slabs are commonly available in depths from 15 to 21 in.and widths of 3 to 4 ft.For a standard highway HS20 loading, they are suitable for spans to about 50 ft, Standard channel sections are available in depths from 21 to 35 in a variety of widths, and are used for spans between about 20 and 60 ft.The hollow box beams-and single-tee girders are intended for longer spans up to about 100 ft.For medium-span highway bridges ,to about 120 ft ,AASHTO standard I beams are
generally used.They are intended for use with a composite cast-in-place roadway slab.Such girders often combine pre-tensioning of the pre-cast member with post-tensioning of the composite beam after the deck is placed.In an effort to obtain improved economy ,some states have adopted more refined designs ,such as the State of Washington standard girders.The specially designed pre-cast girders may be used to carry a monorail transit system.The finished guide way of Walt Disney World Monorail features a series of segments, each consisting of six simply supported pre-tensioned beams ,together to from a continuous structure.Typical spans are 100 to 110 ft.Approximately half of the 337 beams used have some combination of vertical and horizontal curvatures and variable super elevation.All beams are hollow, a feature achieved by inserting a styro-foam void in the curved beams and by a moving mandrel in straight beam production.Pre-cast girders may not be used for spans much in excess of 120 ft because of the problems of transporting and erecting large, heavy units.On the other hand ,there is a clear trend toward the use of longer spans for bridges.For elevated urban expressways ,long spans facilitate access and minimize obstruction to activities below.Concern for environmental damage has led to the choice of long spans for continuous viaducts.For river crossings, intermediate piers may be impossible because of requirements of navigational clearance.In typical construction of this type, piers are cast-in-place, often using the slip-forming technique.A ―hammerhead‖ section of box girder is often cast at the top of the pier, and construction proceeds in each direction by the balanced cantilever method.Finally, after the closing cast-in-place joint is made at mid-span, the structure is further post-tensioned for full continuity.Shear keys may be used on the vertical faces between segments, and pre-cast are glued with epoxy resin.The imaginative engineering demonstrated by many special techniques has extended the range of concrete construction for bridges far beyond anything that could be conceived just a few years ago.In the United States, twin curved cast-in –place segmental box girders have recently been completed for of span of 310 ft over the Eel River in northern California.Preliminary design has been completed for twin continuous box girders consisting of central 550 ft spans flanked by 390 ft side spans.Another form of pre-stressed concrete bridge well suited to long spans is the cable-stayed box girder.A notable example is the Chaco-Corrientes Bridge in Argentina.The bridges main span of 804 ft is supported by two A-frame towers, with cable stays stretching from tower tops to points along the deck.The deck itself consists of two parallel box girders made of pre-cast sections erected using the cantilever method.The tensioned cables not only
provide a vertical reaction component to support the deck ,but also introduce horizontal compression to the box girders ,adding to the post-tensioning force in those members.Stress-ribbon Bridge pioneered many years ago by the German engineer Ulrich Finsterwalder.The stress-ribbon bridge carries a pipeline and pedestrians over the Rhine River with a span of 446 ft.The superstructure erection sequence was to(a)erect two pairs of cables,(b)place pre-cast slabs forming a sidewalk deck and a U under each of the sets of cables, and(c)cast-in-place concrete within the two Us.The pipeline is placed atop supports at railing height, off to one side, which greatly increases the wind speed of the structure.It is appropriate in discussing bridge forms to mention structural esthetics.The time is past when structures could be designed on the basis of minimum cost and technical advantages alone.Bridge structures in particular are exposed for all to see.To produce a structure that is visually offensive ,as has occurred all too often in the past, is an act professional irresponsibility.Particularly for major spans ,but also for more ordinary structures ,architectural advice should be sought early in conceptual stage of the design process.
第五篇：!出租车计价器毕业设计中英文翻译
毕业论文准备
ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻译
摘要
本文提出了一种出租车多通道计价的方案，能同时处理一个以上乘客的情形。为了从理论上说明本方案，提出了一个实验上的三通道型的士的完整设计（其原型是根据埃及科学和技术研究学院的研究而建成得）。.导言
在不发达的国家，早上把人们从他们家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回来已成为一个大问题，尤其是在大城市。
作为解决这个问题的一个部分，在某些国家出租车用来解决这个问题，送人们从一个地方到另外一个地方。例如，出租车的四个席位可携带四个不同的没有任何关系的乘客，除了他们的路线是相同的。
因此，依靠目前的传统的单车道计价以确定所需的票价，把每个乘客的计费分开，这已成为一个非常困难的问题。因此，在出租车司机，车主，乘客和国家税务部门之间存在着不公平的财政关系。
在这种情况下，出租车司机强迫乘客支付多于他们所应付的。在某些情况下乘客支付了他们应付车费的双倍。
本常规单频道计程车，出租车司机不能够确定出租车日常收入。在某些情况下（出租车的4个席位），他们可能只有出租车四分之一的收入（大部分的出租车司机）。从这些支付工资的出租车司机以及作为燃料费用外，还要维修以及汽车折旧等费用。事实上，出租车业主并非似乎如此糟糕。一项在出租车司机和车主之间的协议已经达成，司机应保证每天固定收入，以及向业主支付燃料以及维修的费用。即使如此，还是有的出租车司机的很大一部分份额之收入的出租车。现在还存在的单声道计价，已经变得非常，国家税务部门也知道这种困难 每年估计出租车业主的收入支出，以及应支付的税务也很困难。
为了应对这一问题，国家税务部已实行固定估计税，每个座位的出租车不论收入。在本文中，我们介绍了多通道的士计程表，可处理超过一名乘客同时进行的情况。我应该指出，我所说的长期旅客指一个人或一组相关的人。我同时也应指出，我们提出的多渠道的计价，不是简单地说，一个多显示读数。作为一个先进的事项，事实上它包含逻辑电路，可以自动计算变化的车费以及每公里行走距离或每分钟的候车时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车。在下面的部分，我举出一个例子，我们将介绍一个完整的三通道计价。框图以及详细的电路图，实验三通道计价功能也包括在内。原型下已建成 埃及赠款科学学院 和技术研究。.实验THREECHANNEL
出租车计价器理论的运作我们的实验装置从事电子数字计价依据。事实上速度电缆旋转1 圈的每米距离行驶。因此，如果车速电缆耦合与速度传感器，产生一个单脉冲每平方米的旅行距离，那么，我们的的士可以三倍于反模块相与速度传感器的单位。然而，我们的实验是计价而不仅仅是只显示三个读数。事实上，它包含逻辑电路，可以根据每公里的行驶距离或每分钟等候时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车来自动改变车费。该装置可能会分成两个主要部分组成：第一是速度传感器，这个传感器可位于任何地方，在出租车内进行这样一个简单的耦合车速电缆是可以实现的。
单位包含了主要的电子电路，显示器以及控制面板。该单位应位于前排的司机和乘客之间。
A． 速度传感器
其主要职能是本单位提供脉冲的培训，这个脉冲的频率会于旋转角度相适合。一种可能的形式一个速度传感器。如果可以包含正弦波发生器的输出连接到脉冲整形电路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二极管，1000欧姆的电阻和施密特触发逆变器）。
为了找到某种方式来检测出租车的运动，正弦波发生器的输出是纠正通过一个通用的硅二极管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F电容。那个输出电压在终端Q是当时限于价值4.7伏特用益欧姆的电阻以及一个齐纳二极管ZD。出租车的终端电压在终端Q将高电压降为零。这电压可作为改变出租车从距离计费到时间计费方式的开关电压。
主要的电子和显示单元
一个建议是主要形式的电子和显示单元。控制和显示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的经营的士以及四个可读显示器。第一频道将给出从第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分别应付的费用，第四个会给出总收入给予出租车。最后读出的数据会包括停车的费用等等费用。频道选择器开关1，第2和第3个，按顺时针/逆时针的立场。在充分逆时针的立场，反相应的读出是未标明和残疾人。以顺时针方向则是未定义的，清除为零，对于第一第二第三的乘客分别计费。第四号推进总钮第四次读出，使任何人保留读出相应的总收入。经过释放按钮，第四次读出将再次保留。这个单位还包含主要电子电路将在下一节充分描述。描述的主要电子电路
它由五个部分指定的电脑符号与电话系统整合成为4个支撑电路，它们是：判断乘客数量电路CT1，旅行距离电路CT2，等待时间电路CT3，时钟脉冲显示电路CT4。
乘客人数检测电路CT1如图所示的一般框图，该电路电脑与电话系统整合有三个输出：1，2和3相对应于三个输出J，K和L。
这个循环电路函数包含高电压的终端 J，K或L，如果有1个或者2，3个乘客分别租用出租车。这个组里的任意乘客都是一组相关的人。当一个乘客进入出租车后，我们只是表示这样一种情况，自由读出显示在谈到相应的旋转选择开关，以一个完全顺时针方向。这将自动断开相应的终端1，2或3个从地面。逻辑关系各种输入端子之间第1，第2和第3个输出端J，K和L是列于表1。作为一个组合电路，我们开始设计产生了一系列布尔函数。
一种可能的逻辑图的基础上，它包括两个变频器，4个2输入和3输入以及2个3输入或门。B.行驶距离标量环路CT2，电路CT2有4个输入J，K，L及E和1个输出M，输出功能的电路是供应单脉冲的输出M的某一些脉冲产生的输出的速度传感器（出租车行驶了一定得距离），根据乘客的人数租用的汽车。我们建议票价按每公里行驶距离显示在两个表格2里面。
表2 这个环路，在这种情况下，应提供单脉冲的输出M的每100，125或143脉冲所产生的输入端根据级别的电压输入终端3，K或L。
我们的电路按图5显示，三个十年的计数器，作为一个三位数分频器的分比率100，125和143个自动选定的电压一级终端J，K和L分别。一种可能的线路图可被验证，它包括三个十年的计数器7490，一个声BCD-以杜威解码器输入7445，3个4输入和1个3输入以及1个2输入和2个3输入或门。
时间缩放电路CT3.时间缩放电路含有4个输入端 J，K，L及F和一个输出端N，这个电路的函数根据表格2的意思（车费每2分钟的等待时间）是在J，K和L分别供应单脉冲到输出端N时，提供单脉冲的输出N。时间缩放电路将类似于距离标量环路，但是有不同的行驶比率。它包括3个十进制计数器7490，2个3输入与门和一个5输入与门，1个2输入与门和一个3输入或门。
电路产生时钟脉冲的显示电路CT4 这条电路的作用根据电压电平在输入终端J、K或者L，分别供应1，2或者脉冲在每脉冲的输出终端R引起在任何终端N或M。无论输入端N或者M中的谁发送脉冲，都只有一个脉冲能被输出端P接收。它由一个反向计数器7493构成，其中一半是双JK主从触发器电路，型号为7476，包括三个变频器，三个2输入与门，一个3输入与门，1 2输入或门以及一个3输入或门。当脉冲引起在输入的终端N或M，触发器的输入Q上将产生高级电压。这个门信号将被连接到计数器的输入A并且连接到输出终端R。当第一，第二或第三个脉冲由涟波计数器开始计数，J,K,L端会分别根据电压的大小来使产生重置或者翻转来改变状态，然后Q端变为输出低电压。因此，1 KHz信号没有能力到达输出端R或是计数器的输入端A。为了确保电路的函数准确无误，当切换到新频道时，触发器要清零。对于功能选择开关旋转渠道的描述，稍后会以一个成功的5输入门函数来解释。
显示电路
该显示面板将包含三个4位数显示器，这样可以给出每个乘客应付车费的总和，一个六位数显示器可以给出出租车的总收入。以顺时针方向旋转所选择的开关将提供相应的显示，这可以通过5伏电压来分别控制1，第2和3终端。对应的显示通过供应低级电压通过终端A、C和G，分别。保持终端D和H在低级状态下重置为零对应的显示分别通过终端B,D,H而改变低压状态，并准备好从对应的乘客那里计算出相应的计数款额，计数脉冲这三个显示器通过终端提供总额。计数器还将通过终端P为3个显示器提供脉冲只要这三个显示器中任意一个是正常的，那么总额将被显示出来。
时间和距离变化时车费的改变
在下面的部分，两种不同的方法使得时间和距离改变从而导致车费发生变化，有如下建议：首先是当以路程计价的费用低于以时间计费的费用时，采用时间计费。从此，一个简单的票价表显示当出租车移动速度小于50米/分时应该采用时间计费方式。一种可能的电路可以执行此开关行动如图10c，它包含一个转速限位开关和一个反转器以及两个2输入与门。接触的限位开关通常是封闭，只有当角速度超过50RMP的时候才会打开。第二个改变将中断连接到图10C的输入端，输出端Q连接速度的电路。在这种情况下，只要出租车的状态保持静止，那么计费开关就会处于关闭状态。
功能选择旋转开关
功能选择开关旋转的电压应提供的该终端的旋转选择开关，以确保正常运行的电子电路列于表3。每5个杆就有4个板连接着3个旋转选择开关，每个符合逻辑功能表3，旋转任何三个切换到完全顺时针方向将通过5个职位。功能的旋转选择开关可以说是从第一的位置通过直到达到最后的立场如下：
初始位置：在这个位置上的低电压电平适用于第一第二和第三终端，浙江断开来自三个中一个显示器的5伏特电压供应，设置三个显示器，乘客检测电路并与电路系统整合到较低的水平。终端D,H采用低电压，这是为了确保显示的总收入选项已被禁用。
步骤1：以顺时针方向旋转任何旋转选择开关一格将提供5伏特电压到相应的显示，提供一个高等级的电压终端1，2或3，这表明一名乘客已经进入了出租车。终端C，G应为高电平，以确保相应的显示仍然是笼罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不变。
步骤2：旋转旋转选择开关1，然后将在终端A，C或G上改变电压使其处于低电压状态，并会产生相应的显示。终端1，2，3以及S上的电压状态保持不变。终端B，D和H应保持在较低水平，以确保当显示为无数据时相应的读出清除为零。
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