寒假社会实调查践报告

第一篇：寒假社会实调查践报告

寒假社会实践报告

（1）摘要：社区、居民、弱势群体、人际关系

（2）目的：通过社会实践，增加我们军校大学生接触社会，走向社会，培养工作能力，以及完善思想道德、增强社会责任感。

（3）实践时间：2013年2月2日—2月8日

（4）实践地点：顾山镇

（5）实践单位和部门：江阴市顾山镇金顾山社区

（6）实践内容：

“艰辛如人生，实践长才干”，作为大学生，我们最终要走入社会，融入社会。2013年2月2日—2月8日是我第三次参加大学生寒假社会实践活动。第一次参加社会实践，我明白了大学生社会实践是引导我们学生走出校门，走向社会，接触社会，了解社会，投身社会的良好形式。通过参加实践活动，有助于我们军校大学生更新观念，吸收新的思想和认识。

一个星期的社区社会实践，让我从中领悟到了很多东西，而这些东西将让我终身受用。社会实践加深了我与社会各年龄段人的感情，拉近了我与他们的距离，也让自己在社会实践中开拓视野，增长才干，进一步明确了我们青年军校学生的成才之路和肩负的历史使命。社会才是学习和受教育的大教堂，在那个广阔的天地里，我们的人生价值得到了体现，让我从实践中得到锻炼。

我实践的江阴市顾山镇金顾山社区，隶属顾山镇管辖，地处顾山镇镇中心，占地0.8万平方公里，共有居民2535户7335人，社区工作人员21名。

在我报到的第一天社区高书记就告诉我：社区最主要的工作就是在党和政府的领导下，依靠社区力量，利用社会资源，强化社区功能，解决社区居民问题，为社区居民提供各方面的服务，组织社区居民开展各种社会活动，促进社区协调和健康发展，不断提高社区居民的生活水平和生活质量。

她还说作为社区干部还要有一定沟通技巧，社区工作及要与社区居民打交道，还要经常与辖区单位联系，充分发挥辖区单位的作用，才能更好的为居民服务。社区工作面对的是不同年龄、性格的各式各样居民，要运用自己的知识技巧，建立信任关系，通过相互的沟通和合作，了解自己扮演的角色，最终达到自己解决问题的目的。

一个星期的社会实践，高书记给我安排了三天的走访社区居民活动，带我走访的是社区干部刘姐，大学毕业在社区工作已经二年了，各方面工作能力特别突出，也给我教了很多工作方法。通过走访改变我很多以前的认识，真没有想到在城市里还有这么多生活困难的人，三天我们走访近20户，对我记忆最深刻的是王阿姨家，今年43岁，看上去象50多岁的人，丈夫7年前与她离婚了，三个孩子跟她一起生活，大女儿只上到初中就因为家里没钱她就不上，到处打零工挣钱。二女儿开学上初三，还有一个儿子。王阿姨因为初中毕业、再加上她汉语说的又不好，没有工作靠每月350元的低保金维持一家的生活，她自己患有风湿关节病，经常腿痛的走不成路，家里只有两间土平房和一个18寸的老式电视机，就再也没有一件像样的家具了，两间平房，进门一间有一个火炉子和一个土炕，供冬天取暖用，有一个矮小的方桌和几个木制小板凳，里面一间有一个双人床、两把椅子和一个衣柜，房间的土地面高低不平。十几平方米的院子里有一个草棚，下面盘着一个锅灶，她说这就是她们夏天生火做饭的地方。

刘姐说我们这次来她家，主要是帮她办理“十大慢性疾病医疗保险”，参加这个保险，她看病、买药可以报销70%，现在国家经济条件好了，为群众办的实事、好事也多了，刘姐一边和王阿姨拉家常，一边教我如何填写“十大慢性疾病医疗保险”登记表，一个多小时我们就完成了王阿姨家的走访登记工作。

在走访下一户居民家的路上，刘姐告诉我作为社区干部一定要做到“四知四清四掌握”，就是要知道社区居民每个家庭成员及社会关系、每个家庭经济状况、每个家庭成员政治表现、每个家庭成员遵纪守法情况；清楚社区就业情况清、社区重点人口情况清、社区流动人口情况清、社区贫困群体情况清；掌握社区基本情况及社情动态、掌握宗教活动情况、掌握居民热点难点问题、掌握各类积极分子情况。

三天的走访结束后，高书记就安排我协助刘姐开展日常工作，刘姐在社区负责的是人民调解、社会治安综合治理、流动人口管理等工作，日常工作看是平凡，却很繁忙，汇总材料、上报报表、接待居民群众来访，调解居民间的邻里纠纷、登记流动人员等，不知不觉一天天就过去了。

繁忙的工作虽然很辛苦、很劳累，也使我收获到了工作上的成就感和工作中的乐趣，每当帮居民办完一件事情，诚心对你说谢谢的时候，我就感到很满足，许多事情是我们份内的事，我们有义务完成它，可居民群众却感到是你在帮助她，她们都会诚心诚意地对你说一番感谢的话，多么朴实的居民啊。通过社会实践，使我在实践中认识社会、增长才干、提高自身素质、为日后真正走进社会奠定基石。我现在理解了学院为什么一直强调加强我们社会实践能力。在那里，我学到许多书本上所没有的社会实践知识，体会到了工作的一些难处，学会了如何处世，怎样才能把事情做对做好，清楚了自身的不足更明确了自己以后要怎样努力去完善自己，为毕业后走上工作岗位而奠定基础，社会实践是为将来打基础的重要阶段，珍惜我们的每一个工作机会，不论什么人，什么学历，从事什么工作，没有一件事情是轻轻松松的，其实工作中不一定有太多地方用到专业知识，更多的是我们要耐心、细心，一步一个脚印，脚踏实地的去工作，只有基本工作做的够好，才能赢得上级和同事的信赖，才有机会展示更多的才华。

寒 假 社 会 实 践 调 查 报 告

第二篇：实 践 论

马克思以前的唯物论，离开人的社会性，离开人的历史发展，去观察认识问题，因此不能了解认识对社会实践的依赖关系，即认识对生产和阶级斗争的依赖关系。首先，马克思主义者认为人类的生产活动是最基本的的实践活动，是决定其他一切活动的东西。人的认识，主要地依赖于物质的生产活动，逐渐地了解自然的现象、自然的性质、自然的规律性、人和自然的关系；而且经过生产活动，也在各种不同程度上逐渐地认识了人与人的一定的相互关系。一切这些知识，离开生产活动是不能得到的。在没有阶级的社会中，每个人以社会一员的资格，同其他社会成员协力，结成一定的社会关系，从事生产活动，以解决人类物质生活问题。在各种阶级的社会中，各阶级的社会成员，则又以各种不同的方式，结成一定的生产关系，从事生产活动，以解决人类物质生活问题。这是人的认识发展的基本来源。人的社会实践，不限于生产活动一种形式，还有多种其他的形式，阶级斗争，政治生活，科学和艺术的活动，总之社会实际生活的一切领域都是社会的人所参加的。因此，人的认识，在物质生活以外，还从政治生活文化生活中（与物质生活密切联系），在各种不同程度上，知道人和人的各种关系。其中，尤以各种形式的阶级斗争，给予人的认识发展以深刻的影响。在阶级社会中，每一个人都在一定的阶级地位中生活，各种思想无不打上阶级的烙印。马克思主义者认为人类社会的生产活动，是一步又一步地由低级向高级发展，因此，人们的认识，不论对于自然界方面，对于社会方面，也都是一步又一步地由低级向高级发展，即由浅入深，由片面到更多的方面。在很长的历史时期内，大家对于社会的历史只能限于片面的了解，这一方面是由于剥削阶级的偏见经常歪曲社会的历史，另方面，则由于生产规模的狭小，限制了人们的眼界。人们能够对于社会历史的发展作全面的历史的了解，把对于社会的认识变成了科学，这是到了伴随巨大生产力－－大工业而出现近代无产阶级的时候，这就是马克思主义的科学。马克思主义者认为，只有人们的社会实践，才是人们对于外界认识的真理性的标准。实际的情形是这样的，只有在社会实践过程中（物质生产过程中，阶级斗争过程中，科学实验过程中），人们达到了思想中所预想的结果时，人们的认识才被证实了。人们要想得到工作的胜利即得到预想的结果，一定要使自己的思想合于客观外界的规律性，如果不合，就会在实践中失败。人们经过失败之后，也就从失败取得教训，改正自己的思想使之适合于外界的规律性，人们就能变失败为胜利，所谓“失败者成功之母”，“吃一堑长一智”，就是这个道理。辨证唯物论的认识论把实践提到第一的地位，认为人的认识一点也不能离开实践，排斥一切否认实践重要性、使认识离开实践的错误理论。列宁这样说过：“实践高于（理论的）认识，因为它不但有普遍性的品格，而且还有直接现实性的品格。”马克思主义的哲学辨证唯物论有两个最显著的特点：一个是它的阶级性，公然申明辨证唯物论是为无产阶级服务的；再一个是它的实践性，强调理论对于实践的依赖关系，理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。判定认识或理论之是否真理，不是依主观上觉得如何而定，而是依客观上社会实践的结果如何而定。真理的标准只能是社会的实践。实践的观点是辨证唯物论的认识论之第一的和基本的观点。然而人的认识究竟怎样从实践产生，而又服务于实践呢？这只要看一看认识的发展过程就会明了的。原来人在实践过程中，开始只是看到过程中各个事物的现象方面，看到各个事物的片面，看到各个事物之间的外部联系。例如有些外面的人们到延安来考察，头一二天，他们看到了延安的地形、街道、屋宇，接触了许多的人，参加了宴会、晚会和群众大会，听到了各种说话，看到了各种文件，这些就是事物的现象，事物的各个片面以及这些事物的外部联系。这叫做认识的感性阶段，就是感觉和印象的阶段。也就是延安这些各别的事物作用于考察团先生们的感官，引起他们的感觉，在他们的脑子中生起了许多的印象，以及这些印象间的大概的外部的联系，这是认识的第一阶段。在这个阶段中，人们还不能造成深刻的概念，作出合乎论理（即合乎逻辑）的结论。社会实践的继续，使人们在实践中引起感觉和印象的东西反复了多次，于是在人们的脑子里生起了一个认识过程的突变（即飞跃），产生了概念。概念这种东西已经不是事物的现象，不是事物的各个片面，不是它们的外部联系，而是抓住了事物的本质，事物的全体，事物的内部联系了，概念同感觉，不但是数量上的差别，而且有了性质上的差别。循此继进，使用判断和推理的方法，就可产生合乎论理的结论来。《三国演义》上所谓“眉头一皱计上心来”，我们普通说话所谓“让我想一想”，就是人在脑子中运用概念以作判断和推理的工夫。这是认识的第二个阶段。外来的考察团先生们在他们集合了各种资料，加上他们“想了一想”之后，他们就能作出“共产党的抗日民族统一战线的政策是彻底的、诚恳的和真实的”这样一个判断了。在他们作出这个判断之后，如果他们对于团结救国也是真实的话，那末他们就够进一步作出这样的结论：“抗日民族统一战线是能够成功的。”这个概念、判断和推理的阶段，在人们对于一个事物的整个认识过程中是更重要的阶段，也就是理性认识的阶段。认识的真正任务在于经过感觉而到达于思维，到达于逐步了解客观事物的内部矛盾，了解它的规律性，了解这一过程和那一过程的内部联系，即到达于论理的认识。重复地说，论理的认识所以和感性的认识不同，是因为感性的认识是属于事物之片面的、现象的、外部联系的东西，论理的认识则推进了一大步，到达了事物的全体的、本质的、内部联系的东西，到达了暴露周围世界的内在的矛盾，因而能在周围世界的总体上，在周围世界一切方面的内部联系上去把握周围世界的发展。这种基于实践的由浅入深的辨证唯物论的关于认识发展过程的理论，在马克思主义以前，是没有一个人这样解决过的。马克思主义的唯物论，第一次正确地解决了这个问题，唯物地而且辨证地指出了认识的深化的运动，指出了社会的人在他们的生产和阶级斗争的复杂的、经常反复的实践中，由感性认识到论理认识的推移的运动。列宁说过：“物质的抽象，自然规律的抽象，价值的抽象以及其他等等，一句话，一切科学的（正确的、郑重的、非瞎说的）抽象，都更深刻、更正确、更完全地反映着自然。”马克思列宁主义认为：认识过程中两个阶段的特性，在低级阶段，认识表现为感性的，在高级阶段，认识表现为论理的，但任何阶段，都是统一的认识过程的阶段。感性和理性二者的性质不同，但又不是互相分离的，它们在实践的基础上统一起来了。我们的实践证明：感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。感觉只解决现象问题，理论才解决本质问题。这些问题的解决，一点也不能离开实践。无论何人要认识什么事物，除了同那个事物接触，即生活于（实践于）那个事物的环境中，是没有法子解决的。不能在封建社会就预先认识资本主义社会的规律，因为资本主义还未出现，还无这种实践。马克思主义只能是资本主义的产物。马克思不能在自由资本主义时代就预先具体地认识帝国主义时代的某些特异的规律，因为帝国主义这个资本主义最后阶段还未到来，还无这种实践，只有列宁和斯大林才能担当此项任务。马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林之所以能够作出他们的理论，除了他们的天才条件之外，主要地是他们亲自参加了当时的阶级斗争和科学实验的实践，没有这后一个条件，任何天才也是不能成功的。“秀才不出门，全知天下事”，在技术不发达的古代只能是一句空话，在技术发达的现代虽然可以实现这些话，然而真正亲知的是天下实践着的人，那些人在他们的实践中间取得了“知”，经过文字和技术的传达而到达于“秀才”之手，秀才乃能间接地“知天下事”。如果要直接地认识某种或某些事物，便只有亲身参加于变革现实、变革某种或某些事物的实践的斗争中，才能触到那种或那些事物的现象，也只有在亲身参加变各现实的实践的斗争中，才能暴露那种或那些事物的本质而理解它们。这是任何人实际上走着的认识路程，不是有些人故意歪曲地说些反对的话罢了。世上最可笑的是那些“知识里手”，有了道听途说的一知半解，便自封为“天下第一”，适足见其不自量而已。知识的问题是一个科学的问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定地需要的倒是其反面－－诚实和谦逊的态度。你要有知识，你就得参加变革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃。你要知道原子的组成同性质，你就得实行物理学和化学的实验，变革原子的情况。你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。但人不能事事直接经验，事实上多数的知识都是间接经验的东西，这就是一切古代的和外域的知识。这些知识在古人在外人是直接经验的东西，如果在古人外人直接经验时是符合于列宁所说的条件：“科学的抽象”，是科学地反映了客观的事物，那末这些知识是可靠的，否则就是不可靠的。所以，一个人的知识，不外直接经验的和间接经验的两部分。而且在我为间接经验者，在人则仍为直接经验。因此，就知识的总体说来，无论何种知识都是不能离开直接经验的。任何知识的来源，在于人的肉体感官对客观外界的感觉，否认了这个感觉，否认了直接经验，否认亲自参加变革现实的实践，他就不是唯物论者。“知识里手”之所以可笑，原因就是在这个地方。中国人有一句老话：“不入虎穴，焉得虎子。”这句话对于人们的实践是真理，对于认识论也是真理。离开实践的认识是不可能的。为了明了基于变革现实的实践而产生的辩证唯物论的认识运动－－认识的逐渐深化的运动，下面再举出几个具体的例子。无产阶级对于资本主义社会的认识，在其实践的初期－－破坏机器和自发斗争时期，他们还只在感性认识的阶段，只认识资本主义各个现象的片面及其外部的联系。这时，他们还是一个所谓“自在的阶级”。但是到了他们实践的第二个时期－－有意识有组织的经济斗争和政治斗争的时期，由于实践，由于长期斗争的经验，经过马克思、恩格斯用科学的方法把这种种经验总结起来，产生了马克思主义的理论，用以教育无产阶级，这样就使无产阶级理解了资本主义社会的本质，理解了社会阶级的剥削关系，理解了无产阶级的历史任务，这时他们就变成了一个“自为的阶级”。中国人民对于帝国主义的认识也是这样。第一阶段是表面的感性的认识阶段，表现在太平天国运动和义和团运动等笼统的排外主义的斗争上。第二阶段才进到理性的认识阶段，并看出了帝国主义内部和外部的各种矛盾，并看出了帝国主义联合中国买办阶级和封建阶级以压榨中国人民大众的实质，这种认识是从一九一九年五四运动前后才开始的。我们再来看战争。战争的领导者，如果他们是一些没有战争经验的人，对于一个具体的战争（例如我们过去十年的土地革命战争）的深刻的指导规律，在开始阶段是不了解的。他们在开始阶段只是身历了许多作战的经验，而且败战是打得很多的。然而由于这些经验（胜仗，特别是败仗的经验），使他们能够理解贯串整个战争的内部的东西，即那个具体战争的规律性，懂得了战略和战术，因而能够有把握地去指导战争。此时，如果改换一个无经验的人去指导，又会要在吃了一些败仗之后（有了经验之后）才能理会战争的正确的规律。常常听到一些同志在不能勇敢接受工作任务时说出的一句话：没有把握。为什么没有把握呢？因为他对于这项工作的内容和环境没有规律性的了解，或者他从来就没有接触过这类工作，或者接触得不多，因而无从谈到这类工作的规律性。及至把工作的情况和环境给以详细分析之后，他就觉得比较地有了把握，愿意去做这项工作。如果这个人在这项工作中经过了一个时期，他就有了这项工作的经验了，而他又是一个肯虚心体察情况的人，不是一个主观地、片面地、表面地看问题的人，他就能够自己做出应该怎样进行工作的结论，他的工作勇气也就可以大大提高了。只有那些主观地、片面地和表面地看问题的人，跑到一个地方，不问环境的情况，不看事情的全体（事情的历史和全部现状），也不触到事情的本质（事情的性质及此一事情和其他事情的内部联系），就自以为是地发号施令起来，这样的人是没有不跌交子的。由此看来，认识的过程，第一步，是开始接触外界事情，属于感觉的阶段。第二步，是综合感觉的材料加以整理和改造，属于概念、判断和推理的阶段。只有感觉的材料十分丰富（不是零碎不全）和合于实际（不是错觉），才能根据这样的材料造出正确的概念和论理来。这里有两个要点必须着重指明。第一个，在前面已经说过的，这里再重复说一说，就是理性认识依赖于感性认识的问题。如果以为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。哲学史上有所谓“唯理论”一派，就是只承认理性的实在性，不承认经验的实在性，以为只有理性靠得住，而感觉的经验是靠不住的，这一派的错误在于颠倒了事实。理性的东西所以靠得住，正是由于它来源于感性，否则理性的东西就成了无源之水，无木之本，而只是主观自生的靠不住的东西了。从认识过程的秩序说来，感觉经验是第一的东西，我们强调社会实践在认识过程中的意义，就在于只有社会实践才能使人的认识开始发生，开始从客观外界得到感觉经验。一个闭目塞听、同客观外界根本绝缘的人，是无所谓认识的。认识开始于经验－－这就是认识论的唯物论。第二是认识有待于深化，认识的感性阶段有待于发展到理性阶段－－这就是认识论的辩证法。如果以为认识可以停顿在低级的感性阶段，以为只有感性认识可靠，而理性认识是靠不住的，这便是重复了历史上的“经验论”的错误。这种理论的错误，在于不知道感觉材料固然是客观外界某些真实性的反映（我这里不来说经验只是所谓内省体验的那种唯心的经验论），但它们仅是片面的和表面的东西，这种反映是不完全的，是没有反映事物本质的。要完全地反映整个的事物，反映事物的本质，反映事物的内部规律性，就必须经过思考作用，将丰富的感觉材料加以去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的改造制作工夫，造成概念和理论的系统，就必须从感性认识跃进到理性认识。这种改造过的认识，不是更空虚了更不可靠的认识，相反，只要是在认识过程中根据于实践基础而科学地改造过的东西，正如列宁所说乃是更深刻、更正确、更完全地反映客观事物的东西。庸俗的事务主义家不是这样，他们尊重经验而看轻理论，因而不能通观客观过程的全体，缺乏明确的方针，没有远大的前途，沾沾自喜于一得之功和一孔之见。这种人如果指导革命，就会引导革命走上碰壁的地步。理性认识依赖于感性认识，感性认识有待于发展到理性认识，这就是辩证唯物论的认识论。哲学上的“唯理论”和“经验论”都不懂得认识的历史性或辩证性，虽然各有片面的真理（对于唯物的唯理论和经验论而言，非指唯心的唯理论和经验论），但在认识论的全体上则都是错误的。由感性到理性之辩证唯物论的认识运动，对于一个小的认识过程（例如对于一个事物或一件工作的认识）是如此，对于一个大的认识过程（例如对于一个社会或一个革命的认识）也是如此。然而认识运动至此还没有完结。辩证唯物论的认识运动，如果只到理性认识为止，那末还只说到问题的一半。而且对于马克思主义的哲学说来，还只说到非十分重要的那一半。马克思主义的哲学认为十分重要的问题，不在于懂得了客观世界的规律性，因而能够解释世界，而在于拿了这种对于客观规律性的认识去能动地改造世界。在马克思主义看来，理论是重要的，它的重要性充分地表现在列宁说过的一句话：“没有革命的理论，就没有革命的运动。”然而马克思主义看重理论，正是，也仅仅是，因为它能够指导行动。如果有了正确的理论，只是把它空谈一阵，束之高阁，并不实行，那末，这种理论再好也是没有意义的。认识从实践始，经过实践得到了理论的认识，还须再回到实践去。认识的能动作用，不但表现于从感性的认识到理性的认识之能动的飞跃，更重要的还须表现于从理性的认识到革命的实践这一个飞跃。抓着了世界的规律性的认识，必须把它再回到改造世界的实践中去，再用到生产的实践、革命的阶级斗争和民族斗争的实践以及科学实验的实践中去。这就是检验理论和发展理论的过程，是整个认识过程的继续。理论的东西之是否符合于客观真理性这个问题，在前面说的由感性到理性之运动过程中是没有完全解决的，也不能完全解决的。要完全地解决这个问题，只有把理性的认识再回到社会实践中去，应用理论于实践，看它是否能够达到预想的目的。许多自然科学理论之所以被称为真理，不但在于自然科学家们创立这些学说的时候，而且在于为尔后的科学实践所证实的时候。马克思列宁主义之所以被称为真理，也不但在于马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林等人科学地构成这些学说的时候，而且在于为尔后革命的阶级斗争和民族斗争的实践所证实的时候。辩证唯物论之所以为普遍真理，在于经过无论任何人的实践都不能逃出它的范围。人类认识的历史告诉我们，许多理论的真理性是不完全的，经过实践的检验而纠正了它们的不完全性。许多理论是错误的，经过实践的检验而纠正其错误，所谓实践是真理的标准，所谓“生活、实践底观点，应该是认识论底首先的和基本的观点”，理由就在这个地方。斯大林说得好：“理论若不和实践联系起来，就会变成无对象的理论，同样，实践若不以革命理论为指南，就会变成盲目的实践。”说到这里，认识运动就算完成了吗？我们的答复是完成了，又没有完成。社会的人们投身于变革在某一发展阶段内的某一客观过程的实践中（不论是关于变革某一自然过程的实践，或变革某一社会过程的实践），由于客观过程的反映和主观能动性的作用，使得人们的认识由感性的推移到了理性的，造成了大体上相应于该客观过程的法则性的思想、理论、计划或方案，然后再应用这种思想、理论、计划或方案于该同一客观过程的实践，如果能够实现预想的目的，即将预想的思想、理论、计划、方案在同一过程的实践中变为事实，或者大体上变为事实，那末，对于这一具体过程的认识运动算是完成了。例如，在变革自然的过程中，某一工程计划的实现，某一科学假想的证实，某一器物的制成，某一农产的收获，在变革社会过程中某一罢工的胜利，某一战争的胜利，某一教育计划的实现，都算实现了预想的目的。然而一般说来，不论在变革自然或变革社会的实践中，人们原定的思想、理论、计划、方案，毫无改变地实现出来的事，是很少的。这是因为从事变革现实的人们，常常受许多的限制，不但常常受到科学条件和技术条件的限制，而且也受着客观过程的发展及其表现程度的限制（客观过程的方面及本质尚未充分暴露）。在这种情形之下，由于实践中发现前所未料的情况，因而部分地改变思想、理论、计划、方案的事是常有的，全部地改变的事也是有的。即是说，原定的思想、理论、计划、方案，部分地或全部地不合于实际，部分错了或全部错了的事，都是有的。许多时候须反复失败过多次，才能纠正错误的认识，才能到达于和客观过程的规律性相符合，因而才能够变主观的东西为客观的东西，即在实践中得到预想的结果。但是不管怎样，到了这种时候，人们对于在某一发展阶段内的某一客观过程的认识运动，算是完成了。然而对于过程的推移而言，人们的认识运动是没有完成的。任何过程，不论是属于自然界的和属于社会的，由于内部的矛盾和斗争，都是向前推移向前发展的，人们的认识运动也应跟着推移和发展。依社会运动来说，真正的革命的指导者，不但在于当自己的思想、理论、计划、方案有错误时须得善于改正，如同上面已经说到的，而且在于当某一客观过程已经从某一发展阶段向另一发展阶段推移转变的时候，须得善于使自己和参加革命的一切人员在主观认识上也跟着推移转变，即是要使新的革命任务和新的工作方案的提出，适合于新的情况的变化。革命时期情况的变化是很急速的，如果革命党人的认识不能随之而急速变化，就不能引导革命走向胜利。然而思想落后于实际的事是常有的，这是因为人的认识受了许多社会条件的限制的缘故。我们反对革命队伍中的顽固派，他们的思想不能随变化了的客观情况而前进，在历史上表现为右倾机会主义。这些人看不出矛盾的斗争已将客观过程推向前进了，而他们的认识仍然停止在旧阶段。一切顽固党的思想都有这样的特征。他们的思想离开了社会的实践，他们不能站在社会车轮的前头充任向导的工作，他们只知跟在车子后面怨恨车子走得太快了，企图把它向后拉，开倒车。我们也反对“左”翼空谈主义。他们的思想超过客观过程的一定发展阶段，有些把幻想看作真理，有些则把仅在将来有现实可能性的理想，勉强地放在现时来做，离开了当前大多数人的实践，离开了当前的现实性，在行动上表现为冒险主义。唯心论和机械唯物论，机会主义和冒险主义，都是以主观和客观相分裂，以认识和实践相脱离为特征的。以科学的社会实践为特征的马克思列宁主义的认识论，不能不坚决反对这些错误思想。马克思主义者承认，在绝对的总的宇宙发展过程中，各个具体过程的发展都是相对的，因而在绝对真理的长河中，人们对于在各个一定发展阶段上的具体过程的认识只具有相对的真理性。无数相对的真理之总和，就是绝对的真理。客观过程的发展是充满着矛盾和斗争的发展，人的认识运动的发展也是充满着矛盾和斗争的发展。一切客观世界的辩证法的运动，都或先或后地能够反映到人的认识中来。社会实践中的发生、发展和消灭的过程是无穷的，人的认识的发生、发展和消灭的过程也是无穷的。根据于一定的思想、理论、计划、方案以从事于变革客观现实的实践，一次又一次地向前，人们对于客观现实的认识也就一次又一次地深化。客观现实世界的变化运动永远没有完结，人们在实践中对于真理的认识也就永远没有完结。马克思列宁主义并没有结束真理，而是在实践中不断地开辟认识真理的道理。我们的结论是主观和客观、理论和实践、知和行的具体的历史的统一，反对一切离开具体历史的“左”的或右的错误思想。社会的发展到了今天的时代，正确地认识世界和改造世界的责任，已经历史地落在无产阶级及其政党的肩上。这种根据科学认识而定下来的改造世界的实践过程，在世界、在中国均已到达了一个历史的时节－－自有历史以来未曾有过的重大时节，这就是整个儿地推翻世界和中国的黑暗面，把它们转变过来成为前所未有的光明世界。无产阶级和革命人民改造世界的斗争，包括实现下述的任务：改造客观世界，也改造自己的主观世界－－改造自己的认识能力，改造主观世界和客观世界的关系。地球上已经有一部分实行了这种改造，这就是苏联。他们还正在促进这种改造过程。中国人民和世界人民也都正在或将要通过这样的改造过程。所谓被改造的客观世界，其中包括了一切反对改造的人们，他们的被改造，须要通过强迫的阶段，然后才能进入自觉的阶段。世界到了全人类都自觉地改造自己和改造世界的时候，那就是世界的共产主义时代。通过实践而发现真理，又通过实践而证实真理和发展真理。从感性认识而能动地发展到理性认识，又从理性认识而能动地指导革命实践，改造主观世界和客观世界。实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的程度。这就是辩证唯物论的全部认识论，这就是辩证唯物论的知行统一观。

第三篇：社会实 践的自 我鉴定

社会实 践的自 我鉴定

前言：“ 没有实习，就没有发言权 ” ,只有亲身经历过才会有那种超乎平常的感觉，社会实 践的自 我鉴定。我与社会的接触并不多。其实学校要求我们参加认识实习, 无非是想让我们提前接触社会 , 了解社会 , 这样才不会在真正走上社会的时候找不到生活的重心 , 于是我才决定这个假期要真正的去接触社会 , 品尝社会的酸甜苦辣。

实践是检验真理的惟一标准。在课堂上，我们学习了很多理论知识，但是如果我们在实际当中不能灵活运用，那就等于没有学。实习就是将我们在课堂上学的理论知识运用到实战中。

我们怎样才能把课本上的知识灵活恰当的运用到生活、工作当中去，成为对别人对社会有用的人才?我们怎样才能适应当今飞速发展的社会，怎样才能确定自己的人生坐标，实现自己的人生价值呢?抱着这种想法，经人介绍我走进了长春前进大街肯德基店。在那里，我学到许多书本上所没有的社会实践知识，体会到了工作的一些难处，学会了如何处世，怎样把事做对做好，清楚了自身的不足更明确了自己以后要怎样努力去完善自己，为毕业后走上工作岗位而奠定基矗

再这段实践里我得到了许多体会与认识，理解了学院为什么一直强调加强我们社会实践能力，现我将这短短的工作经历总结做出实践报告如下，请老师予以指导，鉴定材料《社会实 践的自 我鉴定》。

一、实习目的：

锻炼自身的社会活动能力，了解社会现实，从实践中拉进了与社会的距离，认清一些社会问题,看清一些社会现象,在社会大课堂里，经风雨、见世面，检验知识，培养能力，磨练意志，使自身得到启迪，增强社会责任感。在实践中认识社会、增长才干、提高自身素质、为日后真正走进社会铺定基石。

二、实习时间

自2008年1月21日至2008年2月3日，共为期半月

三、实习地点：

长春前进大街肯德基店

四、实习内容：

开始时要试工一天，工作6个小时。试工期间，我被安排到大厅工作。及时收拾客人用餐后留下的垃圾，保持大厅的整洁是工作的重点，同时还必须兼顾厕所的卫生。别看厕所只有小小的一块地方，拖起来不费吹灰之力。但是在用餐高峰，往往前脚我刚拖完，还没等地板干掉就有3、4位顾客连着使用，地面有张乱不堪了。在我手忙脚乱之际，只见大厅的阿姨，动作马力，总能在第一时间里把所有的工作做好。速度之快让我佩服不已。

有人会说，用餐高峰时的确辛苦。但是到了低峰就轻松了吧。一开始我也是这么想的。我面试的这家餐厅设在前进大街上，和闹市区的生意不能比。过了吃饭时间，餐厅生意就会明显淡下来。在低峰时段，大厅的托盘都收好了、厕所的地面拖干净了、洗手台也几经擦的一尘不染，似乎已经没有什么事情要做了，但是总不能就垂手站着吧。于是赶忙请教阿姨——你可以把玻璃擦一下。特别是门上的玻璃，客人进出时手会碰到玻璃上，玻璃很容易花掉。大厅的地面上有一些散落的食物碎片看到吗?把地扫一下。地面上的那些脚印也要及时拖干净。垃圾要经常用导压棒压一下。如果压好以后，垃圾超过垃圾桶的3/4就要准备换一个新的垃圾袋了。收好的托盘要用消毒水擦拭、消毒，然后送到柜台上，保证柜台托盘的是数量。盛放吸管的盒子要定期察看，如果吸管数量不够要及时补充。经常到餐厅的外围看看。如果有烟头、树叶、纸屑要及时清扫，保持餐厅外围环境的整洁。人不多的时候，还可以把外围的地板拖一下。

第四篇：社会报告调查

中国上市公司社会责任报告研究

报告质量，上交所公司优于深交所公司；社会责任报告发布比率，深交所公司优于上交所公司。

204家上交所上市公司，发布报告的有138家，发布率为67.6%；96家深交所上市公司，发布报告的有81家，发布率为84.4%，比上交所高出17%。上交所上市公司发布的报告，平均得分为32.7分；深交所上市公司发布的报告，平均得分为29.0分，比上海证券交易所上市企业低3.7分。

企业社会责任报告是企业就其履行社会责任的理念、制度、措施和绩效所进行的系统信息披露，是企业与其利益相关方进行全面沟通交流的重要过程和载体，也是企业非财务信息披露的主要方式。

与财务报告相比，企业社会责任报告作还存在诸多质量问题，如结构混乱、逻辑不清、内容随意，无法量化等，信息披露的时效性、客观性、平衡性、可读性也存在不足，这些现象削弱了报告的沟通作用。

报告评级体系

本研究从企业社会责任报告的六个性质对报告质量进行系统的评价，包括完整性、实质性、平衡性、可比性、可读性和创新性。

根据各项指标的关键性及中国企业社会责任报告发展的阶段性特征，六大指标被赋予不同的权重，权重由“中国企业社会责任报告评级专家委员会”专家采用德尔菲法（专家法）确定。“是否披露了企业核心的社会责任议题”被一致认为是企业社会责任报告最为重要的评价维度，占30%；其次是完整性和可读性，分别占25%和20%；再次是平衡性和可比性，各占10%；报告创新有利于企业从数百份社会责任报告中脱颖而出，吸引利益相关方阅读，但考虑到中国企业社会责任报告的发展阶段，只赋予创新性5%的权重。

为了直观地反映企业社会责任报告的质量特征，《中国企业社会责任报告评级标准（2011）》对中国企业社会责任报告的评价结果采取星级制的方式展现，共分为七个级别，分别是：五星级、四星半级、四星级、三星半级、三星级、二星级、一星级。每一个级别对应的发展水平分别为：卓越、领先、优秀、良好、追赶、发展、起步。本研究延续了这一星级划分方法，根据得分分别给出了“六性”中每一个性质的星级以及报告综合星级。

报告评级结果

完整性案例解析

完整性是指企业社会责任报告所涉及的内容能够完整地反映企业对经济、社会和环境的重大影响，涵盖企业有关社会责任的所有重大议题，充分披露企业的社会责任理念、制度、措施和绩效。

在样本企业中，中国远洋（601919）控股股份有限公司、中国民生银行（600016）股份有限公司、中国石油（601857）化工股份有限公司、中国工商银行（601398）股份有限公司等企业报告篇幅较大，而且基本上涵盖了企业所在行业指标的50%以上，具有较好的完整性。

报告完整性得分各行业之间的差距较大，保险业、银行业等服务业公司得分较高，而服装鞋帽制造业、石油加工及炼焦业等传统制造业公司得分较低。

从行业的角度来看，保险业公司完整性的平均得分为60.1分，处于“领先者”阶段；银行业、旅游业、石油与天然气开采业、建筑业、通信设备制造业、交通运输服务业、煤炭开采与洗选业、金属制品业等行业的公司完整性平均得分在40到60分之间，处于“追赶者”行列； 交通运输辅助业、零售业、家用电器制造业等行业的公司得分在20到40分之间，处于“起步者”行列；石油加工及炼焦业、信息传播服务业、服装鞋帽制造业三个行业公司的报告完整性平均得分低于20分，处于“起步者”阶段。

上交所上市公司的完整性得分为34.3分，略高于深交易上市公司的得分31.1分。

社会责任报告完整性得分与公司营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高，完整性平均得分越高，营业收入越低，完整性平均得分越低。

从企业规模来看，社会责任报告完整性得分与营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高的企业完整性平均得分越高，营业收入越低的企业完整性平均得分越低。20家营业收入在1000亿以上企业的社会责任报告完整性平均得分为56.7分，而66家营业收入在50亿以下企业的社会责任报告完整性平均得分仅为25.3分。

实质性案例解析

样本企业的社会责任报告实质性水平在各性质中表现最好，平均得分为42.4分。

由于企业的经营环境和行业特点各异，其社会责任报告应披露与本企业所在行业密切相关的重大议题，以加强与关键利益相关方的沟通。所以，实质性评级结果的分析有助于了解企业社会责任报告中对本行业重大关键议题的披露程度。

报告实质性得分各行业之间的差别较大，金属制品业公司得分较高，而服装鞋帽制造业公司得分为零。

上交所上市企业的实质性得分为42.9分，略高于深交所的41.7分。

社会责任报告实质性得分与公司营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高，实质性平均得分越高，营业收入越低，实质性平均得分越低。

从企业规模来看，社会责任报告实质性得分与营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高的企业实质性平均得分越高，营业收入越低的企业实质性平均得分越低。20家营业收入在1000亿以上企业的社会责任报告实质性平均得分为57.5分，而66家营业收入在50亿以下企业的社会责任报告完整性平均得分仅为33.6分。各营业收入阶段的完整性平均得分。

平衡性案例解析

平衡性原则要求企业社会责任报告要中肯、客观地披露企业在报告期内的负面信息，以方便利益相关方对企业运营状况进行准确评价。所以，企业社会责任报告应该披露企业在报告期内的重大负面信息，并阐述发生的原因、经过、结果以及采取的措施和改进。

在样本企业中，紫金矿业（601899）集团股份有限公司社会责任报告对负面信息“紫金山铜矿湿法厂环保事故”的原因、经过以及应对措施作了较为全面的披露。

报告平衡性得分整体较低，各企业之间的差距较大，最高分为90分，最低分为0分，即未披露企业在报告期内的任何实质性负面信息。报告平衡性得分各行业之间的差距较大，旅游业公司一枝独秀，而金属制品业、保险业、电力生产业等16个行业的公司得分为零。

从平衡性得分来看，上交所上市企业平均得分为6.0分，而深交所上市企业为7.4分，比上交所高1.4分。

社会责任报告平衡性得分与公司营业收入呈正相关关系，也即营业收入越高，实质性平均得分越高。

可比性案例解析

可比性原则要求企业社会责任报告要提供历史绩效和同行业绩效信息，以方便利益相关方从纵向和横向两个角度来对企业的运营状况进行评估。在样本企业社会责任报告中，中国平安（601318）保险（集团）股份有限公司、中国银行（601988）股份有限公司、山西潞安环保能源开发股份有限公司、中国太平洋（601099）保险（集团）股份有限公司、中国建设银行（601939）股份有限公司等公司的报告不但披露了历史数据，而且与同行业进行比较，收到好的效果。

报告可比性得分较低，各企业之间的差距较大，最高分为100分，最低分为0分，即未披露企业在报告期内任何横向和纵向绩效指标数据。

报告可比性得分各行业之间的差距较大，保险业公司一枝独秀，而信息传播服务业、交通运输辅助业、计算机服务业等12个行业的公司得分为0分。

从平衡性得分来看，上交所上市企业平均得分为12.6分，而深交所仅为5.0分，比上交所低7.6分。社会责任报告可比性得分与营业收入呈正相关关系，也即营业收入越高，可比性平均得分越高。

可读性案例解析

可读性原则要求社会责任报告便于读者阅读，语言流畅、结构清晰、图文并茂并对专业术语进行相关解释，同时，具有精美的排版设计。

优秀报告如上海浦东发展银行股份有限公司社会责任报告排版较为美观，结构清晰，包括高管致辞、公司简介、责任管理、经济责任、社会责任、环境责任、展望、指标索引和意见反馈表等部分。

报告可读性得分较高，各企业之间的差距也较大，最高分为98分，最低分为11分。报告可读性得分各行业之间的分布较为均匀，保险业公司一枝独秀，处于“卓越者”行列，而一般采矿业、非金属矿物制品业等7个行业处于“旁观者”行列。

上交所上市企业的报告可读性得分为37.2分，高于深交所公司的30.3分。

从企业规模看，社会责任报告可读性得分与营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高的企业可读性平均得分越高，营业收入越低的企业可读性平均得分越低。

创新性案例解析

创新性原则要求企业社会责任报告在内容和形式上都要有所创新，能够引领社会责任报告向更先进的水平前进。中国远洋控股股份有限公司、中国建筑（601668）股份有限公司和青岛啤酒（600600）股份有限公司等企业的社会责任报告不但在形式上有所创新，而且在内容上取得了较大的突破，例如，中国远洋控股股份有限公司运用精益六西格玛的SWOT分析方法对其可持续发展的主要影响、风险、机遇和对策进行系统分析，正确辨识外部面临的机会和威胁、内部存在的优势和劣势，并有针对性地制定相应的策略，以此来实现可持续发展。

报告创新性得分整体较高，各企业之间的差距较大，最高分为91.5分，最低分为5.5分，阶段特征明显，但各得分阶段企业数量分布较为均匀。

旅游业、保险业、银行业公司处于卓越者行列，非金属矿物制品业、计算机及相关设备制造业、信息传播服务业等行业的公司处于旁观者阶段。

从创新性得分来看，上交所上市企业平均得分为39.2分，而深交所仅为28.6分，比上交所低10.6分。

社会责任报告创新性得分与公司营业收入呈正相关关系，也即营业收入越高，创新性平均得分越高。

从企业规模来看，社会责任报告创新性得分与营业收入呈正相关关系，营业收入越高的企业创新性平均得分越高，营业收入越低的企业创新性平均得分越低。

现在，越来越多的投资者，不仅仅关注上市公司的财务信息，还会关注非财务信息，以分析企业可能会面临的风险，如果企业社会责任做得好，投资者会有一个概念：可以考虑长线投资。

自2006年我国首份内资企业发布企业社会责任报告以来，发布类似报告的企业数量激增，到2010年已经达到471家，预计2011年将有超过600家公司发布企业社会责任报告。不过，自吹自擂、虚构浮夸等毛病也在此类报告中体现得淋漓尽致，缺乏准确的定位和成熟的标准体系，使得一些“假大空”的报告失去了应有的参考价值，沦为单纯的企业宣传手段。伴随着社会责任报告市场的成长，咨询、审计等与报告相关的服务行业将获得较大发展，一个新的“行当”已经慢慢成型，业内人士预计，市场份额可能会超过500亿元。

A股上市公司2010年报披露潮即将来临，企业社会责任报告（CSR）也将伴随而至，今年已是第三年推行强制披露。

从2009年开始，证监会要求上交所三类共260余家上市公司必须随年报一起披露其社会责任报告；要求深交所深证100指数成分股，共计100家上市公司必须发布社会责任报告，两市共计360余家。2010年沿用了这一规范。

2010年12月31日，深交所、上交所社会责任报告披露上交所范围仍保持为金融板块+（A+海外）+标准治理板块；深交所仍保持为“深圳100指数”成分股。同时，鼓励其他有条件的上市公司披露社会责任报告。

近年来，披露社会责任报告的公司数量正在逐步增加，内容和质量也有所提高，但是《每日经济新闻》记者发现，社会责任报告的披露，仍然存在诸多亟待解决的问题。

今年或有600多份报告公布

从2006年国家电网作为首家内资企业公示“企业社会责任报告”以后，近几年来中国企业社会责任报告的数量呈“井喷式”发展。

2010年A股上市公司发布的企业社会责任报告共471份，远远超过了2009年发布的371份。“虽然每年被指定的企业名单可能不一样，但被点名的企业，99%都会发的。可能也有交差的想法，但在事物发展的普及阶段，有总比没有强。”润灵环球责任评级创始人张浩而说。

2007年开始研究企业社会责任报告的商道纵横研究员安嘉理说，当时看到国外数据库里数量众多的报告，“很羡慕，同期中国只能看到几十份报告。”近几年中国企业社会责任报告数量逐年增加，“预测接下来发布的报告会超过600份。”

润灵环球责任评级创始于2007年，张浩而说她不敢想像如果2008年12月中国证监会、上交所及深交所没有强制披露通知，中国企业社会责任的第三方市场将会如何。

对于数量上的增加，瑞森德企业社会责任机构总经理段德峰认为，有来自政府的压力，也有市场的压力，同时中国企业越来越关注社会责任。

张浩而表示，自愿披露的企业数大增也让报告数量猛增，“这是中国企业逐渐重视社会责任沟通、搭建社会责任信息披露平台的最好写照。”其中，2009创业板有6家上市公司（吉峰农机、探路者、乐普医疗、同花顺、北陆药业、莱美药业）自愿披露社会责任报告，值得提倡和推广。

此外，也有一些非上市公司与专业机构接触，这让在乐施会等专业机构从事相关工作的段德峰看到了方向以及第三方市场的容量。

广东省社会科学综合开发研究中心主任黎友焕则认为，数量上多只是表面热闹，网上能够找到的很少，能够看到全文的就更少了。来自温州的一家制造企业则认为，越来越多的企业关注社会责任是好事，作为一家关注度不是那么高的上市公司，总觉得写报告这件事缺少组织。

报告印象“华而不实”

事实上，从国内第一份企业社会责任出现的那一天开始，中国企业社会责任报告的内容一直被认为是“华而不实”。九成企业社会责任报告只字不提负面消息，已成为公认的事实。

研究企业发展报告多年，黎友焕认为很多国内企业社会责任报告就像一本 „广告书‟，一般都是参照国外的报告框架，把企业的工作中有利的部分塞进去，没有„不足‟。无论是央企还是民企，从公开的报告来看，好像推销和广告。甚至大部分企业发布报告之后，只是开个会，弄几个新闻报道，不全文公开，更不敢挂网。

2010年11月初，中国社会科学院经济学部企业社会责任研究中心发布了2010年《企业社会责任蓝皮书》，蓝皮书总报告评价了国企100强、民企100强和外企100强共300家企业的社会责任管理现状和社会责任信息披露水平，研究发现：中国企业社会责任发展指数整体仍处于旁观阶段；责任实践领先于责任管理，市场责任指数好于环境责任和社会责任；电力供应业处于领先阶段，大半行业处于旁观阶段；国有企业的社会责任指数领先于民营企业和外资企业；欧美日在华企业的社会责任指数好于韩国和亚洲其他国家及地区的在华企业。

张浩而认为，整体来看国企的社会责任报告的质量要优于民营企业，但外企在中国的社会责任报告很多是 “总部报告的简略版，很多地方可以看出是直接翻译过来的。”所以，很多跨国公司的社会责任报告做得很漂亮，但是与中国有关的地方不多，所以某种意义来说，还不如一些内资民营企业的报告做得好。

七成报告不规范

在张浩而研究、评级的企业社会责任报告中，七成报告不规范。不规范体现在什么地方？

在润灵环球MCT标准下，低于40分的都属于数据方面存在问题，很多报告内容缺失严重、呈现形式枯燥、技术手段落后等。

例如，雅戈尔2009年社会责任报告全文共3页，未对利益相关方责任进行必要陈述与回应，内容严重缺失，信息披露程度严重不足。张浩而认为，作为社会知名的服装制造企业，消费者及社会公众对其投入了较多责任关注，包括：产品质量与产品安全信息、售后服务与沟通渠道、消费者权益保障等；同时，制造型企业存在较大的供应链责任风险；而作为上市公司，股东是其重要的利益相关方。这些都没有体现在报告中。

对于万通地产的社会责任报告，张浩而认为，报告内容严重缺失，信息披露程度严重不足，利益相关方无法从报告判断万通地产的责任绩效和可持续发展能力。

“更多的企业也像他们一样，主要不规范的地方在于内容缺失。”张浩而说。

对此，段德峰有不同的观点，他认为“目前而言，报告的好与坏不能简单地评论，需要企业更多尝试，更多摸索。好与坏的标准怎么来衡定？国内目前来讲，没有权威的体系和数据。目前很多报告只流于形式，企业发布报告的象征意义远远大于实际意义，如何把报告的内容夯实是最重要的工作。”曾经几个关联度不大的企业关于农民工权益保障的一段话完全一致，让段德峰“如何夯实”的想法更强烈。“报告质量的好与坏，现在来看不是那么重要。更重要的是，他们现在开始做了这件事，比3年前、5年前要好很多。至少是董事会知道企业社会责任报告了。”

“可持续发展能力纳入投资分析范畴，对长线而言十分必要，但大部分人不看上市公司发的报告，认为里面都是些自我奉承的话。其实不然，合格的CSR报告是宝藏，有好多年报里没有的信息。”张浩而认为。

逐渐开始的社会责任报告，已在中国呈现了它的行业特点：来自机械、仪表行业的报告数量最多，而金融行业的报告质量最好。

新的报告将会呈现哪些特点？段德峰认为，更多企业会越来越关注环境、低碳等问题，关于这方面的内容披露得也会越来越多。

“西方国家的企业社会责任报告也有强制性披露，但更多是自愿性披露。如果企业在社会责任上面做得好，政府的压力也会有相应减轻。来自政策和市场及社会的压力会让企业越来越关注社会责任。”段德峰说。

投资者的额外关注点

背后有强大的软件及硬件作支撑，人们才能看到一份数据充实、内容翔实的报告。如果背后没有很好的管理，很难看到好的报告。曾有公司抱怨，也想披露更多的数据，但他们不知道怎么去披露，公司高层没有相关的要求和计划，最后形成的报告也就是更多人看到的那种，会被评为“不合格”或者分数很低。也因此，中小企业很难做出一份很好、内容要求很全的报告。“不过中小企业有中小企业的方法，报告最终取决于企业自身发展。”安嘉理说。

做得好的企业基本有一个规范流程：准备阶段、利益相关方的调研、企业内部信息搜集工作、信息整理包括写作等，大概需要2～3个月时间。很常规的做法是，报告信息需要什么样的资料，他们会列出很大的清单，找不同的部门获取不同的信息。“公司之间差异比较大，每个公司管理的步骤也不一样。不同公司会有不同的做法。”安嘉理说。

企业社会责任报告作为财务报告的补充资料，起到了一定的作用。现在越来越多的投资者，不仅仅只关注公司的财务信息，还会关注非财务信息，从而来分析企业可能会面临的风险，如果企业社会责任做得好，投资者会有一个概念：可以考虑长线投资。

现在很多公司图省事，就把社会责任报告作为附件和年报放在一起。安嘉理研究的2010年发布的100家企业社会责任报告中，低于20页的报告占到三成，比2009年低于20页的约占一半“要乐观一些”，其他的报告内容比较充实。

安嘉理说，报告呈现之前，企业一定要知道利益相关方的信息需求是什么。有的报告里会表述说“安全做得很好”，但是“安全怎么做好？有没有过类似事故发生？管理是怎么的？有没有隐患？”说到了相关内容，但是没有说到关键点子。

报告的呈现形式各有不同，张浩而说深交所已经同意社会责任报告独立于年报，上交所认可社会责任报告作为年报附件呈现。

市场分析

产业链应运而生 市场份额或超5亿元

当社会责任报告被定义为一个独立的产业链时，学者不认可，但企业认可。因为很多企业管理者正为此大伤脑筋。某体育用品类企业，已经接触不下10家可以提供咨询并撰写报告的公司。每家报价不一样，最高的报价20多万元，最低的则是几万元。

企业很迷茫，如果不找机构，自己来做成本也不低，制作印刷精美、设计独特的报告，同时还要专门成立小组，成本也会在30万元左右。“这也是很多央企比民营企业做得好，大企业比小企业报告做得好的原因之一。”润灵环球责任评级创始人张浩而说。

央企发的报告多，质量也比较好，慢慢地，民营企业也在逐步跟上，各行业协会同时也在推进。“差距会有，但在逐渐减少。”安嘉理说。

央企比民企的报告要好，尤其是金融行业做得好，张浩而认为，是因为很多央企有对公业务，也有零售，竞争市场很激烈，大家拼的就是软实力，同时相对民营企业，政府角度的监督机构比较多。很多央企的报告会结集出书，别人的报告很丰厚，而你的报告没内容，摆在一起也不是很好看，在一定规则下跳舞，央企也会做得很好。同时，一份好的报告形成，背后需要成本，包括员工成本、公关成本、时间成本等，央企的资金实力远远大于民企。

由此，一条服务于企业社会责任报告的产业链应运而生，包括咨询、撰写、评级、审验以及设计印刷等环节。

有专家预言，这个产业有5亿元的份额。段德峰认为，如果仅仅是写报告，不会有5亿元的市场，但还伴生有其他一系列的战略咨询服务，如果加上这些附加服务，市场份额要远远大于5亿元。

对于行业现状，段海峰表示，他以正常的商业往来与客户交往，有时会通过招投标的形式达成合作。“绝不行贿，也不会给回扣。客户质量很好。”客户中国企、民企及跨国公司的比例基本相同。

张浩而则表示说，这些年来她走得艰难，但也必须坚持下去，“企业社会责任这个概念才被舶来没多久，企业和社会各界有各种理解很正常，所以更需要有人加入到CSR的普及工作中。”

截至目前，提供咨询、撰写、评级服务的基本是国内公司，进军这个领域的包括咨询公司、公关公司、学术机构以及行业协会等。审验环节，目前只有普华永道、挪威船级社、必维国际检验集团等跨国公司。安嘉理研究的企业报告中，真正做审验的企业占7％～8%，因为“有费用”。据记者了解，几家提供审验服务的公司的收费标准也不同，几万元到10万元不等，与编撰报告的价格几乎一样。

不管怎样，人们希望看到一份厚实、有内容的企业社会责任报告，这也需要一个更加完善的产业链条。

行业思考

拷问责任报告：为谁而作？标准如何？

“企业社会责任就是公益环保”是国人美丽的误会。当大多数企业还把企业社会责任当作“做好人好事”的时候，已经有企业把社会责任当作企业发展战略了。在这样的定位下，企业社会责任报告有多大的实际参考价值？

“假大空”难达营销目标

黎友焕告诉记者，国际上发布社会责任报告已经是企业的一种营销手段，在物品采购时，采购方要了解该企业的社会责任建设怎么样，可以看发布的社会责任报告。从现在已有的国内的报告来分析，绝大部分都是假、大、空，达不到发布报告的要求。发布社会责任报告就要接受检阅，好与不好的信息都要真实发布出来。这样，消费者及其他利益相关者，才清楚企业的企业社会责任建设怎么样，才来考虑是否给他下订单。

北京大学社会责任与可持续发展国际研究中心主任殷格非认为，社会责任报告正在由关注环境扩展至更广泛的社会议题，发布报告成为企业降低内部违规风险以及避免由于外部负面事件或丑闻而破坏企业声誉的手段。但是从已发的报告来看，无论是强制性的还是企业自愿性的发布，都更表现出一种被动和防御的倾向。甚至有一段时间，发布报告被看做是企业获得 “经营许可”的一种公关手段。

政府咨询中心研究员、北大纵横合伙人杨愿成说，社会责任不仅是大企业需要做，小企业也要做。

缺乏“中国特色”主流标准

企业的报告究竟应该由谁来撰写？第三方机构还是企业自身？

黎友焕说，无论是谁来编制，编制报告时，不要全部拷贝国外报告，要具有中国现有的文化、经济和社会的特色。企业社会责任报告可以由行业协会或由相关科研机构第三方来编制；也可以自己发布，由第三方来评价。

最关键的问题不是谁来编写，而是以什么标准来编写？

国际接纳程度比较高的是GRI标准，也有很多公司开发了具有中国特色的标准，比如说润灵责任机构的MCT。

“国内缺少应用广泛、权威性与国际主流标准接轨的标准。可以说，根本就没有。”一位社科院学者告诉记者。

去年底终于尘埃落定的ISO26000明确规定，“对消费者负责是企业社会责任的核心组成部分，其中产品质量、产品安全、售后服务、购买便利性又是重中之重”。但ISO26000是广义的社会责任，其责任主体不但包括企业，也适用于媒体、学术机构。由此，张浩而认为“未来几年，国际主流标准还会是GRI，而不会是ISO26000。”

第三方力量有待增强

可以肯定的是，无论标准体系建立得成不成熟，企业社会责任领域都需要第三方。“如果中国第三方的声音足够强大，就会有提前预警。事情在未爆发之前就会得到关注，从而解决。当然，也不会出现跨国公司把 „总部的报告‟简略版说成是在中国的社会责任报告。”张浩而认为。

来自政府、学术机构、行业协会的声音、指导性意见或者强制性通知越来越强烈，所以也越来越应该培养氛围，培养第三方机构的力量。

更多的人开始置疑企业社会责任越来越成为一种被利用的形式，因为它们总是忽隐忽现，以新闻的形式出现。而融合企业社会形象、消费者满意度、企业社会责任评分的权威评价体系在哪里？

张浩而说“原因很简单，没有数字、不量化”。不是评价机构不想量化，而是企业不披露量化信息，评价机构也是巧妇难为无米之炊。张浩而认为当务之急，是推动社会责任量化信息的披露。

“只有在第三方机构成熟的情况下，企业社会责任的评定结果才有可能更加合理和符合实际情况，结果发布时，才能起到更加积极和正面的作用。目前，各种榜单和评定„满天飞‟，恰恰折射出社会有这种需求。”

相对而言，企业更有这样的需求。一位江苏企业负责人说他最近尤其害怕接到 “010区号的电话，很多评奖机构，有好多是社会责任颁奖的，奖项的权威性也无从辨认。”

引导上市公司关注农民工权益的段德峰认为，“第三方咨询机构的存在，有助于报告的专业化，能够帮助企业更好地写作。很多企业有困惑，他们的关注点和别人的关注点不一样。”

就社会责任报告咨询北大纵横的企业，多来源于民营上市公司，“社会对企业的要求越来越高，民营企业对于报告的重视度还不够。其实找第三方是一种投资，不是只为了„交差‟。”

第五篇：口 译 实 践

第二部分

口 译 实 践

Interpretation Practice 第四章

礼仪讲话口译

Ceremonial Speech

一、热身阅读材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, my lords, ladies and gentlemen, It is with my great pleasure that I welcome you tonight to this magnificent castle.We warmly welcome you and your distinguished delegation to Wales.Wales is a small country compared with China.However, the Welsh people have made a significant contribution to the development of the United Kingdom and to the part the UK has played throughout the world.I would like to ask you, Mr.Chairman, to help increase the awareness of Wales among Chinese companies that are considering their first move into Europe.For many years, Wales has been one of the most popular destinations for foreign investment in Europe.Investors in Wales have brought over ￡12 billion into the country and continue to reinvest once established.Investors are not limited to US and Europe.Many companies from the Far East have chosen to establish their European operations here.Our Welsh Development Agency has set up an office in China.It demonstrates our commitment to your country.Welsh companies are increasingly focused on outward investment and establishing joint ventures with partners in China.China‘s accession to the World Trade Organization will present new opportunities for both our economies.Developing special relationships with China is something to which we attach great importance, not only through trade but also in other areas such as science, education and justice.Recently, the Welsh Science Mission visited China.The visit raised Wales‘s profile with the Chinese scientific community.It also established an exchange scheme in which Welsh scientists will benefit.Mr.Chairman, as you are aware, there has been contact at ministerial level.Not long ago, 50 新编实用英语口译教程

we were delighted to receive a visit from his Excellency Mr.Wen Jiabao.As you know already, his visit was a great success.In return, our Deputy First Minister has just accepted a generous invitation to lead a delegation to China later this year.They will be visiting Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.They are looking forward to the visit.These visits are clear signals of the highly productive relationship which Wales and China have developed.Judging by the crowd that have gathered here tonight, I‘m very confident that the relationship will continue to grow.Thank you for taking the time to include a visit to Wales in your busy and demanding program.We are honored by your presence here this evening and would ask you to take back with you the warmest good wishes from the people of Wales and the United Kingdom.May I now propose a toast.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text Your Excellencies

诸位阁下 first move into Europe

打入欧洲 Welsh Development Agency

威尔士经济发展署 Deputy First Minister

副首席部长 Welsh Science Mission

威尔士科学考察团

contact at ministerial level

部长级接触 busy and demanding program

紧张、繁忙的日程 propose a toast

举杯

第二篇/Passage 2 Looking Ahead Mr.Chairman, Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we leaders of Asian and European countries meet here again.We will exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas and on the building of a new Asia-Europe partnership on the basis of equality and in a friendly manner.I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the host for the successful organization of this meeting.This year marks the 10th anniversary of the Asia-Europe Summit.The last decade has witnessed the growth of Asia, profound changes in the international relations, and a growing trend toward multi-polarity.Over the past decade, guided by the principles of mutual respect, conducting dialogue on an equal footing, making gradual progress and building consensus through consultation, Asia and Europe have carried out extensive and diversified cooperation and intensified political dialogue.We enjoy closer economic links, rapidly growing cooperation in social areas and expanding 第四章

礼仪讲话口译

cultural and people-to-people exchanges.The Asia-Europe Summit has become a strategic platform for Asia and Europe to strengthen coordination, promote cooperation and pursue common development.Facing the new development, people naturally place higher expectations on the Asia-Europe Summit, and it is imperative that we adopt a long-term strategy to plan our future cooperation.We should set the following goals for the Asia-Europe Summit: We should make Asia and Europe more influential in addressing major global issues through expanding dialogue and cooperation.We should promote diversified development of culture and civilization through enhanced mutual political trust.We should further economic cooperation in substantive terms on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.We should advance institutional building for cooperation that meets long-term needs as called for.We should maintain the openness of the Asia-Europe Summit by increasing its outreach.And we should consolidate and further develop the new Asia-Europe partnership in the interest of global peace and prosperity.To build a new Asia-Europe partnership calls for new concepts and new methodology.When we look back on the past experiences and look into the future, I believe that a new partnership between Asia and Europe should be constructed on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit.We should seek common ground while putting aside differences, enhance mutual understanding and trust, eliminate trade discrimination, oppose imposition of trade sanctions, and enhance technical exchanges and cooperation.China attaches great importance to and has taken an active part in the process of Asia-Europe cooperation.Over the past 10 years, China has carried out many follow-up activities in counter-terrorism, the judicial sector, economy and trade, finance, science and technology, customs, environment and cultural exchanges.We have actively promoted multilateral cooperation, economic exchanges and dialogue between different cultures and civilizations.We have carried out a major reform in foreign trade and formulated a set of related laws.We have reduced our tariffs to the average level of the developing countries.I am convinced that China‘s reform, opening-up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities, thus making positive contributions to peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world at large.We will continue to develop friendly relations and cooperation with our Asian and European partners and other countries in the world and work with them to build a world of harmony, durable peace and common prosperity.Let us join hands in building a new Asian-European partnership and shaping a more splendid future for our two continents and the world at large.52 新编实用英语口译教程

China will host a new Asia-Europe Summit next year.I look forward to meeting you again at the Summit in Beijing.Thank you, Mr.Chairman.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text Asia-Europe partnership

Asia-Europe Summit

Multi-polarity

Mutual political trust

in substantive terms

outreach

equality and mutual benefit

seek common ground while putting aside differences

eliminate trade discrimination

oppose imposition of trade sanctions

亚欧伙伴关系 亚欧首脑会议 多极化 政治互信 以实质性的方式 超出范围、领域平等互利 求同存异 消除贸易歧视 反对贸易制裁

follow-up activities

持续不断的行动 reduce tariffs

降低关税

二、口译实践/Interpretation Practice 听译下列课文/Listen to the following passages and interpret it.(一)英译汉/E-C 第一篇/Passage 1 相关词语/Related Words and Expressions the International Federation of Translators

(FIT)国际译联 中国翻译工作者协会 调集人力和财力资源 非政治的 管理结构

《为翻译工作者和译作提供法律保 保障并切实提高翻译工作者地位 建议书》 免除，豁免 国际质量标准 the Translators Association of China

marshal the human and financial resources

apolitical

administrative structure

Nairobi International Recommendation on the

Legal Protection of Translators and the Practical

Means to Improve the Status of Translators

exempt from

international quality standards

Secretariat

秘书处 第四章

礼仪讲话口译

curricular developments

学科建设

新编实用英语口译教程

the rich palette of professional and educational information 丰富的行业和教育信息

4-1.mp3

Speech of President Peter Krawutschke at the Opening Ceremony of the 18th World Congress of the International Federation of Translators(Shanghai，Aug.2008)It gives me great pleasure to report that the 18th World Congress of the International Federation of Translators promises to be a spectacular event giving global visibility to our professions and academic disciplines.Our Chinese colleagues of the Translators Association of China did an excellent job in marshalling the human and financial resources necessary to bring this event to fruition.Not only did we have to compete with the Olympics, but the organizers also had to face major political and geological events.For all of their work on behalf of the global community of translation and interpreters, FIT wishes to thank our Chinese colleagues.When FIT was founded in 1953, eight years after the end of the Second World War, the founding member associations came from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Turkey, and Denmark.As you can see, former enemies and friends worked together for the good of the profession.What better historical record of the apolitical nature of the translators‘ and interpreters‘ work could I cite? From the beginning, the founders under the leadership of Pierre-François Caillé patterned FIT on the aims and administrative structure of the U.N.and UNESCO.That global posture is clearly expressed in FIT‘s participation in drafting the 1976 UNESCO Nairobi International Recommendation on the Legal Protection of Translators and the Practical Means to Improve the Status of Translators.Over the years, FIT grew to represent over sixty countries and approximately 400,000 interpreters and translators worldwide.It is interesting to note that by its 50th anniversary, FIT had changed its Europe-centered posture by moving its Secretariat to Montréal, Canada, and by making this move permanent.Without a doubt, the founders of FIT would be delighted that this year the global community of translators and interpreters meets in China in the beautiful city of Shanghai.It is the first time that the FIT Congress takes place in Asia, and I hope that this Congress will serve as an inspiration for our member associations in Latin America, in Africa, and in the Near East to consider hosting the FIT Congress in future years.I frequently state that translators and interpreters work locally and nationally, but need to pay attention to global developments because our industry is not exempt from globalization.It is becoming ever more important that national and regional translator and interpreter associations evaluate the local impact of international quality standards and curricular developments in the disciplines that form the foundation of our professions.It is my considered opinion that the best way to represent and to protect your local and national professional and economic interests is to be actively engaged in the work of the only 第四章

礼仪讲话口译

organization representing these interests globally, and that organization is FIT, the International Federation of Translators.By your presence here today, you have chosen to do so.May I express my sincere hope that you will continue to enjoy your work in the years to come, that you will nourish your friendships with your fellow translators made at this 18th FIT World Congress, and that you will take full advantage of the rich palette of professional and educational information this Congress will offer you during the next few days.I thank my colleagues from the Translators Association of China and I thank the city of Shanghai for hosting the 18th FIT World Congress.Peter Krawutschke

President of the International Federation of Translators

August 2008

第二篇/Passage 2

阅读以下演讲，尝试进行口译练习。相关词语/Related Words and Expressions Andrei Sakharow Prize

安德烈·萨哈罗夫奖 Prize for Freedom of Thought

思想自由奖 European Parliament

欧洲议会 European Union

欧盟 tyranny

暴政 multilateralism

多边主义 diversity

多样化 international community

国际社会 legal framework

法律框架 Refugee Convention

难民公约 asylum system

庇护体系 immigration

移民 official development aid

官方发展援助 Don‘t get me wrong

不要曲解我的意思

4-2.mp3

UN Former Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s Address to the European Parliament upon Receipt of the Andrel Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought.Ladies and Gentlemen, I am deeply touched that you have honored my friend and colleague, Sergio Vieira de Mello, and the many other UN staff who have lost their lives in working for peace in the world.I am 56 新编实用英语口译教程

proud to accept the Andrei Sakharow Prize in memory of them.This Prize for Freedom of Thought is not only a worthy recognition of the ultimate sacrifice that they made in the cause of peace.It is also a welcome acknowledgement of the kinds of people they were.The brave men and women we lost in Baghdad on 19 August — UN staff and others — were free spirits and free thinkers and also soldiers of humanity and of peace.Earlier, President Cox and I met some of the survivors of the attack, and family members of those who were killed or injured, and, as you know, they are with us in the Chamber now.I thank them for joining us today, and I accept this Prize in their name too.I also thank you, President Cox, and all of you, as Members of the European Parliament, for inviting these special people to share this occasion.It is a gesture that speaks volumes about the solidarity of the European Union with the United Nations.Like many who survived the blast, the United Nations itself carries deep wounds.But our determination is stronger than ever, and we value the solidarity of friends like you.You showed your commitment this morning, when you adopted a resolution to strengthen the EU‘s political and financial support for the United Nations.In its long history, Europe has seen more than its fair share of war, tyranny, and terrible suffering.But Europeans have replaced that with a future of hope.You have pursued the path of peace through multilateralism.And today, the European Union is a shining light of tolerance, human rights, and international cooperation.After 1st.May this year, that light will shine even brighter.When you enlarge to 25 members, you will cross a divide between east and west that once seemed unbridgeable.Enlargement is the greatest force for peace on the European continent.The hope of further enlargement in years to come promises to build other bridges of cooperation and understanding — including between the West and Islam, and between peoples who have fought each other in bloody wars.As time goes by, the continent is also experiencing an enlargement of what it means to be European.I look forward to the day when Europe rejoices as much in diversity within States as it does in diversity between them.Many of your societies are already very diverse.But all of your societies — and many others around the world too — will become more diverse in the decades to come.This is the inevitable result of the movement of people across international borders.That movement is not going to stop.As an international community, we need to manage the movement of people across borders far better than we do —not just for the sake of those who move, but for the sake of the countries they leave behind, those they travel through, and those they migrate to.People migrate today for the same reasons that tens of millions of Europeans once left your shores — they flee war or oppression, or they leave in search of a better life in a new hand.第四章

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Those who are forced out of their homes — the refugees who flee in fear for their safety — are our collective legal and moral responsibility.We have an agreed legal framework for their protection — the 1951 Refugee Convention.However, when refugees cannot seek asylum because of offshore barriers, or are detained for excessive periods in unsatisfactory conditions, or are refused entry because of restrictive interpretations of the Convention, the asylum system is broken, and the promise of the Convention is broken, too.Your asylum system needs the resources to process claims fairly, quickly and openly, so that refugees are protected and solutions found for them.European States need to move towards a system of joint processing and sharing of responsibilities.Along with others, the EU must also help strengthen the capacity of poor countries to provide protection and solutions for refugees.After all, seven out of 10 refugees seek refuge in developing countries, where resources are far more stretched and human rights standards more uneven.If we ignore this fact, there is a missing link in our approach to refugees — as Professor Gil Loescher — he‘s here with us — one of the survivors of Baghdad — has rightly pointed out.Don‘t get me wrong.I do not pretend that migration is without problems.Immigrants bring to their host communities different cultures and customs, different languages and religions.This is a source of enrichment, but it can be a source of discomfort, and even of division and alienation.The challenge of integration is real.Almost every large new immigrant group has been reviled to some degree in the early days of its establishment.The experience of some migrants today is reminiscent of the hostility that Huguenots once faced in England, as did Germans, Italians and Irish in the United States, and Chinese in Australia.But the longer perspective is almost always far more positive.(Excerpt from UN former Secretary-General Kofi Annan‘s address to the European Parliament upon receipt of the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in Brussels on January 29,2004)(二)汉译英/C-E 第一篇/Passage 1 相关词语/Related Words and Expressions 国际译联

International Federation of Translators(FIT)中国翻译协会

Translators Association of China(TAC)第18届世界翻译大会

The XVIII FIT World Congress 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?

How happy we are to meet friends from afar.四川5·12汶川大地震

the earthquake in China‘s Sichuan Province on May 12 国际译联亚洲翻译家论坛

the FIT Asian Translators Forum 联合国教科文组织

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)58 新编实用英语口译教程

4-3.mp3

刘习良会长在第18届世界翻译大会开幕式上的讲话

三年前，在芬兰坦佩雷市，国际译联宣布中国翻译协会为第18届世界翻译大会的主办组织，中国翻译协会从芬兰翻译协会手中接过了国际译联会旗。这将是首次在亚洲也是在中国举办的世界翻译界的盛会。我们深深感到，我们接过来的不仅仅是信任与荣誉，更是沉甸甸的责任。

为了做好东道主，中国翻译协会申办成功后，立即开始着手为第三年的大会做准备。在大会组委会的领导下，从国内外的宣传，到1500多篇学术论文摘要的评审，到会务细节的落实，到资金的筹措，我们尽了最大的努力。今天，我们高兴地迎来了来自70多个国家和地区的1500余名与会者。中国2000多年前的著名教育家孔子曾经说过‚:有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?‛我们衷心希望，国际翻译界的同仁们通过这次大会互相交流，互相促进，增进彼此之间的友谊。在大会筹备过程中，我们就感受到了这种友谊。四川5·12汶川大地震后，国际译联以及芬兰、挪威、黎巴嫩、阿联酋、日本、加拿大、尼日利亚、阿尔巴尼亚等国的翻译工作者纷纷来函表示慰问，对此我们深表感谢。

中国翻译协会自1987年加入国际译联以后，一直积极参与国际译界的活动，其多名代表先后当选国际译联理事。1995年，中国译协发起组织了首届国际译联亚洲翻译家论坛，迄今已经举办5届，成为亚洲翻译界最重要的活动之一。过去三年，在筹办第18届世界翻译大会期间，中国译协广泛与国际翻译组织和机构建立了联系，进一步加强了沟通与合作。我们深切地感觉到，既然翻译工作是不同文化之间的桥梁，翻译工作者首先必须加强交流与沟通。我们知道，要切实提高全世界翻译工作者的地位，保障翻译工作者的权益，我们还有很多的工作要做。我们愿意与热心翻译事业的相关组织机构和广大翻译工作者一起，认可。

在世界翻译大会筹备过程中，联合国和联合国教科文组织等国内外众多机构和组织给予了高度关注，中国政府和上海市政府给予了大力支持，北京元培世纪翻译有限公司和上海东方翻译中心等业界企业给予了热情赞助。我谨在此对他们表示真诚的感谢。我也代表中国翻译协会感谢所有前来参加大会的同仁们，正是你们的到来让会议变得精彩。

愿4天的会议让大家不虚此行，祝国际翻译界大家庭三年一次的聚会圆满成功！

刘习良

中国翻译协会会长 在国际译联的旗臶下共同努力，让翻译工作得到应有的尊重，让翻译的价值得到普遍的第二篇/Passage 2 相关词语/Related Words and Expressions 英国皇家国际问题研究所

Chatham House 治学严谨，兼容并蓄

rigorous scholarship and inclusiveness

第四章

礼仪讲话口译

外交部长

Foreign Minister 改革开放

reform and opening-up 外交政策

foreign policy

经济全球化和区域一体化

economic globalization and regional integration 局部冲突和热点问题

local conflicts and hotspot issues 全球经济失衡

global economic imbalance 互利共赢的开放战略

win-win strategy of opening-up 全方位、多层次

multi-faceted and multi-tiered 经贸摩擦

economic and trade frictions 建立和谐世界

build a harmonious world 相互借鉴，求同存异

learn from each other, expand common ground

同声相应，同气相投

4-4.mp3

while shelving differences

Things that accord in tone vibrate together.Things that have affinity in their inmost natures seek one another.中欧携手

共创未来

杨洁篪外长在英国皇家国际问题研究所的演讲

2007年12月5日，伦敦

尊敬的尼布利特所长，女士们、先生们、朋友们：

感谢尼布利特所长热情洋溢的致词。英国皇家国际问题研究所是世界知名的国际问题研究机构，以治学严谨、兼容并蓄著称，汇集了许多国际著名学者和研究人员，在国际关系研究领域提出了不少新思想、新理念。我非常高兴有机会在英国皇家国际问题研究所与在座的朋友交流思想、畅谈合作。

这是我就任外长后首次正式访问欧洲和英国，但欧洲和英国对我并不陌生。早在30多年前，我就曾以一名学生的身份来到英国求学。30多年过去了，国际形势发生了复杂深刻的变化，中国和欧洲各自的情况以及相互的关系也发生了巨大变化。特别是中国改革开放近30年来取得了举世瞩目的成就，引起世界广泛关注。外界普遍关心，中国外交政策今后走向如何？中国发展将给世界带来什么样的影响？

今天，我想主要就中国外交政策的重点以及中国发展将给中欧关系带来什么样的影响等问题与大家分享看法。

女士们、先生们、朋友们！

当今世界正处于大变革、大调整之中，出现了不少新情况和新特点。一方面，随着经济全球化和区域一体化深入发展，国与国之间联系日益紧密，相互依存不断加深，各国利 60 新编实用英语口译教程

益交融，休戚与共。求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。另一方面，世界仍然很不安定。局部冲突和热点问题此起彼伏，全球经济失衡加剧，南北差距拉大，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，世界和平与发展面临诸多难题和挑战。在这样的形势下，如何更好地适应国际形式的变化，有效应对现实挑战，维护世界和平，促进共同发展成为各国面临的现实问题。

前不久，中国共产党召开了第十七次代表大会。这是在国际形势深刻变化、中国改革发展进入关键阶段背景下召开的一次重要会议。会议为今后一个时期中国外交工作指明了方向。我认为，会议主要向外界传达了三个重要信息。

第一，中国将始终不渝走和平发展的道路。这一战略抉择的核心思想，就是通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。这是对中华民族热爱和平传统的继承与发扬，是发展中国特色社会主义的本质要求，也是中国独立自主的和平外交政策的应有之义，不仅符合中国人民的根本利益，也顺应了人类进步的时代潮流。

有人认为，在人类发展史上，没有哪个大国的崛起是通过和平手段实现的，因此对中国的和平发展道路也产生了疑虑。事实上，这种担忧是没有必要的。在相互依存的全球化时代，中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展同样离不开中国。各国只有在持久和平中才能实现持续发展，只有在共同发展中才能共享和平。

和平发展道路指明了中国实现发展的途径和方式。中国政府决心将中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，将本国的对外政策主张与各国人民的进步意愿结合起来，以合作谋和平，以合作解争端。中国将努力实现和平的发展、开放的发展、合作的发展、和谐的发展。

第二，中国将始终不渝奉行互利共赢的开放战略。改革开放使中国实现了从封闭半封闭到全面开放的伟大历史转折，形成了全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局，在政治、经济、文化、安全等方面与国际社会建立起前所未有的广泛、深入联系。

对于中国这样一个拥有13亿人口的发展中大国来说，要发展起来，就要依靠自己的力量，也离不开积极参与国际经济贸易合作，积极学习、借鉴其他国家的发展经验。回首中国29年改革开放历程，中国的发展不仅使本国人民走上了富裕安康道路，而且为世界经济发展和人类文明进步做出了重大贡献，并已成为本地区乃至世界经济增长的重要引擎。过去30年间，中国年均进口增速达15%以上，已经成为世界第三大进口市场和亚洲第一大进口市场。中国的产品也为世界各国的消费者带来了实惠。随着中国的发展，市场规模、对外投资等必将进一步扩大，为世界经济的稳定和繁荣作出更大的贡献。

中国的对外开放是全面、互利、双赢的。在这一进程中，中国没有也不会以牺牲他国利益为代价，而是积极寻求与所有国家开展互利、互补、互助和互惠的合作。中国将在实现本国发展的同时，兼顾其他国家的正当关切，妥善处理与其他国家的经贸摩擦，继续按照通行的国际贸易规则，扩大市场准入，改善外贸结构，缓解贸易不平衡矛盾，在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上参与经济全球化，参与国际经济技术合作和竞争。

第三，中国将努力推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。和谐世界思想的提出，凝聚了中国传统文化的精髓，向世界传递了中国在快速发展壮大的过程中，渴望和平发展、第四章

礼仪讲话口译

愿做负责任大国，并希望与其他各国共建持久和平、共同繁荣世界的强烈信息。推动建设和谐世界，是中国坚持走和平发展道路的必然要求，是中国实现和平发展的重要条件。

中国致力于同各国在政治上相互尊重、平等协商、和谐相处，尊重各国人民自主选择社会制度和发展道路的权利，坚持各国平等参与国际事务，共同推进国际关系民主化；在经济上互相合作、优势互补，共同推动经济全球化进程朝着均衡、普惠、共赢方向发展；在文化上相互借鉴、求同存异，尊重世界多样性，共同促进人类文明繁荣进步；在安全上相互信任、加强合作，坚持用和平方式而不是战争手段解决国际争端，共同维护世界和平稳定；在环保上相互帮助、协力推进，共同呵护人类赖以生存的地球家园。

和谐世界是一个长远的理想，实现这一目标将是一个长期复杂的过程，也是各国合力应对挑战、不断寻求共识、扩大共同利益的过程，是不同文明、文化之间相互对话、相互借鉴、共同发展繁荣的过程。

女士们、先生们、朋友们！

新世纪人类社会的发展机遇与挑战并存，机遇大于挑战。中欧、中英之间有着广泛共同利益，面临着共同挑战，承担着共同责任。这需要我们共享机遇，共促和平，共谋发展，共迎挑战。

中国有句古话，叫做‚同声相应，同气相投‛，意思是：意见相同的人互相响应，志趣相投的人自然结合在一起。贵国著名诗人塞缪尔·约翰逊这样勉励我们：‚积极地去创造并抓住那些我们触手可及的好机会，这是人生最大的艺术。‛

让中欧、中英携起手来，为中欧、中英关系和整个世界更加美好的明天而努力。

谢谢大家！

参考译文/Reference Version(一)英译汉/E-C 第一篇/Passage 1

4-1 毕德主席在第18届世界翻译大会开幕式上的讲话

我很高兴地告诉各位，第18届世界翻译大会的召开无疑将成为一次向世界展示我们行业及其学术风采的重要事件。我们中国翻译协会的同仁调集了必要的人力和财力资源，出色地保证了本次大会如期召开。会议组织者不仅要与北京奥运会争辉，还要面对重大政治事件和自然灾害的挑战。我谨代表国际译联，向我们的中国同仁为全球翻译界所做的这一切表示由衷的感谢。

国际译联创建于1953年，时值第二次世界大战结束之后的第八年，创始成员协会分别来自法国、德国、意大利、挪威、土耳其和丹麦。正如大家所看到的，曾经的敌人和朋友 62 新编实用英语口译教程

为翻译行业的发展走到了一起，还有什么能比这更好地说明翻译工作的非政治性呢？

国际译联的开创者们在皮埃尔·弗兰克斯·卡耶的领导下，创建伊始就效仿联合国和联合国教科文组织的目标和管理结构。1976年，国际译联参与起草了联合国教科文组织在内罗毕通过的《为翻译工作者和译作提供法律保障并切实提高翻译工作者地位建议书》，充分彰显了国际译联的国际地位。经过多年的发展，国际译联已经逐渐发展成为全世界60多个国家，近40万名口译、笔译工作者的代表。

一个有趣的现象是，国际译联在迎接50周年华诞之际，改变了以欧洲为中心的惯例，将秘书处永久性地迁移到了加拿大的蒙特利尔市。

毫无疑问，国际译联的创始人也会对今天全球翻译界在中国美丽的城市——上海欢聚一堂而感到高兴。这是国际译联第一次在亚洲举办世界翻译大会，我希望此次会议能够激励我们在拉丁美洲、非洲和近东地区的成员，争取以后也能在他们的国家举办世界翻译大会。

我反复说过，虽然翻译人员大多在本地、本国工作，但需要具备国际视野，因为我们的行业也将不可避免地走向全球化。因此，国家和区域级翻译协会需要评估国际质量标准以及作为行业基石的学科建设方面的进展对本地区翻译行业的冲击，以及作为本学科基石的翻译教学的发展情况。这一点已经变得越来越重要。

我个人认为，要代表和维护本地区和本国的行业利益和经济利益，最好的方式就是积极地参与国际上代表这些利益的唯一组织——国际译联。今天到会的代表无疑都作出了这一选择。

我真诚地希望大家在今后的工作中顺心，在本次会议上与其他同行建立的友谊得以保持和发展，同时也希望在接下来的几天里，充分了解大会所提供的丰富的行业和教育信息。

最后，衷心地感谢中国翻译协会的同仁，同时也感谢上海市对本次大会的支持。

毕德

国际译联主席

2008年8月

第二篇/Passage 2

4-2：前联合国秘书长安南在欧洲议会接受安德烈·萨哈罗夫思想自由奖时的讲话 女士们、先生们：

你们将崇高的荣誉授予我的朋友和同事塞尔希奥·比埃拉·德海洛以及为世界和平事业献身的其他许多联合国的工作人员，让我深受感动。接受安德烈·萨哈罗夫奖，缅怀他们，让我倍感自豪。

这个思想自由奖不仅仅是他们为和平事业献出生命所应得的表彰。这个奖还令人欣慰地证明了他们是怎样的人。8月19日在巴格达殉职的男女勇士中有联合国的工作人员及其他人员，他们都是自由之魂，是自由的思考者，是人类与和平的卫士。

早些时候，我和考克斯议长慰问了那次袭击事件中的几名幸存者以及死伤者家属。他们现在也和我们一道坐在会议厅里。我感谢他们今天出席这个颁奖典礼，我也是以他们的名义接受这个奖项。我也要感谢您，考克斯议长，还要感谢欧洲议会的议员们，感谢你们 第四章

礼仪讲话口译

邀请这些身份特殊的人来共享这一时刻。此举有力地说明了欧盟与联合国的团结一致。

像在爆炸事件中幸免于难的许多人一样，联合国也深受创伤。但我们现在的决心比以往任何时候都要坚定，我们珍视与像你们这样的朋友的团结。今天上午，你们以实际行动表达了自己的决心，通过了一项决议，旨在加强欧盟对联合国的政治和财政支持。

欧洲在其漫长的历史中，经受过太多的战争、暴政和苦难。但是欧洲人走过了那段历史，取而代之的是一个充满希望的未来。你们通过推行多边主义来谋求和平。今天，欧盟已成为一盏照亮容忍、人权和国际合作的明灯。

今年5月1日以后，这盏灯的光芒将更加耀眼。当欧盟扩大到25个成员国的时候，跨过了一度被认为不可逾越的东西欧鸿沟。欧盟的扩大是欧洲大陆上最强大的和平推动力。

欧盟在今后几年里的进一步扩大，将在其他各方之间架起合作与理解的桥梁，包括西方国家与伊斯兰国家之间、血腥战争中敌对双方的人民之间。随着时间的推移，对欧洲人的定义也在逐渐扩大。我期望有一天欧洲将会为国家内部的多样化而欢呼，就像它现在为欧洲各国之间的多样化而欢呼一样。

许多欧洲国家的社会都已高度多样化。但是所有的欧洲社会以及世界各地许多其他社会，将在未来几十年里变得更加多样化。这是人员跨国流动的必然结果。这种人员的流动不会停止。作为国际社会，我们需要比现在更好地管理人员的跨界流动，这不仅是为了流动人员本身，也是为了他们离开的国家、他们途经的国家以及他们迁往的国家。

今天人们迁徙的理由仍同以前数以千万计的欧洲人离开欧洲的理由一样——逃离战争或压迫，或在新的土地上寻求更美好的生活。帮助被迫背井离乡的人们——帮助那些因生命受到威胁而外逃的难民——是我们在法律和道义方面需要共同承担的责任。我们已经订立了旨在保护他们的法律框架，这就是1951年《难民公约》。

但是，如果难民在离岸后遇到障碍而无法寻求庇护，或在恶劣的条件下被关押过久，或因对《公约》作限制性解释而被拒绝入境，庇护体系就会被破坏，《公约》的允诺也会遭到背弃。你们的庇护体系需要足够的资源来公正、训诫、公开地处理难民的申请，从而使他们得到保护，使问题得到解决。欧洲各国应当努力寻求共同处理问题并分担责任的机制。

欧盟还必须同其他各方一道，帮助穷国加强他们保护难民和解决难民问题的能力。毕竟，10位难民中会有7位到发展中国家去寻求庇护，而发展中国家的资源更加紧张，人权标准更加参差不齐。假如我们无视这个现实，我们在处理难民问题的方法上就存在着欠缺。吉尔·勒舍尔教授就曾正确地指出过这一点，他在巴格达爆炸中幸免于难。今天也来到了我们的会场。

不要曲解我的意思，我不敢说移民没有问题。移民给他们前往的国家带去了不同的文化和风俗、不同的语言和宗教。这是丰富、充实地区文化的源泉，但也会造成不安定，甚至是隔阂和疏远。如何使移民融入当地社会是实实在在的挑战。

几乎每一个大的新移民群体在其建立初期都会受到一定程度的排斥。今天，一些迁徙者的经历让人想起了胡格诺派教徒在英格兰，德国人、意大利人和爱尔兰人在美国，以及中国人在澳大利亚曾面对的敌视态度，但从长远来看是积极的。

——节选自前联合国秘书长安南在欧洲议会接受安德烈·萨哈罗夫思想自由奖时的讲话，2004年1月29日，布鲁塞尔

新编实用英语口译教程

(二)汉译英/C-E 第一篇/Passage 1

4-3 Speech of President Liu Xiliang at the Opening Ceremony of the 18th FIT World Congress The 17th FIT World Congress, held in Tampere, Finland, voted for Shanghai, China, as the venue for the 18th FIT World Congress in 2008, with Translators Association of China(TAC)as its host.This is the first time in its history that FIT decides to host a congress in Asia.Accepting the FIT flag from our Finnish colleagues, we felt both a great honor and a heavy responsibility.TAC began preparations for the event immediately after the Tampere Congress.Under the leadership of the local organizing committee of the Congress, we have put all our efforts into promoting the Congress at home and abroad, assessing the 1,500-plus abstracts submitted, arranging financing for the Congress and making logistical arrangements.Now, we are happy to welcome the more than 1,500 participants from over 70 countries and regions to the Congress.The ancient Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius said, ―How happy we are to meet friends from afar.‖ We sincerely hope that this Congress will facilitate communication and exchanges among our translator and interpreter colleagues worldwide, and increase our friendship.Such friendship was felt during the preparation for this Congress.After the devastating earthquake in China‘s Sichuan Province on May 12, we received letters of condolences from the FIT and our colleagues from Finland, Norway, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, Japan, Canada, Nigeria, Albania and more.We appreciate your kind concerns very much.Since TAC joined FIT in 1987, it has actively participated in international translation activities, and a number of its representatives have been elected Council Members of FIT.In 1995 TAC hosted the first FIT Asian Translators Forum.So far, the forum has been held five times in different countries and regions in Asia, and has become one of the most important regional activities in the translation field.In preparation for the Congress over the past three years, TAC has made wide contacts with translation organizations and institutions around the world, and increased its communication and coordination with them.We have the strong feeling that, as a bridge connecting different cultures, we translators and interpreters should first of all increase communications and exchanges among ourselves.We all know that a great deal needs to be done to enhance the status of translators and to uphold their intellectual and material interests.Under the guidance of FIT, we will work closely with other translation organizations and language workers to promote the recognition of translation as a profession, and further public appreciation of the value of translation.第四章

礼仪讲话口译

Many domestic and international organizations, including the United Nations and UNESCO, have paid great attention to the Congress in the preparation process.The Chinese government and Shanghai Municipality have supported the event, and many enterprises, institutions and individuals, including the Beijing Yuanpei Century Translation Co.Ltd and the Shanghai Oriental Translation Center, have generously sponsored the Congress.I wish to express our sincere gratitude for their support.I would also like to thank, on behalf of the Translators Association of China, all Congress participants for coming to the event.I sincerely believe that this four-day gathering of the international translation community will be crowned with success.Liu Xiliang

President of Translators Association of China

August 2008 第二篇/Passage 2

4-4 Work Together to Build a Common Future Speech by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi at the Royal Institute of International Affairs London, December 5, 2007(excerpted)Dr.Niblett, Ladies and gentlemen, Let me begin my thanking Dr.Niblett for his kind words.Chatham House is a prestigious institute well-known for its rigorous scholarship and inclusiveness.You have here many eminent scholars and research fellows, whose keen insight in international affairs is most impressive.I am delighted to have the opportunity to come here and exchange views with you.This is my first official visit to the United Kingdom and to Europe as China‘s Foreign Minister.But the UK and Europe are not new to me.I first came to the UK as a student more than 30 years ago.Time flies.Looking back at these 30 odd years, we cannot but marvel at the profound changes that have taken place in the world, China and Europe included.Relations between China and Europe have also come a long way.China‘s achievements in reform and opening-up, in particular, have attracted global attention.I have friends overseas who have asked me time and again: Given China‘s fast growth, what direction will you follow in foreign policy? What does China‘s development mean for the rest of the world? Today, I want to focus on the main themes of China‘s foreign policy and the implications of China‘s development for its relations with Europe.Ladies and gentlemen!The world today is undergoing major changes and readjustments.With deepening economic globalization and regional integration, countries are becoming increasingly interdependent and 66 新编实用英语口译教程

their interests are more closely intertwined.To pursue peace, development and cooperation constitute an irresistible trend of the times.However, the world is far from tranquil.Local conflicts and hotspot issues flare up one after another.Global economic imbalance is aggravating.North-South gap is widening.And non-traditional security threats have emerged on top of traditional security threats.How can we effectively confront challenges under the new international situation and better safeguard world peace and promote common development? This is a serious question that all of us have to address.As you may know, the Communist Party of China held its 17th National Congress not long ago.This was an important meeting held at a time when China‘s reform and development have entered a crucial phase.In terms of foreign affairs, the meeting made a review of China‘s diplomacy for the past five years and set out future foreign policy objectives in light of the new international situation.There are three main messages coming out of the congress, namely, peaceful development, win-win opening-up, and building a harmonious world.I will address each of these.First, China will unswervingly pursue the path of peaceful development.This is our strategic choice and its essence is that we seek to develop ourselves in a peaceful international environment and contribute to the cause of world peace through our own development.It is a choice consistent with the peace-loving tradition of the Chinese nation and the need for building socialism with distinctive Chinese features.As an integral part of China‘s independent foreign policy of peace, it not only serves the fundamental interests of the Chinese people but also conforms to the trend of human progress.Some people have some misgivings about the development of China.Their argument is that the rise of major powers in the past has never been peaceful.These misgivings, in my view, are unfounded.In an era of globalization and interdependence, China cannot develop itself in isolation from the world and the development of the world cannot be realized without China.Countries can only achieve sustained development in an environment of enduring peace and fully share the benefit of peace through common development.China‘s peaceful development is conductive to the fundamental interests of the Chinese people as well as the common interests of people of other countries, and China‘s foreign policy objectives are consistent with the call for progress of people of the whole world.We stand for cooperation as the way to resolve disputes and achieve peace and development.In short, we are committed to peaceful, open and harmonious development.Second, China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening-up.Reform and opening-up have transformed China from a closed or semi-closed society to one that fully embraces the world.A multi-faceted and multi-tiered opening-up pattern has taken shape in China.Our interaction with other countries in the political, economic, cultural, security and other fields have never been as extensive and close as they are today.第四章

礼仪讲话口译

To achieve development in China, a big developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, we have to rely mainly on our own effort.But we also have to get actively involved in international economic and trade cooperation and learn from the experience of other countries.Reform and opening-up have not only benefited the Chinese people, but also contributed significantly to world economic growth and the cause of progress of mankind.China is now a major engine driving the economic growth of Asia and beyond.In the past three decades, China‘s imports have been growing by an average rate of 15 percent, making China the third largest importer in the world and biggest one in Asia.China‘s exports have also brought benefits to consumers around the world.The size of China‘s market and overseas investment will get bigger as the country continues to develop, enabling China to make even greater contribution to stability and prosperity of the world economy.China‘s opening-up is comprehensive and mutually beneficial.China does not pursue opening-up at the expense of the interests of other countries.Instead, our opening-up is based on mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and mutual assistance.While seeking its own development, China will make efforts to accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries.We will properly manage economic and trade frictions with other countries, increase market access, optimize foreign trade structure and ease trade imbalances in accordance with international trade rules.We will be more actively engaged in economic globalization and international economic and technological cooperation and competition.Third, China will remain firmly committed to building a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.The concept of building a harmonious world is deeply rooted in China‘s cultural tradition.It gives full expression to our desire for peace, our commitment to be a responsible member of the international community, and our willingness to work with other countries to achieve peace and prosperity.It also serves our cause of peaceful development.China observes the following principles in developing relations with other countries: Politically, all countries should respect each other, settle differences through consultations on an equal footing and live together in amity.The right of all countries to choose their own social system and development path should be respected.All countries have the right to equal participation in international affairs and should work together to promote democracy in international relations.Economically, we should cooperate with each other, draw on each other‘s strengths and make joint efforts to ensure balanced progress of economic globalization so that it can benefit all.Culturally, we should learn from each other, expand common ground while shelving differences, respect diversity, and advance the progress of human civilization through a common endeavor.In the area of security, we should build mutual trust, strengthen cooperation, settle international disputes by peaceful means, and work together to safeguard world peace and stability.On environmental issues, we should help and cooperate with each other and take good care of the Earth, the only home of mankind.68 新编实用英语口译教程

A harmonious world is a long-term goal that requires persistent and painstaking efforts.It will be a process in which countries work together to meet challenges, build consensus and expand common interests.It will also be a process in which different civilizations and cultures interact with one another, draw upon one another‘s strengths and achieve common development and prosperity.Ladies and gentlemen, Mankind faces both opportunities and challenges for development in the new century.And I believe there are more opportunities than challenges.There exist broad common interests between China and Europe and between China and the UK.The common challenges we face and the common responsibilities we carry require us to work together to meet the challenges, promote peace, and pursue development.I wish to conclude my remarks with two quotations.From China, it‘s an old saying: Things that accord in tone vibrate together.Things that have affinity in their inmost natures seek one another.From Britain, it‘s a famous line from the great poet Samuel Johnson: To improve the golden moment of opportunity, and catch the good that is within our reach, is the great art of life.Let us, China, the UK, and Europe in general, join hands and work together for an even brighter future of our relations and an even better world.Thank you.第五章

商 务 口 译

Business and Trade

一、热身阅读材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 1.Amway Products—Value for Money New customers are occasionally surprised at the price of AMWAY products.Some people expect products offered by direct sale to be low-priced, inferior copies of the goods they can buy in stores.Amway has never built its business on that concept.From its beginning in the late 1950s, Amway‘s focus has been on quality products that deliver exceptional performance at competitive prices.This commitment to quality is reflected in the intensive research and development that goes into AMWAY products.What other company can boast:

·A development and manufacturing facility more than a mile(1.6 km)long ·Organic farms in two hemispheres ·Research partnerships with leading international universities ·Facilities to replicate the water quality in countries around the world ·A list of parents related to products for everything from water treatment to hair repair Despite this huge investment in product development, AMWAY products, in general, are price-competitive and good value for the money.Research shows that some products are less expensive than their counterparts, others are more expensive, and most are competitively priced.Products that are more expensive usually have greater features and benefits over competitive products.Many products, such as L.O.C.TM Multi-Purpose Cleaner, are highly concentrated, meaning a single purchase lasts longer.On a cost-per-use basis, these products are priced very competitively.Product is delivered directly to the consumer and backed by a Satisfaction Guarantee.2.New Digital Talking Book A model for a new digital talking book that could take the place of the cassette-based players in use today was made known to the public October 21 by the library of National Library Service for the Blind.The book-like model is called a Dook(digital book)by its designer Lachezar Tsvetanov, a 23-year-old student of industrial design at the University of Bridgeport, Connecticut.70 新编实用英语口译教程

Tsvetanov, who won $5,000 for the design in an Industrial Designers competition in June, said he wanted the player to resemble a book because ― a high percentage of talking-book readers are older.And young people who use the Dook will feel they don‘t stand out in a crowd because it looks like a book‖.The Dook has no moving parts and reads a book using a digital card.It resembles an open book with two thick pages divided by a metal string;buttons along the edge allow for page-turning, bookmarks, and searching.Its sound system will benefit older readers who cannot read Braille.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text Amway product

安利产品 organic farm

有机农场 water treatment

水处理 Satisfaction Guarantee

顾客服务保证 Braille

布莱叶盲文，点字法

第二篇/Passage 2 Foreign-Capital Enterprises I‘d like to take this opportunity to introduce China‘s laws and regulations concerning foreign-capital enterprises.To expand economic cooperation and technological exchanges with foreign countries and promote the development of China‘s national economy, the People‘s Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individuals to set up enterprises with foreign capital in China and protects the legitimate rights and interests of such enterprises.Foreign-capital enterprises shall be established in such a manner as to help the development of China‘s national economy.The State shall encourage the establishment of export-oriented and technologically advanced foreign-capital enterprises.The investments of foreign investors in China, the profits they earn and their other lawful rights and interests are protected by Chinese laws.The application to establish a foreign-capital enterprise shall be submitted for examination and approval to the department under the State Council which is in charge of foreign economic relations and trade, or to another agency authorized by the State Council.After an application for the establishment of a foreign-capital enterprise has been approved, the foreign investor shall, within 30 days from the date of receiving a certificate of approval, apply to the industry and commerce administrative authorities for registration and obtain a business license.A foreign-capital enterprise that meets the requirements for being a legal entity under Chinese law shall acquire the status of a Chinese legal entity, in accordance with the law.第五章

商务口译

A foreign-capital enterprise shall make investments in China within the period approved by the authorities in charge of examination and approval.If it fails to do so, the industry and commerce administrative authorities may cancel its business license.In the event of separation, merger or other major changes, a foreign-capital enterprise shall report to and seek approval from the authorities in charge of examination and approval, and register the change with industry and commerce administrative authorities.When employing Chinese workers and staff, a foreign-capital enterprise shall sign contracts with them according to law, which shall clearly prescribe matters concerning employment, dismissal, remuneration, welfare benefits, labor protection and labor insurance, etc.Workers and staff of foreign-capital enterprises may organize trade unions in accordance with the law to conduct trade union activities and protect their lawful rights and interests.Foreign-capital enterprises shall provide necessary conditions for the activities of the trade unions in their respective enterprises.A foreign-capital enterprise must set up account books in China, conduct independent accounting, submit the accounting statements as required and accept supervision by the financial and tax authorities.Foreign-capital enterprises shall pay taxes in accordance with relevant state provision, and may enjoy preferential treatment for tax reduction or exemption.An enterprise that reinvests its profits in China after paying income tax may, in accordance with relevant state provisions, apply for a refund of the portion of the income tax already paid on the reinvested amount.The foreign investor may remit abroad profits that are lawfully earned from a foreign-capital enterprise, as well as other lawful earnings and any funds remaining after the enterprise is liquidated.Foreign employees in a foreign-capital enterprise may remit abroad their wages, salaries and other legitimate income after the payment of individual income tax in accordance with the law.When terminating its operation, a foreign-capital enterprise shall promptly issue a public notice and proceed with liquidation in accordance with legal procedures.At the termination, the foreign-capital enterprise shall nullify its registration with the industry and commerce administrative authorities and hand in its business license for cancellation.Thank you for your attention.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text foreign-capital enterprise

外资企业

laws and regulations

法律法规 legitimate rights and interests

合法权益 State Council

国务院

legal entity

法人

新编实用英语口译教程

industry and commerce administrative authorities

工商行政管理机关 remuneration

酬劳；赔偿 cancel business license

吊销营业执照 set up account books

设置会计账簿

submit the accounting statements

报送会计报表 financial and tax authorities

财政税务机关 preferential treatment for tax reduction or exemption 减免税优惠待遇 pay income tax

缴纳所得税 apply for a refund

申请退税 remit abroad profits

把利润汇寄国外 liquidate

清理，清算(破产企业)terminate the operation

终止经营 nullify the registration

取消注册

二、口译实践/Interpretation Practice 听译下列课文/Listen to the Following Passages and Interpret Them.第一篇/Passage 1

相关词语/Related Words and Expressions cardboard

硬纸板 wrapper

包装纸 fix up

确定 discount

折扣 cosmetics

化妆品 ink-transfer printing machine

5-1.Ordering Wrappers H: Hello, can I speak to Mr.Lewis, please? L: Yes, speaking.H: This is Barbara Hopkins from Cornelle.We did some business with you a while back.Perhaps you know about us.We produce frozen cakes and I‘m responsible for marketing.L: Oh, yes.How can we help you? H: Well, I‘d like some information about prices.L: I see.I‘ll just write down the details.What exactly are you interested in?

油墨转色彩打印机

[The marketing manager of a food company phones a printing company.] 第五章

商务口译

H: You used to supply us with cardboard display wrappers, standard size.Could you let me have a firm quote for 250,000 of those? L: Okay.H: We‘d also like quote for 1000 four-colour 2m×1m posters and 500 1.5m×4m display stands, also in four-colour.L: Mm, good.H: Would it be possible to send details by the end of the week in writing? We‘ve had problems with our usual supplier and we want to get fixed up as soon as possible.L: That shouldn‘t be a problem.I‘ll get some samples and price lists in the post.H: Fine.And could I also have quotes for the same quantity of wrappers if we order again in six months and then again in 12 months? I assume you will be able to give me a good discount on this size of order? L: Yes, I should think we‘ll be able to organize something.You‘re based in London, aren‘t you? H: Yes.L: Well, I‘ve got to be in London on Monday.Would you like me to call in and we could discuss any design features…

5-2.Ordering a Printing Machine(A member of the Production Department of Elite rings the Sales Department of IMM.)Jim: Jim Reeves speaking.Mary: My name is Mary Rogers from Elite.I don‘t know if you‘ve heard of us.Jim: Yes, I think so.You produce cosmetics, don‘t you? Mary: That‘s right.Jim: How can we help you? Mary: We‘re looking for a replacement for one of our ink-transfer printing machines.We‘ve just introduced a new range of fragrances and our present machine doesn‘t seem to be coping with the design changes.Jim: Which of our machines were you thinking of? Mary: Well, I‘m not quite sure which one will suit our specific requirements best.Jim: Ah.You said the machine you‘ve got wasn‘t coping with design changes.Mary: Yes, we‘ve got problems printing on the bottle caps.The new ones are triangular shaped, but we also produce other geometric shapes, so we need a machine which will give us more flexibility and allow us to print on just about any shape.Jim: I see.And what are the caps made of? Mary: They‘re normally plastic and sometimes glass for the more expensive range.So obviously any machine must be capable of printing on fragile materials.74 新编实用英语口译教程

Jim: Ah, and what kind of speed does your present model have? Mary: Speed isn‘t really a factor.The one we‘ve got produces 1000 impressions a minute, which is really quite adequate for our needs, but what we do need is an easy set-up procedure, so that we can handle short runs of our different product lines.Jim: Right.Any other special requirements? Mary: Ah, yes.There is one other thing.For some of our lines, we need multi-coulour printing.So we‘ve really got to have a facility for both single and multi-colour printing.Jim: Yes, I think we‘ve got just what you‘re looking for.Our model 50 LK is the smallest machine in our printing range, but it seems to fit all your requirements.Would you like me to send you a brochure? Mary: Yes, could you get it in the post for me today? Jim: Yes, no problem.第二篇/Passage 2

相关词语/Related Words and Expressions 就„„作简单介绍

旱冰鞋

有好的销路

交货保证

在利润空间很小的情况下做生意

双方做出让步

give a briefing on roller-skates catch the market a guarantee of delivery operate on small margins meet each other half way 在„„方面卡壳

get stuck over

价 格 谈 判

(中国出口商黄女士(H)正在跟一外国参展商渡边(W)先生谈判，经过一番简单介绍他们最近研发的ET牌塑胶旱冰鞋，他们开始了价格的谈判。)H:

好吧，让我们开始切入正题。渡边先生，我向您介绍一下我们最近推出的ET牌塑胶旱冰鞋在玩具制造方面的新概念吧。您的面前是该产品的样品以及目录。它们是冰鞋技术方面的新突破，使用既耐用又轻便的塑胶原料制成，受到儿童及其父母的喜爱，我相信它们会有很好的销路。

W: 这些旱冰鞋看着挺不错，但是价格太高了。

H: 渡边先生，请问你对我们哪个系列的产品尤其感兴趣呢？

W: 我对之前提过的那个系列感兴趣，但是我想听听您关于它们的价格以及折扣。H: 旱冰鞋标签上的价格是50美元一双，我们报45美元。您认为如何？ W: 那离我想要的价格太远了。H: 43美元如何？

第五章

商务口译

W: 我还价30美元一双。

H: 那太少了。我让步到40美元一双。

W: 好吧，您已经做出让步，那我也让一点，我提高到35美元。我不会再加了。这样可以接受吗？

H: 好的。我同意。

W: 我们谈谈折扣的问题吧。

H: 我当然很乐意谈折扣的问题。但是你们想订多少呢？ W: 挺多的。你们给1000双的订单折扣是多少？ H: 那个数量的话，渡边先生，我们打9折。W: 9折！

H: 请让我说完。除了打9折，我们还保证两个月内发货。

W: 肯定要两个月内发货，否则我们也不会感兴趣。我们圣诞节之前就要收到。我要重申一点，我希望比你说的再低的折扣。

H: 如果您承诺订2000双的话，我们可以给更低点的折扣。W: 有多低呢？

H: 如果是2000双的话，我们可以打8折。

W: 9折，8折。我都厌烦了。您在闹着玩呢。我们要更低的折扣。我会订很多，我们的利润空间很小。

H: 如果要更低的折扣，您订的数量要足够大才行。

W: 我们在转圈子呢。难道2000双数量还不够大吗？除非您愿意做出让步，否则我们谈不出什么结果。

H: 渡边先生，不要让我们都卡在价格上好吗？我们双方都做出让步：你订2500双，我们打7.5折。这样行了吧？

W: 这还差不多。H: 那好。

参考译文/Reference Version 第一篇/Passage 1 1.订购包装材料

(食品公司的营销经理给印刷公司打电话。)霍普金斯：你好，我想找一下刘易斯先生。刘易斯：我就是。

霍普金斯：我是科内尔食品公司的芭芭拉·霍普金斯。我们不久以前有过业务来往，你可能知道我们公司生产冷冻蛋糕，我负责采购。

刘易斯：哦，我知道，您有什么事吗？

新编实用英语口译教程

霍普金斯：我想了解一下贵公司的产品价格。

刘易斯：好吧，我来记一下，你具体对什么产品感兴趣？

霍普金斯：我们曾经从您那里购买过标准尺寸的硬纸板展品包装纸。这次我们要买25万张这种包装纸，要固定报价。

刘易斯：欢迎订购。

霍普金斯：我们还打算订购1000张2×1米的4色招贴纸和500个1.5×4米的展品架，也要4色的。

刘易斯：好。

霍普金斯：您能不能在本周内以书面形式把详细信息发给我们，因为我们跟以前的供应商出现过一些问题，所以我们想尽快把事情定下来。

刘易斯：这没有问题。我会把样品和价格表给您寄过去。

霍普金斯：很好。另外，我们公司可以在6个月内和下一个12个月内再买两批同样数量的包装纸的，我想贵公司对于这样的大批量的订货能给予一些优惠折扣吧？

刘易斯：是的，我会安排好的。您的公司在伦敦吧？ 霍普金斯：对。

刘易斯：我下星期一去伦敦，我可以去拜访您吗？我们可以面谈一下设计样式的事。2.订购彩色印机

(爱丽特公司生产部的员工致电IMM公司销售部。)吉米：我是吉米·里夫斯，请讲。

玛丽：我是爱丽特公司的玛丽·罗吉斯。不知道您是否听说过我们公司？ 吉米：听说过，你们生产化妆品，对吗？ 玛丽：对。

吉米：愿为您提供服务。

玛丽：我们想替换我们现在使用的油墨转色彩印机。因为我们近来生产了一个新系列的香水，但是，我们现有的机器不能适应设计上的变化。

吉米：你们具体想要什么样的机器？

玛丽：我也不太清楚哪种机器能满足我们的特殊需要。吉米：您刚才说你们现有的机器不能适应设计变化？

玛丽：是的，我们在彩印化妆品瓶盖方面出了问题，新产品的瓶盖为三角形及其他形状，因此我们需要一种灵活的、能在任何形状的瓶盖上彩印的机器。

吉米：我明白了，瓶盖是什么材料做的？

玛丽：通常是塑料的，有些高档产品也使用玻璃。因此，我们所需的机器应该能在易碎材料上彩印。

吉米：你们现有的机器彩印速度怎么样？

玛丽：印速不是问题。我们现有机器的印速是每分钟1000个印次，这足够了。但是我们要求机器装卸简易、方便，因为我们会短期用于其他形状产品的印制。

第五章

商务口译

吉米：好吧，还有其他什么特殊要求吗？

玛丽：还有一个要求。我们有些产品需要多色彩印，因此，彩印机要具备单色和多色彩印功能才行。

吉米：我们公司正好有这种机器。50LK型机是最小型的机器，而且能满足贵公司的一切要求。要不要给您把说明书寄去？

玛丽：当然好啊，能在今天就寄来吗？ 吉米：没问题。

第二篇/Passage 2 Engaged in a Discussion on Prices [Ms.Huang(H), a Chinese exporter, begins the negotiation session by giving Mr.Wantanabe(W), a foreign exhibitor, a briefing on their newly developed products — the ET brand plastic roller-skates.Then she and Mr.Wantanabe are engaged in a discussion on prices.] H: OK, let‘s get down to business.To begin with, Mr.Wantanabe, let me introduce to you a completely new concept in toy manufacture — our recently launched ET brand plastic roller-skates.You have the samples and catalogues in front you.They are breakthrough in roller-skates technology — with a new kind of plastic which is strong and light, and they will appeal to both the children and their parents.I am confident that they can catch the market anywhere.W: These roller-skates do look nice, but their prices are much too high.H: Which of our product lines are you particularly interested in, Mr.Wantanabe? W: I could be interested in the ones I‘ve highlighted.But I‘d like to hear what you have to say about prices and discounts.H: The tag price of these roller-skates is $50.00 a pair, but I‘ll make it $45.00 for you.What do you think? W: That‘s much more than I was prepared to pay.H: How about $43.00? W: I offer $30.00 a pair.H: That‘s too little.Well, I will come down to $40.00.W: All right.To meet you half way I go up to $35.00, but not a penny more.Is that acceptable? H: OK, it‘s agreed.W: That leads us to the question of discounts.H: I‘m certainly happy to talk about discounts.But can you indicate to me the quantity you‘d like to order? W: Fair enough.What discount would you offer on an order of say one thousand pairs? 78 新编实用英语口译教程

H: For an order of that size, Mr.Wantanabe, I can give you a discount of 10%.W: Ten percent!H: Just let me finish.Yes, 10%, but with a guarantee of delivery within two months.W: Delivery must be within two months, or I am not interested.I want the goods to arrive well before the Christmas season begins.Let‘s be clear about one thing.I hope you realize I must have a larger discount than what you‘ve offered.H: Well, if you commit to by 2,000 pairs then I could consider a larger discount.W: How much larger? H: If you order 2,000 pairs I can offer you a 20% discount.W: Ten percent, twenty percent.I‘m getting tired of this.You are playing games.I‘m looking for a much larger discount.I‘m ordering in large quantities and I operate on small margins, you see? H: If you want a big discount then you must make the order a large one.W: We are going in circles.Isn‘t an order of 2,000 pairs large enough? Unless you make a concession we‘re getting nowhere.H: Mr.Wantanabe, don‘t let us get stuck over the question of price.We can meet each other halfway: You increase your order to 2,500 pairs and I increase the discount to 25%.Is that agreeable? W: Well, I suppose so.H: Good.第六章

旅游观光口译

Tour and Sightseeing

一、热身阅读材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 The Statue of Liberty standing at the entrance to New York Harbor is a gift given by the people of France to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship of the two nations established during the American Revolution.Over the years, the Statue of Liberty has become a representative of freedom and democracy of people everywhere.To commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence, sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned by the French government to design a sculpture in 1876.The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States.However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds.In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prizefights assisted in providing needed funds.However, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer(noted for the Pulitzer Prize)opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort.Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds.Pulitzer‘s campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate.Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886.The Statue was completed in France in July 1884.In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates.The Statue arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 and was reassembled on her new pedestal in four months time.The pedestal was designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt and built on Bedloe‘s Island.The Statue‘s framework was engineered by Gustave Eiffel who later designed the famous tower in Paris, which bears his name.On October 28, 1886, in front of thousands of spectators, President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty, which was officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World.Since then millions have made pilgrimage to visit her.She was a centennial gift ten years late.80 新编实用英语口译教程

Over the years, Americans shortened the name of the statue.They called it the Statue of Liberty, or Miss Liberty.The care and the administration of the statue changed several times.In 1956, the name of Bedloe‘s Island was changed to Liberty Island and became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument.The statue wears a loose robe.Her right hand holds a torch — a golden light.Her left hand holds a tablet which shows the date of the American Declaration of Independence — July 4th, 1776.The statue wears a crown on her head.The crown has 7 points, each of these rays representing the light of freedom.A chain representing oppression lies broken at her feet.The height from base to torch is 151 feet.The height from the foundation of the pedestal to the torch is 305 feet.She weighs 225 tons(100 tons of copper and 125 tons structural steel).Visitors may climb into her head for a spectacular view of New York Harbor.At night the statue is floodlighted, and the lights that shine from her torch can be seen for miles.By the 1980, the statue badly needed repairs.Again people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean cooperated to raise money.In May of 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Lee Iacocca to head up a private sector effort to restore the Statue of Liberty.Fund raising began for the $87 million restoration under a public/private partnership between the National Park Service and the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc..In 1984, at the start of the Statue‘s restoration, the United Nations designated the Statue of Liberty as a World Heritage Site.On July 5, 1986 the newly restored Statue re-opened to the public during Liberty Weekend, which celebrated her centennial.Today thousands of people still visit the statue every day.They reach the statue by boat.Many people climb the 354 steps to the crown.Or they ride up to observation areas in an elevator.Or they study the story of the statue in a museum in the monument.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text centennial

百年纪念

be commissioned(to)

受委托做某事

pedestal

(纪念碑)底座 auction

拍卖 prizefight

悬赏拳击 secondary skeletal framework

辅助框架 editorial pages

(报纸)社论版 centennial gift

百年庆典的礼物 National Park Service

国家公园管理处

World Heritage Site

世界遗产 restoration

修复

第六章

旅游观光口译

第二篇/Passage 2 Sightseeing in Beijing A Modern Look for an Ancient City

Beijing, the Capital of the People‘s Republic of China, has a history of thousands of years and previously served as the capital of the Jin(1115—1234), Yuan(1271—1368), Ming(1368—1644), and Qing(1644—1911)dynasties.Beijing has many ancient architectural complexes such as the 600-year-old Imperial Palace;the Summer Palace, which is China‘s largest imperial garden;famous institutions of higher learning such as Beijing and Qinghua Universities;and National Library of China, China‘s largest library, with a collection of paintings, calligraphy, classical books, periodicals and materials going back through the ages.Beijing today covers an area of 16,808 square kilometers, 23 times that of 50 years ago.Roads have been widened and high buildings have been built in the city.Beijing has become an international metropolis with a population of 13.82 million.The central north-south axis of Beijing was determined according to the principles of traditional architecture 700 years ago, when the city, then known as Dadu(the Great Capital)was built by Kublai Khan, the founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.In the 16th century, many structures were built along the 7.8-kilometer central axis, including Yongdingmen Gate, the Forbidden City, and the Drum and Bell Towers.Ten years ago, the International Olympic Sports Center and Asian Games Village were built on the northern section of the axis, which by that time had been extended to 13 kilometers.In the 1970s, Beijing‘s first Underground Railroad line was completed.When the Fuxinmen Overpass was built, Beijingers had their first look at a clover-leaf overpass.Since then, 124 overpasses have been built in Beijing, and the overpasses at Sanyuan, Siyuan, and Tianningsi compete for magnificence.The second and third ring roads have been turned into high-speed highways, and the Beijing-Shijiazhuang, Beijing-Tongzhou, Capital Airport, and Badaling Expressways have now opened to traffic.The total length of highways and expressways in Beijing has reached 3,800 kilometers.Twenty years ago, Beijing built 4.11 million square meters of housing a year, but housing was still a problem for many.Some people lived in compounds occupied by many families or in simple dwellings.Since the implementation of the reform and opening policies, great changes have taken place with each passing day.In 1981, construction began on the Great Wall Sheraton Hotel, designed by Beckert International, an American company, and during the following decade, a series of hotels, covering a total of five million square meters of ground space was completed by introducing 82 新编实用英语口译教程

foreign funds and encouraging organizations and individuals to develop the service industry in Beijing.In addition to the major downtown business centers such as Wangfujing, Xidan, and Qianmen, there are 80 modern shopping centers, each having a commercial floor space of 10,000 square meters.Over the past 20 years, the municipal government of Beijing has invested 100 billion yuan in water, power, central heating, roads, and telecommunications.Beijing now has 14 satellite towns and 371 residential areas.The annual completion of housing area exceeds 15 million square meters, and the average living space per person has increased from six square meters 20 years ago to 14.85 square meters.Although Beijing has been modernized, it still retains its historical and cultural aspects.The unique features of 25 protected historical and cultural areas in Beijing have long attracted tourists from home and abroad.In and around Beijing there are 30 rivers and 26 lakes that not only supply water for the city but also serve as scenic spots.In order to protect and recreate the look of the ancient capital, a large sewage-treatment project is now under way, using an investment of 1 billion yuan, on the city‘s major rives and lakes, including the city‘s Moat, Changhe and Tongzi River, and Yuyuantan and Beihai Lakes.Some 62 percent of the Beijing area is hilly.Twenty years ago, Beijing suffered from dust pollution, but great changes have taken place since the forestation project started in and around Beijing and Tianjin in 1986.At the end of 1998, 39 percent of the urban area of Beijing was covered with trees and flowers.The green space in Beijing now averages 8.18 square meters per person, and the dust has decreased from 21 tons per square kilometer per month to 16.5 tons per square kilometer in the center of the city.The Miyun Reservoir, one of the major water supplies of Beijing, has 60.4 percent forest coverage.Some Major Places of Interest in Beijing The Great Wall

Known as the fourth wonder of the world, the Great Wall runs from Shanhaiguan Pass on the shores of Bohai Bay at the east end to Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province at the west end.It rises and falls, twists and turns along the ridges of mountain chains in northern China, stretching for 12,000 li(6000km)across seven provinces.Therefore, it is known in China as the ―Ten-Thousand-Li Great Wall‖.The construction of the Wall began during the Warring States Period in the 5th century B.C.At that time, some ducal states in north China began to build defense walls in their own land in order to ward off the nomadic tribes further north.In the 3rd century B.C.when Emperor Qin Shihuang conquered all the other states and became the first emperor of a unified China, he had these walls linked up and extended.Reinforcement and renovations were carried out during 第六章

旅游观光口译

successive dynasties.In the Ming times(14th—17th century)the Wall underwent major repairs and became what it is today.The section best preserved and most often visited is the Great Wall at Badaling.Built solidly with regular lath stone and large-sized bricks, the Wall at Badaling is 8.5 meters high and 5.7 meters broad.Five horses or ten people can walk along it abreast.There are ramparts, embrasures, peepholes and apertures for shooting.Two-storied watchtowers were built in at 100-meter intervals.The top-story watchtowers were designed for observing enemy movements.It is estimated that some 180 million cubic meters of tamped earth and 60 million cubic meters of stone and bricks must have been used to build the Great Wall.So it was an immense engineering project to obtain, transport the building material and construct the Great Wall.Today, as the most important historical monument in China and one of the world‘s famous architectural wonders, the Great Wall attracts large number of tourists from home and abroad each year.Tian‘anmen Square Tian‘anmen Square is located right in front of the Imperial Palace in the center of Beijing.It is one of the largest squares in the world and its 440,000-square-meter area can accommodate half a million people at one time.To the north of the square is the magnificent Tian‘anmen Gate-tower.At the south is Qianmen or ―Front Gate‖.Both these gate-towers date back to the 17th century and typify classical Chinese Architecture.Now the square is flanked by massive modern buildings, the Great Hall of the People on the west, and the Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of Chinese Revolution on the east.At the center of the square stands the Monument to the People‘s Heroes.To the south of the Monument lies Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.The bright Five-star red flag flies high on the square.On the white marble base with fine bas-reliefs and 10-meter high red walls stands the splendid double-eaves and yellow-glaze-tiled Tian‘anmen Gate-tower.The gate used to be the outer entrance to the Imperial Palace.It has five archways with the central one used exclusively by the emperor.A moat named Golden Water River flows along the foot of the Gate-tower and spanned by five carved marble bridges, one for each archway.Each of the bridge is guarded by two stone lions and two towering stone pillars carved with cloud and dragon motifs.All these match perfectly and form a single unit of masterpiece of art signifying power and beauty.During the Ming(1368—1644)and Qing(1644—1911)dynasties, Tian‘anmen Gate was where the emperors issued imperial edict and held grand celebrations.In modern Chinese history, many important historical events took place on Tian‘anmen Square.For example, the well-known May Fourth Movement in 1919, the December Ninth Patriotic Students Movement in 1935, the grand ceremony to celebrate the founding of the People‘s Republic of China on October 1, 1949 are all associated with the name of Tian‘anmen.84 新编实用英语口译教程

The Summer Palace The Summer Palace is situated 15 kilometers northwest of Beijing.It is the largest and best-preserved imperial Chinese gardens.The Summer Palace is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also for its long history.Originally, it was a natural lake formed by spring water and surrounded by a hill called the Jar Hill.In 1153, Wanyan Liang, an emperor of the Jin Period, made it an imperial palace for short stays when he was away from the capital.In the Yuan Dynasty, the lake was enlarged and became a reservoir providing water for the court and the capital.In the Ming Dynasty, the royal family had a temple built on the hill, which was named the Perfect and Quiet Temple.In 1750, in the celebration of the 60th anniversary of his mother‘s birthday, Emperor Qianlong, the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, had the Perfect and Quiet Temple rebuilt.He renamed the hill the Longevity Hill and the reconstructed garden the Clear Ripples Garden.In 1860 the garden was burned down by Anglo-French invasion forces.In 1888, when Emperor Guangxu was in reign, Dowager Cixi had it reconstructed by embezzling the navy funds under the pretext of building a navy training site, but it was never once used for that purpose.Cixi renamed it Summer Palace and made it her residence for the greater part of the year.In 1900, the palace garden was again badly damaged by the allied forces of the eight imperialist powers.It was reconstructed in 1903 and opened as a public park in 1924——13 years after the overthrow of the last imperial dynasty.The palace garden covers an area of 290 hectares, three-fourths of which is water, mainly Kunming Lake at the foot of the Longevity Hill.It has more than 3,000 halls, mansions, towers, pavilions, corridors, walkways, bridges and other structures, each having its unique style, but they all bend harmoniously with the landscape.They are many tourist attractions in the garden.The Hall of Benevolence and Longevity was where the Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu handled court affairs, received government officials and foreign diplomatic envoys.The Hall of Happiness and Longevity was where Cixi lived during her stay at the Summer Palace.One of the marvels of the Summer Palace is the Long Corridor which runs for 728 meters along the northern shore of the Kunming Lake and connects with the buildings at the southern foot of the Longevity Hill.It is the longest garden corridor in China consisting of 273 sections.On its cross-beams, the ceiling and side pillars are all paintings of historical and legendary figures, famous Chinese landscapes, flowers and birds, and there are more than 14,000 pieces of pictures in all.So it is actually an art gallery.At the west end of the long corridor is the Marble Boat.The 36-meter long ―boat‖ was carved out of a piece of huge marble.It is where Cixi relaxed in mid-summer.The first attraction on entering the park is the marble Seventeen-arch Bridge spanning the blue-green waters of the lake in a pleasant curve.All the 500 balusters along its 150-meter length are topped by more than 540 carved lions, each in a different pose.The bridgeheads are guarded 第六章

旅游观光口译

by pairs of legendary formidable animals.With the background of the Jade Spring Hill and the Western Hill in the distance and the Longevity Hill, the Kunming Lake and numerous graceful garden buildings, flowers and trees inside the garden, the Summer Palace has the poetic touch of a traditional Chinese painting.It is a classic example Chinese Garden-building art.The Temple of Heaven Located in southeast Beijing and built in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, the Temple of Heaven used to be the place where the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties worshiped heaven for good harvest and performed sacrificial rituals.It is now one of the largest public parks in the capital.The Temple of Heaven covers an area of 273 hectares.It consists of three main structures on a north-south axis: the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest in the north, the Imperial Vault of Heaven in the center and the Circular Mound Altar in the south.The Temple of Heaven is mostly sky blue in color.It has two surrounding walls, both of which are round to the north and square to the south.Such a pattern symbolizes the ancient belief that the heaven is round and the earth square.The main temple, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, is a lofty cone-shaped wooden structure joined together entirely by wooden bars, laths, rafters, and brackets without the use of iron or bronze.This brilliant example of ancient Chinese architecture measures 38 meters in height and 30 meters in diameter.Set with deep blue glazed tiles, the roof is crowned at the top with a huge golden ball.The triple-eaves of the roof are supported by 28 massive wooden pillars.The four central columns, called the ―Dragon-Well Pillar‖, represent the four seasons.Surrounding these four columns, there are 2 rings, one inside the other, of 12 columns each: the inner ring symbolizes the 12 months and the outer, the 12 divisions of day and night;the pillars of the inner and the outer rings together stand for the 24 solar terms or the 24 divisions of the solar year in the traditional Chinese calendar.It was in this hall that the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties prayed for good harvest every year on the 15th of the first month of the lunar year.The Imperial Vault of Heaven, circular structure with deep blue glazed tiles, was used to house the memorial tablets of the ―Supreme Ruler of Heaven‖.Around it is the Echo Wall, where the acoustic effects are such that a whisper at one end of the wall can be heard at some distance at the other end.The Circular Mound Altar is a 3-tiered circular marble terrace enclosed by marble balustrades on each tier.The platform is laid with marble stones in nine concentric circles, and everything is arranged in multiples of the number 9.Everyyear on the winter solstice sacrifices were offered at the altar by the emperor who, surrounded first by the circles of the terrace and 86 新编实用英语口译教程

their railings and then by the horizon, seemed to be in the center of the universe.课文词语/Words and Expressions from the Text ancient architectural complexes

古建筑群 overpass

高架道路；天桥

clover-leaf overpass

四通八达的立交桥 compound

这里指北京的“四合院” sewage-treatment

污水处理 forestation

造林 moat

reinforcement

renovation

lath stone

rampart

embrasures

apertures for shooting

historical monument

accommodate

the Great Hall of the People

the Museum of Chinese History

the Military Museum of the Chinese People‘s Revolution the Monument to the People‘s Heroes

Chairman Mao Memorial Hall

double-eaves

glaze-tiled

imperial edict

the Perfect and Quiet Temple

the Longevity Hill

the Clear Ripples Garden

embezzling the navy funds

the allied forces of the eight imperialist powers

the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity

the Hall of Happiness and Longevity

the Marble Boat

the Seventeen-arch Bridge

legendary formidable animals

the Jade Spring Hill

护城河 加固 修复 条石 城墙 垛口 射击孔 历史名胜 容纳 人民大会堂 中国历史博物馆 中国人民革命军事博物馆 人民英雄纪念碑 毛主席纪念堂

重檐的 琉璃瓦的 诏令 圆静寺

万寿山

清漪园

挪用海军军费

八国联军

仁寿殿 乐寿堂 石舫

十七孔桥

传说中的怪兽

玉泉山

第六章

旅游观光口译

the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest

祈年殿 the Imperial Vault of Heaven

皇穹宇 the Circular Mound Altar

环丘坛

wooden bars, laths, rafters and brackets

木条、板条、椽和斗拱 24 solar terms

24个节气

solar/ lunar year

阳历/阴历年 memorial tablet

牌位 the triple eaves of the roof

三重檐屋顶

Supreme Ruler of Heaven

皇天上帝

the Echo Wall

回音壁 marble balustrade

大理石栏杆 winter solstice

冬至 offer sacrifices to

祭祀

railing

栏杆；围栏；扶手

二、口译实践/Interpretation Practice 听译下列课文/Listen to the Following Passages and Interpret Them.(一)英译汉/E-C

6-1.mp3

相关词语/Related Words and Expressions falls

wonder

illuminate

churning

hydroelectric plant

divert

treaty

slide

tumble

ledge

瀑布 奇迹 照亮(波浪)翻腾的 水力发电厂 转移；转向 条约 山崩；土崩 滚下

岩架，岩脊，岩石突出部

erosion

腐蚀；侵蚀

It is the one and the only wonder which does not require a description by early historians and poets.It is the one and only wonder that does not need speculations concerning its 88 新编实用英语口译教程

appearance, size and shape.It is the oldest, yet it is the only surviving of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.It is the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.The tradition of pyramid building started in ancient Egypt as a sophistication of the idea of a mastaba or ―platform‖ covering the royal tomb.Later, several stacked mastabas were used.Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser(Djoser)at Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrated this connection.Pyramid building was at its height from the fourth through the sixth Dynasties.Scores of them have been discovered.However, the largest and most famous of all the pyramids should be the pyramids at Giza, which consist of three pyramids.The well-known one is the Great Pyramid at Giza built by King Khufu.When it was built, the Great Pyramid stood over 146 meters.Over the years, it lost 10 meters off its top and today it is 136 meters in height.Before 19th century A.D.it ranked as the tallest structure on earth.The Pyramid‘s base covers an area over 5.2 hectares and the sloping angle of its sides is 51 degrees and 52 minutes.Each side is carefully oriented with one of the cardinal points of the compass, that is, north, south, east and west.The horizontal cross section of the Pyramid is square at any level.The structure of the Great Pyramid consists of 2.3 million blocks of stone.The average weight is over two tons a piece, with the heaviest weighing 15 tons each.How the ancient Egyptians moved these huge stones is still not sure.Several theories have been proposed.One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction proceeded.This ramp coated with mud and water, eased the displacement of the stone blocks pushed into place.A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed by using long levers with a short angled foot.No matter what has been said, it proves to be hard in ancient time.The Greek historian Herodotus reported in the fifth century B.C.that his Egyptian guides told him that 100,000 men mere employed for three mouths a year for twenty years to build the Great Pyramid.Together with the Great Pyramid are two other pyramids at Giza.One is the Pyramid of Khafra, Khufu‘s son.This one is 3 meters lower, but more complete and wonderful.The twenty-meter high Sphinx stands aside, attracting the eyes of tourists.It is said that except the claws, the Sphinx is made out of only one piece of natural rock.The other pyramid is for Khafra‘s son, Menkaure.It has been suggested that there are enough blocks in the three pyramids to build a 3-meter high, 0.3-meter thick wall around France.The area covered by the Great Pyramids can accommodate St Peter‘s in Rome, the Cathedrals of Florence and Milan, and Westminster and St Paul‘s in London combined.Throughout their history, the Pyramids of Giza have stimulated human imagination.They were referred to as ―The Granaries of Joseph‖ and ―the Mountains of Pharaoh‖.When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: ―Soldiers!From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at us.‖

第六章

旅游观光口译

Today, the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx have fascinated people from all over the world ——tourists, mathematicians and archeologists come to visit and explore them.(二)汉译英/C-E

6-2.mp3

相关词语/Related Words and Expressions 兵马俑

考古探测

试掘

军阵

穿着战袍、打着绑腿

前锋

主力部队

后卫

两翼

战车

挽马

铠甲

卫戍部队

步兵

骑兵

青铜武器

长兵器

剑、矛、戈、戟

弩、箭、簇

铜锡合金

稀有金属

经过铬处理

防腐防锈

冶金技术

单辕车

前乘室

后乘室

华丽富贵

铸、焊、铆

镶、刻

terra-cotta warriors and horses Archeological exploration test excavation

battle array / battle formation wear battle tunics and puttee vanguard main body rear guard flank guard chariot drafting horse armor garrison army

foot solider / infantry man cavalryman bronze weapons long shaft-weapon

sward, spear, dagger-ax, halberd crossbow, arrow, arrowhead an alloy of copper and tin rare metal

coated with chromium prevent corrosion and rust metallurgical technique single-shaft chariot the front compartment the rear compartment luxurious and graceful casting, welding, riveting embedding, chiseling 90 新编实用英语口译教程

秦始皇兵马俑是当地村民1974年3月在田里打井时偶然发现的。经考古学家探测，认定为秦代兵马俑坑。后经勘探和试掘，共发现三处兵马俑坑，按发现时间把它们分别定名为兵马俑一号、二号、三号坑。三个坑总面积为22 780平方米。

这一发现震惊中外。为了保护这些罕见的历史文物，1975年，国务院批准在一号坑原址上建一座占地16 300平方米的博物馆。1979年国庆节，博物馆正式对外开放。此后，兵马俑3号坑、2号坑展厅和铜车马馆也陆续建成，并对外开放。现在，秦始皇兵马俑博物馆被列为中国十大名胜之一，被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。

一号坑呈长方形，东西长230米，南北宽62米，深5米，面积16 620平方米。一号坑内的兵马俑完全按当时的实战军阵排列。坑道的东端长廊里站立着三排武士俑，每排70，共210件。这些武士身着战袍，脚打绷腿，手持弓弩，面向东方，是整个军阵的前锋部队。其后是十道土夯的隔墙隔成的11个过道，里面排列着步兵与车兵相间的38路纵队。兵俑全部身穿盔甲，手持长兵器。他们是整个军阵的主力部队。另外，在主力部队的南北和西头，分别有一排武士俑，他们都面朝外，分别是主力部队的左后翼和后卫部队。在试掘的960平方米范围内，出土武士俑500多个，战车4辆，挽马24匹。据测量，一号坑共有兵马俑6000多件。

二号坑呈曲尺形，面积6000平方米，是一个由四个独立的单元、四个不同的兵种编制而成的混合军阵。第一单元是由334个弩兵组成的小方阵。第二单元是由64乘战车组成的方阵。每乘战车有三个军士。第三单元是由19乘战车和100个兵俑组成的方阵。第四单元是由6乘战车、124个骑兵和鞍马组成的方阵。四个单元既是一个互相紧密相连的大军阵，多件。

三号呈凹字形，面积520平方米，仅有4马1车和68尊陶俑。三号坑内的兵俑是环绕周壁面对面夹道排列。他们手持一种专门用于仪仗的无刃长兵器。同时，坑内还发现有用于战前占卜和祈祷的动物骨头和鹿角残迹。因此，考古学家认为3号坑可能是整个军阵的指挥部。

三个坑呈‚品‛字形排列，形成一个庞大的军事场面：8000 兵马，浩浩荡荡，待命征战，显示出一幅气势磅礴、雄伟壮观的动人场面。这是秦始皇为自己所造的一支守陵的卫戍部队。

三个坑内的陶俑都仿真人塑造，全身彩绘。兵俑的队列布局按将军、武官、武士等不同级别和步兵、车兵、骑兵等不同兵种有序排列，他们容貌各异，个个神态逼真、栩栩如生，显示了中国古代雕塑艺术的高超技艺和民族风格。

除了数以千计的兵马俑外，三个坑内出土了数以万计的各种青铜武器，主要有刀、剑、矛、戈、戟、弓、箭、弩、簇。特别引人注目的是一把青铜剑，虽在地下埋藏了2000多年，仍不生锈，至今光亮如新，锋利无比，一次能划透20张纸。经检测，这把剑为铜、锡合金，并含有十多种稀有金属，表面经过铬的处理，能防锈防腐。这表明2000多年前中国的铸造工艺和冶金技术已达到惊人的高度。又是四个独立的、灵活机动的、能攻能守的小军阵。据估计，二号坑可出土兵马俑1500

第六章

旅游观光口译

1980年12月，考古工作者在秦始皇陵西侧20米处发现了两组大型彩绘铜车马，更是给博物馆增添了新的光彩。根据发现顺序，把这两组铜车马分别命名为一号和二号车。两组铜车均为单辕车，各配四匹马。一号车为‚高车‛，驭手和乘车的人均站立车上。二号车叫‚安车‛，分前后两乘室，中间相隔。驭手坐前乘室，主人坐后乘室。后乘室前面及左右两侧各有一车窗，后面留门，可能是供秦始皇灵魂出游时乘坐的。铜车马为真人、真马二分之一大小，由3400多个零件组成，并有1720件金银饰品，显得华丽富贵。据初步研究，铜车马的制造采用了铸、焊、铆、镶、刻等多种工艺。

铜车马的制作工艺高超，造型艺术逼真，是我国历史上最早、制作最精美的青铜珍品，也是世界考古发现的最大青铜器，证明秦代的工艺已经达到了很高的水平。

参考译文/Reference Version(二)汉译英/C-E Emperor Qin Shihuang‘s Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses were discovered accidentally in March 1974 when the local farmers were digging a well in the fields.Archeologists believed that the terra-cotta warriors and horses were from the Qin Dynasty.After many explorations and test excavation, three pits have been discovered, covering an area of 22,780 square meters.This discovery created a world sensation.In order to protect these rare historical relics, in 1975, the State Council granted permission to construct a 16,300-square-meter museum over the site of Pit No.1.The museum was officially open to the public on the National Day, October 1, 1979.Later, exhibition halls housing Pit No.3, No.2 and the Bronze Chariots and Horses were built and open to the public in succession.The Museum and the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang have been listed as one of the country‘s ten great historical sites and designated by the UNESCO as a World Culture Heritage Site.Pit No.1 is rectangular in shape.It is 230 meters from east to west, 62 meters from north to south, 5 meters deep, and covers an area of 16,620 square meters.Warriors and horses in this pit are arranged in a practical battle array.In the long corridor at the east end of the pit stand three rows of terra-cotta warriors, 70 in each, 210 in all.Armed with bows and arrows, the soldiers are wearing battle tunics and puttees, and facing east.They are regarded as the vanguard of the battle formation.These are followed by 38 columns of troops, consisting of infantrymen and charioteers that are arranged in 11 corridors separated by 10 earth-rammed walls.The warriors all wear armors and carry long-shaft weapons.They make up the main body of the battle formation.Furthermore, at the north, south, and west end, there is one row of terra-cotta warriors respectively, all facing outward.They are the flanks and rear guards of the entire battle formation.From the 960 square meters testing trenches, some 500 warriors, 4 chariots, and 24 drafting horses have been unearthed.According to the density, 6,000 pieces in all can be excavated from 92 新编实用英语口译教程

Pit No.1.Pit No.2 is ―L‖-shaped, covering an area of 6,000 square meters.It is actually a mixed battle formation consisting of military forces in four separate arrays.The first array is composed of 334 archers, the second of 64 chariots with three warriors on each.The third array includes 19 chariots and 100 warriors.The fourth array consists of 6 chariots, 124 cavalrymen and saddled horses.Together, the four arrays constitute a large battle formation, closely connected with one another.At the same time, each of the four arrays is an independent division, flexible and capable of both attacking and defending.It is estimated that altogether 1,500 pieces are expected to be excavated from Pit No.2.Pit No.3 is ―U‖-shaped, taking up 520 square meters with only 4 terra-cotta horses, one chariot and 68 armored warriors discovered.Warriors here stand in two rows, opposite to each other along the wall.They carry a kind of long weapon, which has no blades and are believed to be used by the guards of honor.Remains of animal bones and deer horns probably used for sacrificial offerings and war praying are found in this pit.So archeologists believe it is the headquarters of the underground army.The three pits are arranged in a triangle and form an enormous battle array, consisting of 8,000 warriors and horses.Vast and powerful, they give us a grand view of a mighty army in full battle array.They are the garrison army molded to guard Emperor Qin Shihuang tomb.All the pottery figures were modeled life-size and were originally all color-painted.The warriors in the formation are arranged in accordance with their ranks—generals, officers and soldiers, and their functions—foot soldiers, charioteers and cavalrymen.The warriors vary from one another in feature and facial expressions, looking lifelike and vivid.They reveal the high artistic skill and national style of the group sculpture of ancient China.Together with the warriors and horses are thousands of bronze weapons, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, crossbows, arrows and arrowheads.The most eye-catching among the weapons is a bronze sword.Though buried under ground for over two thousand years, the sword is rustproof, still bright and sharp, and it can cut through 20 sheets of paper piled together.Technical examination reveals that the sword has been cast of an alloy of copper and tin.It also contains more than ten other rare metals.The surface was coated with chromium that has prevented corrosion and rust.This shows that 2,000 years ago China‘s technique of casting and metallurgy reached an amazingly high level.In December 1980, archeologists discovered two teams of color-painted bronze chariots 20 meters to the west of Qin Shihuang‘s mausoleum.This has added more splendors to the museum.They are listed as No.1 and No.2 chariot respectively according to the order of their discovery.Both chariots are single-shaft and drafted by four horses.No.1 chariot was named High Chariot.The charioteers and the passengers all stood in it.No.2 was named Security Chariot, which has two cabins;the front compartment is for the charioteer and the rear one is for the emperor.The 第六章

旅游观光口译

rear compartment has a window on both sides as well as in the front and a door at the back.It is said that the chariots are used to hold the emperor‘s soul for inspection.The chariots and horses are half life-size, consisting of more than 3,400 component parts and 1,720 pieces of gold and silver decorations and ornaments.They are luxurious and graceful.Test studies have revealed that the making of the bronze chariots and horses involve such techniques as casting, welding, riveting, embedding, and chiseling.The bronze chariots and horses were manufactured with high technology and modeled vividly.They are the earliest and most exquisite bronze treasures made in Chinese history and the largest bronze ware ever discovered in the history of world archaeology.They prove that the technique of chariot manufacture during the Qin period was undoubtedly advanced.第七章

现代教育口译

Modern Education

一、热身阅读材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 For centuries, Oxford has been at Britain‘s intellectual heart, perhaps the most prestigious among Europe‘s many ancient universities.It lies only 50 miles from London, close to the centers of power—Parliament and the Law Courts.Oxford has attracted students and scholars from all over the world.They have gone on to achieve the highest positions in their own countries in politics, administration, science and the arts.Alumni include numerous eminent scientists, literary figures and such overseas politicians as American President Bill Clinton, Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and the Philippines‘ President Gloria Arroyo.Its civic origins go back to the Middle Ages.At that time, Oxford was a small town built on a mound of gravel between two deep rivers, the Thames and the Cherwell, at a place where oxen could ford the waters.As a place of learning Oxford‘s beginnings are equally distant.Legend has it that Alfred laid its foundations at the end of the ninth century.By the 12th century scholars were teaching in the town and their renown had spread to the Continent, particularly to the Sorbonne in Paris, the Europe‘s greatest center of learning.A group of English scholars left the French capital in 1167 to settle in Oxford and the place became a magnet for students and teachers from all over Britain.Today Oxford is a large, teeming city, but the cluster of ancient university buildings in the center—colleges, libraries, museums and administrative blocks—has remained largely untouched.While most old universities have modernized radically to accommodate their growing populations, Oxford has managed to expand while still preserving its traditional collegiate structure.The 36 existing colleges, varying from the older houses to the newest such as Green, are independent, self-governing institutions operating under the umbrella of the University of Oxford.Few positions in academia are grander than being head of an Oxford college.Usually it is the culmination of an outstanding career and a reward for decades of public service.The post requires the combined talents of diplomat, administrator and academic.As Sir Roger Bannister, former Master of Pembroke College says: ―Heading an Oxford college was a new challenge, you should recognize the needs and aspirations of the students and help to realize them.The three-year period students spend at Oxford is the most important of their lives;it shapes their future careers;the friendships they form will last for ever.‖

第七章

现代教育口译

Everyyear in Oxford, among thousands of applicants, only a few hundred are chosen by each college through an increasingly competitive process.Once accepted, the undergraduates benefit from a range of traditional privileges.The most notable and the rarest of these is the one-to-one tutorial, at which a student presents his or her work to the tutor.The relationship of profound respect and trust that can develop between teacher and pupil over three years can be as lasting as it is academically rewarding.Years after students have left they return to their tutors for advice and guidance.Parallel to their academic work, students can cultivate their particular talents and interests by joining a vast range of societies.Many of Britain‘s finest actors, actresses and theatre directors started their careers at the Oxford University Dramatic Society.The Oxford Union(short for the Oxford University Debating Society)has been a breeding ground for the country‘s political leaders and celebrated barristers.Debate topics there vary from politics, philosophy, religion and ethics to less lofty subjects.The list of famous politicians who cut their professional teeth here is endless, such as the British Prime Ministers Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher, and the Prime Minister of other countries as well.Another famous institution is the Oxford University Boat Club, founded in 1839.Each college has its own team of rowers, and the best among them are chosen to form the Oxford squad.Although boating is not usually a spectator sport, millions watch the annual duel between Oxford and Cambridge on television and tens of thousands more line the banks of the Thames.Oxford has a rich musical life, too.Students who play an instrument are encouraged to develop their talents.Some form pop and rock music groups, playing at parties and dances, while others create classical music ensembles.The best musicians are invited to join the Oxford University Orchestra.So generations of students, scholars and teachers come and go, each adding a layer to the university‘s rich, exalted history as Oxford shines everlasting.相关词语/Related words and expressions alumna

alumnus

alumni

civic origin

Sorbonne

teeming city

academia

culmination of an outstanding career

barrister

one-to-one tutorial

女校友 男校友 校友(复数)城市的起源

(巴黎)索本神学院，巴黎大学的前身 繁忙的城市 学术界 杰出事业的顶峰 律师 一带一导师制 96 新编实用英语口译教程

academically rewarding

breeding ground

cut their professional teeth

classical music ensemble

rich, exalted history

学术上受益 温床

开始他们的职业生涯 古典乐团

丰富而声誉高的历史

第二篇/Passage 2 Should Universities Charge More to Subsidize the Poor? Renowned Chinese economist Mao Yushi has recently caused a sensation after delivering a controversial speech in Guangzhou, southern Guangdong Province.Addressing an education forum, Mao said that only 10 percent-20 percent of college students are poverty-stricken, and if Chinese universities lower the threshold by future cutting tuition fees, those who receive the most benefit are the rich, who then pay less for higher education.The best solution, proposed by Mao, is to raise school fees and offer more scholarships and loans to poor students.Other elite economists, including Professor Zhang Weiying, Dean of the Guanghua School of Management under Peking University, known as China‘s Wharton Business School, and Tang Min, Chief Economist with the Asian Development Bank mission in China, share Mao‘s opinion.They believe Chinese universities are generally suffering from shortages of funds due to rising education costs and too low tuition fees.If students are charged more for higher education, universities would be relieved from their current financial difficulties and would be able to offer more scholarship and aid to poor students via the newly raised funds.Take a college that annually recruits 4,000 students for example.If each student is charged 10,000 yuan($1,163)annually, doubling the previous charge of 5,000 yuan($581), its total revenues would amount to 20 million yuan($2.33 million), which would enable the college to assist more poor students in the form of scholarships.Those opposed to Mao‘s proposal, argued that in effect expenditures on higher education accounts for about 20 percent of a nation‘s per-capita gross domestic product(GDP).But that level for China has reached nearly 60 percent-70 percent.Results of a survey carried out by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences reveal that, college tuition fees have risen 25 times than those of 20 years ago, maintaining a growth rate five times more than income increases over the corresponding period.This has led to fears that another further price hike will make education even more inaccessible.But Mao‘s supporters contended that the root cause for university difficulties lies in a deficient assistance and scholarship system.To assist inadequate state budgets, they say, universities should be allowed to control their own income by raising tuition fees.It is suggested that a unified standard on collecting tuition fees or a policy concerning 第七章

现代教育口译

education allowances will help hedge inflating costs faced by most public colleges.Conversely others believe that, under market rules, the only solution is to expand supplies of education resources to balance price, rather than increasing additional government expenditures.If more resources are available, market demands will naturally cease with lower commodity prices.Rich support poor Wang Dongjing(21st Century Business Herald): Many believe that to maintain tuition fees at a comparatively low level is favorable to poor college students.In fact, it is not absolute.When several farsighted scholars proposed raising college fees years ago, it ignited hot debates.People in education circles argued that an undifferentiated standard of college tuition fees for both the rich and the poor is actually more beneficial to students from rich families, who are equally compensated by public funds.As we know, in the Western world, private education is very expensive, but if poor students perform well in their exams, they are eligible to be funded by scholarships.In contrast, China‘s public education is too large in scale to be fully covered by public funds.Maybe we could allow the well-known Tsinghua or Peking universities to float tuition fees, through which limited financial resources would be able to focus on public education.Cao Yueping(The Beijing News): In the energy sector, when prices for raw materials rise, price hikes of refined oil or electricity are foreseeable based on demand and supply changes.Both in the fields of education and the economy, it is suggested that disadvantaged groups be subsidized by hedging risks caused by such price hikes.Poor students could be lifted from heavy financial burdens by receiving more scholarships and loans, like the policy which compensates public transportation systems for the costs generated by soaring oil prices.Under market rules, general price increases are inevitable, but the question is how to stabilize social order and balance wealth distribution by implementing subsidies to the poor and strengthening welfare programs.Zhang Tianwei(Beijing Youth Daily): The average level of tuition fees for Chinese university students has reached as high as 5,000 yuan($581)per year;for popular majors, however, students have to pay nearly 10,000 yuan($1,163)for one-year studies.Yet universities cannot make ends meet as a result of rising teaching costs, and most students in fact now enjoy ―invisible‖ subsidies sponsored by state or other social funds.Mao Yushi, who is keen to enhance assistance in the form of scholarships and loans to poor students through transferred public funds, hopes that the ―invisible‖ subsidies would soon be cancelled.In the United States, where higher education is widespread, total expenses for top universities average at around $40,000 each year, including tuition and boarding fees.This is way above the means of poorer students, but those with ability can be partially sponsored or get full scholarships.But it is preconditioned by devising a scientifically designed appraisal mechanism, under 98 新编实用英语口译教程

which rich families must pay what they can afford;while poor-but-bright students will be financially subsidized.To raise tuition fees in haste based on an unverified assumption is very likely to fail, in addition to challenges from scarce public funds and loose internal governance.It is a concern that students from average families will face growing difficulties when it comes to affording college life.Despite this, it‘s still unreasonable to conclude that the mode of ―high tuition fees, high scholarships and loans,‖ proposed by Mao and other economists, is completely impractical.In fact, the biggest obstacle for implementing this proposal is the failure of the government and universities in setting up necessary institutional guarantees.It‘s a public thing Wei Zhiming(The Beijing News): In economics, education is defined as a quasipublic good because of its social benefits.Also it is a category of investment in human resources and is vital to the future of an individual or a nation.The government may raise funds through mandatory taxation, besides social donations and tuition fees, as major financial sources for colleges and universities.In Western countries, both private and public colleges survive on donations and supplementary tuition fees.But in China, most universities, excluding several top-notched colleges, are incapable of raising enough funds to finance daily expenses.As a result, universities are trapped in a dilemma.On one hand, they are desperately short of funds.On the other hand, they need to develop themselves to meet growing social demands.Some of them, therefore, have to sell land, make loans, raise tuition fees, or draw sponsors to survive increasingly furious market competition.It‘s clear that the fund shortages facing China‘s tertiary institutions are largely due to inadequate state and social investment.This problem cannot be solved by any individual university through means such as increasing tuition fees.Guo Zhichun(Beijing Youth Daily): The rich will have to pay more tuition fees to aid the poor.It is not yet mentioned how to ensure that these extra payments are used efficiently.The Geely Holding Group, a Zhejiang-based car maker, has recently donated 50 million yuan($5.81 million)to assist 1,000 poor students.At the same time, it allocated another 2 million yuan($232,558)to identify every applicant and confirm that the money was properly used.The so-called preferential policy to poor students by raising tuition fees also risks their chances for admission.Xiong Bingqi(Oriental Morning Post): Pursuant to relevant government stipulations, universities should spend no less than 5 percent of regular income on reimbursement of student loans and living allowances to poor students.But for most privately-funded colleges, where the amount of tuition fees has doubled that of public schools, poor students can not enjoy free education, or receive assistance from scholarships and loans.