电子信息英语专业英语词组专业英语b篇翻译

第一篇：电子信息英语专业英语词组专业英语b篇翻译

Translated by何莹婷，版权没有，翻印不究。有错误欢迎指正:)Unit3 27-2In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1 are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system, but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the individual digits represent the coefficients of powers of two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since

10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19

A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notation is given in Table 3.2.

二进制示数系统中的基数是二，且只有0和1两个数被用以示数。0和1在这里与在十进制中具有一样的意义，但每个数位表示的不一样。二进制系统中每个数字表示二的幂系数，而十进制中表示十的幂系数。例如，十进制数19在二进制中表示为10011因为 10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19 二进制和十进制数相等数字见表3.2.27-3A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number(in this illustration, 19)on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient(9)to the left and indicate the remainder(1)directly below it.Repeat this process(for the next column 9÷2 =4 and a remainder of 1)until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimal number.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.

十进制转换成二进制的一般方法如图3.3。过程如下：把十进制数（图中的19）放在最右端，接下来除以2，把商（9）放在左边并直接在其下方标明余数（1）。重复这个步骤（下一列为9÷2=4余1），直到商为0截止。第二行中的1和0就是原始十进制数的二进制表示。此例中，十进制19=二进制10011.28-1A binary digit(a 1 or a 0)is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals(0, 1, 2, …, 9)and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bite is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.

一位二进制数（一个1或0)叫做比特。一组具有相同意义的比特叫做字节，词，或代码。例如，表示10个数字（0,1,2，...9）和26个英文字母要用到36种不同的1和0的组合。因为25<36<26，那么表示所有这些字母数字字符组最少需要6比特每字节。这种情况下一字节有时候被称为一个字符和一个或多个字符组成的字符串。

29-1The parameters of a physical device(for example, VCE·sat of a transistor)are not identical from sample to sample, and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise, may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6, each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1 V and 0.2±0.2 V.

每个实体器件样本的参数(如晶体管的VCE·sat)是不完全相同的，它们还会随温度变化。而且，电源或地线可能存在电压脉动或电压峰值，其他干扰信号——噪声也可能出现在电路中。由于这些原因，数字电平没有明确的规定，但如图3.6中阴影所示，将每个状态定义为指定电平的电压范围，例如4±1 V 和 0.2±0.2 V。

Unit4 37-1The materials that make up our universe are composed of over one hundred basic and individual types of matter called elements.Ninety-two of these elements occur naturally and the remainders are man-made.Each element has a separate identify of its own, that is, no two elements have the same physical and chemical properties, nor can an element be subdivided by ordinary physical and chemical means into simple elements.[1] Examples of elements are gold, mercury and oxygen.构成宇宙的物质是由一百多种基本的不同类型的物质——元素组成的。其中92种元素是天然形成的，其他的则是人造的。每种元素都各有其自己的标识，也就是说，元素的物理和化学特性是独一无二的，一种元素也不可以用物理和化学手段再分成简单的元素。例如金，汞和氧元素。

37-3Electrons whirl around nuclei in much the same manner that the planets of our solar system travel around the sun.The difference between an atom of one element and that of another is in the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.[2] All the elements in the universe, and therefore all matter, is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.电子围绕原子核旋转，其方式类似于太阳系中行星围绕太阳旋转。一种元素的原子和另一种元素的原子的差别在于其原子核中的质子数和中子数。宇宙中的所有元素，也就是说所有的物质，都是由质子，中子和电子组成的。

37-4There must be force of attraction between a nucleus and the electrons surrounding it, otherwise the electrons would fly off into space, in order to understand its nature, we find it helpful to call this force a charge.The charge of the nucleus is defined as positive, and the opposite charge of the electron, negative.In view of the fact that opposites attract, the force between the nucleus and the rotating electron around it prevents the electron from flying off into space.在原子核与其周围的电子间必然存在着吸引力，否则电子将会飞离原子核，为了理解它的性质，我们把这种力称为电荷。原子核电荷定义为正电荷，电子的电荷则相反，为负电荷。鉴于异性相吸，原子核和围绕其旋转的电子间的力阻止了电子飞离到空间中。

38-last para Impurities may be added to pure semiconductors.This results in semiconductor materials, which may either have an excess of free electrons or a deficiency of orbital electrons.When an excess of electrons is present we call the material N-type;when lack of orbital electrons occurs, we call the material P-type.Both N-type and P-type semiconductors are made by treated materials.such as germanium and silicon with impurities，such as arsenic and indium.The addition of impurities to semiconductors is called doping.杂质被加入到纯的半导体中。这会导致半导体材料中有过剩的自由电子或轨道电子缺失。有过剩电子时材料被称为n型；缺失轨道电子时材料被称为p型。N型和P型半导体都由加工材料制成。例如有杂质的锗和硅，砷和铟。往半导体中加入的杂质添加物叫掺杂质。

Unit5 50-2At first, these disk drives used 14 inch disks, but now they use 5 1/4 inch, 3 1/2 inch,2 1/2 inch, and 1 4/5 inch diameters.In contrast to the floppy disk drive, hard disk drives hold from 80 megabytes to gigabytes and terabytes of information.When purchasing a hard disk, consider storage capacity and seek time, a measure of a hard disk’s access speed.The smaller the numbers, the faster the disk.In the past, 65 milliseconds was the standard access time, but today the standard is less than 7 milliseconds.起初，这些磁盘驱动采用14英寸磁盘，但现在采用的是5 1/4英寸，2 1/2英寸和1 4/5直径的磁盘。与软盘驱动截然不同的是，硬盘驱动保存着兆字节到千兆字节、万兆字节的信息。购买硬盘时要考虑存储容量和寻道时间及存取速度。这些数字越小，磁盘就运行得越快。在过去，标准存取时间为65毫秒，而现在的标准为低于7毫秒。

50-3Storing data on hard disks is similar to storing data on diskettes.In order to read or write data on the surface of the spinning disk platter, the disk drives are designed with access arms, or actuators.[1] The access arms, or actuators, contain one or more read/write heads per disk surface.As the disk rotates at a high rate of speed, usually 3,600 revolution per minute, the read/write heads move across its surface.These read/write heads float on a cushion of air and do not actually touch the surface of the disk.[2] The distance between the head and the surface varies from approximately ten to twenty millionths of an inch.If some form of contamination is introduced or if the alignment of the read/write heads is altered by something accidentally jarring the computer, the disk head can collide and damage the disk surface, causing a loss of data.This event is known as a head crash.Because of the time needed to repair the disk and to reconstruct the data that was lost, head crashes can be extremely costly to users in terms of both time and money.硬盘上的数据存储与软盘上的类似。为了在旋转的磁盘盘片表面读写数据，磁盘驱动器被设计成具有存取和传动装置。存取和传动装置由每个盘片表面的一个或多个读写头构成。当盘片以通常为3600转每分的速度高速旋转时，读写头移过盘片表面。这些读写头在高压气流上漂浮，移动时并不与盘片表面真正接触。读写头与盘片表面的距离约为一万到两千万分之一英寸。如果有污染物介入，或读写头队列被电脑的意外震动改变，读写头会碰撞并损坏盘片表面，引起数据丢失。这种情况叫做磁头碰撞。由于修复磁盘并重建数据需要一定的时间，磁头碰撞会花费用户相当多的金钱和时间。

50-5The sector method for physically organizing data on disks divides each track on the disk surface into individual storage areas called sectors.Each sectors can contain a specified number of bytes.Data is referenced by indicating the surface, track, and sector where the data is stored.用扇区方式物理地在磁盘上组织数据是将盘片表面分成独立的存储区域，称之为扇区。每个扇区能包含特定字节数。数据通过指示存储着数据的盘片表面，轨道和扇区来引用。

51-6Most optical disks are prerecorded and cannot be modified by the user.These disks are used for applications such as an auto parts catalog where the information is changed only occasionally, such as once a year, and a new updated optical disk is created.[3] Optical disk devices that provide for one-time recording are called WORM devices, an acronym for write once, read many.Erasable optical disk drives are just starting to be used.The most common erasable optical drives use magneto-optical technology, in which a magnetic field changes the polarity of a spot on the disk that has been heated by a laser.[4] 大多数光盘是事先录好的，且不能被用户修改。这种光盘用于信息量大，不需要经常更改信息内容的场合。例如，一个汽车零件目录，其中的信息是经过一段时间（比如一年）才更新一次，需要更新时再制作一张新的光盘就可以了。只能刻录一次的光盘设备叫WORM设备，是write once, read many的缩写。可擦写光盘设备刚开始被使用。最常见的可擦写光盘驱动采用磁光技术，在这种技术中，磁场改变了磁盘上被激光加热的点的极性。

Unite6 65-1 PCM is dependent on three separate operations: sampling, quantizing, and coding.Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones.[1] In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality maybe conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded, as a sequence of 8 binary digits.[2] Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(kHz)is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz.[3] Practical equipments, however, normally use a sampling rate of 8 kHz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64 kHz.Figure 6.2 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes.

脉冲编码调制依靠三个独立的运作：采样，量化，编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨论中，我们会看到话路中的语音信号是如何转换成一个幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且我们将证明，为了变换频率范围为300hz-3.4khz的话路信号，理论上的最小采样频率为6.8khz。但实际的设备通常采用8 kHz的采样速度，而如果采用8位每样本的值，则会出现重复速率为64 kHz的脉冲流。采样，量化和编码过程如图6.2所示。

67-2Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments.Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways;perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself.It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place;however, this is not always the case.For example, the signal received from a satellite, located in far outer space, is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise.[4]

Alternative examples may be found within terrestrial systems where, although the message signal is strong, so is the noise power.数字传输是克服噪声环境的一种有力方式。噪声会以多种不同方式引入传输路径。也许是附近的闪电，汽车点火装置的火花，或者是通信设备中热的低电平噪声。确实信号与噪声信号间的关系称为信噪比，这是通信工程师最感兴趣的问题。基本上说，若信号相对噪声占的比重很大，这条信息将得到完美传输。但事实并不总是这样。比如，从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱，其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。另一个例子是地面系统，尽管信息信号强，但噪声功率也强。

67-3If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse.By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal;parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path.[5] Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digita1 transmission.

要是我们考虑二进制传输，完整的信息总会通过简单地检测脉冲的有无获得。相比之下，许多其他形式的传输系统利用被传信号的波形或电平高低来传送信息，而这些参数又极易受到传输路径中噪声和衰耗的影响。因此选择数字传输对克服噪声环境有固有的优势。

67-4So far in this discussion we have assumed that each voice channel has a separate coder, the unit that converts sampled amplitude values to a set of pulses;and decoder, the unit that performs the reverse operation.This need not be so, and systems are in operation where a single codec(i.e., coder and its associated decoder)is shared between 24, 30, or even 120 separate channels.A high-speed electronic switch is used to present the analog information signal of each channel, taken in turn, to the codec.The codec is then arranged to sequentially sample the amplitude value, and code this value into the 8-digit sequence.Thus the output to the codec may be seen as a sequence of 8 pulses relating to channel 1, then channel 2, and so on.This unit is called a time division multiplexer(TDM), and 15 illustrated in Figure 6.3.The multiplexing principle that is used is known as word interleaving.Since the words, or 8-digit sequences, are interleaved in time.目前我们在这个讨论中假定每个话路有单独的编码器，也就是将采样幅值转换成脉冲序列的单元；并有单独的解码器，也就是执行相反操作的单元。其实并不需要这样，系统靠单一的编译码器（编码器和其关联的解码器）运行，它有24，30,甚至120个单独的信道。高速电子开关用以表示每个信道的模拟信息信号，并把信号依次送入编译码器。而后编译码器顺序地进行幅值采样，并把幅值编排成8位码序列。这样编译码器的输出看起来就像一串关于信道1，信道2等的8位脉冲序列。这个单元叫做时分多路器。图6.3说明了15个信道的时分多路器工作原理。采用的分路原理叫字交叉。因为每个字或8位码序列是在一段时间内交叉存取的。

第二篇：专业英语 翻译

1.Design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include method or principle if construction.1 设计意味着形状的特征，结构，图案或装饰，用于一个物品中，成为一种特征，在完成的物品中，可以通过眼睛来判断，但不包括形成方法或原则。

2.Design is the activity that makes the living environment more suitable for people,it is also the tool by which the technologies, manufacture ability, market needs and resources can be transferred into the useful results and products.设计是一种能让生活环境更适宜人类生存的活动，也是一种可以将科学技术、制造能力、市场需求和资源转换为有用的结果和产品的工具。Design is the area of human experience, skill and knowledge that reflects mains concernwith the appreciation of his surroundings in the light of his materials and spiritual need, in particular, it relates with configuration, composition, meaning, value and purpose in man-made phenomena.3设计是人类的体验、技能和知识的结合体，源于设计者对其周遭环境的欣赏，按照其当时拥有的材料和精神需求，反映了一些主要问题，特别是在人为现象中，设计与外形结构、组成成分、含义、价值和目的都有关系。

4Design is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.4 设计是一种创造、开发新的观念与规范的专业服务，即在用户和制造商的共同利益的基础上，优化产品和系统的功能、价值和外观。

5.Design is an activity that uses wide range of experience, knowledge, and skills to find the best solution to a problem, within certain constrains.一定的约束。设计是一种活动，它广泛运用经验，知识，和技能，在一定的约束下，去寻找解决问题的最佳方法。

6.Design is far more than just problem-solving.It involves the whole process of producing a solution, from conception to evaluation.概念 评价。设计不仅仅是解决问题，它包括一个从概念到评估全过程的解决方法。

7.Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects多方面的品质目标, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles.7 设计是一种创造性的活动，旨在建立多方面的品质目标，过程，服务和全部生命周期中的系统。

8．Design is concerned with the whole process from identifying a problem, through to creating a solution and then testing it.设计与发现问题，解决方案以及对其试验的整个过程密切相关。

When applied to fine and applied arts, engineering, and other such creative efforts, design is both a noun and a verb.当设计应用于精美的或者实用型的艺术、工程或其他类似的创造性工作时，它既是一个

名词，又是一个动词。Red activates your pituitary gland, increasing your heart rate and causing you to breathe more rapidly.This visceral response makes red aggressive, energetic, provocative and attention-grabbing.Count on red to evoke a passionate response, albeit not always a favorable one.For example, red can represent danger or indebtedness.9 红色，激活了你的脑下垂体，增加了你的心率，加速了你的呼吸。这些生理上的反应也赋予了红色以攻击性、活力、刺激并引人注目。虽然红色并非总是最惹人喜爱的颜色，但凭借红色仍可唤起充满激情的回应。例如，红色可以用来表征危险或债务。It's important to remember that colors can have different meanings in different parts of the world.If your business operates globally, make sure you research the color selections for your brand to ensure your colors accurately communicate your brand image in international markets.10 我们应当铭记，各种色彩在世界的不同地区有着不同的含义。如果你在从事全球性的贸易，一定要充分调研自家品牌的色彩选择，确保选用的颜色在国际市场上能够准确传达品牌形象。

11.Blue is frequently used to promote products and services related to cleanliness and purity — cleaning liquids and water purification filters — air and sky for airlines, airports, and air conditioners, or water and sea such as bottled waters and ocean voyages.11.蓝色是经常被用来促进产品和服务，清洁和纯洁性清洁液体和水净化过滤器-空气，天空与航空公司，机场，和空调，或水和海水如瓶装水和大洋航行。

Rococo 洛可可Baroque style 巴洛克风格 Romantic painting浪漫主义画派Realism现实主义Abstract 抽象派

secondary colors:间色（绿橙紫）

primary colors:原色

complementary colors:补色

in-house 内部的the definition of design management 设计管理的定义

design project management设计项目管理

Sustainable design 可持续设计

Green design 绿色设计

Attribute属性，品质

cutting-edge前沿的end-user 终端用户

humanity 人，人性

prototype原型

usability可用性

human centered design 以人为本的设计

briefn.概要, 摘要

The design process设计过程

Observation and adaptation观察法和改良设计

ideas from drawing从图纸的想法

Brainstorming 头脑风暴

Checklists 调查问卷法

human body measurement 人体测量

a procedural flow chart 程序流程图

time schedule 时间表

sustainable design(green design)可持续设计

古希腊文化是西方文明的发源地。而且，古希腊设计也是西方设计的起源。特别是它的建筑艺术深深影响了西方建筑2000多年。

到了汉代，传统祭祀器皿的制造已经停止，青铜用于制造实用品或者奢侈品。到了唐代，金，银，镀金青铜几乎完全取代了铜，可能因为与中亚和西亚的人的接触，那里贵重的金属材料很久前就被重视了。

第三篇：2010级电子信息专业英语卷子

一．FPGA：现场可编程门阵列

ASSP: 专用标准器件

VHDL: 极高速集成电路硬件描述语言

ADSL: 非对称数字用户环线

DMM: 数字万用表

AFG: 任意函数发生器

RTOS: 实时操作系统

WLAN: 无线局域网

MPEG: 运动图象专家组

DCT: 离散余弦变换

二.定制类：Custom Class

采样保持电路：Sample and hold circuit

知识产权：Intellectual Property

集成开发工具：Integrated development tool

机顶盒：STB(Set Top Box)

功率耗散：Power dissipation

半导体制造商：Foundry

直接序列扩频: Direct sequence spread spectrum

量化步长：Quantifying step size

向下（后）兼容：Backward compatible

二．1.An operating system vendor that takes the real-time behavior product seriously will usually

publish a datasheet providing the minim average and maximum number of clock cycles required by each system.如果操作系统提供商能够认真看待其产品的实时性能的话，那么它一般会通过数据手册公布每个系统调用所需时钟周期数的最小值，平均值和最大值。

三．1.因为其灵活性，FPGA广泛用于ASIC仿真、互联逻辑集成，或者用作那些功能繁多、标准不断变化的应用的解决方案。

Known for their flexibility, FPGAs were widely used for ASIC emulation, glue-logic consolidation, or as a solution for applications with volatility and changing standards.2.片上系统是数字化应用及微电子技术迅速发展的产物，是下一代基于数字信号处理产品的主要发展方向之一。它把一种应用系统集成在一个芯片上。通常，为满足系统的性能要求和提高功率效率，会把数字信号处理器和微控制单元的多处理器处理平台集成在一起。SOC(System on Chip)is the product of digital application and the rapid development of microelectronics technology, and it is one of the main development directions of next-generation DSP-based products.It integrates an application system on a single chip.In general, in order to meet the system performance requirements and improve power efficiency, DSP and MCU will be integrated to multi-processor platforms.3.“专用集成电路”不是微处理器这样的通用芯片，而是一种为特殊用途设计的定制芯片。和通用CPU相比，使用专用集成电路可以提高性能。因为专用集成电路是使用硬连线完胜距离工作的，并不需要为取指令和解释指令付出开销。

An ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)is a chip that is custom designed for a specific application rather than a general-purpose chip such as a microprocessor.The use of ASICs improves performance over general-purpose CPUs.Because ASIC are “hardwired” to do a specific job and do not incur the overhead of fetching and interpreting stored instructions.

第四篇：电子信息专业英语要点总结

重点词汇

1.TDM——Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用

FDM CDM 2.PCM——Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制

3.PCI——Peripheral Component Interconnect 周边元件连接口 4.IDE——Integrated Drive Electronics 集成驱动器电路 5.AGP——Accelerated Graphic Port 加速图形接口 6.USB——Universal Serial Bus通用串行接口

7.HDL——Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言 8.PLD——Programmable Logic Device 可编程逻辑器件 9.FPGA——Field Programmable Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列 10.ASIC——Application—Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路 11.DSP——Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器 12.SoC——System-on-Chip 片上系统 13.Learnning curve 学习曲线

14.IEEE——Institute of Electrical and Electrics Engineers 电气与电子工程师学会

15.sample and hold circuit 采样与保持电路 16.price/performance ratio 性能价格比 17.harvard architecture 哈佛结构 18.looping scheme 循环机制

19.FFT——Fast Fourier transform 快速傅里叶变换 20.PCB——Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板 21.SPS——Sample Per Second 每秒样本数 22.block diagram 方框图 23.Dolby Stereo 杜比立体声 24.transmission bandwidth 传输带宽 25.signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比 汉译英句子

1.“信道”这个术语通常是指频分多址系统中的一个频率，时分多址系统中的一个时隙，码分多址系统中的一个代码或混合系统中的频率，时隙，代码中的某中组合。

The generic term channel is normally used to denote a frequency in FDMA system,a time slot in TDMA system,and a code in CDMA system or a combination of these in a mixed system.2.第三代系统的目的在于为用户提供一个支持语音，数据，多媒体和视频服务的无隙网络，而不论用户在网络中的什么位置。

The third-generation systems aim to provide a seamless network that can provide users voice,data，multimedia,and video services regardless of their location on the network.3.逻辑综合是将电子线路的高级描述转换为一张逻辑门极其互连列表(即“网表”)的过程。逻辑综合程序都能理解Verilog和VHDL的某个子集。

Logic synthesis is the conversion of a high-level electronic circuit description into a list of logic gates and their interconnections,called the “netlis”.Every logic synthesis program understands some subset of Verilog and VHDL.4.“复杂可编程逻辑器件”是一种在逻辑模块之间具有可编程互连的可编程逻辑器件。多数复杂可编程逻辑器件是基于电可擦写可编程只读存储器和闪存的。

CPLD(Complex PLD)is a programmable logic device that includes a reprogrammable interconnect between the logic blocks.CPLDs are mostly EEPROM and flash based.1

5.数字信号处理器(DSP)是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。

Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems.Its domain can only increase as time proceeds.Thus, DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers.6.信号(如声音，光和电压)是携带信息的变化。模拟信号是现实世界中的信号。模拟信号在每个时间点上都有定义，其幅度的取值是无限的。

Signals ,like sound,light,or voltage,are information-bearing variations.Analog signals are real-world signals.They are defined at every point in time and may take an infinite number of possible amplitudes.英译汉句子

1.Using better compression algorithms, it is possible to get the speech down to 4kbps , in which case six users can be stuffed into a frame, as illustrated in Figure 11.(b).From the operator's perspective , being able to squeeze three to six times as many D-AMPS user is a huge win and explains much of the popularity of PCS.如果使用更好的压缩算法，还可以把语音数据率降至4kbps；这样的话，一帧就可以容纳6位用户了。在运营商看来，“3—6位D—AMPS用户只需占用相当于1位AMPS用户所需的带宽”是巨大的成功，而且在很大程度上解释了“个人通信业务”（PCS,Personal Communication Service）普及的原因。

2.CDMA is completely different from AMPS ,D-AMPS, and GSM.Instead of dividing the allowed frequency range into a few hundred narrow channels, CDMA allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time.Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated using coding theory.CDMA also relaxes the assumption that colliding frames are totally garbled.Instead , it assumes that multiple signals add linearly.CDMA和AMPS、D—AMPS及GSM完全不同。CDMA没有将可用频带分割为几百个窄带信道，而是允许信号在整个频谱范围内传送。利用编码原理，CDMA可以将多个同时传送的信号分离开来。在CDMA中，“相遇数据帧会造成数据混淆”的想法不存在了——CDMA认为多路信号之间是线性相加的。3.Motherboard-This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to.The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard.Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection.For example , a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected through PCI.主板：所有其他内部组件都和主板连接。通常，CPU和内部都位于主板上。其他组件可能直接位于主板上，也可能通过某种方式连接到主板上。例如，声卡可以置于主板上，也可以通过PCI总线连接到主板上。

4.In practical terms , this means that one or two layers of metal interconnect must be designed.Since an integrated circuit requires seven or more processing stages , all the processing steps other than the final metalization can be completed in advance.Because the uncommitted gate arrays can be produced in volume ,the cost of each device is relatively small.从实现角度看，就是要设计一层或两层的金属互连线。集成电路的制造流程分为七个步骤（或更多），除去最后一步“金属化”(metallization)之外，其他步骤都可以提前完成。由于门阵列可以大量生产，所以单个器件成本就比较低。

5.Physical layer communications : FPGAs have long used to implement the glue logic that interfaces between physical layer communication chips and high-level networking protocol layers.The fact that today's high-end FPGAs can contain multiple high-speed transceivers means that communications and networking functions can be consolidated into a single device.物理层通信：长久以来，FPGA用于实现通信芯片和高级网络协议之间的“胶连”逻辑。实际上，今 2

天的高端FPGA可以容纳多个高速无线收发器——即可将通信和网络功能固化于单个器件中。

6.One of the most important applications of VHDL is to capture the performance specification for a circuit , in the form of what is commonly referred to as a test bench.Test benches are VHDL descriptions of circuit stimuli and corresponding expected outputs that verify the behavior of a circuit over time.Test benches should be an integral part of any VHDL project and should be created in tandem with other descriptions of the circuit.VHDL最重要的应用之一是以所谓“测试平台”（test bench）的形式记录电路的性能指标。“测试平台”是验证电路时域行为的激励源及相应期望输出的VHDL描述。在VHDL工程项目中，“测试平台”是必不可少的，应该和其他电路描述一同创建。

7.A digital signal is a numerical representation of the analog signal.It may be easier and cost effective to process these signals in the digital world.In the real world ,we can convert these signals into digital signals through the analog-to-digital converter ,process the signals,and if needed ,bring the signals back out to the analog world through the digital-to-analog converter.数字信号是模拟信号的数值表示。在数字世界里，对这些信号进行处理可能会更容易、成本更低。在现实世界中我们可以通过“模数转换”将信号转换为数字信号，然后对信号进行处理；如果需要的话，用“数模转换器”将信号转换回到模拟世界中去。

8.Keep in mind that the distinction between DSPs and other microprocessors is not always a clear line.For instance ,look at how Intel describes the MMX technology addition to its Pentium processor : “Intel engineers have added 57 powerful new instructions specifically designed to manipulate and process video，audio and graphical data efficiently.These instructions are oriented to the highly parallel , repetitive sequences often found in multimedia operations.”

别忘了:DSPs和其他微处理器的界限并不是很清晰。例如，让我们看一看inte是如何描述其奔腾处理器新增的MMX技术的：“为了高效操作和处理视频、音频和图形数据，intel工程师新增了57条功能强大的指令。这些指令面向的是多媒体操作中经常出现的、高度并行和重复的程序。”

9.In practical application , these are certainly many other factors to consider when evaluating analog versus digital filters ,or analog versus digital signal processing in general.Most modern signal processing systems use a combination of analog and digital techniques in order to accomplish the desired function and take advantage of the best of both the analog and the digital world.在实际应用中，在评价模拟滤波器和数字滤波器（或模拟信号处理和数字信号处理）的时候，坑定还要考虑许多其他因素。为了实现期望的功能和充分利用两种技术各自的优势，多数现代信号处理系统都采用了模拟技术和数字技术相结合的方式。

10.Audiophiles demand the utmost sound quality , and all that factors are treated as secondary.If you had to describe the mindest in the world , it would be : overkill.Rather than just matching the abilities of the human ear ,these systems are designed to exceed the limits of hearing.It's the only way to be sure that the reproduced music is pristine.Digital audio was brought to the world by the compact laser disc, or CD.This was a revolution in music;the sound quality of the CD system far exceeds older systems, such as records and tapes

高保真音响爱好者对声音质量的要求极高，所有其他因素都被视为次要的。假如要用一个词来描述这种心理活动的话，那就是“过分”。高保真音响系统不是设计得刚好满足人类的听觉需求，而是超越了人类的听觉极限，这是唯一能够确保再现音乐无任何失真的办法。CD带给世人数字音频的享受。这是音乐领域里的巨大变化，CD系统的音质远远超过了传统的唱片磁带。

11.Then the sample are processed in groups of 1152(about 26 msec worth).Each group is first passed through 32 digital filters to get 32 frequency bands.At the same time the input is fed into a psychoacoustic model in order to determine the masked frequencies.Next each of the 32 frequency bands is further transformed to provide a finer spectral resolution.在这之后，样本以1152(约26ms)为一组进行处理。每组样本首先通过32个数字滤波器，从而得到32 3

个频带。同时，输入信号进入心理声学模型以决定被屏蔽的频率。下一步，32频带中的每个频带中的每个频率进一步变换得到更好的频谱分辨率。

第五篇：专业英语(电子信息与通信工程)

Electroics电子学battery电池

lSI大规模集成电路 ultraviolet紫外线radiation辐射LED发光二级管capacitor电容

integratedcircuit集成电路 wireless telegraph无线电报 passive devices无源器件 电流current二极管diodes

半导体semiconductor真空管vacuum tube 印刷电路printed circuit 高清电视 high definition tv电阻器resistorAmpere 安培Conductivity传导体 magnetic cor磁芯insulator绝缘体dielectric电解质

thevenin’s theore戴维定理negative termin负极charge电荷

inductance感应系数 polarity极性电感inductor节点hode

等效电阻equivalent resistance

叠加定理superpower theorem

Semiconductor半导体 number system计数制IC集成电路 commutative Law分配率 binary二进制inverter交换器negative否认的sequential时序的双极型bipolar晶体管transistor N沟道N channel

线性化line

布尔代数boolean algera真值表the table解发器flip-flop

组合逻辑电路combinationallogla circuit 积和式sum-of-products Parasitic capacitance寄生电容

channel bandwidt通道带宽half-duplex半双工

spurious frequenc寄生频率 input match输入匹配 tuning range调制范围the baseband amplifier基带放大器

noise figure噪声系数 minimum detectable signal最小可检测信号灵敏度sensitivity 谐波harmonics

阻抗匹配impedance match 本机振荡the local csillator 过载特性overload characteristics

信道channel

高斯白噪声white cnaussian noise

中频inter medium

基带信号basebandsignal Signal and syste信号与系统 aeronautics and astronautics航空航天

continuous-time signals连续时间信号

signal energy and power信号与功能

total energy总能量 complex number复数 infinite time interval无限时间范围

average power平均能量 physical system物理系统 automotive vehicl机动车辆

信号处理signal processing 电路设计circuit design离散时间信号discrete-time signal

非零常数nonzerv constant 独立变量independent variables

瞬时功率instaneous power 无限能量infinite energy相互作用的子系统interconnection-of-subsystems

图像增强

image-enhancement